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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark {restore}if %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSLTT10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSLTT10 003.002 %%Title: CMSLTT10 %Version: 003.002 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 %%Creator: David M. Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMSLTT10 known{/CMSLTT10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000800 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMSLTT10 def /FontBBox {-20 -233 617 696 }readonly def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSLTT10.) readonly def /FullName (CMSLTT10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -9.46 def /isFixedPitch true def /UnderlinePosition -100 def /UnderlineThickness 50 def end readonly def /Encoding 256 array 0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for dup 39 /quoteright put dup 45 /hyphen put dup 48 /zero put dup 49 /one put dup 50 /two put dup 51 /three put dup 58 /colon put dup 65 /A put dup 67 /C put dup 68 /D put dup 69 /E put dup 70 /F put dup 72 /H put dup 73 /I put dup 74 /J put dup 76 /L put dup 77 /M put dup 78 /N put dup 80 /P put dup 82 /R put dup 84 /T put dup 88 /X put dup 92 /backslash put dup 95 /underscore put dup 97 /a put dup 98 /b put dup 99 /c put dup 100 /d put dup 101 /e put dup 102 /f put dup 103 /g put dup 104 /h put dup 105 /i put dup 106 /j put dup 107 /k put dup 108 /l put dup 109 /m put dup 110 /n put dup 111 /o put dup 112 /p put dup 113 /q put dup 114 /r put dup 115 /s put dup 116 /t put dup 117 /u put dup 118 /v put dup 119 /w put dup 120 /x put dup 121 /y put readonly def currentdict end currentfile eexec 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Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMR10. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMR10 known{/CMR10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000793 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMR10 def /FontBBox {-40 -250 1009 750 }readonly def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMR10.) readonly def /FullName (CMR10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def 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Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMBX12. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMBX12 known{/CMBX12 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000769 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMBX12 def /FontBBox {-53 -251 1139 750 }readonly def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMBX12.) readonly def /FullName (CMBX12) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Bold) readonly def /ItalicAngle 0 def /isFixedPitch false def 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0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 cleartomark {restore}if %%EndFont %%BeginFont: CMSL10 %!PS-AdobeFont-1.0: CMSL10 003.002 %%Title: CMSL10 %Version: 003.002 %%CreationDate: Mon Jul 13 16:17:00 2009 %%Creator: David M. Jones %Copyright: Copyright (c) 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society %Copyright: (), with Reserved Font Name CMSL10. % This Font Software is licensed under the SIL Open Font License, Version 1.1. % This license is in the accompanying file OFL.txt, and is also % available with a FAQ at: http://scripts.sil.org/OFL. %%EndComments FontDirectory/CMSL10 known{/CMSL10 findfont dup/UniqueID known{dup /UniqueID get 5000798 eq exch/FontType get 1 eq and}{pop false}ifelse {save true}{false}ifelse}{false}ifelse 11 dict begin /FontType 1 def /FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0 ]readonly def /FontName /CMSL10 def /FontBBox {-62 -250 1123 750 }readonly def /PaintType 0 def /FontInfo 9 dict dup begin /version (003.002) readonly def /Notice (Copyright \050c\051 1997, 2009 American Mathematical Society \050\051, with Reserved Font Name CMSL10.) readonly def /FullName (CMSL10) readonly def /FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def /Weight (Medium) readonly def /ItalicAngle -9.46 def /isFixedPitch false 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(teractiv)m(ely)k(or)d(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)54 b(In)33 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(mo)s(de,)f(they)e(accept)150 3529 y(input)21 b(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(from)g(the)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard.)37 b(When)22 b(executing)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)27 b(shells)c(execute)g(commands)150 3639 y(read)30 b(from)g(a)h(\014le.) 275 3768 y(A)41 b(shell)g(allo)m(ws)h(execution)h(of)e Fm(gnu)g Fu(commands,)i(b)s(oth)e(sync)m(hronously)f(and)h(async)m (hronously)-8 b(.)150 3877 y(The)29 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)i(for)e(sync)m (hronous)f(commands)h(to)h(complete)h(b)s(efore)e(accepting)i(more)e (input;)g(asyn-)150 3987 y(c)m(hronous)22 b(commands)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h (to)f(execute)h(in)e(parallel)i(with)f(the)f(shell)h(while)g(it)g (reads)g(and)f(executes)150 4096 y(additional)35 b(commands.)50 b(The)33 b Fr(redirection)h Fu(constructs)g(p)s(ermit)f(\014ne-grained) g(con)m(trol)i(of)f(the)g(input)150 4206 y(and)40 b(output)f(of)i (those)f(commands.)70 b(Moreo)m(v)m(er,)45 b(the)c(shell)f(allo)m(ws)h (con)m(trol)h(o)m(v)m(er)g(the)e(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)150 4316 y(commands')30 b(en)m(vironmen)m(ts.)275 4444 y(Shells)k(also)i (pro)m(vide)g(a)f(small)h(set)f(of)g(built-in)g(commands)g(\()p Fr(builtins)t Fu(\))g(implemen)m(ting)h(function-)150 4554 y(alit)m(y)i(imp)s(ossible)e(or)g(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)j(to)e (obtain)g(via)g(separate)g(utilities.)61 b(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example,)i Ft(cd)p Fu(,)e Ft(break)p Fu(,)150 4663 y Ft(continue)p Fu(,)28 b(and)i Ft(exec)f Fu(cannot)i(b)s(e)f(implemen) m(ted)h(outside)g(of)f(the)h(shell)f(b)s(ecause)h(they)f(directly)h (ma-)150 4773 y(nipulate)d(the)g(shell)g(itself.)41 b(The)27 b Ft(history)p Fu(,)g Ft(getopts)p Fu(,)f Ft(kill)p Fu(,)i(or)g Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtins,)h(among)g(others,)h(could)150 4883 y(b)s(e)34 b(implemen)m(ted)g(in)g(separate)h(utilities,)i(but)d(they)g (are)g(more)h(con)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)f(use)f(as)g(builtin)g(com-)150 4992 y(mands.)40 b(All)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtins)g(are)h (describ)s(ed)e(in)h(subsequen)m(t)g(sections.)275 5121 y(While)39 b(executing)h(commands)e(is)g(essen)m(tial,)43 b(most)c(of)g(the)g(p)s(o)m(w)m(er)f(\(and)g(complexit)m(y\))j(of)e (shells)150 5230 y(is)34 b(due)f(to)i(their)f(em)m(b)s(edded)f (programming)h(languages.)52 b(Lik)m(e)35 b(an)m(y)f(high-lev)m(el)i (language,)h(the)d(shell)150 5340 y(pro)m(vides)c(v)-5 b(ariables,)32 b(\015o)m(w)e(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(quoting,)g(and) f(functions.)p eop end %%Page: 2 8 TeXDict begin 2 7 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(1:)41 b(In)m(tro)s(duction)2592 b(2)275 299 y(Shells)21 b(o\013er)i(features) f(geared)h(sp)s(eci\014cally)g(for)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(use)d(rather)g (than)g(to)h(augmen)m(t)g(the)f(pro-)150 408 y(gramming)32 b(language.)48 b(These)32 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(features)d(include)g (job)g(con)m(trol,)j(command)c(line)i(editing,)150 518 y(command)d(history)g(and)g(aliases.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(of)g(these)g(features)f(is)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(this)g(man)m(ual.)p eop end %%Page: 3 9 TeXDict begin 3 8 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(3)150 299 y Fp(2)80 b(De\014nitions)150 552 y Fu(These)30 b(de\014nitions)g(are)h(used)e (throughout)h(the)h(remainder)f(of)g(this)h(man)m(ual.)150 720 y Ft(POSIX)240 b Fu(A)27 b(family)g(of)g(op)s(en)f(system)g (standards)g(based)g(on)h(Unix.)39 b(Bash)27 b(is)g(primarily)f (concerned)630 830 y(with)k(the)h(Shell)f(and)g(Utilities)i(p)s(ortion) e(of)h(the)f Fm(posix)g Fu(1003.1)j(standard.)150 995 y Ft(blank)240 b Fu(A)30 b(space)h(or)g(tab)f(c)m(haracter.)150 1161 y Ft(builtin)144 b Fu(A)35 b(command)g(that)g(is)g(implemen)m(ted) g(in)m(ternally)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)g(itself,)i(rather)d(than)h(b)m (y)630 1271 y(an)30 b(executable)i(program)e(somewhere)h(in)f(the)g (\014le)h(system.)150 1436 y Ft(control)d(operator)630 1546 y Fu(A)20 b Ft(token)f Fu(that)i(p)s(erforms)e(a)i(con)m(trol)g (function.)37 b(It)21 b(is)f(a)h Ft(newline)d Fu(or)j(one)f(of)h(the)f (follo)m(wing:)630 1655 y(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(',)31 b(`)p Ft(&&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(',)h(or)f(`)p Ft(\))p Fu('.)150 1821 y Ft(exit)f(status)630 1931 y Fu(The)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(returned)e(b)m(y)h(a)h(command)f(to)h(its)g (caller.)41 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)f(restricted)h(to)h(eigh)m (t)630 2040 y(bits,)h(so)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)f(255.)150 2206 y Ft(field)240 b Fu(A)27 b(unit)g(of)g(text)h (that)g(is)f(the)g(result)g(of)g(one)h(of)f(the)g(shell)g(expansions.) 40 b(After)27 b(expansion,)630 2315 y(when)e(executing)h(a)g(command,)h (the)f(resulting)f(\014elds)g(are)h(used)f(as)h(the)g(command)f(name) 630 2425 y(and)30 b(argumen)m(ts.)150 2591 y Ft(filename)96 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)i(used)e(to)h(iden)m(tify)g(a)f (\014le.)150 2756 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(A)31 b(set)h(of)f(pro)s(cesses)g (comprising)g(a)g(pip)s(eline,)g(and)g(an)m(y)g(pro)s(cesses)g (descended)g(from)f(it,)630 2866 y(that)h(are)g(all)g(in)f(the)h(same)f (pro)s(cess)g(group.)150 3031 y Ft(job)f(control)630 3141 y Fu(A)22 b(mec)m(hanism)g(b)m(y)f(whic)m(h)h(users)f(can)h (selectiv)m(ely)i(stop)e(\(susp)s(end\))e(and)h(restart)i(\(resume\)) 630 3251 y(execution)32 b(of)e(pro)s(cesses.)150 3416 y Ft(metacharacter)630 3526 y Fu(A)23 b(c)m(haracter)h(that,)h(when)d (unquoted,)h(separates)h(w)m(ords.)37 b(A)23 b(metac)m(haracter)i(is)e (a)g Ft(space)p Fu(,)630 3635 y Ft(tab)p Fu(,)29 b Ft(newline)p Fu(,)e(or)i(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(c)m(haracters:)42 b(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)29 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\))p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(',)f(or)h(`)p Ft(>)p Fu('.)150 3801 y Ft(name)288 b Fu(A)37 b Ft(word)f Fu(consisting)i(solely)h(of)e(letters,)j(n)m(um)m (b)s(ers,)e(and)f(underscores,)h(and)f(b)s(eginning)630 3910 y(with)23 b(a)g(letter)h(or)f(underscore.)38 b Ft(Name)p Fu(s)22 b(are)h(used)f(as)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(and)e(function)h(names.)630 4020 y(Also)31 b(referred)f(to)h(as)f(an) h Ft(identifier)p Fu(.)150 4186 y Ft(operator)96 b Fu(A)38 b Ft(control)28 b(operator)36 b Fu(or)h(a)i Ft(redirection)27 b(operator)p Fu(.)61 b(See)38 b(Section)g(3.6)h([Redirec-)630 4295 y(tions],)f(page)f(35,)i(for)d(a)g(list)h(of)f(redirection)h(op)s (erators.)58 b(Op)s(erators)35 b(con)m(tain)j(at)f(least)630 4405 y(one)31 b(unquoted)e Ft(metacharacter)p Fu(.)150 4570 y Ft(process)f(group)630 4680 y Fu(A)i(collection)k(of)c(related)h (pro)s(cesses)g(eac)m(h)g(ha)m(ving)g(the)g(same)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g Fm(id)p Fu(.)150 4846 y Ft(process)e(group)h(ID)630 4955 y Fu(A)h(unique)g(iden)m(ti\014er)h(that)f(represen)m(ts)h(a)g Ft(process)d(group)h Fu(during)g(its)i(lifetime.)150 5121 y Ft(reserved)d(word)630 5230 y Fu(A)h Ft(word)e Fu(that)i(has)f(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(to)h(the)g(shell.)40 b(Most)30 b(reserv)m(ed)e(w)m(ords)g(in)m(tro)s(duce)630 5340 y(shell)j(\015o)m(w)f(con)m(trol)i(constructs,)f(suc)m(h)f(as)g Ft(for)g Fu(and)g Ft(while)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 4 10 TeXDict begin 4 9 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(2:)41 b(De\014nitions)2662 b(4)150 299 y Ft(return)29 b(status)630 408 y Fu(A)h(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(exit)g(status)p Fu(.)150 568 y Ft(signal)192 b Fu(A)40 b(mec)m(hanism)h(b)m(y)e(whic)m(h)h(a)h (pro)s(cess)e(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(noti\014ed)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(k)m(ernel)f (of)g(an)g(ev)m(en)m(t)630 677 y(o)s(ccurring)30 b(in)g(the)h(system.) 150 837 y Ft(special)d(builtin)630 946 y Fu(A)j(shell)f(builtin)g (command)h(that)g(has)f(b)s(een)g(classi\014ed)h(as)g(sp)s(ecial)g(b)m (y)f(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(stan-)630 1056 y(dard.)150 1215 y Ft(token)240 b Fu(A)38 b(sequence)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)h(considered)f (a)h(single)g(unit)e(b)m(y)h(the)h(shell.)64 b(It)38 b(is)g(either)h(a)630 1325 y Ft(word)29 b Fu(or)i(an)f Ft(operator)p Fu(.)150 1484 y Ft(word)288 b Fu(A)28 b(sequence)g(of)g (c)m(haracters)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(unit)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(shell.)40 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(ma)m(y)g(not)g(include)630 1594 y(unquoted)i Ft(metacharacters)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 5 11 TeXDict begin 5 10 bop 3705 -116 a Fu(5)150 299 y Fp(3)80 b(Basic)54 b(Shell)e(F)-13 b(eatures)150 601 y Fu(Bash)21 b(is)g(an)f(acron)m(ym)i(for)e(`)p Ft(Bourne-Again)27 b(SHell)p Fu('.)37 b(The)20 b(Bourne)g(shell)h(is)g(the)g(traditional)h (Unix)f(shell)150 710 y(originally)h(written)f(b)m(y)f(Stephen)g (Bourne.)38 b(All)21 b(of)g(the)g(Bourne)f(shell)h(builtin)f(commands)g (are)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 820 y(in)26 b(Bash,)h(The)f(rules)f(for)h (ev)-5 b(aluation)28 b(and)d(quoting)h(are)h(tak)m(en)g(from)f(the)g Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(eci\014cation)i(for)f(the)150 929 y(`standard')k(Unix)g(shell.)275 1086 y(This)h(c)m(hapter)i(brie\015y)e (summarizes)h(the)h(shell's)f(`building)g(blo)s(c)m(ks':)45 b(commands,)32 b(con)m(trol)i(struc-)150 1196 y(tures,)k(shell)e (functions,)h(shell)g Fl(p)-5 b(ar)g(ameters)p Fu(,)41 b(shell)36 b(expansions,)i Fl(r)-5 b(e)g(dir)g(e)g(ctions)p Fu(,)40 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h(a)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)150 1306 y(direct)31 b(input)e(and)h(output)g(from)g(and)g(to)h(named)f 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(haracters,)i(expands)d(others,)h(redirects)h(input)e(and)g(output)150 2711 y(as)d(needed,)g(executes)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(command,)j(w)m (aits)f(for)f(the)g(command's)g(exit)i(status,)f(and)f(mak)m(es)150 2821 y(that)31 b(exit)g(status)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(for)d(further)f(insp)s(ection)h(or)h(pro)s(cessing.)150 3043 y Fk(3.1.1)63 b(Shell)41 b(Op)s(eration)150 3190 y Fu(The)c(follo)m(wing)h(is)f(a)h(brief)e(description)i(of)f(the)g (shell's)h(op)s(eration)f(when)f(it)i(reads)f(and)f(executes)j(a)150 3299 y(command.)h(Basically)-8 b(,)34 b(the)c(shell)h(do)s(es)f(the)h (follo)m(wing:)199 3456 y(1.)61 b(Reads)42 b(its)h(input)e(from)h(a)g (\014le)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)j(page)e(42\),)k (from)41 b(a)i(string)330 3566 y(supplied)30 b(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t)h (to)g(the)f Ft(-c)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)i(option)f(\(see)g(Section)g (6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)330 3675 y(page)f(86\),)h(or)e(from)g (the)h(user's)f(terminal.)199 3821 y(2.)61 b(Breaks)43 b(the)g(input)f(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)f(and)g(op)s(erators,)k(ob)s(eying)d (the)g(quoting)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)330 3931 y(Section)27 b(3.1.2)i([Quoting],)f(page)f(6.)40 b(These)26 b(tok)m(ens)i(are)f (separated)g(b)m(y)f Ft(metacharacters)p Fu(.)36 b(Alias)330 4040 y(expansion)30 b(is)h(p)s(erformed)d(b)m(y)j(this)f(step)g(\(see)i (Section)f(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e(94\).)199 4186 y(3.)61 b(P)m(arses)35 b(the)g(tok)m(ens)g(in)m(to)h(simple)e(and)g(comp)s (ound)f(commands)h(\(see)h(Section)h(3.2)f([Shell)g(Com-)330 4296 y(mands],)30 b(page)h(8\).)199 4442 y(4.)61 b(P)m(erforms)40 b(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)40 b(shell)h(expansions)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5)g ([Shell)g(Expansions],)h(page)f(22\),)330 4551 y(breaking)35 b(the)g(expanded)g(tok)m(ens)h(in)m(to)g(lists)f(of)g(\014lenames)h (\(see)g(Section)f(3.5.8)i([Filename)g(Ex-)330 4661 y(pansion],)30 b(page)h(33\))h(and)e(commands)g(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)199 4807 y(5.)61 b(P)m(erforms)36 b(an)m(y)i(necessary)f(redirections)g (\(see)h(Section)f(3.6)h([Redirections],)i(page)e(35\))g(and)e(re-)330 4916 y(mo)m(v)m(es)c(the)e(redirection)h(op)s(erators)g(and)f(their)g (op)s(erands)f(from)h(the)h(argumen)m(t)f(list.)199 5062 y(6.)61 b(Executes)31 b(the)g(command)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7)h ([Executing)f(Commands],)f(page)h(39\).)199 5208 y(7.)61 b(Optionally)40 b(w)m(aits)g(for)f(the)g(command)g(to)h(complete)g(and) f(collects)i(its)f(exit)g(status)f(\(see)h(Sec-)330 5317 y(tion)31 b(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)g(page)g(41\).)p eop end %%Page: 6 12 TeXDict begin 6 11 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(6)150 299 y Fk(3.1.2)63 b(Quoting)150 446 y Fu(Quoting)32 b(is)h(used)e(to)i (remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f(of)h(certain)g(c)m (haracters)g(or)f(w)m(ords)g(to)h(the)f(shell.)150 555 y(Quoting)c(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)j(disable)e(sp)s(ecial)h(treatmen)m (t)h(for)e(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(haracters,)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)g(reserv)m (ed)150 665 y(w)m(ords)i(from)g(b)s(eing)g(recognized)h(as)g(suc)m(h,)f (and)g(to)h(prev)m(en)m(t)g(parameter)g(expansion.)275 795 y(Eac)m(h)22 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(metac)m(haracters)i(\(see)f (Chapter)e(2)i([De\014nitions],)h(page)f(3\))g(has)e(sp)s(ecial)i (meaning)150 905 y(to)40 b(the)g(shell)f(and)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g (quoted)g(if)h(it)g(is)f(to)h(represen)m(t)g(itself.)68 b(When)39 b(the)h(command)f(history)150 1015 y(expansion)i(facilities)j (are)e(b)s(eing)f(used)g(\(see)h(Section)h(9.3)f([History)h(In)m (teraction],)j(page)c(148\),)47 b(the)150 1124 y Fr(history)30 b(expansion)h Fu(c)m(haracter,)h(usually)f(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(quoted)h(to)g(prev)m(en)m(t)g(history)g (expansion.)41 b(See)150 1234 y(Section)22 b(9.1)g([Bash)f(History)h(F) -8 b(acilities],)26 b(page)c(146,)j(for)20 b(more)h(details)h (concerning)g(history)f(expansion.)275 1364 y(There)37 b(are)h(three)f(quoting)h(mec)m(hanisms:)56 b(the)38 b Fr(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracter)p 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b(single)h(quote)f(ma)m(y)g(not)g(o)s (ccur)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(single)h(quotes,)f(ev)m(en)h(when)d (preceded)i(b)m(y)g(a)150 2697 y(bac)m(kslash.)150 2888 y Fk(3.1.2.3)63 b(Double)42 b(Quotes)150 3035 y Fu(Enclosing)24 b(c)m(haracters)h(in)f(double)f(quotes)h(\(`)p Ft(")p Fu('\))g(preserv)m(es)g(the)g(literal)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(all)g(c)m(haracters)h(within)150 3145 y(the)34 b(quotes,)h(with)f(the)g(exception)h(of)f(`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(and,)f(when)f(history)g (expansion)h(is)g(enabled,)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu('.)150 3254 y(When)c(the)g(shell)g(is)g(in)f Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de)f(\(see)i (Section)g(6.11)g([Bash)f(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(101\),)h(the)e(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')150 3364 y(has)d(no)g(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)g(within)f (double)g(quotes,)h(ev)m(en)g(when)f(history)g(expansion)g(is)g (enabled.)40 b(The)150 3474 y(c)m(haracters)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')e(and)g(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(')g(retain)h(their)f(sp)s(ecial)h(meaning)f 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-116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(7)150 299 y Ft(\\e)150 408 y(\\E)384 b Fu(an)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter)h (\(not)f(ANSI)f(C\))150 566 y Ft(\\f)384 b Fu(form)30 b(feed)150 723 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(newline)150 880 y Ft(\\r)g Fu(carriage)32 b(return)150 1037 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)150 1194 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)150 1351 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)150 1508 y Ft(\\')g Fu(single)31 b(quote)150 1665 y Ft(\\")384 b Fu(double)30 b(quote)150 1823 y Ft(\\?)384 b Fu(question)31 b(mark)150 1980 y Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)h(c)m(haracter)g (whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(is)f(the)h(o)s(ctal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fr(nnn)e Fu(\(one)i(to)h(three)f(o)s(ctal)630 2089 y(digits\))150 2246 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)36 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)f(whose)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)h(v)-5 b(alue)36 b Fr(HH)46 b Fu(\(one)37 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)630 2356 y(hex)30 b(digits\))150 2513 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)33 b(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g (10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g (hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 2623 y Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(four)f(hex)g(digits\))150 2780 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)630 2889 y Fu(the)j(Unico)s(de)f(\(ISO/IEC)g(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)f (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(the)g(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 2999 y Fr(HHHHHHHH)42 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)g(hex)g (digits\))150 3156 y Ft(\\c)p Fj(x)336 b Fu(a)31 b(con)m(trol-)p Fr(x)38 b Fu(c)m(haracter)150 3313 y(The)30 b(expanded)f(result)i(is)f (single-quoted,)i(as)f(if)f(the)g(dollar)h(sign)g(had)e(not)i(b)s(een)f (presen)m(t.)150 3510 y Fk(3.1.2.5)63 b(Lo)s(cale-Sp)s(eci\014c)41 b(T)-10 b(ranslation)150 3657 y Fu(A)28 b(double-quoted)g(string)f (preceded)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(dollar)h(sign)e(\(`)p Ft($)p Fu('\))i(will)f(cause)g(the)g(string)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(translated)150 3767 y(according)37 b(to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale.)59 b(The)36 b Fr(gettext)k Fu(infrastructure)35 b(p)s(erforms)g(the)h (message)h(catalog)150 3876 y(lo)s(okup)21 b(and)g(translation,)k (using)c(the)h Ft(LC_MESSAGES)d Fu(and)i Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariables,)25 b(as)d(explained)150 3986 y(b)s(elo)m(w.)57 b(See)36 b(the)g(gettext)i(do)s(cumen)m(tation)e(for) g(additional)g(details.)58 b(If)35 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale)j(is) e Ft(C)f Fu(or)150 4096 y Ft(POSIX)p Fu(,)g(or)g(if)g(there)g(are)h(no) f(translations)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)38 b(the)e(dollar)f(sign)g(is)g (ignored.)55 b(If)35 b(the)g(string)g(is)150 4205 y(translated)c(and)f (replaced,)h(the)f(replacemen)m(t)i(is)f(double-quoted.)275 4339 y(Some)20 b(systems)h(use)f(the)h(message)h(catalog)h(selected)f (b)m(y)f(the)g Ft(LC_MESSAGES)c Fu(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable.)39 b(Others)150 4448 y(create)g(the)e(name)g(of)g(the)g(message)h(catalog) i(from)d(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c Fu(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariable,)150 4558 y(p)s(ossibly)31 b(adding)g(a)g(su\016x)g(of)h(`)p Ft(.mo)p Fu('.)43 b(If)31 b(y)m(ou)h(use)f(the)h Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)33 b(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g(need)f(to)h(set)150 4667 y(the)22 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(to)g(the)f(lo)s(cation)i (of)e(the)h(message)g(catalog)i(\014les.)38 b(Still)23 b(others)f(use)g(b)s(oth)150 4777 y(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(in)f(this)g(fashion:)41 b Ft(TEXTDOMAINDIR)p Fu(/)p Ft(LC_MESSAGES)p Fu(/LC)p 2528 4777 28 4 v 34 w(MESSA)m(GES/)p Ft(TEXTDOMAIN)p Fu(.mo.)150 4974 y Fk(3.1.3)63 b(Commen)m(ts)150 5121 y Fu(In)21 b(a)i(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shell,)g(or)e(an)g(in)m (teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(in)g(whic)m(h)g(the)g Ft(interactive_comments) 16 b Fu(option)150 5230 y(to)40 b(the)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(is)h (enabled)g(\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)k(page)e (66\),)i(a)d(w)m(ord)150 5340 y(b)s(eginning)26 b(with)g(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(causes)h(that)f(w)m(ord)g(and)g(all)h(remaining)g(c)m (haracters)g(on)f(that)h(line)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ignored.)p eop end %%Page: 8 14 TeXDict begin 8 13 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(8)150 299 y(An)43 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(without)f(the)g Ft(interactive_comments)38 b Fu(option)44 b(enabled)f(do)s(es)g(not)g (allo)m(w)150 408 y(commen)m(ts.)56 b(The)34 b Ft(interactive_comments) c Fu(option)35 b(is)g(on)g(b)m(y)g(default)g(in)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j (shells.)55 b(See)150 518 y(Section)30 b(6.3)f([In)m(teractiv)m(e)j (Shells],)d(page)h(89,)g(for)e(a)i(description)e(of)h(what)g(mak)m(es)h (a)f(shell)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)150 757 y Fs(3.2)68 b(Shell)45 b(Commands)150 916 y Fu(A)d(simple)g(shell)g(command)f(suc)m(h)h(as)g Ft(echo)29 b(a)h(b)g(c)41 b Fu(consists)i(of)f(the)f(command)h(itself)h (follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)150 1026 y(argumen)m(ts,)31 b(separated)g(b)m (y)f(spaces.)275 1159 y(More)h(complex)h(shell)f(commands)g(are)g(comp) s(osed)g(of)g(simple)g(commands)g(arranged)g(together)h(in)150 1269 y(a)f(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)32 b(of)f(w)m(a)m(ys:)41 b(in)31 b(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(in)g(whic)m(h)g(the)h(output)f(of)h(one)f (command)h(b)s(ecomes)f(the)h(input)f(of)150 1378 y(a)h(second,)f(in)h (a)f(lo)s(op)h(or)f(conditional)i(construct,)f(or)f(in)g(some)h(other)g (grouping.)150 1575 y Fk(3.2.1)63 b(Reserv)m(ed)40 b(W)-10 b(ords)150 1722 y Fu(Reserv)m(ed)33 b(w)m(ords)g(are)g(w)m(ords)g(that) g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(to)h(the)f(shell.)49 b(They)32 b(are)h(used)g(to)g(b)s(egin)150 1832 y(and)d(end)f(the)i (shell's)g(comp)s(ound)e(commands.)275 1965 y(The)k(follo)m(wing)i(w)m (ords)e(are)h(recognized)i(as)e(reserv)m(ed)f(when)g(unquoted)g(and)g (the)h(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)h(of)g(a)150 2075 y(command)c(\(see)h(b)s(elo) m(w)g(for)f(exceptions\):)150 2208 y Ft(if)364 b(then)168 b(elif)g(else)g(fi)336 b(time)150 2318 y(for)316 b(in)264 b(until)120 b(while)g(do)336 b(done)150 2427 y(case)268 b(esac)168 b(coproc)72 b(select)g(function)150 2537 y({)412 b(})312 b([[)264 b(]])g(!)150 2670 y(in)33 b Fu(is)h(recognized)h(as)f (a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(the)g(third)f(w)m(ord)g(of) h(a)g Ft(case)e Fu(or)i Ft(select)e Fu(command.)150 2780 y Ft(in)e Fu(and)g Ft(do)f Fu(are)i(recognized)h(as)e(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m (ords)f(if)g(they)h(are)f(the)h(third)f(w)m(ord)g(in)g(a)g Ft(for)g Fu(command.)150 2977 y Fk(3.2.2)63 b(Simple)41 b(Commands)150 3124 y Fu(A)29 b(simple)f(command)g(is)h(the)g(kind)e (of)i(command)f(encoun)m(tered)h(most)g(often.)40 b(It's)29 b(just)f(a)h(sequence)g(of)150 3233 y(w)m(ords)22 b(separated)i(b)m(y)e Ft(blank)p Fu(s,)i(terminated)f(b)m(y)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(shell's)g(con) m(trol)h(op)s(erators)f(\(see)h(Chapter)f(2)150 3343 y([De\014nitions],)37 b(page)e(3\).)54 b(The)35 b(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)i (generally)g(sp)s(eci\014es)g(a)g(command)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(executed,)j (with)150 3452 y(the)31 b(rest)f(of)h(the)f(w)m(ords)g(b)s(eing)g(that) h(command's)f(argumen)m(ts.)275 3586 y(The)h(return)h(status)g(\(see)i (Section)f(3.7.5)h([Exit)f(Status],)h(page)f(41\))g(of)g(a)g(simple)f (command)g(is)h(its)150 3695 y(exit)38 b(status)f(as)g(pro)m(vided)f(b) m(y)h(the)g Fm(posix)f Fu(1003.1)j Ft(waitpid)c Fu(function,)j(or)f (128)p Ft(+)p Fr(n)g Fu(if)g(the)g(command)150 3805 y(w)m(as)31 b(terminated)g(b)m(y)f(signal)h Fr(n)p Fu(.)150 4002 y Fk(3.2.3)63 b(Pip)s(elines)150 4149 y Fu(A)21 b Ft(pipeline)d Fu(is)j(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(commands)f(separated)h(b) m(y)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erators)150 4259 y(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(')31 b(or)f(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu('.)275 4392 y(The)f(format)i(for)f(a)h(pip)s(eline)f(is)390 4525 y Ft([time)46 b([-p]])h([!])g Fj(command1)e Ft([)j(|)f(or)g(|&)g Fj(command2)f Ft(])h(...)150 4659 y Fu(The)25 b(output)f(of)i(eac)m(h)g (command)f(in)f(the)i(pip)s(eline)e(is)i(connected)g(via)f(a)h(pip)s(e) e(to)i(the)f(input)f(of)h(the)h(next)150 4768 y(command.)40 b(That)29 b(is,)h(eac)m(h)h(command)e(reads)g(the)h(previous)f (command's)g(output.)40 b(This)29 b(connection)150 4878 y(is)h(p)s(erformed)f(b)s(efore)h(an)m(y)h(redirections)g(sp)s (eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(command.)275 5011 y(If)k(`)p Ft(|&)p Fu(')h(is)f(used,)i Fr(command1)7 b Fu('s)35 b(standard)f(error,)i(in)e(addition)h(to)h(its)f(standard)f(output,)i (is)e(con-)150 5121 y(nected)h(to)g Fr(command2)7 b Fu('s)35 b(standard)f(input)f(through)h(the)g(pip)s(e;)i(it)f(is)g(shorthand)e (for)h Ft(2>&1)29 b(|)p Fu(.)53 b(This)150 5230 y(implicit)41 b(redirection)f(of)g(the)g(standard)f(error)g(to)h(the)g(standard)f (output)g(is)h(p)s(erformed)e(after)j(an)m(y)150 5340 y(redirections)31 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(command.)p eop end %%Page: 9 15 TeXDict begin 9 14 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2292 b(9)275 299 y(The)36 b(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)g Ft(time)g Fu(causes)h(timing)g (statistics)h(to)f(b)s(e)f(prin)m(ted)g(for)g(the)h(pip)s(eline)f(once) h(it)150 408 y(\014nishes.)51 b(The)34 b(statistics)i(curren)m(tly)e (consist)h(of)f(elapsed)h(\(w)m(all-clo)s(c)m(k\))i(time)e(and)f(user)f (and)h(system)150 518 y(time)e(consumed)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(command's)g (execution.)44 b(The)31 b Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(c)m(hanges)g(the)f (output)g(format)g(to)150 628 y(that)j(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h Fm(posix)p Fu(.)49 b(When)33 b(the)g(shell)g(is)h(in)e Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de)g(\(see)h(Section)g(6.11)g([Bash)g(POSIX)150 737 y(Mo)s(de],)j(page)e(101\),)j(it)e(do)s(es)e(not)i(recognize)g Ft(time)e Fu(as)h(a)h(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)f(if)h(the)g(next)g(tok)m (en)h(b)s(egins)150 847 y(with)d(a)g(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)49 b(The)33 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(set) g(to)h(a)g(format)f(string)g(that)h(sp)s(eci\014es)f(ho)m(w)g(the)150 956 y(timing)38 b(information)g(should)e(b)s(e)h(displa)m(y)m(ed.)62 b(See)38 b(Section)g(5.2)g([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)41 b(page)d(73,)i(for)e(a)150 1066 y(description)27 b(of)g(the)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)29 b(formats.)40 b(The)26 b(use)h(of)g Ft(time)f Fu(as)i(a)f(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)g(p)s(ermits)f(the)h(timing)150 1176 y(of)38 b(shell)g(builtins,)i(shell)e(functions,)i(and)d(pip)s (elines.)63 b(An)38 b(external)h Ft(time)e Fu(command)h(cannot)g(time) 150 1285 y(these)31 b(easily)-8 b(.)275 1418 y(When)26 b(the)h(shell)g(is)g(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)g(\(see)i(Section)f (6.11)i([Bash)e(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(101\),)h Ft(time)150 1527 y Fu(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)d(a)h(newline.)39 b(In)25 b(this)h(case,)i(the)d(shell)h(displa)m(ys)g(the)g(total)h (user)e(and)g(system)h(time)150 1637 y(consumed)33 b(b)m(y)h(the)h (shell)f(and)f(its)i(c)m(hildren.)51 b(The)34 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(sp)s(ecify)150 1746 y(the)c(format)f(of)h(the)f(time)h(information.)275 1879 y(If)24 b(the)h(pip)s(eline)g(is)g(not)g(executed)h(async)m (hronously)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.4)h([Lists],)g(page)e(9\),)i(the)f (shell)150 1988 y(w)m(aits)31 b(for)f(all)i(commands)e(in)g(the)g(pip)s (eline)g(to)h(complete.)275 2121 y(Eac)m(h)e(command)g(in)g(a)g(pip)s (eline)g(is)g(executed)h(in)e(its)i(o)m(wn)f(subshell,)f(whic)m(h)h(is) g(a)g(separate)h(pro)s(cess)150 2230 y(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.3)h ([Command)e(Execution)h(En)m(vironmen)m(t],)g(page)g(40\).)41 b(If)29 b(the)g Ft(lastpipe)e Fu(option)j(is)150 2340 y(enabled)35 b(using)g(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)g (4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)j(page)f(66\),)i(the)d(last)150 2450 y(elemen)m(t)d(of)e(a)h(pip)s(eline)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(run)f(b)m (y)h(the)h(shell)f(pro)s(cess.)275 2582 y(The)24 b(exit)i(status)f(of)h (a)f(pip)s(eline)g(is)g(the)g(exit)h(status)f(of)h(the)f(last)h (command)f(in)f(the)i(pip)s(eline,)g(unless)150 2692 y(the)31 b Ft(pipefail)d Fu(option)j(is)g(enabled)f(\(see)i(Section)f (4.3.1)i([The)d(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)h(62\).)42 b(If)30 b Ft(pipefail)150 2801 y Fu(is)f(enabled,)g(the)f(pip)s(eline's)g (return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)f(the)h(last)g (\(righ)m(tmost\))i(command)d(to)h(exit)150 2911 y(with)34 b(a)h(non-zero)g(status,)i(or)d(zero)i(if)e(all)i(commands)e(exit)h (successfully)-8 b(.)54 b(If)34 b(the)h(reserv)m(ed)g(w)m(ord)f(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')150 3020 y(precedes)e(the)f(pip)s(eline,)h(the)f(exit)i (status)f(is)f(the)h(logical)i(negation)f(of)e(the)h(exit)g(status)g (as)g(describ)s(ed)150 3130 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)63 b(The)38 b(shell)f(w)m(aits)i(for)e(all)i(commands)e(in)g(the)h(pip)s(eline)f (to)h(terminate)h(b)s(efore)e(returning)g(a)150 3240 y(v)-5 b(alue.)150 3435 y Fk(3.2.4)63 b(Lists)41 b(of)h(Commands)150 3582 y Fu(A)37 b Ft(list)e Fu(is)i(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(one)g(or)f(more) h(pip)s(elines)f(separated)h(b)m(y)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(op)s(erators)g(`) p Ft(;)p Fu(',)i(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)150 3691 y(`)p Ft(&&)p Fu(',)31 b(or)f(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(',)g(and)g(optionally)i(terminated)f(b)m (y)f(one)h(of)f(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)g(or)f(a)h Ft(newline)p Fu(.)275 3824 y(Of)23 b(these)h(list)g(op)s(erators,)i(`)p Ft(&&)p Fu(')d(and)g(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(')h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(equal)f (precedence,)i(follo)m(w)m(ed)f(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)i(whic)m(h)150 3933 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(equal)e(precedence.) 275 4066 y(A)f(sequence)h(of)g(one)g(or)g(more)g(newlines)f(ma)m(y)h (app)s(ear)f(in)h(a)g Ft(list)e Fu(to)j(delimit)f(commands,)g(equiv-) 150 4175 y(alen)m(t)i(to)f(a)g(semicolon.)275 4308 y(If)c(a)h(command)f (is)h(terminated)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator)f(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(the)e(shell)h(executes)h(the)f(command)150 4418 y(async)m(hronously)g(in)h(a)g(subshell.)39 b(This)28 b(is)h(kno)m(wn)f(as)h(executing)h(the)f(command)g(in)f(the)h Fr(bac)m(kground)p Fu(,)150 4527 y(and)42 b(these)i(are)f(referred)g (to)g(as)h Fr(async)m(hronous)i Fu(commands.)78 b(The)43 b(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(w)m(ait)h(for)f(the)150 4637 y(command)34 b(to)h(\014nish,)f(and)f(the)h(return)f(status)i(is)f(0)g (\(true\).)53 b(When)34 b(job)g(con)m(trol)h(is)f(not)h(activ)m(e)h (\(see)150 4746 y(Chapter)27 b(7)h([Job)f(Con)m(trol],)i(page)g(107\),) h(the)d(standard)g(input)f(for)i(async)m(hronous)f(commands,)h(in)f (the)150 4856 y(absence)k(of)f(an)m(y)h(explicit)h(redirections,)f(is)f (redirected)h(from)f Ft(/dev/null)p Fu(.)275 4988 y(Commands)19 b(separated)j(b)m(y)f(a)g(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')g(are)h(executed)g(sequen)m (tially;)k(the)21 b(shell)g(w)m(aits)h(for)f(eac)m(h)h(command)150 5098 y(to)31 b(terminate)h(in)e(turn.)39 b(The)30 b(return)f(status)i (is)f(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)f(last)h(command)f(executed.)275 5230 y Fm(and)g Fu(and)h Fm(or)g Fu(lists)h(are)g(sequences)f(of)h(one) g(or)f(more)h(pip)s(elines)e(separated)i(b)m(y)g(the)f(con)m(trol)i(op) s(er-)150 5340 y(ators)e(`)p Ft(&&)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p Ft(||)p Fu(',)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)42 b Fm(and)30 b Fu(and)f Fm(or)h Fu(lists)h(are)g(executed)g(with)f(left)h(asso)s (ciativit)m(y)-8 b(.)p eop end %%Page: 10 16 TeXDict begin 10 15 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(10)275 299 y(An)30 b Fm(and)f Fu(list)i(has)f(the)h(form)390 433 y Fj(command1)46 b Ft(&&)h Fj(command2)150 567 y Fr(command2)38 b Fu(is)30 b(executed)i(if,)e(and)g(only)g(if,)h Fr(command1)38 b Fu(returns)29 b(an)h(exit)h(status)g(of)g(zero)g(\(success\).)275 701 y(An)f Fm(or)f Fu(list)i(has)f(the)h(form)390 835 y Fj(command1)46 b Ft(||)h Fj(command2)150 969 y Fr(command2)38 b Fu(is)30 b(executed)i(if,)e(and)g(only)g(if,)h Fr(command1)38 b Fu(returns)29 b(a)i(non-zero)g(exit)g(status.)275 1103 y(The)h(return)g(status)i(of)f Fm(and)f Fu(and)h Fm(or)f Fu(lists)i(is)f(the)g(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h(command)f (executed)150 1213 y(in)d(the)h(list.)150 1412 y Fk(3.2.5)63 b(Comp)s(ound)42 b(Commands)150 1558 y Fu(Comp)s(ound)29 b(commands)h(are)i(the)f(shell)g(programming)f(language)j(constructs.) 42 b(Eac)m(h)32 b(construct)f(b)s(e-)150 1668 y(gins)25 b(with)f(a)i(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)f(or)h(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator)f 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b(supp)s(orts)d(the)j(follo)m(wing)g(lo)s(oping)g (constructs.)275 3073 y(Note)k(that)f(wherev)m(er)g(a)g(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')g(app)s(ears)f(in)h(the)g(description)g(of)g(a)g(command's) g(syn)m(tax,)i(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 3183 y(replaced)c(with)f(one)h (or)f(more)g(newlines.)150 3341 y Ft(until)240 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Ft(until)e Fu(command)h(is:)870 3476 y Ft(until)46 b Fj(test-commands)p Ft(;)e(do)j Fj (consequent-commands)p Ft(;)c(done)630 3610 y Fu(Execute)f Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)k Fu(as)41 b(long)h(as)f Fr(test-commands)46 b Fu(has)41 b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 3719 y(whic)m(h)c(is)h(not)g (zero.)67 b(The)38 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)f(of)g (the)g(last)g(command)630 3829 y(executed)31 b(in)f Fr(consequen)m (t-commands)p Fu(,)i(or)e(zero)h(if)g(none)f(w)m(as)h(executed.)150 3987 y Ft(while)240 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Ft(while)e Fu(command)h(is:)870 4122 y Ft(while)46 b Fj(test-commands)p Ft(;)e(do)j Fj(consequent-commands)p Ft(;)c(done)630 4256 y Fu(Execute)f Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)k Fu(as)41 b(long)h(as)f Fr(test-commands)46 b Fu(has)41 b(an)g(exit)h(status)630 4365 y(of)34 b(zero.)53 b(The)34 b(return)f(status)h(is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h (command)f(executed)h(in)630 4475 y Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)p Fu(,)c(or)g(zero)g(if)f(none)g(w)m(as)h(executed.)150 4633 y Ft(for)336 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Ft(for)e Fu(command)i(is:)870 4768 y Ft(for)47 b Fj(name)g Ft([)g([in)g([)p Fj(words)f Ft(...)o(])i(])f(;)h(])f(do)g Fj(commands)p Ft(;)e(done)630 4902 y Fu(Expand)30 b Fr(w)m(ords)k Fu(\(see)d(Section)h(3.5)g([Shell)f(Expansions],)g(page)g(22\),)i(and)d (execute)i Fr(com-)630 5011 y(mands)43 b Fu(once)e(for)g(eac)m(h)g(mem) m(b)s(er)f(in)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list,)j(with)c Fr(name)46 b Fu(b)s(ound)39 b(to)i(the)630 5121 y(curren)m(t)34 b(mem)m(b)s(er.)53 b(If)35 b(`)p Ft(in)30 b Fj(words)p Fu(')j(is)i(not)g(presen)m(t,)h(the)f Ft(for)e Fu(command)i(executes)h (the)630 5230 y Fr(commands)j Fu(once)e(for)f(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ositional)g (parameter)f(that)h(is)f(set,)i(as)e(if)g(`)p Ft(in)30 b("$@")p Fu(')36 b(had)630 5340 y(b)s(een)30 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(\(see)j (Section)f(3.4.2)h([Sp)s(ecial)f(P)m(arameters],)h(page)f(21\).)p eop end %%Page: 11 17 TeXDict begin 11 16 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(11)630 299 y(The)27 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(the)h(exit)g(status)f(of)g(the)h (last)g(command)e(that)i(executes.)41 b(If)27 b(there)630 408 y(are)38 b(no)f(items)g(in)g(the)h(expansion)f(of)g Fr(w)m(ords)p Fu(,)i(no)e(commands)g(are)g(executed,)j(and)d(the)630 518 y(return)29 b(status)i(is)f(zero.)630 644 y(An)g(alternate)i(form)e (of)h(the)f Ft(for)g Fu(command)g(is)g(also)h(supp)s(orted:)870 771 y Ft(for)47 b(\(\()g Fj(expr1)f Ft(;)i Fj(expr2)e Ft(;)i Fj(expr3)e Ft(\)\))h(;)h(do)f Fj(commands)e Ft(;)j(done)630 897 y Fu(First,)38 b(the)f(arithmetic)h(expression)e Fr(expr1)43 b Fu(is)36 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)38 b(according)f(to)g(the)g (rules)f(de-)630 1007 y(scrib)s(ed)41 b(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)h(Section)g (6.5)g([Shell)g(Arithmetic],)j(page)d(93\).)77 b(The)42 b(arithmetic)630 1116 y(expression)33 b Fr(expr2)41 b Fu(is)34 b(then)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(rep)s(eatedly)f(un)m(til)g(it)g (ev)-5 b(aluates)35 b(to)g(zero.)51 b(Eac)m(h)630 1226 y(time)23 b Fr(expr2)30 b Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)25 b(to)e(a)g(non-zero)h (v)-5 b(alue,)25 b Fr(commands)h Fu(are)d(executed)g(and)g(the)g (arith-)630 1335 y(metic)29 b(expression)f Fr(expr3)36 b Fu(is)28 b(ev)-5 b(aluated.)41 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)h(expression)f(is)g (omitted,)i(it)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)630 1445 y(if)i(it)h(ev)-5 b(aluates)32 b(to)g(1.)44 b(The)30 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)f(the)g(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)g(last)h(command)f(in)630 1555 y Fr(commands)j Fu(that)d(is)f(executed,)i(or)e(false)h(if)f(an)m (y)h(of)g(the)f(expressions)g(is)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid.)275 1698 y(The)26 b Ft(break)g Fu(and)h Ft(continue)e Fu(builtins)i(\(see)h (Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(44\))g(ma)m(y) 150 1807 y(b)s(e)i(used)f(to)i(con)m(trol)h(lo)s(op)f(execution.)150 1990 y Fk(3.2.5.2)63 b(Conditional)42 b(Constructs)150 2154 y Ft(if)384 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Ft(if)f Fu(command)g(is:)870 2280 y Ft(if)47 b Fj(test-commands)p Ft(;)d(then)965 2390 y Fj(consequent-commands)p Ft(;)870 2500 y([elif)i Fj(more-test-commands)p Ft(;)d(then)965 2609 y Fj(more-consequents)p Ft(;])870 2719 y([else)j Fj(alternate-consequents)p Ft(;])870 2828 y(fi)630 2955 y Fu(The)53 b Fr(test-commands)58 b Fu(list)c(is)g(executed,)60 b(and)53 b(if)g(its)h(return)e(status)i(is)f(zero,)61 b(the)630 3064 y Fr(consequen)m(t-commands)44 b Fu(list)d(is)f (executed.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(test-commands)k Fu(returns)39 b(a)h(non-zero)630 3174 y(status,)45 b(eac)m(h)e Ft(elif)d Fu(list)i(is)g(executed)h(in)e(turn,)j(and)d(if)g(its)h(exit)h(status)f (is)f(zero,)46 b(the)630 3284 y(corresp)s(onding)37 b Fr(more-consequen)m(ts)42 b Fu(is)c(executed)g(and)f(the)h(command)g (completes.)63 b(If)630 3393 y(`)p Ft(else)29 b Fj (alternate-consequents)p Fu(')c(is)30 b(presen)m(t,)h(and)f(the)g (\014nal)g(command)g(in)g(the)g(\014nal)630 3503 y Ft(if)44 b Fu(or)g Ft(elif)f Fu(clause)i(has)f(a)h(non-zero)g(exit)g(status,)j (then)c Fr(alternate-consequen)m(ts)51 b Fu(is)630 3612 y(executed.)k(The)34 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(the)h(exit)h(status)f(of) g(the)g(last)g(command)g(executed,)630 3722 y(or)30 b(zero)i(if)e(no)g (condition)h(tested)g(true.)150 3865 y Ft(case)288 b Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)h(of)f(the)h Ft(case)e Fu(command)h(is:)870 3991 y Ft(case)47 b Fj(word)f Ft(in)1061 4101 y([)h([\(])g Fj(pattern)f Ft([|)h Fj(pattern)p Ft(]...)m(\))h Fj(command-list)c Ft(;;]...)870 4211 y(esac)630 4337 y(case)20 b Fu(will)i(selectiv)m (ely)j(execute)e(the)e Fr(command-list)k Fu(corresp)s(onding)20 b(to)i(the)g(\014rst)f Fr(pattern)630 4446 y Fu(that)h(matc)m(hes)h Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)38 b(The)21 b(matc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed)e (according)j(to)f(the)g(rules)g(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(e-)630 4556 y(lo)m(w)25 b(in)e(Section)i(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m (hing],)i(page)e(33.)39 b(If)23 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)d Fu(shell)j(op-)630 4666 y(tion)j(\(see)g(the)f(description)g(of)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(in)g(Section)i(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)j(page)f (66\))630 4775 y(is)40 b(enabled,)i(the)e(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s(erformed) g(without)g(regard)h(to)h(the)f(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)630 4885 y(c)m(haracters.)48 b(The)32 b(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(')g(is)h(used)e(to)i (separate)h(m)m(ultiple)f(patterns,)g(and)f(the)g(`)p Ft(\))p Fu(')h(op)s(erator)630 4994 y(terminates)f(a)f(pattern)g(list.) 43 b(A)31 b(list)g(of)g(patterns)g(and)f(an)h(asso)s(ciated)h (command-list)g(is)630 5104 y(kno)m(wn)e(as)g(a)h Fr(clause)p Fu(.)630 5230 y(Eac)m(h)42 b(clause)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(terminated)h (with)e(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(',)45 b(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)f(or)d(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu('.)73 b(The)41 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(under-)630 5340 y(go)s(es)35 b(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)g(expansion,)g (command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)p eop end %%Page: 12 18 TeXDict begin 12 17 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(12)630 299 y(expansion,)35 b(and)f(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)36 b(\(see)f(Section)g (3.5.3)h([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)h(Expansion],)630 408 y(page)22 b(25\))g(b)s(efore)f(matc)m(hing)h(is)g(attempted.)38 b(Eac)m(h)22 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(undergo)s(es)e(tilde)i(expansion,)630 518 y(parameter)31 b(expansion,)f(command)g(substitution,)h(and)f (arithmetic)h(expansion.)630 651 y(There)f(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(an)h (arbitrary)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h Ft(case)f Fu(clauses,)i(eac)m(h)g (terminated)g(b)m(y)e(a)i(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(',)630 761 y(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(',)c(or)e(`)p Ft(;;&)p Fu('.)39 b(The)25 b(\014rst)g (pattern)h(that)g(matc)m(hes)h(determines)e(the)h(command-list)g(that) 630 870 y(is)35 b(executed.)55 b(It's)35 b(a)g(common)g(idiom)g(to)g (use)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014nal)f(pattern)h(to)h(de\014ne)e (the)630 980 y(default)d(case,)g(since)g(that)g(pattern)f(will)h(alw)m (a)m(ys)h(matc)m(h.)630 1113 y(Here)j(is)g(an)g(example)h(using)e Ft(case)g Fu(in)g(a)h(script)g(that)h(could)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h (describ)s(e)g(one)630 1223 y(in)m(teresting)d(feature)f(of)f(an)g (animal:)870 1356 y Ft(echo)47 b(-n)g("Enter)f(the)h(name)f(of)i(an)f (animal:)f(")870 1465 y(read)h(ANIMAL)870 1575 y(echo)g(-n)g("The)f ($ANIMAL)g(has)h(")870 1684 y(case)g($ANIMAL)e(in)965 1794 y(horse)i(|)g(dog)g(|)h(cat\))e(echo)h(-n)g("four";;)965 1904 y(man)g(|)h(kangaroo)d(\))j(echo)e(-n)i("two";;)965 2013 y(*\))g(echo)e(-n)h("an)g(unknown)f(number)g(of";;)870 2123 y(esac)870 2232 y(echo)h(")g(legs.")630 2389 y Fu(If)40 b(the)i(`)p Ft(;;)p Fu(')e(op)s(erator)i(is)f(used,)i(no)e(subsequen)m (t)f(matc)m(hes)i(are)f(attempted)h(after)g(the)630 2498 y(\014rst)c(pattern)h(matc)m(h.)67 b(Using)39 b(`)p Ft(;&)p Fu(')g(in)f(place)i(of)f(`)p Ft(;;)p 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Ft(for)e Fu(command:)870 3712 y Ft(select)46 b Fj(name)h Ft([in)g Fj(words)f Ft(...)o(];)h(do)h Fj(commands)p Ft(;)d(done)630 3845 y Fu(The)25 b(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g (follo)m(wing)i Ft(in)d Fu(is)h(expanded,)h(generating)h(a)e(list)h(of) g(items.)39 b(The)25 b(set)h(of)630 3954 y(expanded)i(w)m(ords)h(is)g (prin)m(ted)f(on)h(the)g(standard)f(error)h(output)f(stream,)i(eac)m(h) g(preceded)630 4064 y(b)m(y)21 b(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)37 b(If)20 b(the)i(`)p Ft(in)30 b Fj(words)p Fu(')20 b(is)h(omitted,)j (the)d(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)g(are)f(prin)m(ted,)630 4174 y(as)28 b(if)f(`)p Ft(in)j("$@")p Fu(')d(had)f(b)s(een)h(sp)s (eci\014ed.)39 b(The)27 b Ft(PS3)g Fu(prompt)f(is)i(then)f(displa)m(y)m (ed)h(and)f(a)h(line)630 4283 y(is)h(read)f(from)h(the)f(standard)g (input.)39 b(If)29 b(the)g(line)g(consists)g(of)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e (corresp)s(onding)630 4393 y(to)36 b(one)f(of)h(the)f(displa)m(y)m(ed)h (w)m(ords,)g(then)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)f Fr(name)40 b Fu(is)35 b(set)h(to)g(that)g(w)m(ord.)54 b(If)630 4502 y(the)37 b(line)h(is)f(empt)m(y)-8 b(,)39 b(the)e(w)m(ords)g(and)f (prompt)g(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)f(again.)62 b(If)37 b Ft(EOF)f Fu(is)h(read,)630 4612 y(the)c Ft(select)e Fu(command)i (completes.)50 b(An)m(y)33 b(other)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(read)g(causes)g Fr(name)38 b Fu(to)c(b)s(e)e(set)630 4722 y(to)f(n)m(ull.)41 b(The)30 b(line)g(read)h(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(in)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(REPLY)p Fu(.)630 4855 y(The)42 b Fr(commands)j Fu(are)d(executed)h(after)g(eac)m(h)g(selection)h(un)m(til)e(a)h Ft(break)d Fu(command)i(is)630 4964 y(executed,)32 b(at)f(whic)m(h)f(p) s(oin)m(t)g(the)h Ft(select)d Fu(command)i(completes.)630 5097 y(Here)39 b(is)g(an)g(example)h(that)f(allo)m(ws)i(the)e(user)f (to)i(pic)m(k)f(a)g(\014lename)h(from)e(the)h(curren)m(t)630 5207 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b(and)d(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(name)h(and)f (index)f(of)i(the)g(\014le)f(selected.)870 5340 y Ft(select)46 b(fname)g(in)i(*;)p eop end %%Page: 13 19 TeXDict begin 13 18 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(13)870 299 y Ft(do)870 408 y(echo)47 b(you)g(picked)f($fname)g(\\\($REPLY\\\))870 518 y(break;)870 628 y(done)150 788 y(\(\(...)o(\)\))870 923 y(\(\()h Fj(expression)e Ft(\)\))630 1058 y Fu(The)33 b(arithmetic)i Fr(expression)f Fu(is)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(according)g(to)f(the)g(rules)f(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)630 1167 y(\(see)j(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f(Arithmetic],)i(page)f(93\).)55 b(If)34 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g(expression)g(is)630 1277 y(non-zero,)27 b(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)g(0;)h(otherwise)f (the)g(return)e(status)i(is)g(1.)39 b(This)25 b(is)g(exactly)630 1386 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)870 1521 y Ft(let)47 b(")p Fj(expression)p Ft(")630 1656 y Fu(See)25 b(Section)h(4.2)h ([Bash)e(Builtins],)i(page)f(51,)i(for)c(a)i(full)f(description)g(of)g (the)h Ft(let)e Fu(builtin.)150 1816 y Ft([[...)o(]])870 1951 y([[)47 b Fj(expression)e Ft(]])630 2086 y Fu(Return)25 b(a)h(status)f(of)h(0)g(or)g(1)g(dep)s(ending)e(on)h(the)h(ev)-5 b(aluation)27 b(of)e(the)h(conditional)h(expres-)630 2196 y(sion)j Fr(expression)p Fu(.)41 b(Expressions)29 b(are)i(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m (w)h(in)630 2305 y(Section)36 b(6.4)h([Bash)f(Conditional)g (Expressions],)h(page)f(91.)57 b(W)-8 b(ord)36 b(splitting)h(and)e (\014le-)630 2415 y(name)d(expansion)g(are)h(not)g(p)s(erformed)d(on)j (the)f(w)m(ords)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(and)f Ft(]])p Fu(;)i(tilde)630 2524 y(expansion,)e(parameter)g(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)g(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(command)630 2634 y(substitution,)40 b(pro)s(cess)f(substitution,)h(and)e(quote)h (remo)m(v)-5 b(al)40 b(are)f(p)s(erformed.)63 b(Condi-)630 2744 y(tional)32 b(op)s(erators)e(suc)m(h)g(as)h(`)p Ft(-f)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(unquoted)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(recognized)j (as)f(primaries.)630 2878 y(When)k(used)f(with)h Ft([[)p Fu(,)h(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)g (sort)g(lexicographically)j(using)d(the)630 2988 y(curren)m(t)30 b(lo)s(cale.)630 3123 y(When)22 b(the)h(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h(are)g(used,)g(the)g(string)f(to)i(the)e (righ)m(t)h(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)630 3232 y(is)31 b(considered)g(a)h (pattern)f(and)g(matc)m(hed)h(according)g(to)g(the)g(rules)f(describ)s (ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w)h(in)630 3342 y(Section)d(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)f (Matc)m(hing],)h(page)f(33,)g(as)f(if)g(the)g Ft(extglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)g(w)m(ere)630 3452 y(enabled.)46 b(The)31 b(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')h(op)s(erator)h(is)f(iden)m(tical)h(to)g(`)p Ft(==)p Fu('.)46 b(If)31 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)d Fu(shell)j(option)630 3561 y(\(see)42 b(the)f(description)g(of)h Ft(shopt)d Fu(in)i(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)45 b(page)d(66\))630 3671 y(is)e(enabled,)i(the)e(matc)m(h)h(is)e(p)s (erformed)g(without)g(regard)h(to)h(the)f(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)630 3780 y(c)m(haracters.)h(The)28 b(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(is)g(0)g(if)g(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hes)h(\(`)p Ft(==)p Fu('\))f(or)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(matc)m(h)630 3890 y(\(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu('\))j(the)f(pattern,)h(and)e(1)i(otherwise.)41 b(An)m(y)30 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(pattern)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(quoted)g(to) 630 4000 y(force)h(the)g(quoted)f(p)s(ortion)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed) h(as)g(a)f(string.)630 4134 y(An)44 b(additional)h(binary)f(op)s (erator,)49 b(`)p Ft(=~)p Fu(',)f(is)c(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)51 b(with)44 b(the)h(same)f(precedence)630 4244 y(as)c(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu('.)69 b(When)40 b(it)g(is)g(used,)i (the)e(string)g(to)g(the)g(righ)m(t)h(of)f(the)g(op)s(erator)g(is)630 4354 y(considered)23 b(a)g Fm(posix)g Fu(extended)g(regular)g (expression)g(and)f(matc)m(hed)i(accordingly)g(\(using)630 4463 y(the)29 b Fm(posix)g Ft(regcomp)e Fu(and)h Ft(regexec)g Fu(in)m(terfaces)i(usually)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)h Fl(r)-5 b(e)g(gex)11 b Fu(\(3\)\).)42 b(The)630 4573 y(return)20 b(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(is)g(0)g(if)g(the)g(string)g(matc)m(hes)h(the)f (pattern,)j(and)c(1)h(otherwise.)38 b(If)21 b(the)g(regular)630 4682 y(expression)k(is)h(syn)m(tactically)i(incorrect,)g(the)e (conditional)h(expression's)e(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)630 4792 y(2.)39 b(If)24 b(the)h Ft(nocasematch)c Fu(shell)k(option)g(\(see)h(the)e(description)h(of)g Ft(shopt)e Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)630 4902 y([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],) j(page)e(66\))h(is)e(enabled,)i(the)f(matc)m(h)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e (without)h(regard)630 5011 y(to)36 b(the)g(case)h(of)f(alphab)s(etic)g (c)m(haracters.)58 b(An)m(y)36 b(part)g(of)g(the)g(pattern)f(ma)m(y)i (b)s(e)e(quoted)630 5121 y(to)f(force)g(the)f(quoted)h(p)s(ortion)f(to) h(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(as)f(a)h(string.)50 b(Brac)m(k)m(et)35 b(expressions)e(in)630 5230 y(regular)g(expressions)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f (treated)i(carefully)-8 b(,)35 b(since)e(normal)g(quoting)g(c)m (haracters)630 5340 y(lose)25 b(their)f(meanings)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h (brac)m(k)m(ets.)40 b(If)23 b(the)h(pattern)h(is)f(stored)g(in)f(a)i (shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)p eop end %%Page: 14 20 TeXDict begin 14 19 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(14)630 299 y(quoting)41 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)42 b(expansion)e(forces)h(the)f(en) m(tire)h(pattern)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(matc)m(hed)h(as)g(a)630 408 y(string.)630 555 y(The)26 b(pattern)g(will)h(matc)m(h)g(if)f(it)h (matc)m(hes)h(an)m(y)e(part)h(of)f(the)h(string.)39 b(Anc)m(hor)26 b(the)h(pattern)630 664 y(using)f(the)i(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')f(and)f(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')h(regular)h(expression)e(op)s(erators)h(to)h(force)g(it)f (to)h(matc)m(h)g(the)f(en)m(tire)630 774 y(string.)81 b(The)44 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b Ft(BASH_REMATCH)40 b Fu(records)k(whic)m(h)f(parts)h(of)g(the)g(string)630 883 y(matc)m(hed)31 b(the)f(pattern.)41 b(The)30 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)e Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)j(index)g(0)g(con)m(tains)i(the)630 993 y(p)s(ortion)20 b(of)h(the)g(string)f(matc)m(hing)i(the)f(en)m (tire)g(regular)g(expression.)37 b(Substrings)19 b(matc)m(hed)630 1103 y(b)m(y)30 b(paren)m(thesized)g(sub)s(expressions)e(within)i(the)g (regular)g(expression)g(are)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(in)f(the)630 1212 y(remaining)j Ft(BASH_REMATCH)c Fu(indices.)49 b(The)32 b(elemen)m(t)i(of)f Ft(BASH_REMATCH)d Fu(with)i(index)g Fr(n)630 1322 y Fu(is)e(the)h(p)s(ortion)f(of)g(the)h(string)f(matc)m (hing)i(the)e Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(paren)m(thesized)h(sub)s(expression.)630 1468 y(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)h(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(will)f(matc)m(h)g (a)g(line)f(\(stored)h(in)f(the)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Fr(line)5 b Fu(\))630 1577 y(if)42 b(there)h(is)g(a)f(sequence)h(of)g (c)m(haracters)h(an)m(ywhere)e(in)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(consisting)g(of)g(an)m(y)630 1687 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)30 b(including)h(zero,)h(of)f(c)m(haracters)i(in)e(the)g Ft(space)f Fu(c)m(haracter)i(class,)h(zero)f(or)f(one)630 1797 y(instances)g(of)f(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)h(then)f(a)h(`)p Ft(b)p Fu(':)870 1943 y Ft([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g([[:space:]]*\(a\)?b)c (]])630 2089 y Fu(That)24 b(means)g(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(lik)m(e)h(`)p Ft(aab)p Fu(')e(and)h(`)30 b Ft(aaaaaab)p Fu(')22 b(will)i(matc)m(h,)j (as)d(will)g(a)g(line)g(con)m(taining)630 2198 y(a)31 b(`)p Ft(b)p Fu(')f(an)m(ywhere)h(in)f(its)g(v)-5 b(alue.)630 2345 y(Storing)31 b(the)g(regular)g(expression)f(in)h(a)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(often)g(a)g(useful)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)f(a)m(v)m(oid) 630 2454 y(problems)f(with)g(quoting)h(c)m(haracters)i(that)e(are)g(sp) s(ecial)g(to)h(the)f(shell.)41 b(It)31 b(is)g(sometimes)630 2564 y(di\016cult)24 b(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(regular)g(expression)f (literally)i(without)f(using)e(quotes,)k(or)d(to)h(k)m(eep)630 2673 y(trac)m(k)33 b(of)g(the)f(quoting)g(used)g(b)m(y)g(regular)g (expressions)g(while)g(pa)m(ying)h(atten)m(tion)h(to)f(the)630 2783 y(shell's)25 b(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)40 b(Using)25 b(a)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(to)f(store)g(the)g(pattern)g (decreases)g(these)630 2892 y(problems.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(is)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(the)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e:)870 3039 y Ft(pattern='[[:space:]]*\(a\))o (?b')870 3148 y([[)47 b($line)g(=~)g($pattern)e(]])630 3294 y Fu(If)28 b(y)m(ou)h(w)m(an)m(t)g(to)g(matc)m(h)h(a)e(c)m (haracter)j(that's)e(sp)s(ecial)g(to)g(the)g(regular)f(expression)g (gram-)630 3404 y(mar,)g(it)g(has)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(quoted)h(to)g(remo)m (v)m(e)h(its)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning.)40 b(This)27 b(means)g(that)h(in)g (the)630 3513 y(pattern)e(`)p Ft(xxx.txt)p Fu(',)g(the)h(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(matc)m(hes)i(an)m(y)e(c)m(haracter)i(in)e(the)h(string)f (\(its)h(usual)f(regular)630 3623 y(expression)g(meaning\),)i(but)e(in) g(the)h(pattern)f(`)p Ft("xxx.txt")p Fu(')f(it)i(can)g(only)f(matc)m(h) i(a)e(literal)630 3733 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu('.)56 b(Shell)35 b(programmers)f(should)h(tak)m(e)i(sp)s(ecial)e(care)i(with)e(bac)m (kslashes,)i(since)f(bac)m(k-)630 3842 y(slashes)27 b(are)g(used)f(b)s (oth)g(b)m(y)h(the)f(shell)h(and)f(regular)h(expressions)g(to)g(remo)m (v)m(e)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)630 3952 y(meaning)h(from)f(the)h(follo)m (wing)i(c)m(haracter.)41 b(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)j(t)m(w)m(o)f(sets)f (of)g(commands)g(are)630 4061 y Fl(not)40 b Fu(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t:)870 4208 y Ft(pattern='\\.')870 4427 y([[)47 b(.)h(=~)f($pattern)e(]])870 4536 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f(\\.)g(]])870 4756 y([[)g(.)h(=~)f("$pattern")e(]])870 4865 y([[)i(.)h(=~)f('\\.')f (]])630 5011 y Fu(The)28 b(\014rst)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(matc)m(hes)g(will)f (succeed,)h(but)f(the)g(second)g(t)m(w)m(o)h(will)f(not,)h(b)s(ecause)f (in)g(the)630 5121 y(second)39 b(t)m(w)m(o)i(the)e(bac)m(kslash)h(will) f(b)s(e)g(part)g(of)g(the)h(pattern)f(to)h(b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed.)68 b(In)39 b(the)630 5230 y(\014rst)31 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(examples,)h(the)e (bac)m(kslash)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h(the)f(sp)s(ecial)g(meaning)f(from)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)h(so)g(the)630 5340 y(literal)f(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')e(matc)m(hes.)42 b(If)28 b(the)i(string)f(in)g(the)g(\014rst)g (examples)g(w)m(ere)h(an)m(ything)g(other)f(than)p eop end %%Page: 15 21 TeXDict begin 15 20 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(15)630 299 y(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)29 b(sa)m(y)g(`)p Ft(a)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)g(w)m (ould)g(not)h(matc)m(h,)h(b)s(ecause)e(the)g(quoted)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')h(in)e(the)i(pattern)630 408 y(loses)i(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g (meaning)f(of)h(matc)m(hing)g(an)m(y)g(single)g(c)m(haracter.)630 542 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h (follo)m(wing)h(op)s(erators,)g(listed)f(in)f(decreasing)630 651 y(order)30 b(of)g(precedence:)630 808 y Ft(\()g Fj(expression)e Ft(\))1110 918 y Fu(Returns)i(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(expression)p Fu(.)42 b(This)30 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(o)m(v) m(erride)g(the)1110 1027 y(normal)e(precedence)h(of)g(op)s(erators.)630 1184 y Ft(!)f Fj(expression)1110 1293 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(expression)g Fu(is)h(false.)630 1450 y Fj(expression1)c Ft(&&)j Fj(expression2)1110 1560 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g Fr(expression1)38 b Fu(and)29 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(are)31 b(true.)630 1716 y Fj(expression1)c Ft(||)j Fj(expression2)1110 1826 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expression1)38 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(expression2)38 b Fu(is)30 b(true.)630 1983 y(The)24 b Ft(&&)h Fu(and)f Ft(||)g Fu(op)s(erators)h(do)g(not)g (ev)-5 b(aluate)27 b Fr(expression2)32 b Fu(if)25 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)g Fr(expression1)630 2092 y Fu(is)30 b(su\016cien)m(t)h (to)g(determine)g(the)f(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(en)m(tire) g(conditional)h(expression.)150 2289 y Fk(3.2.5.3)63 b(Grouping)43 b(Commands)150 2436 y Fu(Bash)30 b(pro)m(vides)g(t)m(w)m (o)h(w)m(a)m(ys)f(to)h(group)e(a)h(list)g(of)g(commands)f(to)i(b)s(e)e (executed)h(as)g(a)h(unit.)40 b(When)29 b(com-)150 2545 y(mands)h(are)i(group)s(ed,)f(redirections)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(applied)i (to)g(the)f(en)m(tire)h(command)g(list.)44 b(F)-8 b(or)32 b(example,)150 2655 y(the)f(output)f(of)g(all)h(the)g(commands)f(in)g (the)h(list)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(redirected)i(to)g(a)g(single)g(stream.) 150 2812 y Ft(\(\))870 2945 y(\()47 b Fj(list)g Ft(\))630 3078 y Fu(Placing)30 b(a)f(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)i (paren)m(theses)e(causes)i(a)f(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)630 3188 y(to)k(b)s(e)e(created)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)d (Execution)i(En)m(vironmen)m(t],)g(page)f(40\),)630 3297 y(and)d(eac)m(h)h(of)g(the)f(commands)g(in)g Fr(list)j Fu(to)f(b)s(e)d(executed)j(in)e(that)h(subshell.)38 b(Since)28 b(the)f Fr(list)630 3407 y Fu(is)i(executed)g(in)f(a)h(subshell,)g(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(do)g(not)g(remain)f(in)g(e\013ect)j (after)e(the)630 3516 y(subshell)g(completes.)150 3673 y Ft({})870 3806 y({)47 b Fj(list)p Ft(;)g(})630 3939 y Fu(Placing)30 b(a)g(list)g(of)g(commands)f(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(curly)f (braces)g(causes)h(the)f(list)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed)630 4049 y(in)d(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)f(con)m(text.)42 b(No)27 b(subshell)f(is)g(created.)41 b(The)26 b(semicolon)i(\(or)f (newline\))630 4159 y(follo)m(wing)32 b Fr(list)h Fu(is)d(required.)275 4315 y(In)44 b(addition)h(to)h(the)f(creation)i(of)e(a)g(subshell,)j (there)e(is)f(a)g(subtle)g(di\013erence)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(these)150 4425 y(t)m(w)m(o)c(constructs)e(due)g(to)g(historical)i(reasons.)67 b(The)39 b(braces)g(are)h Ft(reserved)28 b(words)p Fu(,)40 b(so)g(they)f(m)m(ust)150 4535 y(b)s(e)d(separated)h(from)f(the)g Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e Ft(blank)p Fu(s)e(or)h(other)h(shell)f(metac)m (haracters.)62 b(The)36 b(paren)m(theses)h(are)150 4644 y Ft(operators)p Fu(,)23 b(and)h(are)g(recognized)i(as)e(separate)i (tok)m(ens)f(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(ev)m(en)g(if)f(they)g(are)h(not)f (separated)150 4754 y(from)30 b(the)g Fr(list)j Fu(b)m(y)e(whitespace.) 275 4887 y(The)e(exit)j(status)e(of)h(b)s(oth)f(of)g(these)h (constructs)g(is)f(the)h(exit)g(status)f(of)h Fr(list)p Fu(.)150 5083 y Fk(3.2.6)63 b(Copro)s(cesses)150 5230 y Fu(A)37 b Ft(coprocess)c Fu(is)k(a)g(shell)f(command)h(preceded)f(b)m (y)g(the)h Ft(coproc)d Fu(reserv)m(ed)j(w)m(ord.)59 b(A)36 b(copro)s(cess)h(is)150 5340 y(executed)g(async)m(hronously)g(in)f(a)h (subshell,)g(as)g(if)g(the)f(command)h(had)f(b)s(een)f(terminated)i (with)g(the)p eop end %%Page: 16 22 TeXDict begin 16 21 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(16)150 299 y(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')34 b(con)m(trol)h(op)s(erator,)g(with)f(a)g(t)m(w)m (o-w)m(a)m(y)i(pip)s(e)d(established)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(the)f (executing)h(shell)f(and)f(the)150 408 y(copro)s(cess.)275 550 y(The)c(format)i(for)f(a)h(copro)s(cess)g(is:)390 691 y Ft(coproc)46 b([)p Fj(NAME)p Ft(])g Fj(command)g Ft([)p Fj(redirections)p Ft(])150 833 y Fu(This)39 b(creates)j(a)e (copro)s(cess)h(named)f Fr(NAME)p Fu(.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(NAME)46 b Fu(is)40 b(not)g(supplied,)i(the)e(default)h(name)f(is)150 942 y Fr(COPR)m(OC)p Fu(.)d Fr(NAME)28 b Fu(m)m(ust)23 b(not)g(b)s(e)e(supplied)h(if)g Fr(command)k Fu(is)d(a)g(simple)f (command)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.2.2)150 1052 y([Simple)39 b(Commands],)h(page)g(8\);)k(otherwise,)e(it)d(is)g(in)m(terpreted)h (as)f(the)g(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)h(of)g(the)g(simple)150 1162 y(command.)275 1303 y(When)j(the)i(copro)s(cess)f(is)g(executed,) 48 b(the)43 b(shell)g(creates)i(an)e(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)150 1413 y([Arra)m(ys],)32 b(page)g(95\))h(named)e Ft(NAME)f Fu(in)h(the)h(con)m(text)h(of)e(the)h (executing)g(shell.)44 b(The)31 b(standard)f(output)150 1522 y(of)39 b Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(connected)g(via)g(a)g(pip)s(e)f(to) i(a)f(\014le)f(descriptor)h(in)f(the)h(executing)h(shell,)h(and)d(that) 150 1632 y(\014le)i(descriptor)h(is)f(assigned)h(to)g Ft(NAME)p Fu([0].)70 b(The)40 b(standard)f(input)h(of)g Fr(command)k Fu(is)c(connected)h(via)150 1741 y(a)h(pip)s(e)f(to)i(a)f (\014le)g(descriptor)g(in)f(the)h(executing)i(shell,)h(and)c(that)h (\014le)g(descriptor)g(is)g(assigned)g(to)150 1851 y Ft(NAME)p Fu([1].)69 b(This)39 b(pip)s(e)g(is)h(established)g(b)s (efore)f(an)m(y)h(redirections)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)g(the)h (command)g(\(see)150 1961 y(Section)45 b(3.6)h([Redirections],)k(page) 45 b(35\).)84 b(The)44 b(\014le)h(descriptors)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(utilized) h(as)g(argumen)m(ts)150 2070 y(to)d(shell)g(commands)f(and)g (redirections)h(using)f(standard)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions.)74 b(Other)41 b(than)g(those)150 2180 y(created)27 b(to)g(execute)g (command)f(and)f(pro)s(cess)h(substitutions,)h(the)f(\014le)g (descriptors)g(are)g(not)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 2289 y(in)30 b(subshells.)275 2431 y(The)d(pro)s(cess)h(ID)h(of)f(the)h (shell)f(spa)m(wned)g(to)h(execute)h(the)e(copro)s(cess)h(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(as)d(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)150 2540 y(the)k(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b Ft(NAME)p 850 2540 28 4 v 39 w Fu(PID.)g(The)f Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f (used)g(to)h(w)m(ait)h(for)e(the)h(copro)s(cess)150 2650 y(to)e(terminate.)275 2791 y(Since)20 b(the)g(copro)s(cess)h(is)g (created)g(as)g(an)f(async)m(hronous)g(command,)i(the)f Ft(coproc)d Fu(command)i(alw)m(a)m(ys)150 2901 y(returns)29 b(success.)41 b(The)30 b(return)f(status)i(of)f(a)h(copro)s(cess)g(is)f (the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f Fr(command)p Fu(.)150 3107 y Fk(3.2.7)63 b(GNU)41 b(P)m(arallel)150 3254 y Fu(There)30 b(are)h(w)m(a)m(ys)g(to)g(run)f(commands)g(in)g(parallel)h(that)h(are)e (not)h(built)g(in)m(to)g(Bash.)41 b(GNU)31 b(P)m(arallel)i(is)150 3364 y(a)e(to)s(ol)g(to)g(do)f(just)g(that.)275 3505 y(GNU)e(P)m(arallel,)i(as)e(its)g(name)f(suggests,)j(can)d(b)s(e)g (used)g(to)h(build)f(and)g(run)f(commands)h(in)h(parallel.)150 3615 y(Y)-8 b(ou)41 b(ma)m(y)g(run)e(the)h(same)h(command)f(with)g (di\013eren)m(t)h(argumen)m(ts,)j(whether)39 b(they)i(are)g (\014lenames,)150 3724 y(usernames,)27 b(hostnames,)h(or)e(lines)h (read)f(from)h(\014les.)39 b(GNU)27 b(P)m(arallel)i(pro)m(vides)d (shorthand)g(references)150 3834 y(to)38 b(man)m(y)g(of)g(the)g(most)g (common)g(op)s(erations)g(\(input)f(lines,)j(v)-5 b(arious)38 b(p)s(ortions)f(of)h(the)g(input)e(line,)150 3943 y(di\013eren)m(t)f(w) m(a)m(ys)h(to)f(sp)s(ecify)f(the)h(input)f(source,)i(and)e(so)h(on\).) 54 b(P)m(arallel)36 b(can)f(replace)h Ft(xargs)d Fu(or)i(feed)150 4053 y(commands)30 b(from)g(its)h(input)e(sources)h(to)i(sev)m(eral)f (di\013eren)m(t)g(instances)g(of)g(Bash.)275 4194 y(F)-8 b(or)33 b(a)g(complete)h(description,)g(refer)e(to)i(the)f(GNU)g(P)m (arallel)i(do)s(cumen)m(tation.)48 b(A)33 b(few)f(examples)150 4304 y(should)d(pro)m(vide)i(a)g(brief)e(in)m(tro)s(duction)i(to)g(its) g(use.)275 4445 y(F)-8 b(or)37 b(example,)i(it)e(is)f(easy)h(to)g (replace)h Ft(xargs)d Fu(to)i(gzip)g(all)g(h)m(tml)g(\014les)f(in)h (the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)150 4555 y(and)30 b(its)h(sub)s (directories:)390 4696 y Ft(find)47 b(.)g(-type)f(f)i(-name)e('*.html') g(-print)g(|)h(parallel)f(gzip)150 4838 y Fu(If)30 b(y)m(ou)h(need)f (to)h(protect)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracters)g(suc)m(h)g(as)f(newlines)h (in)f(\014le)g(names,)h(use)f(\014nd's)f Ft(-print0)150 4948 y Fu(option)i(and)f(parallel's)h Ft(-0)f Fu(option.)275 5089 y(Y)-8 b(ou)34 b(can)g(use)f(P)m(arallel)j(to)e(mo)m(v)m(e)h (\014les)f(from)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)h(when)f(the)h(n)m(um)m (b)s(er)e(of)i(\014les)150 5199 y(is)c(to)s(o)i(large)f(to)g(pro)s (cess)f(with)g(one)h Ft(mv)f Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation:)390 5340 y Ft(printf)46 b('\045s\\n')g(*)i(|)f(parallel)f(mv)h({})g (destdir)p eop end %%Page: 17 23 TeXDict begin 17 22 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(17)275 299 y(As)28 b(y)m(ou)h(can)g(see,)g(the)g Fi({})g Fu(is)g(replaced)g(with)f (eac)m(h)i(line)f(read)f(from)g(standard)g(input.)39 b(While)29 b(using)150 408 y Ft(ls)34 b Fu(will)i(w)m(ork)f(in)g(most)g (instances,)i(it)f(is)f(not)g(su\016cien)m(t)h(to)g(deal)f(with)g(all)h (\014lenames.)55 b Ft(printf)33 b Fu(is)j(a)150 518 y(shell)31 b(builtin,)f(and)g(therefore)h(is)g(not)g(sub)5 b(ject)30 b(to)h(the)g(k)m(ernel's)g(limit)g(on)g(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i (argumen)m(ts)150 628 y(to)37 b(a)f(program,)h(so)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g(use) g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(\(but)f(see)i(b)s(elo)m(w)f(ab)s(out)g(the)g Ft(dotglob)e Fu(shell)i(option\).)58 b(If)36 b(y)m(ou)150 737 y(need)30 b(to)h(accommo)s(date)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracters)h(in)e (\014lenames,)h(y)m(ou)g(can)f(use)390 877 y Ft(printf)46 b('\045s\\0')g(*)i(|)f(parallel)f(-0)h(mv)g({})g(destdir)150 1017 y Fu(as)31 b(alluded)f(to)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275 1157 y(This)e(will)i(run)e(as)h(man)m(y)h Ft(mv)e Fu(commands)h(as)h (there)f(are)h(\014les)f(in)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)-8 b(.)42 b(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(can)150 1267 y(em)m(ulate)h(a)f(parallel)g Ft(xargs)e Fu(b)m(y)h(adding)g(the)h Ft(-X)f Fu(option:)390 1407 y Ft(printf)46 b('\045s\\0')g(*)i(|)f(parallel)f(-0)h(-X)g(mv)g ({})g(destdir)275 1547 y Fu(\(Y)-8 b(ou)31 b(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(to)g (mo)s(dify)f(the)h(pattern)f(if)g(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)e Ft(dotglob)f Fu(option)h(enabled.\))275 1687 y(GNU)h(P)m(arallel)i(can) e(replace)h(certain)g(common)g(idioms)f(that)g(op)s(erate)h(on)f(lines) g(read)g(from)f(a)i(\014le)150 1797 y(\(in)e(this)h(case,)g (\014lenames)g(listed)g(one)f(p)s(er)g(line\):)390 1937 y Ft(while)46 b(IFS=)h(read)g(-r)g(x;)g(do)390 2046 y(do-something1)d ("$x")j("config-$x")390 2156 y(do-something2)d(<)k("$x")390 2265 y(done)f(<)g(file)g(|)g(process-output)150 2405 y Fu(with)30 b(a)h(more)f(compact)i(syn)m(tax)f(reminiscen)m(t)g(of)g (lam)m(b)s(das:)390 2545 y Ft(cat)47 b(list)g(|)g(parallel)f ("do-something1)d({})48 b(config-{})d(;)i(do-something2)e(<)i({}")g(|) 915 2655 y(process-output)275 2795 y Fu(P)m(arallel)31 b(pro)m(vides)e(a)h(built-in)g(mec)m(hanism)g(to)g(remo)m(v)m(e)h (\014lename)e(extensions,)i(whic)m(h)e(lends)g(itself)150 2905 y(to)i(batc)m(h)g(\014le)g(transformations)f(or)g(renaming:)390 3045 y Ft(ls)47 b(*.gz)g(|)g(parallel)f(-j+0)g("zcat)h({})g(|)g(bzip2)g (>{.}.bz2)e(&&)j(rm)f({}")150 3185 y Fu(This)28 b(will)i(recompress)e (all)i(\014les)f(in)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(directory)g(with)g(names)g (ending)f(in)h(.gz)h(using)f(bzip2,)150 3294 y(running)37 b(one)i(job)f(p)s(er)f(CPU)h(\(-j)p Ft(+)p Fu(0\))i(in)e(parallel.)66 b(\(W)-8 b(e)40 b(use)e Ft(ls)g Fu(for)h(brevit)m(y)g(here;)j(using)c Ft(find)g Fu(as)150 3404 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)e(is)g(more)f(robust)f(in)h (the)h(face)g(of)f(\014lenames)h(con)m(taining)g(unexp)s(ected)f(c)m (haracters.\))57 b(P)m(arallel)150 3513 y(can)31 b(tak)m(e)h(argumen)m (ts)e(from)g(the)h(command)f(line;)h(the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(can)f(also) g(b)s(e)f(written)g(as)390 3654 y Ft(parallel)46 b("zcat)g({})h(|)h (bzip2)e(>{.}.bz2)f(&&)j(rm)f({}")g(:::)g(*.gz)275 3794 y Fu(If)24 b(a)i(command)f(generates)h(output,)g(y)m(ou)g(ma)m(y)f(w)m (an)m(t)h(to)g(preserv)m(e)g(the)f(input)f(order)h(in)g(the)g(output.) 150 3903 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(instance,)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(command)390 4043 y Ft({)581 4153 y(echo)47 b(foss.org.my)d(;)581 4262 y(echo)j(debian.org)e(;)581 4372 y(echo)i(freenetproject.org)42 b(;)390 4482 y(})47 b(|)h(parallel)d(traceroute)150 4622 y Fu(will)31 b(displa)m(y)f(as)h(output)f(the)g(traceroute)i(in)m(v)m (o)s(cation)h(that)e(\014nishes)e(\014rst.)40 b(Adding)30 b(the)g Ft(-k)g Fu(option)390 4762 y Ft({)581 4871 y(echo)47 b(foss.org.my)d(;)581 4981 y(echo)j(debian.org)e(;)581 5090 y(echo)i(freenetproject.org)42 b(;)390 5200 y(})47 b(|)h(parallel)d(-k)j(traceroute)150 5340 y Fu(will)31 b(ensure)e(that)i(the)g(output)f(of)g Ft(traceroute)e(foss.org.my)f Fu(is)k(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(\014rst.)p eop end %%Page: 18 24 TeXDict begin 18 23 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(18)275 299 y(Finally)-8 b(,)31 b(P)m(arallel)h(can)e(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(run)d(a)i (sequence)h(of)f(shell)g(commands)f(in)h(parallel,)h(similar)f(to)150 408 y(`)p Ft(cat)g(file)f(|)h(bash)p Fu('.)53 b(It)35 b(is)g(not)g(uncommon)f(to)i(tak)m(e)g(a)f(list)h(of)f(\014lenames,)h (create)g(a)g(series)f(of)g(shell)150 518 y(commands)24 b(to)h(op)s(erate)h(on)e(them,)i(and)e(feed)g(that)h(list)h(of)e (commands)g(to)i(a)f(shell.)39 b(P)m(arallel)26 b(can)f(sp)s(eed)150 628 y(this)30 b(up.)40 b(Assuming)30 b(that)h Ft(file)e Fu(con)m(tains)i(a)g(list)g(of)g(shell)f(commands,)h(one)f(p)s(er)g (line,)390 772 y Ft(parallel)46 b(-j)h(10)g(<)g(file)150 917 y Fu(will)37 b(ev)-5 b(aluate)38 b(the)f(commands)f(using)g(the)h (shell)g(\(since)g(no)f(explicit)i(command)e(is)h(supplied)e(as)i(an) 150 1027 y(argumen)m(t\),)31 b(in)f(blo)s(c)m(ks)h(of)g(ten)f(shell)h (jobs)f(at)h(a)g(time.)150 1283 y Fs(3.3)68 b(Shell)45 b(F)-11 b(unctions)150 1442 y Fu(Shell)35 b(functions)h(are)g(a)g(w)m (a)m(y)g(to)h(group)e(commands)g(for)h(later)g(execution)h(using)e(a)h (single)g(name)g(for)150 1552 y(the)f(group.)55 b(They)35 b(are)g(executed)h(just)f(lik)m(e)h(a)g Ft(")p Fu(regular)p Ft(")f Fu(command.)54 b(When)35 b(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)h(shell)150 1661 y(function)j(is)g(used)f(as)h(a)h(simple)f(command)g(name,)i(the)e (list)h(of)f(commands)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)d(that)150 1771 y(function)25 b(name)h(is)g(executed.)40 b(Shell)25 b(functions)g(are)i(executed)f(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(con)m (text;)j(no)c(new)150 1881 y(pro)s(cess)30 b(is)g(created)i(to)f(in)m (terpret)g(them.)275 2025 y(F)-8 b(unctions)30 b(are)h(declared)g (using)f(this)g(syn)m(tax:)390 2170 y Fj(fname)46 b Ft(\(\))i Fj(compound-command)43 b Ft([)k Fj(redirections)e Ft(])275 2315 y Fu(or)390 2460 y Ft(function)h Fj(fname)g Ft([\(\)])h Fj(compound-command)c Ft([)k Fj(redirections)e Ft(])275 2604 y Fu(This)37 b(de\014nes)h(a)h(shell)f(function)g(named)g Fr(fname)p Fu(.)65 b(The)38 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)f Ft(function)e Fu(is)j(optional.)150 2714 y(If)33 b(the)g Ft(function)e Fu(reserv)m(ed)i(w)m(ord)g(is)g(supplied,)g(the)g(paren)m (theses)h(are)f(optional.)50 b(The)33 b Fr(b)s(o)s(dy)39 b Fu(of)34 b(the)150 2824 y(function)41 b(is)h(the)g(comp)s(ound)e (command)h Fr(comp)s(ound-command)j Fu(\(see)e(Section)h(3.2.5)g([Comp) s(ound)150 2933 y(Commands],)30 b(page)h(10\).)42 b(That)30 b(command)g(is)g(usually)h(a)f Fr(list)j Fu(enclosed)e(b)s(et)m(w)m (een)g Fi({)g Fu(and)f Fi(})p Fu(,)h(but)e(ma)m(y)150 3043 y(b)s(e)39 b(an)m(y)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(listed)g(ab)s(o)m(v) m(e,)j(with)d(one)g(exception:)60 b(If)39 b(the)h Ft(function)e Fu(reserv)m(ed)150 3152 y(w)m(ord)g(is)g(used,)h(but)f(the)g(paren)m (theses)h(are)f(not)h(supplied,)g(the)f(braces)g(are)h(required.)63 b Fr(comp)s(ound-)150 3262 y(command)37 b Fu(is)d(executed)g(whenev)m (er)f Fr(fname)39 b Fu(is)34 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(as)i(the)g(name)g(of)f (a)h(command.)50 b(When)34 b(the)150 3371 y(shell)e(is)f(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(\(see)i(Section)f(6.11)h([Bash)e(POSIX)g(Mo)s (de],)h(page)g(101\),)h Fr(fname)k Fu(m)m(ust)31 b(b)s(e)g(a)150 3481 y(v)-5 b(alid)37 b(shell)f Fr(name)42 b Fu(and)36 b(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(the)g(same)h(as)g(one)f(of)h(the)g(sp)s(ecial) g(builtins)e(\(see)j(Section)f(4.4)150 3591 y([Sp)s(ecial)e(Builtins],) h(page)e(72\).)54 b(In)33 b(default)h(mo)s(de,)h(a)g(function)f(name)g (can)g(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)g(unquoted)g(shell)150 3700 y(w)m(ord)g(that)h (do)s(es)e(not)i(con)m(tain)g(`)p Ft($)p Fu('.)53 b(An)m(y)34 b(redirections)h(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)i(page)e(35\)) 150 3810 y(asso)s(ciated)30 b(with)e(the)h(shell)f(function)g(are)h(p)s (erformed)e(when)h(the)g(function)g(is)h(executed.)41 b(A)28 b(function)150 3919 y(de\014nition)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(deleted)h (using)f(the)h Ft(-f)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(unset)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)h([Bourne)150 4029 y(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(44\).)275 4174 y(The)26 b(exit)i(status)g(of)f(a)h(function)f(de\014nition)g(is)g(zero)h (unless)f(a)g(syn)m(tax)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(or)g(a)h(readonly)150 4283 y(function)k(with)f(the)i(same)f(name)g(already)h(exists.)46 b(When)32 b(executed,)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(a)g(function)150 4393 y(is)e(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)f(the)h(last)g(command)f(executed) i(in)e(the)g(b)s(o)s(dy)-8 b(.)275 4538 y(Note)22 b(that)f(for)f (historical)i(reasons,)h(in)e(the)g(most)g(common)g(usage)g(the)g (curly)f(braces)h(that)g(surround)150 4647 y(the)38 b(b)s(o)s(dy)d(of)j (the)f(function)g(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(separated)h(from)f(the)g(b)s(o)s (dy)f(b)m(y)h Ft(blank)p Fu(s)f(or)h(newlines.)62 b(This)150 4757 y(is)38 b(b)s(ecause)g(the)h(braces)f(are)h(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m (ords)g(and)f(are)i(only)f(recognized)i(as)e(suc)m(h)g(when)f(they)i (are)150 4866 y(separated)26 b(from)f(the)h(command)f(list)i(b)m(y)e (whitespace)h(or)g(another)g(shell)g(metac)m(haracter.)41 b(Also,)28 b(when)150 4976 y(using)i(the)g(braces,)h(the)g Fr(list)i Fu(m)m(ust)d(b)s(e)g(terminated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(semicolon,)h(a) e(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(',)h(or)g(a)f(newline.)275 5121 y(When)i(a)i(function)f (is)g(executed,)i(the)e(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)f(function)g(b)s(ecome) g(the)h(p)s(ositional)g(pa-)150 5230 y(rameters)42 b(during)e(its)i (execution)h(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4.1)h([P)m(ositional)h(P)m (arameters],)i(page)c(21\).)75 b(The)150 5340 y(sp)s(ecial)37 b(parameter)f(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(that)h(expands)e(to)i(the)f(n)m(um)m(b) s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)h(parameters)f(is)g(up)s(dated)f(to)p eop end %%Page: 19 25 TeXDict begin 19 24 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(19)150 299 y(re\015ect)36 b(the)f(c)m(hange.)56 b(Sp)s(ecial)35 b(parameter)h Ft(0)f Fu(is)g(unc)m(hanged.)54 b(The)35 b(\014rst)f(elemen)m(t)j(of)e(the)g Ft(FUNCNAME)150 408 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(the)e(name)h(of)f(the)h (function)f(while)g(the)h(function)f(is)g(executing.)275 540 y(All)25 b(other)g(asp)s(ects)g(of)g(the)g(shell)g(execution)h(en)m (vironmen)m(t)g(are)f(iden)m(tical)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(a)f(function)g (and)150 650 y(its)35 b(caller)i(with)d(these)i(exceptions:)50 b(the)36 b Ft(DEBUG)d Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)g 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(en)m(tire)g(command)150 1548 y(to)31 b(ab)s(ort.)275 1680 y(If)37 b(the)g(builtin)g(command)h Ft(return)d Fu(is)j(executed)g(in)g(a)g(function,)h(the)e(function)h(completes)h (and)150 1789 y(execution)25 b(resumes)e(with)h(the)g(next)g(command)f (after)i(the)f(function)f(call.)40 b(An)m(y)24 b(command)f(asso)s (ciated)150 1899 y(with)36 b(the)h Ft(RETURN)d Fu(trap)i(is)h(executed) g(b)s(efore)f(execution)i(resumes.)57 b(When)37 b(a)f(function)g (completes,)150 2008 y(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(of)f(the)g(p)s (ositional)h(parameters)f(and)g(the)g(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)f(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(are)h(restored)f(to)h(the)150 2118 y(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(they)f(had)g(prior)f(to)i(the)g(function's)f(execution.)40 b(If)25 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(giv)m(en)h(to)g Ft(return)p Fu(,)150 2228 y(that)j(is)g(the)f(function's)h(return)e (status;)j(otherwise)f(the)f(function's)h(return)e(status)i(is)f(the)h (exit)h(status)150 2337 y(of)h(the)f(last)h(command)f(executed)i(b)s (efore)e(the)g 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b(is)g(once)g(again)g(visible.)275 3280 y(The)f(shell)h(uses)g Fr(dynamic)g(scoping)39 b Fu(to)32 b(con)m(trol)g(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)32 b(visibilit)m(y)h (within)d(functions.)42 b(With)150 3389 y(dynamic)31 b(scoping,)i(visible)e(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(and)f(their)h(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(are)f(a)h(result)g(of)f(the)h(sequence)g(of)f(function)150 3499 y(calls)37 b(that)g(caused)g(execution)g(to)g(reac)m(h)g(the)g (curren)m(t)f(function.)58 b(The)36 b(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)h(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(that)g(a)150 3608 y(function)24 b(sees)g(dep)s(ends)f(on)h(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(within)e(its)i (caller,)i(if)d(an)m(y)-8 b(,)26 b(whether)e(that)g(caller)i(is)e(the)g Ft(")p Fu(global)p Ft(")150 3718 y Fu(scop)s(e)41 b(or)g(another)g (shell)g(function.)73 b(This)40 b(is)h(also)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(that)h(a)f(lo)s(cal)i(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(declaration)150 3828 y Ft(")p Fu(shado)m(ws)p Ft(")p Fu(,)30 b(and)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(that)g(is)f(restored)h(when)e(the)i(function)f(returns.)275 3959 y(F)-8 b(or)41 b(example,)j(if)d(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b Fr(v)-5 b(ar)48 b Fu(is)40 b(declared)h(as)g(lo)s(cal)h(in)f (function)f Fr(func1)p Fu(,)j(and)d Fr(func1)48 b Fu(calls)150 4069 y(another)33 b(function)g Fr(func2)p Fu(,)g(references)g(to)h Fr(v)-5 b(ar)39 b Fu(made)33 b(from)f(within)h Fr(func2)39 b Fu(will)34 b(resolv)m(e)g(to)g(the)f(lo)s(cal)150 4178 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Fr(v)-5 b(ar)37 b Fu(from)30 b Fr(func1)p Fu(,)g(shado)m(wing)h(an)m(y)f(global)i(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(named)f Fr(v)-5 b(ar)p Fu(.)275 4310 y(The)29 b(follo)m(wing)j(script)f(demonstrates)f(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior.)40 b(When)31 b(executed,)g(the)g(script)f(displa)m(ys)390 4441 y Ft(In)47 b(func2,)f(var)h(=)h(func1)e(local)390 4573 y(func1\(\))390 4682 y({)581 4792 y(local)g(var='func1)f(local') 581 4902 y(func2)390 5011 y(})390 5230 y(func2\(\))390 5340 y({)p eop end %%Page: 20 26 TeXDict begin 20 25 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(20)581 299 y Ft(echo)47 b("In)f(func2,)h(var)f(=)i($var")390 408 y(})390 628 y(var=global)390 737 y(func1)275 878 y Fu(The)32 b Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)g(also)i(acts)g(using)e(the)i(same)f(dynamic)g (scop)s(e:)46 b(if)33 b(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(lo)s(cal)h(to)g (the)150 987 y(curren)m(t)i(scop)s(e,)h Ft(unset)e Fu(will)h(unset)g (it;)j(otherwise)e(the)f(unset)f(will)h(refer)g(to)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(found)d(in)150 1097 y(an)m(y)j(calling)h(scop)s(e)f(as)g (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)61 b(If)36 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(at)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cal)h(scop)s(e)e(is)h (unset,)h(it)150 1207 y(will)27 b(remain)h(so)f(un)m(til)g(it)h(is)f (reset)h(in)f(that)g(scop)s(e)h(or)f(un)m(til)g(the)h(function)e (returns.)39 b(Once)27 b(the)g(function)150 1316 y(returns,)34 b(an)m(y)h(instance)g(of)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(at)g(a)g(previous) e(scop)s(e)i(will)f(b)s(ecome)h(visible.)52 b(If)34 b(the)g(unset)150 1426 y(acts)e(on)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(at)g(a)f(previous)g(scop)s (e,)h(an)m(y)f(instance)h(of)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(with)f(that)h(name)f(that)h(had)150 1535 y(b)s(een)e(shado)m(w)m(ed)g (will)h(b)s(ecome)g(visible.)275 1676 y(F)-8 b(unction)51 b(names)f(and)g(de\014nitions)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h(with)f(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g Ft(declare)150 1786 y Fu(\()p Ft(typeset)p Fu(\))35 b(builtin)g(command)h(\(see)h(Section)g (4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)i(page)f(51\).)59 b(The)35 b Ft(-F)h Fu(option)g(to)150 1895 y Ft(declare)e Fu(or)i Ft(typeset)e Fu(will)i(list)h(the)f(function)g(names)g(only)g(\(and)g (optionally)h(the)f(source)g(\014le)h(and)150 2005 y(line)c(n)m(um)m(b) s(er,)g(if)f(the)h Ft(extdebug)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(is)g(enabled\).)49 b(F)-8 b(unctions)33 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(exp)s(orted)g(so)h(that)150 2114 y(subshells)j(automatically)k(ha)m(v)m(e)f(them)e(de\014ned)f (with)h(the)h Ft(-f)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(export)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)150 2224 y(Section)31 b(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g (Builtins],)h(page)h(44\).)275 2365 y(F)-8 b(unctions)33 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(recursiv)m(e.)48 b(The)32 b Ft(FUNCNEST)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(limit)g(the)f (depth)f(of)150 2474 y(the)27 b(function)f(call)i(stac)m(k)h(and)d (restrict)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(function)f(in)m(v)m(o)s (cations.)42 b(By)27 b(default,)g(no)g(limit)150 2584 y(is)j(placed)h(on)g(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(recursiv)m(e)f (calls.)150 2834 y Fs(3.4)68 b(Shell)45 b(P)l(arameters)150 2993 y Fu(A)23 b Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(is)23 b(an)g(en)m(tit)m(y)i(that) f(stores)g(v)-5 b(alues.)39 b(It)23 b(can)h(b)s(e)f(a)g Ft(name)p Fu(,)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)f(or)h(one)f(of)h(the)f(sp)s (ecial)150 3103 y(c)m(haracters)i(listed)e(b)s(elo)m(w.)39 b(A)23 b Fr(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b Fu(is)23 b(a)g(parameter)h(denoted)f(b) m(y)h(a)f Ft(name)p Fu(.)37 b(A)24 b(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(has)f(a)g Fr(v)-5 b(alue)150 3212 y Fu(and)33 b(zero)i(or)f(more)g Fr(attributes)p Fu(.)52 b(A)m(ttributes)35 b(are)f(assigned)g(using)g (the)g Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)h(command)150 3322 y(\(see)e(the)g (description)f(of)h(the)f Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.2) g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).)275 3462 y(A)d(parameter)h(is)g (set)g(if)f(it)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(assigned)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue.)40 b(The)28 b(n)m(ull)h(string)f(is)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)28 b(v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(Once)150 3572 y(a)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(set,)i(it)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(unset)g(only)h(b)m(y)f (using)g(the)g Ft(unset)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)275 3713 y(A)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)g(to)i(b)m(y)e(a)h (statemen)m(t)h(of)e(the)h(form)390 3853 y Fj(name)p Ft(=[)p Fj(value)p Ft(])150 3994 y Fu(If)j Fr(v)-5 b(alue)40 b Fu(is)35 b(not)g(giv)m(en,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)g(assigned)g(the)f(n)m(ull)h(string.)53 b(All)35 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)5 b Fu(s)35 b(undergo)f(tilde)h(ex-)150 4103 y(pansion,)h(parameter)f(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(expansion,)f(command)g(substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)150 4213 y(and)k(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)42 b(\(detailed)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).) 72 b(If)40 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)g(its)g Ft(integer)e Fu(attribute)i(set,)j(then)150 4323 y Fr(v)-5 b(alue)38 b Fu(is)33 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(as)f(an)g(arithmetic)h(expression)f (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h Ft($\(\(...)o(\)\))f Fu(expansion)h(is)g(not)g (used)150 4432 y(\(see)e(Section)g(3.5.5)i([Arithmetic)e(Expansion],)f (page)h(31\).)42 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(splitting)g(is)g(not)f(p)s (erformed,)f(with)150 4542 y(the)35 b(exception)h(of)f Ft("$@")f Fu(as)h(explained)g(b)s(elo)m(w.)54 b(Filename)36 b(expansion)f(is)g(not)g(p)s(erformed.)53 b(Assign-)150 4651 y(men)m(t)33 b(statemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)f(also)g(app)s(ear)f(as)g (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g Ft(alias)p Fu(,)e Ft(declare)p Fu(,)g Ft(typeset)p Fu(,)g Ft(export)p Fu(,)150 4761 y Ft(readonly)p Fu(,)38 b(and)g Ft(local)f Fu(builtin)h(commands)g(\()p Fr(declaration)j Fu(commands\).)64 b(When)39 b(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)150 4871 y(\(see)29 b(Section)h(6.11)g([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s (de],)j(page)f(101\),)h(these)f(builtins)f(ma)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f(in)g(a) h(command)150 4980 y(after)34 b(one)g(or)f(more)h(instances)g(of)f(the) h Ft(command)d Fu(builtin)i(and)g(retain)h(these)g(assignmen)m(t)g (statemen)m(t)150 5090 y(prop)s(erties.)275 5230 y(In)29 b(the)h(con)m(text)i(where)d(an)h(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(t)h(is)e (assigning)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(to)h(a)f(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(or)150 5340 y(arra)m(y)24 b(index)f(\(see)h(Section)g (6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)i(page)e(95\),)i(the)e(`)p Ft(+=)p Fu(')f(op)s(erator)g(can)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(app)s(end)e(to)i(or)p eop end %%Page: 21 27 TeXDict begin 21 26 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(21)150 299 y(add)28 b(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)30 b(previous)e(v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(This)28 b(includes)g(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f(builtin)g (commands)f(suc)m(h)h(as)150 408 y Ft(declare)e Fu(that)i(accept)h (assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h(\()p Fr(declaration)h Fu(commands\).)40 b(When)28 b(`)p 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b(the)d(op)s(eration)h(is)g(actually)h (p)s(erformed)d(on)150 1867 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(nameref)f(v)-5 b(ariable's)31 b(v)-5 b(alue.)42 b(A)30 b(nameref)g(is)h(commonly)g(used)e(within)150 1976 y(shell)h(functions)g(to)h(refer)f(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(whose)f(name)h(is)f(passed)g(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(to) g(the)f(function.)150 2086 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(instance,)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(name)f(is)h(passed)e(to)j(a)e(shell)h(function)f(as)h (its)f(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t,)h(running)390 2229 y Ft(declare)46 b(-n)h(ref=$1)150 2372 y Fu(inside)31 b(the)h(function)f(creates)i(a)g (nameref)e(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b Fr(ref)49 b Fu(whose)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name)e(passed)150 2481 y(as)e(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t.)41 b(References)30 b(and)e(assignmen)m(ts)i(to)g Fr(ref)p Fu(,)f(and)g(c)m(hanges)h(to)g (its)f(attributes,)i(are)150 2591 y(treated)g(as)f(references,)g 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y(not)j(b)s(e)f(assigned)h(to)g(with)f (assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts.)61 b(The)36 b Ft(set)g Fu(and)g Ft(shift)f Fu(builtins)h(are)h(used)f(to)150 4404 y(set)k(and)f(unset)f(them)i(\(see)g(Chapter)f(4)g([Shell)h (Builtin)g(Commands],)h(page)f(44\).)68 b(The)39 b(p)s(ositional)150 4513 y(parameters)44 b(are)g(temp)s(orarily)g(replaced)h(when)e(a)h (shell)g(function)g(is)g(executed)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.3)150 4623 y([Shell)30 b(F)-8 b(unctions],)32 b(page)f(18\).)275 4766 y(When)c(a)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(consisting)f(of)h(more)f (than)g(a)g(single)h(digit)g(is)f(expanded,)g(it)h(m)m(ust)150 4876 y(b)s(e)h(enclosed)h(in)f(braces.)150 5083 y Fk(3.4.2)63 b(Sp)s(ecial)41 b(P)m(arameters)150 5230 y Fu(The)d(shell)g(treats)h (sev)m(eral)g(parameters)f(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)65 b(These)38 b(parameters)h(ma)m(y)f(only)g(b)s(e)g(referenced;)150 5340 y(assignmen)m(t)31 b(to)g(them)g(is)f(not)h(allo)m(w)m(ed.)p eop end %%Page: 22 28 TeXDict begin 22 27 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 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b(the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)h(of)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(of)f(the)630 1066 y Ft(IFS)29 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)41 b(If)29 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)h(unset,)f(the)h(parameters)g(are)g(separated) g(b)m(y)g(spaces.)41 b(If)29 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)630 1176 y(n)m(ull,)i(the)f(parameters)h(are)g(joined)f(without)g(in)m(terv)m (ening)i(separators.)150 1334 y Ft(@)432 b Fu(\($@\))43 b(Expands)f(to)h(the)g(p)s(ositional)g(parameters,)k(starting)c(from)f (one.)78 b(In)42 b(con)m(texts)630 1444 y(where)35 b(w)m(ord)h (splitting)g(is)g(p)s(erformed,)g(this)g(expands)e(eac)m(h)j(p)s (ositional)g(parameter)f(to)630 1553 y(a)d(separate)h(w)m(ord;)g(if)f (not)g(within)g(double)f(quotes,)j(these)e(w)m(ords)g(are)g(sub)5 b(ject)33 b(to)g(w)m(ord)630 1663 y(splitting.)60 b(In)36 b(con)m(texts)j(where)d(w)m(ord)g(splitting)h(is)g(not)g(p)s(erformed,) g(this)f(expands)g(to)630 1773 y(a)c(single)h(w)m(ord)e(with)h(eac)m(h) h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)f(separated)g(b)m(y)g(a)g(space.)46 b(When)32 b(the)630 1882 y(expansion)i(o)s(ccurs)h(within)e(double)i (quotes,)h(and)e(w)m(ord)g(splitting)h(is)g(p)s(erformed,)f(eac)m(h)630 1992 y(parameter)23 b(expands)f(to)i(a)f(separate)h(w)m(ord.)37 b(That)23 b(is,)i Ft("$@")c Fu(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)24 b(to)g Ft("$1")29 b("$2")630 2101 y(...)o Fu(.)39 b(If)26 b(the)g(double-quoted)g(expansion)f(o)s(ccurs)h(within)f(a)h(w)m(ord,)h (the)f(expansion)g(of)g(the)630 2211 y(\014rst)31 b(parameter)h(is)g (joined)f(with)g(the)h(b)s(eginning)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(original)h(w)m (ord,)f(and)f(the)630 2321 y(expansion)25 b(of)g(the)h(last)g (parameter)f(is)h(joined)f(with)g(the)g(last)h(part)f(of)g(the)h (original)g(w)m(ord.)630 2430 y(When)i(there)g(are)g(no)g(p)s (ositional)g(parameters,)h Ft("$@")e Fu(and)g Ft($@)h Fu(expand)f(to)h(nothing)g(\(i.e.,)630 2540 y(they)j(are)f(remo)m(v)m (ed\).)150 2698 y Ft(#)432 b Fu(\($#\))31 b(Expands)e(to)i(the)g(n)m (um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)i(parameters)e(in)g(decimal.)150 2857 y Ft(?)432 b Fu(\($?\))88 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b(is)i(p)s(erformed)d(on)i(the)g(command)g(line)h(after)f(it)h(has)f(b) s(een)f(split)h(in)m(to)i Ft(token)p Fu(s.)38 b(There)28 b(are)150 5206 y(sev)m(en)j(kinds)e(of)i(expansion)f(p)s(erformed:)225 5340 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(brace)31 b(expansion)p eop end %%Page: 23 29 TeXDict begin 23 28 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(23)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(tilde)31 b(expansion)225 436 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(parameter)31 b(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(expansion)225 574 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(command)30 b(substitution)225 711 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(arithmetic)32 b(expansion)225 849 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting)225 986 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(\014lename)31 b(expansion)275 1155 y(The)24 b(order)h(of)h (expansions)f(is:)39 b(brace)25 b(expansion;)j(tilde)e(expansion,)g (parameter)g(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(ex-)150 1264 y(pansion,)j (arithmetic)i(expansion,)f(and)f(command)g(substitution)g(\(done)g(in)h (a)f(left-to-righ)m(t)k(fashion\);)150 1374 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y(b)s(e)f(generated)h(is)g(longer)g(than)f(in)g(the)g(ab)s(o)m (v)m(e)i(example:)390 1618 y Ft(mkdir)46 b(/usr/local/src/bash/{old,n)o (ew,)o(dist)o(,bug)o(s})275 1756 y Fu(or)390 1894 y Ft(chown)g(root)h (/usr/{ucb/{ex,edit},lib/)o({ex?)o(.?*,)o(how)o(_ex})o(})150 2097 y Fk(3.5.2)63 b(Tilde)41 b(Expansion)150 2243 y Fu(If)29 b(a)h(w)m(ord)g(b)s(egins)f(with)g(an)h(unquoted)f(tilde)h(c)m (haracter)h(\(`)p Ft(~)p Fu('\),)g(all)g(of)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)h(up) d(to)j(the)f(\014rst)150 2353 y(unquoted)24 b(slash)g(\(or)h(all)h(c)m (haracters,)h(if)e(there)g(is)f(no)h(unquoted)e(slash\))i(are)g (considered)g(a)g Fr(tilde-pre\014x)p Fu(.)150 2463 y(If)38 b(none)g(of)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)f(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(are)h (quoted,)h(the)f(c)m(haracters)h(in)d(the)i(tilde-pre\014x)150 2572 y(follo)m(wing)28 b(the)g(tilde)f(are)h(treated)g(as)f(a)g(p)s (ossible)g Fr(login)h(name)p Fu(.)39 b(If)27 b(this)g(login)h(name)f (is)g(the)g(n)m(ull)g(string,)150 2682 y(the)35 b(tilde)g(is)g (replaced)g(with)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g(the)g Ft(HOME)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)54 b(If)34 b Ft(HOME)g Fu(is)h(unset,)g(the)g(home)150 2791 y(directory)e(of)g(the)f(user)g (executing)i(the)e(shell)h(is)f(substituted)g(instead.)47 b(Otherwise,)33 b(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)150 2901 y(is)d(replaced)h(with) f(the)h(home)f(directory)h(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed) e(login)j(name.)275 3039 y(If)g(the)h(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)h(`)p Ft(~+)p Fu(',)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Ft(PWD)d Fu(replaces)j(the)f(tilde-pre\014x.)47 b(If)150 3149 y(the)31 b(tilde-pre\014x)f(is)g(`)p Ft(~-)p Fu(',)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(OLDPWD)p Fu(,)e(if)h(it)h(is)g(set,)g(is)f (substituted.)275 3287 y(If)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(follo)m(wing)h(the) e(tilde)g(in)g(the)g(tilde-pre\014x)g(consist)g(of)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)d Fr(N)p Fu(,)j(optionally)150 3396 y(pre\014xed)22 b(b)m(y)h(a)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')f(or)h(a)f(`)p Ft(-)p 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Fu(')g(or)g(the)g(\014rst)f(`)p Ft(=)p Fu('.)54 b(In)34 b(these)h(cases,)i(tilde)e(expansion)g(is)g (also)h(p)s(erformed.)52 b(Consequen)m(tly)-8 b(,)37 b(one)150 4330 y(ma)m(y)29 b(use)e(\014lenames)h(with)g(tildes)g(in)g (assignmen)m(ts)g(to)h Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)f Ft(MAILPATH)p Fu(,)e(and)h Ft(CDPATH)p Fu(,)g(and)h(the)g(shell)150 4439 y(assigns)j(the)f(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue.)275 4577 y(The)29 b(follo)m(wing)j(table)g(sho)m(ws)e(ho)m(w)g(Bash)h(treats)g (unquoted)e(tilde-pre\014xes:)150 4742 y Ft(~)432 b Fu(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($HOME)150 4905 y(~/foo)240 b($HOME/foo)150 5068 y(~fred/foo)630 5177 y Fu(The)30 b(sub)s(directory)f Ft(foo)h Fu(of)g(the)h(home)f(directory)h(of)g(the) f(user)g Ft(fred)150 5340 y(~+/foo)192 b($PWD/foo)p eop end %%Page: 25 31 TeXDict begin 25 30 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(25)150 299 y Ft(~-/foo)192 b(${OLDPWD-'~-'}/foo)150 471 y(~)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m (y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(+)p Fj(N)p Fu(')150 644 y Ft(~+)p Fj(N)336 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g(displa)m(y)m (ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(+)p Fj(N)p Fu(')150 816 y Ft(~-)p Fj(N)336 b Fu(The)30 b(string)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(b)s(e)g (displa)m(y)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(`)p Ft(dirs)g(-)p Fj(N)p Fu(')275 995 y(Bash)40 b(also)h(p)s(erforms)e(tilde)h(expansion)g(on)h(w)m(ords) e(satisfying)i(the)f(conditions)h(of)f(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(as-)150 1105 y(signmen)m(ts)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.4)g([Shell)f(P)m (arameters],)k(page)d(20\))g(when)e(they)h(app)s(ear)f(as)i(argumen)m (ts)150 1215 y(to)c(simple)f(commands.)57 b(Bash)36 b(do)s(es)f(not)h (do)g(this,)i(except)f(for)e(the)h Fr(declaration)i Fu(commands)d (listed)150 1324 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)d(when)d(in)h Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de.)150 1536 y Fk(3.5.3)63 b(Shell)41 b(P)m(arameter)f (Expansion)150 1683 y Fu(The)g(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)i(in)m (tro)s(duces)d(parameter)h(expansion,)j(command)d(substitution,)i(or)e (arithmetic)150 1793 y(expansion.)d(The)22 b(parameter)h(name)f(or)g (sym)m(b)s(ol)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(expanded)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(enclosed)h(in) f(braces,)i(whic)m(h)150 1903 y(are)31 b(optional)g(but)f(serv)m(e)h (to)h(protect)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(expanded)g(from) g(c)m(haracters)i(immediately)150 2012 y(follo)m(wing)g(it)f(whic)m(h)f (could)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(name.)275 2160 y(When)44 b(braces)i(are)f(used,)j(the)e(matc)m(hing)g(ending)f (brace)g(is)g(the)g(\014rst)g(`)p Ft(})p Fu(')g(not)g(escap)s(ed)h(b)m (y)f(a)150 2269 y(bac)m(kslash)40 b(or)f(within)g(a)g(quoted)g(string,) j(and)c(not)i(within)e(an)h(em)m(b)s(edded)f(arithmetic)j(expansion,) 150 2379 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(or)h(parameter)g(expansion.)275 2526 y(The)40 b(basic)i(form)f(of)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(is)h($)p Fi({)p Fr(parameter)7 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(The)41 b(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(of)g Fr(parameter)48 b Fu(is)150 2636 y(substituted.)43 b(The)31 b Fr(parameter)39 b Fu(is)31 b(a)h(shell)f(parameter)h(as)g (describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.4)h([Shell)150 2746 y(P)m(arameters],)e(page)f(20\))h(or)e(an)g(arra)m(y)h(reference)f (\(see)i(Section)f(6.7)g([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)g(95\).)42 b(The)29 b(braces)150 2855 y(are)j(required)g(when)f Fr(parameter)39 b Fu(is)32 b(a)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)h(with)f (more)g(than)g(one)g(digit,)i(or)e(when)150 2965 y Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)31 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(a)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(is)f (not)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)h(part)f(of)h(its)f(name.)275 3112 y(If)k(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(is)35 b(an)g(exclamation)i(p)s(oin)m(t)e(\(!\),)i(and)d Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(is)34 b(not)i(a)150 3222 y Fr(nameref)p Fu(,)c(it)f(in)m(tro)s(duces)h(a)f(lev)m(el)i(of)f(indirection.)44 b(Bash)31 b(uses)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(formed)f(b)m(y)g(expanding)g (the)150 3332 y(rest)c(of)f Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(as)27 b(the)g(new)f Fr(parameter)7 b Fu(;)28 b(this)e(is)g(then)g(expanded)g (and)g(that)h(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(is)f(used)g(in)g(the)150 3441 y(rest)33 b(of)f(the)h(expansion,)g(rather)g(than)f(the)h (expansion)f(of)h(the)g(original)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)48 b(This)32 b(is)g(kno)m(wn)150 3551 y(as)42 b Ft(indirect)28 b(expansion)p Fu(.)71 b(The)41 b(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)h(sub)5 b(ject)41 b(to)h(tilde)g(expansion,)i(parameter)e(expansion,)150 3660 y(command)31 b(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)h(expansion.)43 b(If)31 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(a)f(nameref,)h(this)f(expands) 150 3770 y(to)d(the)g(name)g(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(referenced)g(b)m(y)f Fr(parameter)35 b Fu(instead)27 b(of)h(p)s(erforming)e(the)i(complete)h(in-)150 3880 y(direct)e(expansion.)39 b(The)25 b(exceptions)i(to)g(this)f(are)h(the) f(expansions)g(of)g($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(pre\014x)6 b Fu(*)p Fi(})28 b Fu(and)d($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5 b Fu([@])p Fi(})150 3989 y Fu(describ)s(ed)28 b(b)s(elo)m(w.)41 b(The)28 b(exclamation)j(p)s(oin)m(t)f(m)m(ust)f(immediately)h(follo)m (w)g(the)g(left)f(brace)h(in)f(order)f(to)150 4099 y(in)m(tro)s(duce)i (indirection.)275 4246 y(In)39 b(eac)m(h)i(of)g(the)f(cases)h(b)s(elo)m (w,)i Fr(w)m(ord)h Fu(is)c(sub)5 b(ject)40 b(to)h(tilde)f(expansion,)j (parameter)e(expansion,)150 4356 y(command)30 b(substitution,)g(and)g (arithmetic)i(expansion.)275 4503 y(When)h(not)h(p)s(erforming)e (substring)h(expansion,)h(using)g(the)f(form)h(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m (w)i(\(e.g.,)i(`)p Ft(:-)p Fu('\),)150 4613 y(Bash)d(tests)h(for)e(a)i (parameter)f(that)h(is)e(unset)h(or)g(n)m(ull.)48 b(Omitting)33 b(the)h(colon)f(results)g(in)g(a)g(test)h(only)150 4723 y(for)c(a)i(parameter)f(that)g(is)g(unset.)41 b(Put)31 b(another)f(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)33 b(if)e(the)f(colon)i(is)f(included,)f (the)h(op)s(erator)g(tests)150 4832 y(for)36 b(b)s(oth)g Fr(parameter)7 b Fu('s)37 b(existence)h(and)e(that)i(its)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)g(not)f(n)m(ull;)k(if)d(the)g(colon)h(is)e(omitted,)k (the)150 4942 y(op)s(erator)31 b(tests)g(only)f(for)g(existence.)150 5121 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:)p Fq(\000)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 5230 y Fu(If)g Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m (ull,)f(the)h(expansion)f(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(is)c(substituted.)40 b(Otherwise,)630 5340 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)31 b(substituted.)p eop end %%Page: 26 32 TeXDict begin 26 31 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(26)150 299 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:=)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 408 y Fu(If)33 b Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33 b(unset)f(or)h(n)m(ull,)h(the)f (expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(assigned)g(to)h Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)630 518 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)f Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)31 b(then)g(substituted.)42 b(P)m(ositional)33 b(parameters)e(and)f(sp)s(ecial)630 628 y(parameters)h(ma)m(y)g(not)f (b)s(e)g(assigned)h(to)g(in)f(this)g(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)150 786 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:?)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 896 y Fu(If)26 b Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(is)26 b(n)m(ull)g(or)g(unset,)h (the)f(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(\(or)c(a)h(message)g(to)g(that) f(e\013ect)630 1005 y(if)i Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(not)g(presen)m(t\))h (is)f(written)g(to)h(the)f(standard)f(error)h(and)f(the)h(shell,)h(if)f (it)h(is)f(not)630 1115 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)33 b(exits.)42 b(Otherwise,)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)30 b(substituted.)150 1273 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:+)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 1383 y Fu(If)35 b Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(is)36 b(n)m(ull)f(or)h(unset,)g(nothing)g(is)f(substituted,)i (otherwise)e(the)h(expansion)630 1492 y(of)31 b Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(is)e(substituted.)150 1650 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:)p Fj(offset)p Ft(})150 1760 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(:)p Fj(offset)p Ft(:)p Fj(lengt)o(h)p Ft(})630 1870 y Fu(This)f(is)h(referred)f(to)h(as)g(Substring)f(Expansion.)41 b(It)31 b(expands)f(to)h(up)f(to)h Fr(length)g Fu(c)m(harac-)630 1979 y(ters)k(of)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)g Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(starting)36 b(at)g(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(b)m(y)h Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)55 b(If)630 2089 y Fr(parameter)32 b Fu(is)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)g(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(subscripted)e (b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(or)g(an)f(asso)s (ciativ)m(e)j(ar-)630 2198 y(ra)m(y)g(name,)h(the)f(results)g(di\013er) g(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)40 b(If)28 b Fr(length)g Fu(is)g(omitted,)i(it)f(expands)630 2308 y(to)e(the)g(substring)f(of)g (the)h(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)g Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(starting)28 b(at)f(the)g(c)m(haracter)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)630 2418 y Fr(o\013set)37 b Fu(and)d(extending)g(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the) g(v)-5 b(alue.)53 b Fr(length)34 b Fu(and)g Fr(o\013set)j Fu(are)e(arithmetic)630 2527 y(expressions)30 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h ([Shell)e(Arithmetic],)i(page)f(93\).)630 2661 y(If)39 b Fr(o\013set)k Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f (less)h(than)f(zero,)k(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)g(used)e(as)i(an)g (o\013set)630 2771 y(in)33 b(c)m(haracters)i(from)f(the)f(end)g(of)h (the)g(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)51 b(If)33 b Fr(length)h Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)35 b(to)g(a)630 2880 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(less)h(than)g(zero,)j(it)d(is)h(in)m(terpreted)f (as)g(an)h(o\013set)g(in)f(c)m(haracters)h(from)f(the)g(end)g(of)630 2990 y(the)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(rather)30 b(than)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)g(c)m(haracters,)j (and)d(the)h(expansion)630 3099 y(is)39 b(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(b)s(et) m(w)m(een)f Fr(o\013set)i Fu(and)c(that)i(result.)67 b(Note)40 b(that)g(a)g(negativ)m(e)h(o\013set)630 3209 y(m)m(ust)27 b(b)s(e)g(separated)g(from)g(the)g(colon)i(b)m(y)e(at)h (least)g(one)f(space)h(to)g(a)m(v)m(oid)h(b)s(eing)e(confused)630 3319 y(with)j(the)h(`)p Ft(:-)p Fu(')f(expansion.)630 3453 y(Here)43 b(are)g(some)f(examples)h(illustrating)g(substring)f (expansion)g(on)g(parameters)h(and)630 3562 y(subscripted)29 b(arra)m(ys:)630 3696 y Ft($)47 b(string=01234567890abcdefgh)630 3806 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7})630 3915 y(7890abcdefgh)630 4025 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:0})630 4244 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:2})630 4354 y(78)630 4463 y($)g(echo)g(${string:7:-2})630 4573 y(7890abcdef)630 4682 y($)g(echo)g(${string:)e(-7})630 4792 y(bcdefgh)630 4902 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:0})630 5121 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:2})630 5230 y(bc)630 5340 y($)i(echo)g(${string:)e(-7:-2})p eop end %%Page: 27 33 TeXDict begin 27 32 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(27)630 299 y Ft(bcdef)630 408 y($)47 b(set)g(--)h(01234567890abcdefgh)630 518 y($)f(echo)g(${1:7})630 628 y(7890abcdefgh)630 737 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:0})630 956 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:2})630 1066 y(78)630 1176 y($)g(echo)g(${1:7:-2})630 1285 y(7890abcdef)630 1395 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7})630 1504 y(bcdefgh)630 1614 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:0})630 1833 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:2})630 1943 y(bc)630 2052 y($)g(echo)g(${1:)g(-7:-2})630 2162 y(bcdef)630 2271 y($)g(array[0]=01234567890abcdef)o(gh)630 2381 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7})630 2491 y(7890abcdefgh)630 2600 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7:0})630 2819 y($)g(echo)g (${array[0]:7:2})630 2929 y(78)630 3039 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:7:-2}) 630 3148 y(7890abcdef)630 3258 y($)g(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7})630 3367 y(bcdefgh)630 3477 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:0})630 3696 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:2})630 3806 y(bc)630 3915 y($)i(echo)g(${array[0]:)e(-7:-2})630 4025 y(bcdef)630 4171 y Fu(If)22 b Fr(parameter)30 b Fu(is)23 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)i(the)e(result)g(is)g Fr(length)h Fu(p)s(ositional)f(parameters)h (b)s(eginning)e(at)i Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)630 4281 y(A)36 b(negativ)m(e)j Fr(o\013set)g Fu(is)e(tak)m(en)g(relativ)m(e)i(to)e (one)g(greater)g(than)f(the)h(greatest)h(p)s(ositional)630 4390 y(parameter,)29 b(so)f(an)g(o\013set)h(of)f(-1)g(ev)-5 b(aluates)30 b(to)e(the)g(last)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameter.)40 b(It)28 b(is)g(an)630 4500 y(expansion)i(error)g(if)h Fr(length)f Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)32 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i (than)f(zero.)630 4646 y(The)i(follo)m(wing)i(examples)f(illustrate)h (substring)d(expansion)i(using)f(p)s(ositional)h(param-)630 4755 y(eters:)630 4902 y Ft($)47 b(set)g(--)h(1)f(2)g(3)h(4)f(5)h(6)f (7)h(8)f(9)h(0)f(a)h(b)f(c)g(d)h(e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 5011 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7})630 5121 y(7)g(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)h(c)f(d)h(e)f(f)h (g)f(h)630 5230 y($)g(echo)g(${@:7:0})p eop end %%Page: 28 34 TeXDict begin 28 33 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(28)630 299 y Ft($)47 b(echo)g(${@:7:2})630 408 y(7)g(8)630 518 y($)g(echo)g (${@:7:-2})630 628 y(bash:)f(-2:)h(substring)f(expression)f(<)i(0)630 737 y($)g(echo)g(${@:)g(-7:2})630 847 y(b)g(c)630 956 y($)g(echo)g(${@:0})630 1066 y(./bash)f(1)i(2)f(3)g(4)h(5)f(6)h(7)f(8)h (9)f(0)h(a)f(b)h(c)f(d)g(e)h(f)f(g)h(h)630 1176 y($)f(echo)g(${@:0:2}) 630 1285 y(./bash)f(1)630 1395 y($)h(echo)g(${@:)g(-7:0})630 1677 y Fu(If)36 b Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(is)36 b(an)g(indexed)g(arra)m(y) g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)e(result)g(is)630 1786 y(the)j Fr(length)g Fu(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)i(b)s(eginning)d(with)i Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft([)p Fj(offset)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)60 b(A)630 1896 y(negativ)m(e)33 b Fr(o\013set)g Fu(is)e(tak)m(en)h (relativ)m(e)g(to)g(one)f(greater)g(than)g(the)f(maxim)m(um)h(index)f (of)h(the)630 2005 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)38 b(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)65 b(It)38 b(is)g(an)h(expansion)f(error)f(if)i Fr(length)f Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)40 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)630 2115 y(than)30 b(zero.)630 2287 y(These)23 b(examples)i(sho)m(w)e(ho)m (w)h(y)m(ou)g(can)g(use)f(substring)f(expansion)i(with)f(indexed)g (arra)m(ys:)630 2459 y Ft($)47 b(array=\(0)f(1)h(2)h(3)f(4)h(5)f(6)h(7) f(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)g(c)h(d)f(e)h(f)f(g)h(h\))630 2569 y($)f(echo)g(${array[@]:7})630 2679 y(7)g(8)h(9)f(0)h(a)f(b)h(c)f(d)h (e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 2788 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:7:2})630 2898 y(7)g(8)630 3007 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:2})630 3117 y(b)i(c)630 3226 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:-2})630 3336 y(bash:)h(-2:)h(substring)f(expression)f(<)i(0)630 3446 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:0})630 3555 y(0)g(1)h(2)f(3)h(4)f(5)h(6)f (7)h(8)f(9)h(0)f(a)g(b)h(c)f(d)h(e)f(f)h(g)f(h)630 3665 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:0:2})630 3774 y(0)g(1)630 3884 y($)g(echo)g(${array[@]:)e(-7:0})630 4166 y Fu(Substring)25 b(expansion)g(applied)h(to)h(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)d(pro)s (duces)f(unde\014ned)f(results.)630 4338 y(Substring)32 b(indexing)i(is)f(zero-based)i(unless)e(the)h(p)s(ositional)g (parameters)g(are)g(used,)g(in)630 4448 y(whic)m(h)29 b(case)i(the)f(indexing)g(starts)g(at)g(1)g(b)m(y)g(default.)41 b(If)29 b Fr(o\013set)k Fu(is)d(0,)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(ositional)630 4557 y(parameters)h(are)f(used,)g Ft($0)g Fu(is)g(pre\014xed)g(to)h (the)f(list.)150 4792 y Ft(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(*})150 4902 y(${!)p Fj(prefix)p Ft(@})630 5011 y Fu(Expands)24 b(to)h(the)g(names)g(of)g(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(whose)f(names)f(b)s (egin)h(with)f Fr(pre\014x)p Fu(,)i(separated)f(b)m(y)630 5121 y(the)k(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(of)e(the)g Ft(IFS)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(v)-5 b(ariable.)41 b(When)29 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(is)g(used)f(and)h(the)g(expan-)630 5230 y(sion)35 b(app)s(ears)g(within)f(double)h(quotes,)i(eac)m(h)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(name)f(expands)g(to)g(a)h(separate)630 5340 y(w)m(ord.)p eop end %%Page: 29 35 TeXDict begin 29 34 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(29)150 299 y Ft(${!)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})150 408 y(${!)p Fj(name)p Ft([*]})630 518 y Fu(If)26 b Fr(name)32 b Fu(is)27 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v) -5 b(ariable,)29 b(expands)d(to)h(the)g(list)g(of)g(arra)m(y)g(indices) g(\(k)m(eys\))h(assigned)630 628 y(in)c Fr(name)p Fu(.)39 b(If)24 b Fr(name)30 b Fu(is)24 b(not)h(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)27 b(expands)c(to)j(0)f(if)f Fr(name)30 b Fu(is)24 b(set)h(and)f(n)m(ull)g(otherwise.)630 737 y(When)39 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(is)f(used)g(and)f(the)i(expansion)f(app)s(ears)g (within)f(double)h(quotes,)k(eac)m(h)d(k)m(ey)630 847 y(expands)30 b(to)h(a)f(separate)i(w)m(ord.)150 1011 y Ft(${#)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(})630 1121 y Fu(The)40 b(length)g(in)g(c)m (haracters)i(of)e(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(of)f Fr(parameter)47 b Fu(is)40 b(substituted.)630 1230 y(If)i Fr(parameter)50 b Fu(is)43 b(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)k(the)c(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(substituted)f(is)h(the)g(n)m(um)m (b)s(er)f(of)h(p)s(ositional)630 1340 y(parameters.)i(If)32 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m (y)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(',)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 1450 y(substituted)30 b(is)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i (elemen)m(ts)i(in)d(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)43 b(If)30 b Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)31 b(an)f(indexed)630 1559 y(arra)m(y)37 b(name)g(subscripted)f(b)m(y)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m (b)s(er,)f(that)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(is)g(in)m(terpreted)i(as)630 1669 y(relativ)m(e)47 b(to)g(one)e(greater)i(than)e(the)h(maxim)m(um)f (index)g(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)50 b(so)c(negativ)m(e)630 1778 y(indices)30 b(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)g(from)f(the)h(end)e(of)i(the)f (arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(and)e(an)g(index)g(of)g(-1)h(references)g(the)630 1888 y(last)g(elemen)m(t.)150 2052 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(#)p Fj(word)p Ft(})150 2162 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(##)p Fj(word)p Ft(})630 2271 y Fu(The)43 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)h(pro)s(duce)f(a)h(pattern)g(and)f(matc)m(hed)i (according)f(to)h(the)630 2381 y(rules)31 b(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w) h(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)g(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f (33\).)46 b(If)32 b(the)630 2491 y(pattern)37 b(matc)m(hes)h(the)f(b)s (eginning)f(of)h(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)f Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)i(then)e(the)630 2600 y(result)f(of)h(the)f (expansion)h(is)f(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(with)36 b(the)h(shortest)630 2710 y(matc)m(hing)31 b(pattern)e(\(the)h(`)p Ft(#)p 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3751 y(rules)f(describ)s(ed)g(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.8.1)h ([P)m(attern)f(Matc)m(hing],)51 b(page)45 b(33\).)85 b(If)630 3861 y(the)43 b(pattern)g(matc)m(hes)h(a)g(trailing)g(p)s (ortion)e(of)h(the)g(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(,)630 3970 y(then)c(the)g(result)g(of)h(the)f (expansion)g(is)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)f Fr(parameter)46 b Fu(with)39 b(the)h(shortest)630 4080 y(matc)m(hing)31 b(pattern)e(\(the)h(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')g(case\))h(or)e(the)h(longest)h (matc)m(hing)f(pattern)g(\(the)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p Fu(')g(case\))630 4189 y(deleted.)49 b(If)32 b Fr(parameter)40 b Fu(is)33 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(pattern)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)34 b(op)s(eration)g(is)f(applied)f(to)630 4299 y(eac)m(h)38 b(p)s(ositional)g(parameter)g(in)f(turn,)h(and)e(the)h(expansion)g(is)h (the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)61 b(If)630 4408 y Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(is)32 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(subscripted)e(with)h (`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)f(pattern)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)630 4518 y(op)s(eration)30 b(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(mem)m (b)s(er)e(of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)g(and)g(the)h(expansion)g (is)630 4628 y(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 4792 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(/)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(/)p Fj(stri)o(ng)p Ft(})630 4902 y Fu(The)37 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)g(expanded)g(to)h(pro)s (duce)e(a)h(pattern)g(just)g(as)h(in)e(\014lename)i(expansion.)630 5011 y Fr(P)m(arameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(expanded)f(and)g(the)i(longest)g (matc)m(h)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(against)h(its)f(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)630 5121 y(replaced)31 b(with)g Fr(string)p Fu(.)42 b(The)30 b(matc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed)f(according)h(to)h(the) f(rules)f(describ)s(ed)630 5230 y(b)s(elo)m(w)f(\(see)h(Section)g (3.5.8.1)h([P)m(attern)g(Matc)m(hing],)g(page)f(33\).)41 b(If)29 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(b)s(egins)f(with)630 5340 y(`)p Ft(/)p Fu(',)43 b(all)e(matc)m(hes)g(of)f Fr(pattern)g Fu(are)h(replaced)f(with)g Fr(string)p Fu(.)69 b(Normally)41 b(only)f(the)h(\014rst)p eop end %%Page: 30 36 TeXDict begin 30 35 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(30)630 299 y(matc)m(h)28 b(is)f(replaced.)40 b(If)26 b Fr(pattern)h Fu(b)s(egins)f(with)h(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(',)h(it)f(m)m(ust)g(matc)m(h)h(at)g (the)f(b)s(eginning)f(of)630 408 y(the)32 b(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(pattern)h Fu(b)s(egins)f(with)g(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(',)i(it)f(m)m(ust)g(matc)m(h)g (at)630 518 y(the)24 b(end)f(of)h(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)39 b(If)24 b Fr(string)31 b Fu(is)24 b(n)m(ull,)i(matc)m(hes)f(of)f Fr(pattern)630 628 y Fu(are)36 b(deleted)g(and)f(the)g Ft(/)g Fu(follo)m(wing)i Fr(pattern)e Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(omitted.)57 b(If)34 b(the)i Ft(nocasematch)630 737 y Fu(shell)31 b(option)h(\(see)g(the)g (description)f(of)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)f (Builtin],)630 847 y(page)45 b(66\))h(is)f(enabled,)j(the)d(matc)m(h)g (is)g(p)s(erformed)e(without)i(regard)f(to)h(the)g(case)h(of)630 956 y(alphab)s(etic)36 b(c)m(haracters.)56 b(If)34 b Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(is)36 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)g(substitution)e(op)s(eration)i(is)630 1066 y(applied)26 b(to)g(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)h(in)e (turn,)h(and)f(the)h(expansion)g(is)f(the)h(resultan)m(t)630 1176 y(list.)38 b(If)21 b Fr(parameter)28 b Fu(is)22 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)22 b(subscripted)e(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)j(the)d(substitution)630 1285 y(op)s(eration)30 b(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e (of)h(the)g(arra)m(y)g(in)f(turn,)g(and)g(the)h(expansion)g(is)630 1395 y(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 1551 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1661 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(^^)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1771 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})150 1880 y(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(,,)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(})630 1990 y Fu(This)36 b(expansion)g(mo)s(di\014es)g(the)g(case)i(of)f(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m (haracters)h(in)e Fr(parameter)p Fu(.)59 b(The)630 2099 y Fr(pattern)33 b Fu(is)g(expanded)e(to)j(pro)s(duce)d(a)j(pattern)e (just)g(as)h(in)g(\014lename)g(expansion.)47 b(Eac)m(h)630 2209 y(c)m(haracter)32 b(in)e(the)g(expanded)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(tested)h(against)h Fr(pattern)p Fu(,)e(and,)g(if)630 2318 y(it)j(matc)m(hes)h(the)g (pattern,)f(its)h(case)g(is)f(con)m(v)m(erted.)49 b(The)33 b(pattern)g(should)f(not)h(attempt)630 2428 y(to)f(matc)m(h)g(more)f (than)g(one)g(c)m(haracter.)44 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')i(op)s(erator)f(con)m(v)m(erts)h(lo)m(w)m(ercase)i(letters)630 2538 y(matc)m(hing)i Fr(pattern)f Fu(to)h(upp)s(ercase;)h(the)e(`)p Ft(,)p Fu(')g(op)s(erator)g(con)m(v)m(erts)i(matc)m(hing)f(upp)s (ercase)630 2647 y(letters)e(to)f(lo)m(w)m(ercase.)50 b(The)32 b(`)p Ft(^^)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(,,)p Fu(')g(expansions)h (con)m(v)m(ert)h(eac)m(h)g(matc)m(hed)f(c)m(har-)630 2757 y(acter)c(in)f(the)h(expanded)e(v)-5 b(alue;)30 b(the)e(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(,)p Fu(')g(expansions)g(matc)m (h)h(and)f(con)m(v)m(ert)i(only)630 2866 y(the)37 b(\014rst)g(c)m (haracter)i(in)e(the)g(expanded)g(v)-5 b(alue.)61 b(If)37 b Fr(pattern)g Fu(is)h(omitted,)i(it)e(is)f(treated)630 2976 y(lik)m(e)h(a)f(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)i(whic)m(h)d(matc)m(hes)i(ev)m (ery)f(c)m(haracter.)61 b(If)37 b Fr(parameter)43 b Fu(is)37 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)j(the)e(case)630 3086 y(mo)s(di\014cation)29 b(op)s(eration)f(is)g(applied)g(to)h(eac)m (h)h(p)s(ositional)f(parameter)f(in)g(turn,)g(and)g(the)630 3195 y(expansion)38 b(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)h(list.)65 b(If)37 b Fr(parameter)46 b Fu(is)38 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(subscripted)630 3305 y(with)26 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)f(case)h(mo)s(di\014cation)f(op)s (eration)h(is)e(applied)h(to)h(eac)m(h)g(mem)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(the)630 3414 y(arra)m(y)31 b(in)f(turn,)f(and)h(the)h(expansion)f(is)g(the)h (resultan)m(t)g(list.)150 3571 y Ft(${)p Fj(parameter)p Ft(@)p Fj(operator)p Ft(})630 3680 y Fu(The)d(expansion)h(is)f(either)h (a)g(transformation)g(of)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g Fr(parameter)35 b Fu(or)29 b(informa-)630 3790 y(tion)e(ab)s(out)f Fr(parameter)33 b Fu(itself,)28 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)h Fr(op)s(erator)p Fu(.)39 b(Eac)m(h)27 b Fr(op)s(erator)630 3900 y Fu(is)j(a)h(single)g(letter:)630 4056 y Ft(U)432 b Fu(The)31 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)g(string)h(that)f(is)h (the)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)f Fr(parameter)38 b Fu(with)31 b(lo)m(w-)1110 4166 y(ercase)g(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m(haracters)h(con)m(v) m(erted)g(to)f(upp)s(ercase.)630 4322 y Ft(u)432 b Fu(The)34 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)h(string)f(that)h(is)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)f Fr(parameter)42 b Fu(with)34 b(the)1110 4432 y(\014rst)c(c)m(haracter)i(con)m(v)m(erted)f(to)h(upp)s(ercase,)d (if)i(it)g(is)f(alphab)s(etic.)630 4589 y Ft(L)432 b Fu(The)33 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)g(that)h(is)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)g Fr(parameter)41 b Fu(with)34 b(up-)1110 4698 y(p)s(ercase)c(alphab)s(etic)h(c)m(haracters)h(con)m(v)m(erted)g (to)f(lo)m(w)m(ercase.)630 4855 y Ft(Q)432 b Fu(The)30 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)f(that)i(is)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(quoted)31 b(in)1110 4964 y(a)g(format)f(that)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)630 5121 y Ft(E)432 b Fu(The)27 b(expansion)g(is)g(a)g(string)h(that)f(is)h (the)f(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)f Fr(parameter)34 b Fu(with)27 b(bac)m(k-)1110 5230 y(slash)e(escap)s(e)h(sequences)f(expanded)g(as)g (with)g(the)h Ft($'...)o(')e Fu(quoting)i(mec)m(h-)1110 5340 y(anism.)p eop end %%Page: 31 37 TeXDict begin 31 36 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(31)630 299 y Ft(P)432 b Fu(The)22 b(expansion)h(is)g(a)g(string)g(that)g(is)g(the) g(result)g(of)g(expanding)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)1110 408 y Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(as)24 b(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)g(a)g(prompt)f 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Fr(parameter)37 b Fu(is)30 b(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)g(op)s(eration)g(is)g(applied)f(to)i(eac)m(h)g(p)s (ositional)f(parameter)630 1915 y(in)24 b(turn,)g(and)f(the)h (expansion)g(is)g(the)g(resultan)m(t)h(list.)39 b(If)23 b Fr(parameter)31 b Fu(is)24 b(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630 2025 y(subscripted)24 b(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(the)e(op)s(eration)h(is)g(applied)f(to)h(eac)m(h)h(mem)m (b)s(er)e(of)h(the)f(arra)m(y)630 2134 y(in)30 b(turn,)g(and)f(the)i (expansion)f(is)h(the)f(resultan)m(t)h(list.)630 2268 y(The)c(result)h(of)g(the)f(expansion)h(is)g(sub)5 b(ject)27 b(to)h(w)m(ord)g(splitting)g(and)f(\014lename)h(expansion)630 2378 y(as)j(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 2575 y Fk(3.5.4)63 b(Command)41 b(Substitution)150 2722 y Fu(Command)f(substitution)h (allo)m(ws)i(the)e(output)g(of)h(a)f(command)g(to)h(replace)g(the)g (command)f(itself.)150 2831 y(Command)29 b(substitution)h(o)s(ccurs)h (when)e(a)i(command)f(is)g(enclosed)h(as)g(follo)m(ws:)390 2965 y Ft($\()p Fj(command)p Ft(\))150 3098 y Fu(or)390 3232 y Ft(`)p Fj(command)p Ft(`)150 3366 y Fu(Bash)20 b(p)s(erforms)f(the)i(expansion)f(b)m(y)g(executing)i Fr(command)h Fu(in)d(a)h(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(and)f (replacing)150 3475 y(the)40 b(command)g(substitution)f(with)h(the)g (standard)f(output)g(of)h(the)g(command,)i(with)e(an)m(y)g(trailing)150 3585 y(newlines)e(deleted.)64 b(Em)m(b)s(edded)37 b(newlines)h(are)g (not)g(deleted,)j(but)d(they)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(during) 150 3694 y(w)m(ord)30 b(splitting.)42 b(The)30 b(command)g (substitution)h Ft($\(cat)e Fj(file)p Ft(\))g Fu(can)h(b)s(e)g (replaced)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)150 3804 y(but)30 b(faster)g Ft($\(<)g Fj(file)p Ft(\))p Fu(.)275 3937 y(When)j(the)i(old-st)m(yle)h(bac)m(kquote)f(form)f(of)g (substitution)g(is)g(used,)h(bac)m(kslash)f(retains)h(its)f(literal)150 4047 y(meaning)k(except)h(when)e(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e(`)p 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(substitution)150 5206 y(of)31 b(the)f(result.)41 b(The)30 b(format)g(for)g(arithmetic)i(expansion)e(is:)390 5340 y Ft($\(\()47 b Fj(expression)e Ft(\)\))p eop end %%Page: 32 38 TeXDict begin 32 37 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(32)275 299 y(The)33 b(expression)g(is)h(treated)g(as)g(if)g(it)g(w)m(ere)g(within) f(double)h(quotes,)h(but)e(a)h(double)f(quote)h(inside)150 408 y(the)k(paren)m(theses)g(is)g(not)g(treated)h(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)65 b(All)38 b(tok)m(ens)h(in)f(the)g(expression)f(undergo)g (parameter)150 518 y(and)26 b(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(expansion,)g(command) e(substitution,)i(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)41 b(The)26 b(result)h(is)g(treated)h(as)150 628 y(the)j(arithmetic)g (expression)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated.)42 b(Arithmetic)31 b(expansions)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(nested.)275 761 y(The)34 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)37 b(is)f(p)s(erformed)e(according)i(to)g(the)g (rules)f(listed)h(b)s(elo)m(w)g(\(see)g(Section)g(6.5)h([Shell)150 870 y(Arithmetic],)32 b(page)f(93\).)42 b(If)30 b(the)h(expression)f (is)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid,)32 b(Bash)e(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(message)g (indicating)h(failure)150 980 y(to)f(the)g(standard)e(error)h(and)g(no) g(substitution)g(o)s(ccurs.)150 1177 y Fk(3.5.6)63 b(Pro)s(cess)42 b(Substitution)150 1324 y Fu(Pro)s(cess)33 b(substitution)g(allo)m(ws)i (a)e(pro)s(cess's)g(input)f(or)h(output)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(referred)f(to)i (using)f(a)g(\014lename.)150 1433 y(It)d(tak)m(es)i(the)f(form)f(of)390 1567 y Ft(<\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))150 1700 y Fu(or)390 1833 y Ft(>\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))150 1966 y Fu(The)e(pro)s(cess)h Fr(list)j Fu(is)d(run)e(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)30 b(and)e(its)i (input)e(or)h(output)f(app)s(ears)h(as)g(a)g(\014lename.)41 b(This)150 2076 y(\014lename)25 b(is)g(passed)g(as)g(an)g(argumen)m(t)h (to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(command)g(as)g(the)g(result)g(of)g(the)h (expansion.)38 b(If)150 2186 y(the)28 b Ft(>\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))d Fu(form)i(is)g(used,)h(writing)f(to)h(the)g(\014le)f(will)h (pro)m(vide)g(input)e(for)h Fr(list)p Fu(.)41 b(If)26 b(the)i Ft(<\()p Fj(list)p Ft(\))d Fu(form)150 2295 y(is)g(used,)g(the) f(\014le)h(passed)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(read)h(to) g(obtain)g(the)f(output)g(of)h Fr(list)p Fu(.)40 b(Note)25 b(that)150 2405 y(no)33 b(space)g(ma)m(y)g(app)s(ear)f(b)s(et)m(w)m (een)i(the)f Ft(<)f Fu(or)h Ft(>)f Fu(and)g(the)h(left)h(paren)m (thesis,)f(otherwise)h(the)f(construct)150 2514 y(w)m(ould)j(b)s(e)g (in)m(terpreted)g(as)h(a)f(redirection.)59 b(Pro)s(cess)36 b(substitution)g(is)h(supp)s(orted)d(on)i(systems)g(that)150 2624 y(supp)s(ort)29 b(named)h(pip)s(es)f(\()p Fm(fif)n(o)p Fu(s\))h(or)h(the)f Ft(/dev/fd)f Fu(metho)s(d)h(of)g(naming)g(op)s(en)g (\014les.)275 2757 y(When)36 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable,)40 b(pro)s(cess)c(substitution)h(is)f(p)s(erformed)f(sim)m(ultaneously)i (with)g(parameter)g(and)150 2867 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)g(command)f(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)i(expansion.) 150 3064 y Fk(3.5.7)63 b(W)-10 b(ord)41 b(Splitting)150 3210 y Fu(The)30 b(shell)h(scans)g(the)g(results)f(of)h(parameter)g (expansion,)g(command)g(substitution,)g(and)f(arithmetic)150 3320 y(expansion)g(that)h(did)f(not)g(o)s(ccur)h(within)e(double)h (quotes)h(for)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting.)275 3453 y(The)e(shell)g(treats)i (eac)m(h)g(c)m(haracter)g(of)f Ft($IFS)e Fu(as)i(a)g(delimiter,)h(and)e (splits)g(the)h(results)f(of)h(the)g(other)150 3563 y(expansions)22 b(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)e(using)h(these)g(c)m(haracters)h(as)f(\014eld)f (terminators.)39 b(If)22 b Ft(IFS)g Fu(is)h(unset,)h(or)e(its)h(v)-5 b(alue)150 3672 y(is)36 b(exactly)j Ft()p Fu(,)32 b(the)37 b(default,)h(then)e(sequences)h(of)67 b Ft()p Fu(,)36 b Ft()p Fu(,)h(and)150 3782 y Ft()28 b Fu(at)k(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(and)h(end)f(of)h(the)g (results)g(of)g(the)g(previous)g(expansions)f(are)i(ignored,)150 3892 y(and)k(an)m(y)h(sequence)h(of)f Ft(IFS)f Fu(c)m(haracters)i(not)f (at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)f(or)h(end)f(serv)m(es)h(to)h(delimit)f(w)m (ords.)150 4001 y(If)43 b Ft(IFS)f Fu(has)h(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(other)h(than)f(the)g(default,)k(then)c(sequences)h(of)f (the)h(whitespace)f(c)m(haracters)150 4111 y Ft(space)p Fu(,)29 b Ft(tab)p Fu(,)h(and)g Ft(newline)e Fu(are)j(ignored)g(at)g (the)f(b)s(eginning)g(and)g(end)g(of)g(the)h(w)m(ord,)f(as)h(long)g(as) g(the)150 4220 y(whitespace)c(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(in)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)g Ft(IFS)e Fu(\(an)i Ft(IFS)e Fu(whitespace)i(c)m (haracter\).)42 b(An)m(y)26 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)150 4330 y Ft(IFS)c Fu(that)h(is)g(not)f Ft(IFS)g Fu(whitespace,)j(along)f(with) e(an)m(y)h(adjacen)m(t)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(whitespace)h(c)m(haracters,)i (delimits)150 4440 y(a)k(\014eld.)40 b(A)31 b(sequence)g(of)f Ft(IFS)g Fu(whitespace)h(c)m(haracters)h(is)e(also)h(treated)h(as)f(a)f (delimiter.)42 b(If)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)150 4549 y(of)31 b Ft(IFS)e Fu(is)h(n)m(ull,)h(no)f(w)m(ord)g(splitting)h(o)s(ccurs.)275 4682 y(Explicit)21 b(n)m(ull)g(argumen)m(ts)g(\()p Ft("")g Fu(or)g Ft('')p Fu(\))f(are)h(retained)h(and)e(passed)g(to)i(commands)e (as)i(empt)m(y)f(strings.)150 4792 y(Unquoted)37 b(implicit)i(n)m(ull)f (argumen)m(ts,)i(resulting)d(from)g(the)h(expansion)g(of)g(parameters)f (that)i(ha)m(v)m(e)150 4902 y(no)32 b(v)-5 b(alues,)33 b(are)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)47 b(If)32 b(a)g(parameter)h(with)e(no)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(expanded)f(within)h(double)f(quotes,)j(a)150 5011 y(n)m(ull)c(argumen)m(t)g(results)g(and)f(is)h(retained)g(and)f (passed)g(to)i(a)f(command)g(as)g(an)f(empt)m(y)i(string.)40 b(When)150 5121 y(a)f(quoted)f(n)m(ull)g(argumen)m(t)h(app)s(ears)e(as) i(part)f(of)g(a)g(w)m(ord)g(whose)g(expansion)g(is)h(non-n)m(ull,)h (the)e(n)m(ull)150 5230 y(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)69 b(That)39 b(is,)j(the)e(w)m(ord)f Ft(-d'')f Fu(b)s(ecomes)i Ft(-d)e Fu(after)i(w)m(ord)f(splitting)h(and)f(n)m(ull)150 5340 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)p eop end %%Page: 33 39 TeXDict begin 33 38 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(33)275 299 y(Note)31 b(that)g(if)g(no)f(expansion)g(o)s(ccurs,)g(no)h(splitting)g (is)f(p)s(erformed.)150 505 y Fk(3.5.8)63 b(Filename)41 b(Expansion)150 652 y Fu(After)30 b(w)m(ord)f(splitting,)i(unless)d (the)i Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(has)f(b)s(een)g(set)h(\(see)g(Section)h (4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)150 762 y(page)d(62\),)i(Bash)d(scans)h (eac)m(h)h(w)m(ord)e(for)g(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(',)g(and)e(`)p Ft([)p Fu('.)39 b(If)26 b(one)h(of)g(these)f(c)m(haracters)150 872 y(app)s(ears,)34 b(and)f(is)g(not)h(quoted,)h(then)e(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)h(regarded)f(as) h(a)g Fr(pattern)p Fu(,)h(and)e(replaced)h(with)f(an)150 981 y(alphab)s(etically)41 b(sorted)e(list)h(of)g(\014lenames)f(matc)m (hing)i(the)e(pattern)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)150 1091 y(Matc)m(hing],)e(page)e(33\).)60 b(If)36 b(no)h(matc)m(hing)g (\014lenames)g(are)g(found,)g(and)f(the)g(shell)h(option)g Ft(nullglob)150 1200 y Fu(is)k(disabled,)i(the)f(w)m(ord)e(is)h(left)h (unc)m(hanged.)72 b(If)40 b(the)h Ft(nullglob)e Fu(option)i(is)g(set,)k (and)40 b(no)h(matc)m(hes)150 1310 y(are)c(found,)g(the)g(w)m(ord)f(is) g(remo)m(v)m(ed.)60 b(If)36 b(the)h Ft(failglob)d Fu(shell)j(option)g (is)g(set,)i(and)c(no)i(matc)m(hes)h(are)150 1420 y(found,)e(an)g (error)f(message)i(is)f(prin)m(ted)f(and)h(the)g(command)f(is)h(not)g (executed.)58 b(If)35 b(the)h(shell)g(option)150 1529 y Ft(nocaseglob)e Fu(is)j(enabled,)i(the)e(matc)m(h)h(is)f(p)s (erformed)e(without)i(regard)g(to)h(the)f(case)h(of)f(alphab)s(etic)150 1639 y(c)m(haracters.)275 1781 y(When)23 b(a)h(pattern)f(is)h(used)f (for)g(\014lename)h(expansion,)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(at)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(a)g(\014lename)150 1890 y(or)f(immediately)i(follo)m(wing)g(a)f(slash)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f (matc)m(hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(,)27 b(unless)c(the)g(shell)h(option)g Ft(dotglob)150 2000 y Fu(is)k(set.)41 b(The)28 b(\014lenames)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(..)p Fu(')g(m)m(ust)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(b)s(e)e (matc)m(hed)h(explicitly)-8 b(,)30 b(ev)m(en)f(if)g Ft(dotglob)d Fu(is)i(set.)150 2109 y(In)i(other)g(cases,)i(the)e(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(is)e(not)h(treated)g(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275 2251 y(When)30 b(matc)m(hing)i(a)f(\014lename,)h(the)f(slash)f (c)m(haracter)j(m)m(ust)d(alw)m(a)m(ys)j(b)s(e)d(matc)m(hed)h (explicitly)i(b)m(y)e(a)150 2361 y(slash)d(in)f(the)h(pattern,)h(but)e (in)h(other)g(matc)m(hing)h(con)m(texts)h(it)e(can)g(b)s(e)g(matc)m (hed)g(b)m(y)g(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(pattern)150 2470 y(c)m(haracter)j(as)f (describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w)h(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5.8.1)i([P)m(attern)e (Matc)m(hing],)i(page)e(33\).)275 2612 y(See)d(the)g(description)g(of)g Ft(shopt)e Fu(in)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i([The)e(Shopt)f(Builtin],)i(page)g (66,)g(for)f(a)g(descrip-)150 2722 y(tion)j(of)f(the)h Ft(nocaseglob)p Fu(,)d Ft(nullglob)p Fu(,)g Ft(failglob)p Fu(,)h(and)g Ft(dotglob)g Fu(options.)275 2864 y(The)36 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(shell)k(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used) g(to)h(restrict)g(the)g(set)g(of)g(\014le)f(names)h(matc)m(hing)150 2973 y(a)42 b(pattern.)74 b(If)41 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e Fu(is)i(set,)k(eac) m(h)e(matc)m(hing)f(\014le)g(name)f(that)h(also)h(matc)m(hes)f(one)g (of)g(the)150 3083 y(patterns)34 b(in)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(is)k(remo)m(v)m(ed)g(from)f(the)g(list)h(of)f(matc)m(hes.)54 b(If)33 b(the)i Ft(nocaseglob)c Fu(option)k(is)150 3192 y(set,)c(the)e(matc)m(hing)i(against)g(the)f(patterns)f(in)h Ft(GLOBIGNORE)c Fu(is)k(p)s(erformed)e(without)i(regard)f(to)i(case.) 150 3302 y(The)d(\014lenames)h Ft(.)g Fu(and)f Ft(..)h Fu(are)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)h(ignored)f(when)f Ft(GLOBIGNORE)f Fu(is)i(set)g(and)f(not)h(n)m(ull.)41 b(Ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)150 3412 y(setting)30 b Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(to)j(a)f(non-n)m(ull)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(has)f(the)g(e\013ect)i(of)f(enabling)f(the)h Ft(dotglob)d Fu(shell)i(option,)150 3521 y(so)j(all)h(other)f (\014lenames)g(b)s(eginning)f(with)h(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(will)h(matc) m(h.)46 b(T)-8 b(o)32 b(get)h(the)f(old)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)h (ignoring)150 3631 y(\014lenames)c(b)s(eginning)f(with)h(a)h(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(',)f(mak)m(e)h(`)p Ft(.*)p Fu(')f(one)h(of)f(the)g(patterns)g (in)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)p Fu(.)37 b(The)29 b Ft(dotglob)150 3740 y Fu(option)i(is)f(disabled)g(when)g Ft(GLOBIGNORE)d Fu(is)k(unset.)150 3947 y Fk(3.5.8.1)63 b(P)m(attern)40 b(Matc)m(hing)150 4094 y Fu(An)m(y)24 b(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(app)s (ears)f(in)g(a)h(pattern,)i(other)e(than)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(pattern)g (c)m(haracters)h(describ)s(ed)150 4203 y(b)s(elo)m(w,)31 b(matc)m(hes)g(itself.)42 b(The)29 b Fm(nul)h Fu(c)m(haracter)i(ma)m(y) e(not)h(o)s(ccur)f(in)g(a)h(pattern.)40 b(A)31 b(bac)m(kslash)g(escap)s (es)150 4313 y(the)38 b(follo)m(wing)g(c)m(haracter;)43 b(the)37 b(escaping)i(bac)m(kslash)e(is)h(discarded)f(when)f(matc)m (hing.)63 b(The)36 b(sp)s(ecial)150 4423 y(pattern)30 b(c)m(haracters)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)e(quoted)i(if)f(they)h(are)f(to)i(b)s (e)d(matc)m(hed)i(literally)-8 b(.)275 4564 y(The)29 b(sp)s(ecial)i(pattern)g(c)m(haracters)h(ha)m(v)m(e)f(the)g(follo)m (wing)h(meanings:)150 4735 y Ft(*)432 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)31 b(an)m(y)e(string,)h(including)f(the)g(n)m(ull)g(string.)41 b(When)29 b(the)g Ft(globstar)e Fu(shell)i(option)630 4844 y(is)37 b(enabled,)h(and)e(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(is)g(used)f(in)g(a)h (\014lename)g(expansion)g(con)m(text,)j(t)m(w)m(o)e(adjacen)m(t)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu('s)630 4954 y(used)f(as)g(a)h(single)g(pattern)g(will)f(matc) m(h)i(all)f(\014les)f(and)g(zero)h(or)g(more)f(directories)i(and)630 5064 y(sub)s(directories.)g(If)25 b(follo)m(w)m(ed)j(b)m(y)e(a)g(`)p Ft(/)p Fu(',)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(adjacen)m(t)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu('s)e(will)g (matc)m(h)h(only)f(directories)630 5173 y(and)k(sub)s(directories.)150 5340 y Ft(?)432 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)32 b(an)m(y)f(single)g(c)m(haracter.)p eop end %%Page: 34 40 TeXDict begin 34 39 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(34)150 299 y Ft([...)o(])241 b Fu(Matc)m(hes)27 b(an)m(y)e(one)g(of)g(the)g (enclosed)g(c)m(haracters.)41 b(A)25 b(pair)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)i (separated)e(b)m(y)g(a)630 408 y(h)m(yphen)k(denotes)i(a)g Fr(range)g(expression)p Fu(;)f(an)m(y)h(c)m(haracter)h(that)f(falls)g (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(those)g(t)m(w)m(o)630 518 y(c)m(haracters,)d (inclusiv)m(e,)f(using)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)j(collating)g (sequence)e(and)f(c)m(haracter)630 628 y(set,)31 b(is)f(matc)m(hed.)42 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(follo)m(wing)g(the)e(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')h(is)f(a)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(or)g(a)h(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')g(then)f(an)m(y)630 737 y(c)m(haracter)c(not)f(enclosed)g (is)g(matc)m(hed.)40 b(A)25 b(`)p Fq(\000)p Fu(')f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e (matc)m(hed)h(b)m(y)f(including)h(it)g(as)g(the)630 847 y(\014rst)32 b(or)h(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(in)e(the)g(set.)50 b(A)33 b(`)p Ft(])p Fu(')g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(matc)m(hed)i(b)m(y)f (including)g(it)g(as)h(the)630 956 y(\014rst)25 b(c)m(haracter)i(in)e (the)h(set.)40 b(The)25 b(sorting)h(order)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)f (range)g(expressions)f(is)630 1066 y(determined)h(b)m(y)h(the)g(curren) m(t)f(lo)s(cale)j(and)d(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)g(the)g Ft(LC_COLLATE)d Fu(and)i Ft(LC_ALL)630 1176 y Fu(shell)31 b(v)-5 b(ariables,)31 b(if)f(set.)630 1312 y(F)-8 b(or)34 b(example,)g(in)f(the)g(default)g(C)f(lo)s(cale,)k(`)p Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')31 b(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)g(`)p Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu('.)630 1422 y(Man)m(y)68 b(lo)s(cales)h(sort)f(c)m (haracters)h(in)e(dictionary)i(order,)76 b(and)67 b(in)g(these)h(lo)s (cales)630 1531 y(`)p Ft([a-dx-z])p Fu(')36 b(is)i(t)m(ypically)i(not)e (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)g(`)p Ft([abcdxyz])p Fu(';)g(it)g(migh)m (t)f(b)s(e)f(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630 1641 y(to)34 b(`)p Ft([aBbCcDdxXyYz])p Fu(',)c(for)j(example.)49 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(obtain)h(the)f(traditional)h(in)m(terpretation)h(of)630 1751 y(ranges)e(in)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expressions,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g (force)g(the)g(use)f(of)h(the)g(C)f(lo)s(cale)i(b)m(y)f(setting)630 1860 y(the)c Ft(LC_COLLATE)e Fu(or)i Ft(LC_ALL)f Fu(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i (v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(`)p Ft(C)p Fu(',)g(or)f(enable)h(the)630 1970 y Ft(globasciiranges)c Fu(shell)31 b(option.)630 2106 y(Within)23 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')h(and)e(`)p Ft(])p Fu(',)j Fr(c)m(haracter)g(classes)j Fu(can)c(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(using)f(the)i(syn)m(tax)f Ft([:)p Fr(class)t Ft(:])p Fu(,)630 2216 y(where)30 b Fr(class)35 b Fu(is)30 b(one)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(classes)f (de\014ned)e(in)h(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard:)870 2353 y Ft(alnum)142 b(alpha)g(ascii)f(blank)h(cntrl)g(digit)g(graph)g(lower) 870 2462 y(print)g(punct)g(space)f(upper)h(word)190 b(xdigit)630 2599 y Fu(A)42 b(c)m(haracter)h(class)f(matc)m(hes)h(an)m(y)f(c)m (haracter)h(b)s(elonging)f(to)g(that)g(class.)75 b(The)41 b Ft(word)630 2709 y Fu(c)m(haracter)32 b(class)f(matc)m(hes)h (letters,)f(digits,)h(and)d(the)i(c)m(haracter)h(`)p Ft(_)p Fu('.)630 2845 y(Within)25 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p Ft(])p Fu(',)i(an)e Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)26 b(class)j Fu(can)24 b(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(using)g(the)g(syn)m(tax)h Ft([=)p Fr(c)6 b Ft(=])p Fu(,)630 2955 y(whic)m(h)29 b(matc)m(hes)i(all)f(c)m(haracters)h(with)e(the)h(same)g(collation)h(w) m(eigh)m(t)g(\(as)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)630 3064 y(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale\))j(as)d(the)h(c)m(haracter)h Fr(c)p Fu(.)630 3201 y(Within)22 b(`)p Ft([)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p Ft(])p Fu(',)j(the)d(syn)m(tax)h Ft([.)p Fr(sym)m(b)s(ol)t Ft(.])e Fu(matc)m(hes)i(the)g(collating)i(sym)m(b)s(ol)d Fr(sym)m(b)s(ol)p Fu(.)275 3367 y(If)29 b(the)g Ft(extglob)f Fu(shell)h(option)h(is)g(enabled)f(using)g(the)h Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin,)h(sev)m(eral)i(extended)f(pattern)150 3477 y(matc)m(hing)37 b(op)s(erators)e(are)h(recognized.)58 b(In)35 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(description,)g(a)f Fr(pattern-list)j Fu(is)d(a)g(list)g(of)150 3586 y(one)d(or)f(more)h(patterns)f (separated)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p Ft(|)p Fu('.)47 b(Comp)s(osite)33 b(patterns)f(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)d(formed)h(using)g(one)h(or)150 3696 y(more)e(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)g(sub-patterns:)150 3862 y Ft(?\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 3971 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h (zero)f(or)g(one)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.)150 4135 y Ft(*\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 4245 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h (zero)f(or)g(more)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.) 150 4408 y Ft(+\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 4518 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(one)f(or)f(more)h(o)s(ccurrences)f(of)h(the)f(giv)m (en)i(patterns.)150 4682 y Ft(@\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 4791 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)g(one)f(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g(patterns.) 150 4955 y Ft(!\()p Fj(pattern-list)p Ft(\))630 5064 y Fu(Matc)m(hes)h(an)m(ything)f(except)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(giv)m(en)g (patterns.)275 5230 y(Complicated)41 b(extended)f(pattern)g(matc)m (hing)h(against)h(long)f(strings)f(is)g(slo)m(w,)k(esp)s(ecially)d (when)150 5340 y(the)29 b(patterns)g(con)m(tain)i(alternations)f(and)f (the)g(strings)g(con)m(tain)h(m)m(ultiple)g(matc)m(hes.)42 b(Using)29 b(separate)p eop end %%Page: 35 41 TeXDict begin 35 40 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(35)150 299 y(matc)m(hes)38 b(against)g(shorter)e(strings,)i(or)f(using)f(arra)m (ys)h(of)g(strings)f(instead)h(of)g(a)g(single)g(long)h(string,)150 408 y(ma)m(y)31 b(b)s(e)f(faster.)150 614 y Fk(3.5.9)63 b(Quote)41 b(Remo)m(v)-7 b(al)150 760 y Fu(After)32 b(the)g(preceding)g (expansions,)h(all)f(unquoted)f(o)s(ccurrences)h(of)g(the)h(c)m (haracters)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(')p Fu(',)f(and)g(`)p Ft(")p Fu(')150 870 y(that)f(did)f(not)g(result)g(from)g(one)h(of)g (the)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(expansions)e(are)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)150 1120 y Fs(3.6)68 b(Redirections)150 1279 y Fu(Before)32 b(a)f(command)f(is)h(executed,)h(its)f(input)e(and)h(output)h(ma)m(y)g (b)s(e)f Fr(redirected)k Fu(using)c(a)i(sp)s(ecial)f(no-)150 1389 y(tation)d(in)m(terpreted)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell.)40 b(Redirection)27 b(allo)m(ws)h(commands')f(\014le)f(handles)g(to)i(b)s (e)e(duplicated,)150 1498 y(op)s(ened,)i(closed,)i(made)e(to)h(refer)f (to)h(di\013eren)m(t)f(\014les,)h(and)f(can)g(c)m(hange)h(the)g (\014les)f(the)g(command)g(reads)150 1608 y(from)39 b(and)g(writes)h (to.)69 b(Redirection)40 b(ma)m(y)g(also)h(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(mo)s (dify)f(\014le)g(handles)g(in)g(the)h(curren)m(t)150 1717 y(shell)e(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)65 b(The)37 b(follo)m(wing)j(redirection)f(op)s(erators)f(ma)m(y)g(precede)h(or)f (app)s(ear)150 1827 y(an)m(ywhere)30 b(within)f(a)h(simple)f(command)h (or)f(ma)m(y)i(follo)m(w)g(a)f(command.)40 b(Redirections)30 b(are)g(pro)s(cessed)150 1936 y(in)g(the)h(order)f(they)g(app)s(ear,)g (from)g(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t.)275 2077 y(Eac)m(h)45 b(redirection)h (that)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)f (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(ma)m(y)h(instead)h(b)s(e)150 2186 y(preceded)41 b(b)m(y)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(of)g(the)h(form)f Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(.)74 b(In)41 b(this)g(case,)k (for)c(eac)m(h)i(redirection)f(op)s(erator)150 2296 y(except)37 b Ft(>)p Fu(&-)e(and)g Ft(<)p Fu(&-,)i(the)f(shell)g(will)g(allo)s (cate)j(a)d(\014le)g(descriptor)f(greater)i(than)f(10)g(and)f(assign)h (it)150 2406 y(to)e Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(.)52 b(If)33 b Ft(>)p Fu(&-)g(or)h Ft(<)p Fu(&-)f(is)g(preceded)h(b) m(y)f Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})p Fu(,)36 b(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)34 b(of)f Fr(v)-5 b(arname)39 b Fu(de\014nes)33 b(the)150 2515 y(\014le)e(descriptor)g(to)h(close.)43 b(If)31 b Fi({)p Fr(v)-5 b(arname)5 b Fi(})32 b Fu(is)f(supplied,)f (the)h(redirection)g(p)s(ersists)f(b)s(ey)m(ond)h(the)g(scop)s(e)150 2625 y(of)42 b(the)f(command,)j(allo)m(wing)f(the)f(shell)g(programmer) f(to)h(manage)g(the)g(\014le)f(descriptor's)h(lifetime)150 2734 y(man)m(ually)-8 b(.)275 2875 y(In)27 b(the)i(follo)m(wing)h (descriptions,)g(if)e(the)h(\014le)g(descriptor)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(is) g(omitted,)i(and)f(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m(har-)150 2984 y(acter)42 b(of)f(the)g(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)g(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(',)i(the)e(redirection)g(refers)g(to)g(the)g(standard)f (input)f(\(\014le)150 3094 y(descriptor)33 b(0\).)49 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)g(the)f(redirection)g(op)s (erator)h(is)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)h(the)f(redirection)g(refers)150 3203 y(to)e(the)g(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(1\).)275 3344 y(The)h(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)f(redirection)g(op)s(erator)f (in)g(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(descriptions,)f(unless)e(other-)150 3453 y(wise)21 b(noted,)i(is)e(sub)5 b(jected)21 b(to)h(brace)f (expansion,)i(tilde)f(expansion,)h(parameter)e(expansion,)i(command)150 3563 y(substitution,)31 b(arithmetic)h(expansion,)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)33 b(\014lename)e(expansion,)g(and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting.)150 3672 y(If)f(it)h(expands)e(to)i(more)g(than)f(one)h(w)m(ord,)f(Bash)h (rep)s(orts)e(an)h(error.)275 3813 y(Note)h(that)g(the)g(order)f(of)g (redirections)h(is)g(signi\014can)m(t.)41 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(example,)h(the)e(command)390 3953 y Ft(ls)47 b(>)h Fj(dirlist)d Ft(2>&1)150 4093 y Fu(directs)28 b(b)s(oth)f(standard)g (output)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(1\))i(and)e(standard)f(error)i (\(\014le)g(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)h(the)150 4203 y(\014le)h Fr(dirlist)p Fu(,)h(while)f(the)h(command)390 4343 y Ft(ls)47 b(2>&1)g(>)g Fj(dirlist)150 4484 y Fu(directs)28 b(only)f(the)h(standard)e(output)i(to)g(\014le)f Fr(dirlist)p Fu(,)h(b)s(ecause)g(the)f(standard)g(error)g(w)m(as)h(made)f(a)h(cop)m (y)150 4593 y(of)j(the)f(standard)g(output)g(b)s(efore)g(the)g (standard)g(output)g(w)m(as)g(redirected)h(to)g Fr(dirlist)p Fu(.)275 4733 y(Bash)26 b(handles)f(sev)m(eral)j(\014lenames)e(sp)s (ecially)h(when)f(they)g(are)g(used)g(in)g(redirections,)i(as)e (describ)s(ed)150 4843 y(in)38 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(table.)66 b(If)38 b(the)h(op)s(erating)g(system)f(on)h(whic)m(h)f(Bash)h(is)f (running)f(pro)m(vides)h(these)150 4953 y(sp)s(ecial)27 b(\014les,)g(bash)e(will)i(use)f(them;)h(otherwise)g(it)f(will)h(em)m (ulate)h(them)e(in)m(ternally)h(with)f(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)150 5062 y(describ)s(ed)j(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 5230 y Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(fd)630 5340 y Fu(If)h Fr(fd)j Fu(is)d(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(in)m(teger,)h(\014le)e(descriptor)h Fr(fd)i Fu(is)d(duplicated.)p eop end %%Page: 36 42 TeXDict begin 36 41 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(36)150 299 y Ft(/dev/stdin)630 408 y Fu(File)32 b(descriptor)e(0)h(is)f (duplicated.)150 577 y Ft(/dev/stdout)630 687 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e (1)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 856 y Ft(/dev/stderr)630 965 y Fu(File)i(descriptor)e(2)h(is)f(duplicated.)150 1134 y Ft(/dev/tcp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 1244 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m (ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s (ort)630 1354 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)i(service)h(name,)g(Bash)f (attempts)h(to)f(op)s(en)f(the)h(corresp)s(onding)f(TCP)g(so)s(c)m(k)m (et.)150 1522 y Ft(/dev/udp/)p Fj(host)p Ft(/)p Fj(port)630 1632 y Fu(If)41 b Fr(host)i Fu(is)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(hostname)h(or)f(In)m(ternet)h(address,)i(and)c Fr(p)s(ort)j Fu(is)f(an)f(in)m(teger)i(p)s(ort)630 1742 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)23 b(or)h(service)h(name,)h(Bash)e(attempts)h(to)g(op)s(en)f(the)g (corresp)s(onding)f(UDP)i(so)s(c)m(k)m(et.)275 1915 y(A)30 b(failure)h(to)g(op)s(en)e(or)i(create)h(a)e(\014le)h(causes)g(the)f (redirection)h(to)g(fail.)275 2059 y(Redirections)f(using)e(\014le)i (descriptors)f(greater)h(than)f(9)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h (care,)h(as)g(they)f(ma)m(y)150 2169 y(con\015ict)i(with)f(\014le)h (descriptors)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f(in)m(ternally)-8 b(.)150 2378 y Fk(3.6.1)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Input)150 2525 y Fu(Redirection)35 b(of)f(input)f(causes)i(the)f(\014le)g(whose)g (name)g(results)g(from)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(to)d(b)s(e)150 2634 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(reading)g(on)g(\014le)h (descriptor)f Ft(n)p Fu(,)h(or)f(the)g(standard)g(input)f(\(\014le)i (descriptor)f(0\))h(if)f Ft(n)g Fu(is)h(not)150 2744 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)275 2888 y(The)c(general)j(format)e(for)h (redirecting)g(input)e(is:)390 3032 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<)p Fj(word)150 3241 y Fk(3.6.2)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Output)150 3388 y Fu(Redirection)31 b(of)g(output)f(causes)h(the)f(\014le)h(whose) f(name)g(results)h(from)e(the)i(expansion)f(of)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(to)f(b)s(e)150 3497 y(op)s(ened)d(for)g(writing)g(on)g(\014le)h (descriptor)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)h(standard)e(output)h(\(\014le)h (descriptor)f(1\))h(if)g Fr(n)e Fu(is)i(not)150 3607 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)f(not)h(exist)g (it)g(is)f(created;)i(if)e(it)h(do)s(es)f(exist)h(it)g(is)g(truncated)f (to)h(zero)g(size.)275 3751 y(The)e(general)j(format)e(for)h (redirecting)g(output)f(is:)390 3895 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>[|])p Fj(word)275 4039 y Fu(If)g(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g (is)g(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)g(and)f(the)h Ft(noclobber)d Fu(option)j(to)g (the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(has)h(b)s(een)150 4148 y(enabled,)h(the)g (redirection)h(will)f(fail)h(if)e(the)i(\014le)e(whose)h(name)g (results)g(from)f(the)h(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)150 4258 y Fu(exists)f(and)f(is)g(a)h(regular)g(\014le.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(',)h(or)f(the)h(redirection)g(op)s(erator)g(is)150 4367 y(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')36 b(and)f(the)g Ft(noclobber)e Fu(option)j(is)g(not)g(enabled,)h(the)e(redirection)h(is)g(attempted)g (ev)m(en)h(if)e(the)h(\014le)150 4477 y(named)30 b(b)m(y)g Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(exists.)150 4686 y Fk(3.6.3)63 b(App)s(ending)42 b(Redirected)e(Output)150 4833 y Fu(Redirection)23 b(of)e(output)h(in)f (this)h(fashion)f(causes)h(the)g(\014le)g(whose)f(name)h(results)f (from)g(the)h(expansion)g(of)150 4942 y Fr(w)m(ord)28 b Fu(to)e(b)s(e)e(op)s(ened)g(for)h(app)s(ending)e(on)i(\014le)g (descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)g(standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g (descriptor)150 5052 y(1\))31 b(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s (eci\014ed.)40 b(If)30 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(exist)g(it)g (is)f(created.)275 5196 y(The)f(general)j(format)e(for)h(app)s(ending)e (output)h(is:)390 5340 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>>)p Fj(word)p eop end %%Page: 37 43 TeXDict begin 37 42 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(37)150 299 y Fk(3.6.4)63 b(Redirecting)40 b(Standard)h(Output)g(and)g(Standard)g (Error)150 446 y Fu(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s(oth)f(the)g (standard)g(output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f(the)g (standard)f(error)150 555 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)g (b)s(e)f(redirected)h(to)g(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)h(is)f(the)g (expansion)h(of)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)275 712 y(There)f(are)i(t)m(w)m(o)h (formats)e(for)h(redirecting)g(standard)e(output)h(and)g(standard)f (error:)390 870 y Ft(&>)p Fj(word)150 1027 y Fu(and)390 1184 y Ft(>&)p Fj(word)150 1341 y Fu(Of)h(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(forms,)e (the)h(\014rst)e(is)i(preferred.)39 b(This)30 b(is)g(seman)m(tically)j (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390 1498 y Ft(>)p Fj(word)46 b Ft(2>&1)275 1655 y Fu(When)41 b(using)g(the)h(second)f(form,)k Fr(w)m(ord)f Fu(ma)m(y)e(not)g(expand)f(to)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(or)g (`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)75 b(If)41 b(it)h(do)s(es,)150 1764 y(other)27 b(redirection)g(op)s(erators)f(apply)h(\(see)g(Duplicating)h (File)f(Descriptors)h(b)s(elo)m(w\))f(for)f(compatibilit)m(y)150 1874 y(reasons.)150 2096 y Fk(3.6.5)63 b(App)s(ending)42 b(Standard)f(Output)g(and)g(Standard)g(Error)150 2243 y Fu(This)33 b(construct)i(allo)m(ws)g(b)s(oth)f(the)g(standard)g (output)f(\(\014le)i(descriptor)f(1\))h(and)f(the)g(standard)f(error) 150 2352 y(output)d(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(2\))h(to)g(b)s(e)f(app)s (ended)f(to)i(the)f(\014le)h(whose)f(name)g(is)h(the)f(expansion)h(of)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)275 2509 y(The)f(format)i(for)f(app)s(ending)f (standard)h(output)g(and)f(standard)h(error)g(is:)390 2666 y Ft(&>>)p Fj(word)150 2823 y Fu(This)g(is)g(seman)m(tically)j (equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)390 2980 y Ft(>>)p Fj(word)46 b Ft(2>&1)275 3138 y Fu(\(see)31 b(Duplicating)h(File)f(Descriptors)g (b)s(elo)m(w\).)150 3359 y Fk(3.6.6)63 b(Here)41 b(Do)s(cumen)m(ts)150 3506 y Fu(This)26 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(of)h(redirection)g(instructs)f(the)g (shell)h(to)g(read)f(input)g(from)g(the)g(curren)m(t)h(source)f(un)m (til)h(a)g(line)150 3616 y(con)m(taining)h(only)e Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(\(with)c(no)g(trailing)h(blanks\))f(is)g(seen.)40 b(All)27 b(of)f(the)g(lines)h(read)f(up)f(to)i(that)g(p)s(oin)m(t)150 3725 y(are)k(then)f(used)f(as)i(the)g(standard)e(input)h(\(or)g(\014le) h(descriptor)f Fr(n)g Fu(if)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed\))g(for)h (a)f(command.)275 3883 y(The)f(format)i(of)g(here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f (is:)390 4040 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<<[)p Fq(\000)p Ft(])p Fj(word)772 4149 y(here-document)390 4259 y(delimiter)275 4416 y Fu(No)i(parameter)h(and)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(expansion,)h (command)f(substitution,)h(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(or)150 4525 y(\014lename)26 b(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(.)39 b(If)25 b(an)m(y)i(part)e(of)h Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(is)d(quoted,)i(the)e Fr(delimiter)33 b Fu(is)26 b(the)150 4635 y(result)33 b(of)g(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)34 b(on)f Fr(w)m(ord)p Fu(,)g(and)f(the)h(lines)g(in)g(the)g(here-do)s(cumen)m(t) g(are)g(not)g(expanded.)47 b(If)150 4745 y Fr(w)m(ord)26 b Fu(is)c(unquoted,)h(all)g(lines)g(of)g(the)f(here-do)s(cumen)m(t)g (are)h(sub)5 b(jected)22 b(to)h(parameter)g(expansion,)h(com-)150 4854 y(mand)30 b(substitution,)g(and)g(arithmetic)h(expansion,)g(the)f (c)m(haracter)i(sequence)f Ft(\\newline)d Fu(is)j(ignored,)150 4964 y(and)f(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(quote)g (the)g(c)m(haracters)g(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)g(and)f(`)p Ft(`)p Fu('.)275 5121 y(If)21 b(the)i(redirection)g (op)s(erator)g(is)f(`)p Ft(<<-)p Fu(',)i(then)e(all)h(leading)g(tab)g (c)m(haracters)h(are)e(stripp)s(ed)f(from)h(input)150 5230 y(lines)33 b(and)f(the)h(line)h(con)m(taining)g Fr(delimiter)p Fu(.)49 b(This)32 b(allo)m(ws)i(here-do)s(cumen)m(ts)f (within)f(shell)i(scripts)e(to)150 5340 y(b)s(e)e(inden)m(ted)g(in)g(a) h(natural)f(fashion.)p eop end %%Page: 38 44 TeXDict begin 38 43 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(38)150 299 y Fk(3.6.7)63 b(Here)41 b(Strings)150 446 y Fu(A)30 b(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)32 b(of)e(here)h(do)s(cumen)m(ts,)f(the)g(format)h(is:)390 600 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<<<)46 b Fj(word)275 753 y Fu(The)29 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(undergo)s(es)c(tilde)i(expansion,)f(parameter)h(and)e (v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(expansion,)f(command)g(sub-)150 863 y(stitution,)f(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)f(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)41 b(Filename)29 b(expansion)e(and)f(w)m(ord)h(splitting)150 973 y(are)35 b(not)g(p)s(erformed.)51 b(The)34 b(result)h(is)g (supplied)e(as)i(a)f(single)i(string,)f(with)g(a)g(newline)f(app)s (ended,)g(to)150 1082 y(the)d(command)f(on)g(its)h(standard)e(input)h (\(or)g(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(n)g Fu(if)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(sp)s (eci\014ed\).)150 1301 y Fk(3.6.8)63 b(Duplicating)41 b(File)g(Descriptors)150 1448 y Fu(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator) 390 1602 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<&)p Fj(word)150 1755 y Fu(is)k(used)e(to)j(duplicate)f(input)f(\014le)g(descriptors.)53 b(If)34 b Fr(w)m(ord)k Fu(expands)c(to)h(one)g(or)g(more)g(digits,)h (the)f(\014le)150 1865 y(descriptor)e(denoted)h(b)m(y)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(made)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(a)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(that)g(\014le)f (descriptor.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(digits)g(in)f Fr(w)m(ord)150 1975 y Fu(do)c(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)h(\014le)f(descriptor)g(op)s(en)g (for)g(input,)g(a)h(redirection)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)40 b(If)29 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)150 2084 y(to)31 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)g(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fr(n)f Fu(is)g(closed.)43 b(If)30 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(the)h(standard)f (input)g(\(\014le)h(descriptor)f(0\))150 2194 y(is)g(used.)275 2348 y(The)f(op)s(erator)390 2502 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>&)p Fj(word)150 2655 y Fu(is)40 b(used)g(similarly)h(to)g(duplicate)f (output)g(\014le)h(descriptors.)70 b(If)40 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)i(not)f(sp)s (eci\014ed,)i(the)f(standard)150 2765 y(output)30 b(\(\014le)g (descriptor)g(1\))h(is)f(used.)39 b(If)30 b(the)g(digits)h(in)e Fr(w)m(ord)34 b Fu(do)29 b(not)i(sp)s(ecify)e(a)i(\014le)f(descriptor)g (op)s(en)150 2875 y(for)35 b(output,)h(a)g(redirection)g(error)e(o)s (ccurs.)55 b(If)35 b Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)37 b(to)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)h(\014le)e(descriptor)g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(closed.)150 2984 y(As)f(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)h(if)e Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)i(and)e Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(do)s(es)d(not)g(expand) f(to)i(one)f(or)g(more)g(digits)h(or)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)150 3094 y(the)d(standard)e(output)h(and)g(standard)f(error)h(are)h (redirected)g(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(previously)-8 b(.)150 3312 y Fk(3.6.9)63 b(Mo)m(ving)41 b(File)h(Descriptors)150 3459 y Fu(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 3613 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<&)p Fj(digit)p Ft(-)150 3767 y Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)i (the)f(\014le)g(descriptor)f Fr(digit)k Fu(to)d(\014le)g(descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)f(or)h(the)g(standard)f(input)f(\(\014le)j(descriptor)e (0\))150 3876 y(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)40 b Fr(digit)33 b Fu(is)e(closed)g(after)g(b)s(eing)f(duplicated)g(to)h Fr(n)p Fu(.)275 4030 y(Similarly)-8 b(,)31 b(the)f(redirection)h(op)s (erator)390 4184 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]>&)p Fj(digit)p Ft(-)150 4338 y Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)e(the)g(\014le)f(descriptor)f Fr(digit)k Fu(to)e(\014le)f(descriptor)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(or)g(the)g (standard)f(output)h(\(\014le)g(descriptor)g(1\))150 4448 y(if)i Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 4666 y Fk(3.6.10)63 b(Op)s(ening)42 b(File)g(Descriptors)g(for)g (Reading)e(and)h(W)-10 b(riting)150 4813 y Fu(The)30 b(redirection)h(op)s(erator)390 4967 y Ft([)p Fj(n)p Ft(]<>)p Fj(word)150 5121 y Fu(causes)39 b(the)g(\014le)g(whose)g(name) g(is)g(the)g(expansion)g(of)g Fr(w)m(ord)j Fu(to)d(b)s(e)g(op)s(ened)f (for)g(b)s(oth)h(reading)g(and)150 5230 y(writing)33 b(on)f(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(n)p Fu(,)h(or)g(on)f(\014le)h (descriptor)g(0)g(if)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(not)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)47 b(If)32 b(the)h(\014le)f(do)s(es)h(not)150 5340 y(exist,)e(it)g(is)g (created.)p eop end %%Page: 39 45 TeXDict begin 39 44 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(39)150 299 y Fs(3.7)68 b(Executing)46 b(Commands)150 523 y Fk(3.7.1)63 b(Simple)41 b(Command)h(Expansion)150 670 y Fu(When)33 b(a)g(simple)g(command)g(is)g(executed,)h(the)g(shell)f(p)s(erforms)e (the)i(follo)m(wing)i(expansions,)e(assign-)150 779 y(men)m(ts,)e(and)f (redirections,)h(from)f(left)h(to)g(righ)m(t,)g(in)f(the)h(follo)m (wing)h(order.)199 913 y(1.)61 b(The)38 b(w)m(ords)f(that)i(the)g (parser)e(has)h(mark)m(ed)g(as)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(assignmen)m(ts)g (\(those)g(preceding)f(the)330 1023 y(command)30 b(name\))h(and)f (redirections)h(are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(for)e(later)h(pro)s(cessing.)199 1157 y(2.)61 b(The)39 b(w)m(ords)g(that)i(are)f(not)g(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(ts)h(or)e(redirections)i(are)f(expanded)f (\(see)h(Sec-)330 1267 y(tion)d(3.5)i([Shell)e(Expansions],)h(page)g (22\).)61 b(If)37 b(an)m(y)g(w)m(ords)f(remain)h(after)h(expansion,)h (the)e(\014rst)330 1376 y(w)m(ord)31 b(is)g(tak)m(en)h(to)g(b)s(e)f (the)g(name)h(of)f(the)h(command)f(and)f(the)i(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g (are)g(the)h(argu-)330 1486 y(men)m(ts.)199 1620 y(3.)61 b(Redirections)25 b(are)f(p)s(erformed)f(as)h(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m (v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)g(3.6)g([Redirections],)i(page)d(35\).)199 1754 y(4.)61 b(The)25 b(text)h(after)f(the)g(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')h(in)e(eac)m(h)j(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(assignmen)m(t)h(undergo)s(es) e(tilde)i(expansion,)g(parameter)330 1864 y(expansion,)49 b(command)d(substitution,)j(arithmetic)d(expansion,)k(and)45 b(quote)h(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)46 b(b)s(efore)330 1973 y(b)s(eing)30 b(assigned)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)275 2132 y(If)32 b(no)i(command)f(name)g(results,)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(assignmen)m(ts)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell)h(en)m(viron-) 150 2242 y(men)m(t.)39 b(Otherwise,)27 b(the)e(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(executed)h (command)g(and)150 2351 y(do)35 b(not)f(a\013ect)j(the)d(curren)m(t)h (shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)54 b(If)34 b(an)m(y)h(of)g(the)f(assignmen) m(ts)i(attempts)f(to)h(assign)150 2461 y(a)j(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(an)c(error)g(o)s(ccurs,)j (and)c(the)i(command)f(exits)h(with)g(a)f(non-zero)150 2570 y(status.)275 2705 y(If)33 b(no)g(command)g(name)h(results,)g (redirections)g(are)g(p)s(erformed,)f(but)g(do)h(not)f(a\013ect)i(the)f (curren)m(t)150 2814 y(shell)d(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)41 b(A)30 b(redirection)h(error)f(causes)h(the)g(command)f(to)h(exit)g (with)f(a)h(non-zero)g(status.)275 2948 y(If)26 b(there)i(is)f(a)h (command)f(name)h(left)g(after)g(expansion,)g(execution)h(pro)s(ceeds)e (as)g(describ)s(ed)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)150 3058 y(Otherwise,)39 b(the)e(command)g(exits.)62 b(If)37 b(one)g(of)g(the)h(expansions)f (con)m(tained)h(a)g(command)f(substitu-)150 3167 y(tion,)i(the)d(exit)h (status)g(of)f(the)h(command)f(is)h(the)f(exit)h(status)g(of)f(the)h (last)g(command)f(substitution)150 3277 y(p)s(erformed.)55 b(If)35 b(there)g(w)m(ere)h(no)g(command)f(substitutions,)i(the)e (command)h(exits)g(with)f(a)h(status)g(of)150 3387 y(zero.)150 3585 y Fk(3.7.2)63 b(Command)41 b(Searc)m(h)f(and)h(Execution)150 3732 y Fu(After)i(a)h(command)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(split)h(in)m(to)h(w)m (ords,)j(if)c(it)g(results)g(in)g(a)h(simple)f(command)g(and)f(an)150 3842 y(optional)32 b(list)f(of)f(argumen)m(ts,)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)g (actions)h(are)f(tak)m(en.)199 3976 y(1.)61 b(If)24 b(the)g(command)g (name)g(con)m(tains)i(no)e(slashes,)i(the)e(shell)h(attempts)g(to)g(lo) s(cate)h(it.)39 b(If)24 b(there)g(exists)330 4085 y(a)h(shell)g (function)f(b)m(y)g(that)h(name,)h(that)f(function)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m (ed)h(as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(3.3)h([Shell)330 4195 y(F)-8 b(unctions],)31 b(page)h(18.)199 4329 y(2.)61 b(If)41 b(the)g(name)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(matc)m(h)i(a)e(function,)j(the)e (shell)f(searc)m(hes)i(for)e(it)h(in)f(the)g(list)h(of)g(shell)330 4439 y(builtins.)e(If)30 b(a)h(matc)m(h)g(is)f(found,)g(that)h(builtin) f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)199 4573 y(3.)61 b(If)40 b(the)g(name)h(is)f (neither)h(a)f(shell)h(function)f(nor)g(a)g(builtin,)j(and)d(con)m (tains)h(no)g(slashes,)i(Bash)330 4682 y(searc)m(hes)c(eac)m(h)g (elemen)m(t)g(of)g Ft($PATH)d Fu(for)i(a)g(directory)h(con)m(taining)g (an)f(executable)h(\014le)f(b)m(y)g(that)330 4792 y(name.)56 b(Bash)36 b(uses)f(a)h(hash)e(table)j(to)f(remem)m(b)s(er)f(the)h(full) f(pathnames)g(of)h(executable)h(\014les)e(to)330 4902 y(a)m(v)m(oid)e(m)m(ultiple)f Ft(PATH)f Fu(searc)m(hes)i(\(see)f(the)g (description)g(of)f Ft(hash)g Fu(in)g(Section)i(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell) 330 5011 y(Builtins],)37 b(page)f(44\).)55 b(A)35 b(full)g(searc)m(h)g (of)g(the)g(directories)h(in)f Ft($PATH)e Fu(is)i(p)s(erformed)f(only)h (if)g(the)330 5121 y(command)24 b(is)h(not)g(found)e(in)i(the)g(hash)f (table.)39 b(If)25 b(the)f(searc)m(h)i(is)e(unsuccessful,)h(the)g (shell)g(searc)m(hes)330 5230 y(for)e(a)h(de\014ned)e(shell)h(function) h(named)e Ft(command_not_found_handle)p Fu(.)32 b(If)23 b(that)h(function)f(exists,)330 5340 y(it)33 b(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i (in)e(a)h(separate)h(execution)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(with)f(the)h (original)h(command)e(and)g(the)p eop end %%Page: 40 46 TeXDict begin 40 45 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(40)330 299 y(original)26 b(command's)e(argumen)m(ts)h(as)g(its)g(argumen)m(ts,)h (and)e(the)h(function's)f(exit)i(status)f(b)s(ecomes)330 408 y(the)j(exit)g(status)g(of)f(that)h(subshell.)39 b(If)27 b(that)h(function)f(is)h(not)g(de\014ned,)f(the)g(shell)h(prin) m(ts)f(an)g(error)330 518 y(message)k(and)f(returns)f(an)i(exit)g (status)g(of)f(127.)199 654 y(4.)61 b(If)33 b(the)g(searc)m(h)h(is)g (successful,)g(or)f(if)g(the)h(command)f(name)g(con)m(tains)i(one)f(or) f(more)g(slashes,)i(the)330 763 y(shell)g(executes)h(the)f(named)f (program)g(in)h(a)g(separate)h(execution)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)55 b(Argumen)m(t)35 b(0)330 873 y(is)30 b(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(giv)m (en,)g(and)f(the)h(remaining)f(argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(the)g(command)f(are) h(set)g(to)g(the)330 983 y(argumen)m(ts)g(supplied,)e(if)h(an)m(y)-8 b(.)199 1118 y(5.)61 b(If)35 b(this)h(execution)h(fails)f(b)s(ecause)g (the)f(\014le)h(is)g(not)g(in)f(executable)j(format,)f(and)e(the)h (\014le)g(is)g(not)330 1228 y(a)d(directory)-8 b(,)34 b(it)f(is)g(assumed)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(a)i Fr(shell)g(script)h Fu(and)e(the)h(shell)f(executes)i(it)f(as)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)330 1338 y(Section)g(3.8)h([Shell)e(Scripts],)g(page)i(42.)199 1473 y(6.)61 b(If)38 b(the)h(command)f(w)m(as)h(not)g(b)s(egun)e(async) m(hronously)-8 b(,)42 b(the)c(shell)h(w)m(aits)h(for)e(the)h(command)f (to)330 1583 y(complete)32 b(and)e(collects)i(its)f(exit)g(status.)150 1785 y Fk(3.7.3)63 b(Command)41 b(Execution)f(En)m(vironmen)m(t)150 1932 y Fu(The)30 b(shell)g(has)h(an)f Fr(execution)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t) p Fu(,)h(whic)m(h)e(consists)h(of)f(the)h(follo)m(wing:)225 2069 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(op)s(en)32 b(\014les)g(inherited)g(b)m(y)h(the)f (shell)h(at)g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)j(as)c(mo)s(di\014ed)g(b)m(y)g (redirections)h(supplied)e(to)330 2178 y(the)g Ft(exec)e Fu(builtin)225 2314 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)28 b(curren)m(t)g(w)m(orking) h(directory)g(as)f(set)h(b)m(y)f Ft(cd)p Fu(,)g Ft(pushd)p Fu(,)g(or)g Ft(popd)p Fu(,)g(or)g(inherited)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(shell)f(at) 330 2424 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)225 2560 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(\014le)f(creation)i(mo)s(de)e(mask)g(as)h(set)g(b)m(y)f Ft(umask)f Fu(or)h(inherited)g(from)g(the)h(shell's)f(paren)m(t)225 2695 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(curren)m(t)30 b(traps)g(set)h(b)m(y)f Ft(trap)225 2831 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)30 b(parameters)f(that)h(are)g (set)g(b)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(assignmen)m(t)g(or)g(with)f Ft(set)f Fu(or)i(inherited)f(from)g(the)330 2941 y(shell's)i(paren)m(t) f(in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)225 3077 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)44 b(functions)f(de\014ned)f(during)h(execution)i(or)e (inherited)h(from)f(the)h(shell's)g(paren)m(t)f(in)h(the)330 3186 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)225 3322 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(options)33 b(enabled)g(at)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h(\(either)f(b)m(y)f(default)g(or) g(with)g(command-line)g(argumen)m(ts\))h(or)330 3432 y(b)m(y)c Ft(set)225 3567 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(options)31 b(enabled)f(b)m(y)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(\(see)j(Section)f(4.3.2)h([The)e (Shopt)g(Builtin],)h(page)g(66\))225 3703 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)31 b(aliases)g(de\014ned)f(with)g Ft(alias)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(6.6)h([Aliases],)g(page)f(94\))225 3839 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(v)-5 b(arious)50 b(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)p Fu(s,)55 b(including)49 b(those)i(of)e(bac)m(kground)h(jobs)f (\(see)i(Section)g(3.2.4)g([Lists],)330 3948 y(page)31 b(9\),)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($$)p Fu(,)g(and)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft($PPID)275 4112 y Fu(When)k(a)g(simple)h(command)f (other)g(than)g(a)h(builtin)f(or)g(shell)h(function)f(is)g(to)h(b)s(e)f (executed,)i(it)f(is)150 4221 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)25 b(in)f(a)g (separate)h(execution)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(that)f(consists)g(of)h(the) f(follo)m(wing.)40 b(Unless)24 b(otherwise)150 4331 y(noted,)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(are)g(inherited)f(from)g(the)g(shell.)225 4468 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(shell's)h(op)s(en)e(\014les,)i(plus)e (an)m(y)h(mo)s(di\014cations)h(and)e(additions)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m (y)g(redirections)g(to)330 4578 y(the)g(command)225 4713 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(curren)m(t)f(w)m(orking)g(directory)225 4849 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(\014le)f(creation)i(mo)s(de)e(mask)225 4985 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(shell)32 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(and)e(functions)h(mark)m(ed)g(for)g(exp)s(ort,)g(along)h(with)f(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(exp)s(orted)g(for)g(the)330 5095 y(command,)e(passed)g (in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.4)i([En)m (vironmen)m(t],)e(page)g(41\))225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(traps)31 b(caugh)m(t)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(are)f(reset)h(to)g(the) f(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(inherited)e(from)h(the)g(shell's)h(paren)m(t,)g (and)330 5340 y(traps)e(ignored)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(are)g(ignored)p eop end %%Page: 41 47 TeXDict begin 41 46 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(41)275 299 y(A)41 b(command)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)e(this)h(separate)g(en)m (vironmen)m(t)g(cannot)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(shell's)g(execution)150 408 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)275 552 y(Command)35 b(substitution,)j (commands)e(group)s(ed)f(with)i(paren)m(theses,)h(and)e(async)m (hronous)g(com-)150 662 y(mands)c(are)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d(a)i (subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(that)h(is)f(a)g(duplicate)h(of)f(the)g (shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)150 772 y(except)i(that)g(traps)f(caugh)m (t)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(shell)f(are)g(reset)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(that)g(the)f(shell)h(inherited)e(from)150 881 y(its)g(paren)m(t)f(at)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation.)49 b(Builtin)32 b(commands)g(that)h(are)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)e(part)g (of)h(a)f(pip)s(eline)g(are)h(also)150 991 y(executed)41 b(in)f(a)h(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)72 b(Changes)40 b(made)g(to)h(the)g(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(cannot)150 1100 y(a\013ect)32 b(the)f(shell's)f(execution)i(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)275 1244 y(Subshells)c(spa)m(wned)i(to)h(execute)g(command)f(substitutions) g(inherit)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h Ft(-e)e Fu(option)150 1354 y(from)23 b(the)i(paren)m(t)f(shell.)38 b(When)24 b(not)g(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)i(Bash)f(clears)h(the)f Ft(-e)f Fu(option)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(subshells.)275 1498 y(If)f(a)h(command)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(a)g(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')g(and)f(job)h(con)m(trol)h(is)f(not)g(activ)m(e,)k(the)c (default)g(standard)f(input)150 1607 y(for)35 b(the)g(command)g(is)g (the)g(empt)m(y)h(\014le)f Ft(/dev/null)p Fu(.)52 b(Otherwise,)37 b(the)e(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(command)f(inherits)150 1717 y(the)c(\014le)f(descriptors)g(of)h(the)f(calling)i(shell)f(as)f(mo)s (di\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(redirections.)150 1926 y Fk(3.7.4)63 b(En)m(vironmen)m(t)150 2073 y Fu(When)29 b(a)g(program)f(is)h(in)m(v)m (ok)m(ed)h(it)g(is)f(giv)m(en)g(an)g(arra)m(y)g(of)g(strings)g(called)h (the)f Fr(en)m(vironmen)m(t)p Fu(.)41 b(This)28 b(is)h(a)150 2182 y(list)i(of)g(name-v)-5 b(alue)31 b(pairs,)f(of)h(the)f(form)g Ft(name=value)p Fu(.)275 2326 y(Bash)39 b(pro)m(vides)g(sev)m(eral)i(w) m(a)m(ys)g(to)f(manipulate)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)69 b(On)38 b(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)44 b(the)c(shell)150 2436 y(scans)g(its)h(o)m(wn)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(and)f(creates)i(a)f (parameter)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(name)e(found,)i(automatically)150 2545 y(marking)26 b(it)g(for)g Fr(exp)s(ort)h Fu(to)g(c)m(hild)f(pro)s (cesses.)39 b(Executed)26 b(commands)g(inherit)g(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m (t.)39 b(The)150 2655 y Ft(export)c Fu(and)i(`)p Ft(declare)29 b(-x)p Fu(')36 b(commands)h(allo)m(w)i(parameters)e(and)g(functions)g (to)h(b)s(e)e(added)h(to)h(and)150 2765 y(deleted)21 b(from)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)38 b(If)20 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)21 b(of)g(a)g(parameter)g(in)f(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(is)e (mo)s(di\014ed,)i(the)150 2874 y(new)31 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(b)s(ecomes)f(part)h(of)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)g(replacing)h(the)e (old.)44 b(The)31 b(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(inherited)150 2984 y(b)m(y)f(an)m(y)g(executed)h(command)f(consists)g(of)g(the)g (shell's)h(initial)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)g(whose)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)150 3093 y(mo)s(di\014ed)26 b(in)g(the)h(shell,)h(less)f(an)m(y)g(pairs)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f (the)g Ft(unset)e Fu(and)h(`)p Ft(export)j(-n)p Fu(')e(commands,)g (plus)150 3203 y(an)m(y)k(additions)f(via)h(the)g Ft(export)d Fu(and)i(`)p Ft(declare)f(-x)p Fu(')h(commands.)275 3347 y(The)j(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(for)f(an)m(y)g(simple)h(command)f(or)g (function)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(augmen)m(ted)h(temp)s(orarily)150 3457 y(b)m(y)c(pre\014xing)e(it)i(with)g(parameter)g(assignmen)m(ts,)h (as)e(describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)i(3.4)g([Shell)e(P)m(arameters],)150 3566 y(page)g(20.)41 b(These)29 b(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(ts)g (a\013ect)f(only)g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(seen)g(b)m(y)f(that)h (command.)275 3710 y(If)g(the)h Ft(-k)g Fu(option)g(is)g(set)h(\(see)g (Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g(Builtin],)h(page)g(62\),)h(then)e(all)g (parameter)150 3820 y(assignmen)m(ts)f(are)g(placed)h(in)e(the)h(en)m (vironmen)m(t)g(for)g(a)g(command,)f(not)h(just)f(those)i(that)f (precede)g(the)150 3929 y(command)g(name.)275 4073 y(When)h(Bash)h(in)m (v)m(ok)m(es)i(an)e(external)h(command,)f(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(`)p Ft($_)p Fu(')f(is)g(set)h(to)f(the)g(full)g (pathname)150 4183 y(of)f(the)f(command)g(and)g(passed)g(to)h(that)g (command)f(in)g(its)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)150 4392 y Fk(3.7.5)63 b(Exit)40 b(Status)150 4538 y Fu(The)26 b(exit)h(status)f(of)g(an)g (executed)h(command)f(is)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(returned)f(b)m(y)h (the)g Fr(w)m(aitpid)k Fu(system)d(call)g(or)150 4648 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(function.)45 b(Exit)32 b(statuses)g(fall)g (b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(0)f(and)f(255,)i(though,)f(as)g(explained)g(b)s (elo)m(w,)h(the)150 4758 y(shell)i(ma)m(y)g(use)f(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(125)h(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)54 b(Exit)35 b(statuses)g(from)f(shell)h(builtins)f(and)f(comp)s(ound)150 4867 y(commands)j(are)g(also)h(limited)g(to)g(this)f(range.)58 b(Under)36 b(certain)h(circumstances,)h(the)e(shell)h(will)f(use)150 4977 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(to)g(indicate)g(sp)s(eci\014c) f(failure)h(mo)s(des.)275 5121 y(F)-8 b(or)32 b(the)g(shell's)g(purp)s (oses,)e(a)j(command)e(whic)m(h)h(exits)g(with)g(a)g(zero)g(exit)h (status)f(has)f(succeeded.)150 5230 y(A)e(non-zero)h(exit)g(status)g (indicates)g(failure.)40 b(This)28 b(seemingly)i(coun)m(ter-in)m (tuitiv)m(e)i(sc)m(heme)e(is)f(used)g(so)150 5340 y(there)34 b(is)g(one)g(w)m(ell-de\014ned)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(indicate)g(success)f (and)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariet)m(y)35 b(of)f(w)m(a)m(ys)h(to)f(indicate)h(v)-5 b(arious)p eop end %%Page: 42 48 TeXDict begin 42 47 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(42)150 299 y(failure)38 b(mo)s(des.)62 b(When)37 b(a)h(command)f(terminates)i(on)e (a)h(fatal)h(signal)g(whose)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(is)i Fr(N)p Fu(,)i(Bash)150 408 y(uses)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(128)p Ft(+)p Fr(N)42 b Fu(as)30 b(the)h(exit)g(status.)275 537 y(If)k(a)h(command)g(is)g(not)g(found,)g(the)g(c)m(hild)h(pro)s (cess)e(created)i(to)g(execute)g(it)g(returns)d(a)j(status)f(of)150 647 y(127.)42 b(If)30 b(a)h(command)f(is)g(found)f(but)h(is)g(not)h (executable,)h(the)f(return)e(status)i(is)f(126.)275 776 y(If)i(a)i(command)f(fails)g(b)s(ecause)g(of)h(an)f(error)f(during) g(expansion)h(or)g(redirection,)i(the)f(exit)g(status)150 885 y(is)c(greater)i(than)e(zero.)275 1014 y(The)38 b(exit)h(status)g (is)g(used)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(Bash)g(conditional)h(commands)e(\(see)h (Section)h(3.2.5.2)h([Con-)150 1123 y(ditional)i(Constructs],)h(page)f (11\))g(and)e(some)i(of)f(the)g(list)g(constructs)g(\(see)h(Section)f (3.2.4)i([Lists],)150 1233 y(page)31 b(9\).)275 1362 y(All)40 b(of)g(the)h(Bash)f(builtins)f(return)g(an)h(exit)h(status)g (of)f(zero)h(if)f(they)g(succeed)g(and)g(a)g(non-zero)150 1471 y(status)34 b(on)f(failure,)i(so)f(they)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g (b)m(y)g(the)h(conditional)h(and)e(list)h(constructs.)50 b(All)35 b(builtins)150 1581 y(return)e(an)i(exit)g(status)g(of)f(2)h (to)g(indicate)h(incorrect)f(usage,)h(generally)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)35 b(options)g(or)f(missing)150 1691 y(argumen)m(ts.)150 1878 y Fk(3.7.6)63 b(Signals)150 2025 y Fu(When)36 b(Bash)g(is)h(in)m (teractiv)m(e,)j(in)c(the)h(absence)f(of)h(an)m(y)f(traps,)i(it)e (ignores)h Ft(SIGTERM)d Fu(\(so)j(that)g(`)p Ft(kill)150 2135 y(0)p Fu(')c(do)s(es)g(not)g(kill)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j (shell\),)f(and)d Ft(SIGINT)f Fu(is)i(caugh)m(t)h(and)f(handled)f(\(so) h(that)h(the)f Ft(wait)150 2244 y Fu(builtin)24 b(is)h(in)m (terruptible\).)39 b(When)24 b(Bash)g(receiv)m(es)j(a)d Ft(SIGINT)p Fu(,)h(it)g(breaks)f(out)h(of)f(an)m(y)h(executing)h(lo)s (ops.)150 2354 y(In)31 b(all)h(cases,)h(Bash)f(ignores)g Ft(SIGQUIT)p Fu(.)42 b(If)32 b(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)e(in)h(e\013ect)h (\(see)f(Chapter)f(7)h([Job)g(Con)m(trol],)150 2464 y(page)f(107\),)h (Bash)f(ignores)g Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)d Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(,)h(and)h Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)275 2592 y(Non-builtin)h(commands)g(started)g(b)m(y)g (Bash)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(signal)g(handlers)e(set)i(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(inherited)150 2702 y(b)m(y)37 b(the)h(shell)g(from)f(its)h (paren)m(t.)62 b(When)38 b(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)e(not)h(in)f (e\013ect,)k(async)m(hronous)c(commands)150 2812 y(ignore)f Ft(SIGINT)e Fu(and)h Ft(SIGQUIT)e Fu(in)j(addition)f(to)i(these)f (inherited)f(handlers.)55 b(Commands)35 b(run)f(as)i(a)150 2921 y(result)27 b(of)h(command)f(substitution)h(ignore)g(the)g(k)m (eyb)s(oard-generated)g(job)g(con)m(trol)h(signals)f Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)150 3031 y Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(,)h(and)g Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)275 3160 y(The)h(shell)i(exits)g(b)m(y)f(default)g (up)s(on)f(receipt)i(of)f(a)h Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)42 b(Before)32 b(exiting,)h(an)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)150 3269 y(resends)41 b(the)i Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)i(all)g(jobs,)i(running)c(or)h (stopp)s(ed.)76 b(Stopp)s(ed)41 b(jobs)h(are)h(sen)m(t)g Ft(SIGCONT)d Fu(to)150 3379 y(ensure)32 b(that)h(they)g(receiv)m(e)i (the)e Ft(SIGHUP)p Fu(.)47 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(prev)m(en)m(t)g(the)g(shell) g(from)g(sending)f(the)h Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(signal)150 3488 y(to)i(a)g(particular)g(job,)g(it)g(should)f(b)s(e)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h (from)g(the)f(jobs)g(table)i(with)e(the)h Ft(disown)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)150 3598 y(Section)c(7.2)g([Job)e(Con)m(trol)i (Builtins],)g(page)g(108\))h(or)e(mark)m(ed)g(to)g(not)g(receiv)m(e)i Ft(SIGHUP)c Fu(using)i Ft(disown)150 3707 y(-h)p Fu(.)275 3836 y(If)38 b(the)h Ft(huponexit)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)g(b)s(een)f (set)i(with)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(\(see)j(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)150 3946 y(Builtin],)31 b(page)g(66\),)h(Bash)f(sends)e(a)i Ft(SIGHUP)e Fu(to)i(all)g(jobs)f(when)f(an)i(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(login) e(shell)g(exits.)275 4075 y(If)38 b(Bash)h(is)g(w)m(aiting)h(for)f(a)g (command)f(to)i(complete)g(and)e(receiv)m(es)j(a)e(signal)h(for)e(whic) m(h)h(a)g(trap)150 4184 y(has)c(b)s(een)f(set,)i(the)f(trap)g(will)g (not)g(b)s(e)f(executed)i(un)m(til)f(the)g(command)f(completes.)55 b(When)35 b(Bash)g(is)150 4294 y(w)m(aiting)j(for)f(an)g(async)m (hronous)g(command)g(via)h(the)f Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin,)i(the)g (reception)g(of)f(a)g(signal)h(for)150 4403 y(whic)m(h)d(a)g(trap)g (has)g(b)s(een)f(set)h(will)h(cause)f(the)g Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin)h(to)g(return)f(immediately)i(with)f(an)g(exit)150 4513 y(status)c(greater)g(than)f(128,)i(immediately)g(after)f(whic)m(h) f(the)h(trap)f(is)g(executed.)150 4742 y Fs(3.8)68 b(Shell)45 b(Scripts)150 4902 y Fu(A)30 b(shell)f(script)h(is)f(a)h(text)h(\014le) f(con)m(taining)h(shell)f(commands.)40 b(When)29 b(suc)m(h)g(a)h (\014le)g(is)f(used)g(as)h(the)g(\014rst)150 5011 y(non-option)c (argumen)m(t)h(when)e(in)m(v)m(oking)i(Bash,)g(and)f(neither)g(the)g Ft(-c)g Fu(nor)f Ft(-s)h Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied)f(\(see)150 5121 y(Section)39 b(6.1)g([In)m(v)m(oking)g(Bash],)h(page)f(86\),)i (Bash)d(reads)g(and)f(executes)i(commands)f(from)f(the)i(\014le,)150 5230 y(then)32 b(exits.)46 b(This)32 b(mo)s(de)f(of)i(op)s(eration)f (creates)i(a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)46 b(The)31 b(shell)i(\014rst)e(searc)m(hes)150 5340 y(for)d(the)g(\014le)g(in)g (the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(,)30 b(and)d(lo)s(oks)i(in)e(the)i (directories)g(in)e Ft($PATH)g Fu(if)h(not)g(found)e(there.)p eop end %%Page: 43 49 TeXDict begin 43 48 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(3:)41 b(Basic)32 b(Shell)e(F)-8 b(eatures)2246 b(43)275 299 y(When)34 b(Bash)h(runs)e(a)i(shell)g(script,)g(it)h(sets)f(the)f(sp)s (ecial)i(parameter)f Ft(0)f Fu(to)h(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g(\014le,)150 408 y(rather)k(than)g(the)h(name)f(of)h(the)f(shell,)j(and)d(the)h(p)s (ositional)g(parameters)f(are)h(set)g(to)g(the)g(remain-)150 518 y(ing)f(argumen)m(ts,)j(if)d(an)m(y)g(are)g(giv)m(en.)67 b(If)39 b(no)g(additional)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)f(supplied,)h(the)f(p)s (ositional)150 628 y(parameters)31 b(are)f(unset.)275 762 y(A)39 b(shell)h(script)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(made)h(executable)h(b)m (y)e(using)g(the)h Ft(chmod)e Fu(command)h(to)h(turn)e(on)i(the)150 872 y(execute)j(bit.)73 b(When)41 b(Bash)g(\014nds)e(suc)m(h)i(a)h (\014le)f(while)g(searc)m(hing)h(the)f Ft($PATH)f Fu(for)h(a)h (command,)h(it)150 981 y(spa)m(wns)30 b(a)g(subshell)g(to)h(execute)h (it.)41 b(In)30 b(other)g(w)m(ords,)g(executing)390 1116 y Ft(filename)46 b Fj(arguments)150 1250 y Fu(is)30 b(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(executing)390 1385 y Ft(bash)47 b(filename)e Fj(arguments)150 1519 y Fu(if)30 b Ft(filename)d Fu(is)j(an)f(executable)j(shell)e(script.)40 b(This)29 b(subshell)g(reinitializes)i(itself,)g(so)f(that)h(the)e(e\013ect)150 1629 y(is)36 b(as)h(if)g(a)f(new)g(shell)h(had)f(b)s(een)g(in)m(v)m(ok) m(ed)h(to)h(in)m(terpret)e(the)h(script,)h(with)e(the)h(exception)h (that)f(the)150 1738 y(lo)s(cations)25 b(of)g(commands)e(remem)m(b)s (ered)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(paren)m(t)g(\(see)h(the)f(description)g(of)g Ft(hash)f Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.1)150 1848 y([Bourne)30 b(Shell)h(Builtins],)g(page)g(44\))h(are)e(retained)h(b)m(y)f(the)h(c)m (hild.)275 1983 y(Most)36 b(v)m(ersions)g(of)g(Unix)f(mak)m(e)h(this)g (a)g(part)f(of)h(the)g(op)s(erating)g(system's)f(command)h(execution) 150 2092 y(mec)m(hanism.)50 b(If)33 b(the)g(\014rst)g(line)h(of)f(a)h (script)f(b)s(egins)g(with)g(the)g(t)m(w)m(o)i(c)m(haracters)g(`)p Ft(#!)p Fu(',)f(the)g(remainder)150 2202 y(of)27 b(the)g(line)g(sp)s (eci\014es)g(an)g(in)m(terpreter)g(for)g(the)g(program)g(and,)g(dep)s (ending)e(on)i(the)g(op)s(erating)h(system,)150 2311 y(one)e(or)g(more)g(optional)h(argumen)m(ts)f(for)g(that)g(in)m (terpreter.)40 b(Th)m(us,)26 b(y)m(ou)g(can)g(sp)s(ecify)g(Bash,)h Ft(awk)p Fu(,)f(P)m(erl,)150 2421 y(or)k(some)h(other)g(in)m(terpreter) g(and)e(write)i(the)f(rest)h(of)g(the)f(script)g(\014le)h(in)f(that)h (language.)275 2555 y(The)k(argumen)m(ts)h(to)h(the)f(in)m(terpreter)h (consist)f(of)h(one)f(or)g(more)g(optional)h(argumen)m(ts)f(follo)m (wing)150 2665 y(the)e(in)m(terpreter)g(name)g(on)g(the)g(\014rst)g (line)g(of)g(the)g(script)g(\014le,)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(the)g (name)g(of)g(the)g(script)150 2775 y(\014le,)k(follo)m(w)m(ed)g(b)m(y)e (the)g(rest)g(of)g(the)h(argumen)m(ts)f(supplied)f(to)i(the)f(script.) 58 b(The)35 b(details)i(of)g(ho)m(w)f(the)150 2884 y(in)m(terpreter)26 b(line)g(is)g(split)g(in)m(to)h(an)f(in)m(terpreter)g(name)g(and)f(a)h (set)h(of)e(argumen)m(ts)i(v)-5 b(ary)25 b(across)i(systems.)150 2994 y(Bash)j(will)f(p)s(erform)g(this)g(action)i(on)e(op)s(erating)h (systems)g(that)g(do)f(not)h(handle)f(it)h(themselv)m(es.)42 b(Note)150 3103 y(that)e(some)g(older)g(v)m(ersions)g(of)g(Unix)f (limit)i(the)f(in)m(terpreter)g(name)g(and)f(a)h(single)g(argumen)m(t)g (to)h(a)150 3213 y(maxim)m(um)21 b(of)g(32)h(c)m(haracters,)j(so)c (it's)h(not)g(p)s(ortable)f(to)h(assume)e(that)i(using)f(more)g(than)g (one)g(argumen)m(t)150 3323 y(will)31 b(w)m(ork.)275 3457 y(Bash)h(scripts)g(often)g(b)s(egin)g(with)g Ft(#!)e(/bin/bash)g Fu(\(assuming)i(that)h(Bash)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(installed)i(in)150 3567 y Ft(/bin)p Fu(\),)26 b(since)h(this)f(ensures)f(that)i(Bash)f (will)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(in)m(terpret)f(the)h(script,)g(ev)m(en)g (if)f(it)h(is)f(executed)150 3676 y(under)h(another)h(shell.)41 b(It's)28 b(a)h(common)g(idiom)f(to)h(use)f Ft(env)g Fu(to)h(\014nd)e Ft(bash)g Fu(ev)m(en)i(if)f(it's)i(b)s(een)d (installed)150 3786 y(in)h(another)g(directory:)40 b Ft(#!/usr/bin/env)27 b(bash)f Fu(will)j(\014nd)d(the)j(\014rst)e(o)s (ccurrence)h(of)g Ft(bash)f Fu(in)h Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 44 50 TeXDict begin 44 49 bop 3659 -116 a Fu(44)150 299 y Fp(4)80 b(Shell)53 b(Builtin)f(Commands)150 499 y Fu(Builtin)34 b(commands)f(are)h(con)m(tained)g(within)f(the)h(shell)g(itself.)50 b(When)34 b(the)f(name)h(of)f(a)h(builtin)f(com-)150 608 y(mand)26 b(is)i(used)e(as)i(the)g(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)h(of)h(a)f (simple)h(command)f(\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.2)h([Simple)f(Commands],)150 718 y(page)21 b(8\),)j(the)d(shell)g(executes)h(the)f(command)f (directly)-8 b(,)24 b(without)d(in)m(v)m(oking)h(another)f(program.)37 b(Builtin)150 828 y(commands)f(are)h(necessary)g(to)g(implemen)m(t)g (functionalit)m(y)h(imp)s(ossible)e(or)h(incon)m(v)m(enien)m(t)h(to)f (obtain)150 937 y(with)30 b(separate)h(utilities.)275 1065 y(This)c(section)j(brie\015y)e(describ)s(es)g(the)h(builtins)f (whic)m(h)g(Bash)h(inherits)f(from)g(the)h(Bourne)g(Shell,)g(as)150 1174 y(w)m(ell)i(as)g(the)g(builtin)e(commands)h(whic)m(h)h(are)f (unique)g(to)h(or)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)d(extended)i(in)f(Bash.)275 1302 y(Sev)m(eral)45 b(builtin)e(commands)h(are)h(describ)s(ed)e(in)h (other)g(c)m(hapters:)69 b(builtin)43 b(commands)h(whic)m(h)150 1412 y(pro)m(vide)23 b(the)h(Bash)f(in)m(terface)i(to)f(the)g(job)f (con)m(trol)i(facilities)g(\(see)f(Section)h(7.2)f([Job)f(Con)m(trol)h (Builtins],)150 1521 y(page)37 b(108\),)i(the)d(directory)g(stac)m(k)h (\(see)g(Section)g(6.8.1)g([Directory)h(Stac)m(k)f(Builtins],)h(page)e (97\),)j(the)150 1631 y(command)23 b(history)h(\(see)g(Section)g(9.2)h ([Bash)f(History)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(146\),)h(and)d(the)h (programmable)150 1740 y(completion)32 b(facilities)g(\(see)g(Section)f (8.7)g([Programmable)g(Completion)g(Builtins],)g(page)h(139\).)275 1868 y(Man)m(y)f(of)f(the)h(builtins)e(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)e(extended) g(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)g Fu(or)g(Bash.)275 1996 y(Unless)20 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Ft(--)p Fu(')150 2653 y(to)31 b(prev)m(en)m(t)g(this)f(in)m (terpretation.)150 2880 y Fs(4.1)68 b(Bourne)45 b(Shell)g(Builtins)150 3040 y Fu(The)22 b(follo)m(wing)j(shell)d(builtin)h(commands)f(are)h (inherited)g(from)f(the)h(Bourne)g(Shell.)38 b(These)22 b(commands)150 3149 y(are)31 b(implemen)m(ted)g(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g (b)m(y)g(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard.)150 3295 y Ft(:)h Fu(\(a)h(colon\))870 3405 y Ft(:)47 b([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 3532 y Fu(Do)c(nothing)f(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(expanding)f Fr(argumen)m(ts)46 b Fu(and)c(p)s(erforming)f(redirections.)76 b(The)630 3642 y(return)29 b(status)i(is)f(zero.)150 3788 y Ft(.)g Fu(\(a)h(p)s(erio)s(d\))870 3897 y Ft(.)47 b Fj(filename)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 4025 y Fu(Read)34 b(and)f(execute)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h Fr(\014lename)39 b Fu(argumen)m(t)34 b(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(shell) 630 4134 y(con)m(text.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(\014lename)37 b Fu(do)s(es)31 b(not)g(con)m(tain)i(a)e(slash,)h(the)g Ft(PATH)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(\014nd)630 4244 y Fr(\014lename)p Fu(.)52 b(When)34 b(Bash)g(is)h(not)f(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)i(the)g(curren)m(t)f(directory)g(is)g(searc)m (hed)630 4354 y(if)d Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)h(found)d(in)i Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)41 b(If)31 b(an)m(y)g Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(are)c(supplied,)f(they)i(b)s(ecome)630 4463 y(the)e(p)s(ositional)h (parameters)g(when)e Fr(\014lename)35 b Fu(is)30 b(executed.)42 b(Otherwise)30 b(the)g(p)s(ositional)630 4573 y(parameters)40 b(are)f(unc)m(hanged.)67 b(If)39 b(the)g Ft(-T)g Fu(option)g(is)h (enabled,)h Ft(source)d Fu(inherits)h(an)m(y)630 4682 y(trap)31 b(on)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(;)f(if)i(it)f(is)g(not,)h(an)m(y)g Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)h(string)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(and)f(restored)g (around)630 4792 y(the)41 b(call)i(to)e Ft(source)p Fu(,)i(and)d Ft(source)f Fu(unsets)i(the)g Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap)h(while)g(it)g (executes.)74 b(If)630 4902 y Ft(-T)39 b Fu(is)g(not)h(set,)j(and)c (the)g(sourced)h(\014le)f(c)m(hanges)i(the)e Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap,)k(the)e(new)f(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)630 5011 y(retained)e(when)e Ft(source)g Fu(completes.)63 b(The)37 b(return)f(status)h(is)h(the)f (exit)i(status)e(of)h(the)630 5121 y(last)g(command)e(executed,)j(or)e (zero)h(if)e(no)h(commands)f(are)h(executed.)61 b(If)36 b Fr(\014lename)42 b Fu(is)630 5230 y(not)f(found,)h(or)e(cannot)h(b)s (e)f(read,)j(the)e(return)e(status)i(is)g(non-zero.)71 b(This)40 b(builtin)g(is)630 5340 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f Ft(source)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 45 51 TeXDict begin 45 50 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(45)150 299 y Ft(break)870 428 y(break)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 558 y Fu(Exit)f(from)f(a)g Ft(for)p Fu(,)k Ft(while)p Fu(,)e Ft(until)p Fu(,)h(or)d Ft(select)f Fu(lo)s(op.)83 b(If)44 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(supplied,)j(the)e Fr(n)p Fu(th)630 667 y(enclosing)c(lo)s(op)f(is)h(exited.)70 b Fr(n)40 b Fu(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)f(greater)j(than)d(or)i(equal)f(to)h(1.) 70 b(The)40 b(return)630 777 y(status)31 b(is)f(zero)h(unless)f Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)h(greater)g(than)g(or)f(equal)h(to)g(1.)150 927 y Ft(cd)870 1056 y(cd)47 b([-L|[-P)f([-e]])g([-@])h([)p Fj(directory)p Ft(])630 1186 y Fu(Change)27 b(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m (orking)h(directory)g(to)h Fr(directory)p Fu(.)40 b(If)26 b Fr(directory)35 b Fu(is)27 b(not)g(supplied,)630 1295 y(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)f(the)h Ft(HOME)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(is)g(used.)38 b(An)m(y)25 b(additional)i(argumen)m(ts)e (follo)m(wing)630 1405 y Fr(directory)39 b Fu(are)31 b(ignored.)41 b(If)30 b(the)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(CDPATH)e Fu(exists,)i(it)g(is)g(used)f(as)g(a)h(searc)m(h)630 1514 y(path:)39 b(eac)m(h)29 b(directory)g(name)f(in)f Ft(CDPATH)g Fu(is)h(searc)m(hed)g(for)g Fr(directory)p Fu(,)h(with)f(alternativ)m(e)630 1624 y(directory)j(names)g(in)f Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(separated)j(b)m(y)e(a)h(colon)h(\(`)p Ft(:)p Fu('\).)43 b(If)30 b Fr(directory)39 b Fu(b)s(egins)30 b(with)630 1733 y(a)h(slash,)f Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(is)h(not)h(used.)630 1863 y(The)g Ft(-P)h Fu(option)g(means)g(to)h(not)f(follo)m(w)h(sym)m (b)s(olic)g(links:)44 b(sym)m(b)s(olic)32 b(links)g(are)g(resolv)m(ed) 630 1973 y(while)41 b Ft(cd)f Fu(is)h(tra)m(v)m(ersing)h Fr(directory)49 b Fu(and)40 b(b)s(efore)g(pro)s(cessing)h(an)f (instance)i(of)f(`)p Ft(..)p Fu(')f(in)630 2082 y Fr(directory)p Fu(.)630 2212 y(By)34 b(default,)h(or)e(when)g(the)g Ft(-L)g Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(links)f(in)h Fr(directory)42 b Fu(are)630 2321 y(resolv)m(ed)31 b(after)g Ft(cd)f Fu(pro)s(cesses)g(an)g(instance)h(of)g(`)p Ft(..)p Fu(')f(in)g Fr(directory)p Fu(.)630 2451 y(If)35 b(`)p Ft(..)p Fu(')f(app)s(ears)h(in)f Fr(directory)p Fu(,)j(it)f(is)f(pro)s (cessed)f(b)m(y)h(remo)m(ving)h(the)f(immediately)h(pre-)630 2560 y(ceding)31 b(pathname)f(comp)s(onen)m(t,)h(bac)m(k)g(to)g(a)g (slash)f(or)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g Fr(directory)p Fu(.)630 2690 y(If)i(the)i Ft(-e)e Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)f(with)g Ft(-P)h Fu(and)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(w)m(orking)g(directory)g(cannot)630 2800 y(b)s(e)k(successfully)g(determined)g(after)i(a)e(successful)h (directory)g(c)m(hange,)i Ft(cd)d Fu(will)h(return)630 2909 y(an)30 b(unsuccessful)f(status.)630 3039 y(On)41 b(systems)h(that)h(supp)s(ort)d(it,)46 b(the)c Ft(-@)g Fu(option)g(presen)m(ts)g(the)g(extended)g(attributes)630 3148 y(asso)s(ciated)32 b(with)e(a)h(\014le)f(as)h(a)f(directory)-8 b(.)630 3278 y(If)41 b Fr(directory)49 b Fu(is)41 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(it)e(is)f(con)m(v)m(erted)h(to)g Ft($OLDPWD)d Fu(b)s(efore)i(the)g(directory)h(c)m(hange)g(is)630 3387 y(attempted.)630 3517 y(If)33 b(a)h(non-empt)m(y)g(directory)g(name)f (from)g Ft(CDPATH)f Fu(is)h(used,)h(or)g(if)f(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')h(is)f(the)h(\014rst)f(argu-)630 3626 y(men)m(t,)28 b(and)e(the)h(directory)g(c)m(hange)h(is)f(successful,)h(the)f (absolute)g(pathname)g(of)f(the)h(new)630 3736 y(w)m(orking)k (directory)g(is)f(written)g(to)i(the)e(standard)g(output.)630 3866 y(The)f(return)g(status)h(is)f(zero)i(if)e(the)h(directory)g(is)g (successfully)g(c)m(hanged,)g(non-zero)g(oth-)630 3975 y(erwise.)150 4125 y Ft(continue)870 4254 y(continue)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 4384 y Fu(Resume)32 b(the)g(next)g(iteration)i (of)e(an)g(enclosing)h Ft(for)p Fu(,)f Ft(while)p Fu(,)f Ft(until)p Fu(,)g(or)h Ft(select)f Fu(lo)s(op.)630 4493 y(If)f Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(supplied,)e(the)j(execution)g(of)f(the)g Fr(n)p Fu(th)f(enclosing)i(lo)s(op)f(is)f(resumed.)42 b Fr(n)30 b Fu(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)630 4603 y(greater)39 b(than)f(or)g(equal)g(to)h(1.)63 b(The)38 b(return)e(status)j(is)e (zero)i(unless)e Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(not)g(greater)630 4712 y(than)30 b(or)g(equal)h(to)g(1.)150 4862 y Ft(eval)870 4991 y(eval)47 b([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 5121 y Fu(The)25 b(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(concatenated)i(together)f(in)m(to)f(a)g(single)h (command,)f(whic)m(h)g(is)f(then)630 5230 y(read)35 b(and)g(executed,)j (and)d(its)h(exit)g(status)g(returned)e(as)h(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)g Ft(eval)p Fu(.)54 b(If)630 5340 y(there)31 b(are)f(no)h(argumen)m(ts)f (or)h(only)f(empt)m(y)h(argumen)m(ts,)g(the)f(return)g(status)g(is)h (zero.)p eop end %%Page: 46 52 TeXDict begin 46 51 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)h(Shell)f (Builtin)h(Commands)2079 b(46)150 299 y Ft(exec)870 430 y(exec)47 b([-cl])f([-a)h Fj(name)p Ft(])f([)p Fj(command)g Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(]])630 562 y Fu(If)36 b Fr(command)k Fu(is)c(supplied,)h(it)g(replaces)h(the)e(shell)h(without)f(creating)i (a)f(new)f(pro)s(cess.)630 671 y(If)k(the)h Ft(-l)e Fu(option)i(is)g (supplied,)h(the)e(shell)h(places)g(a)g(dash)f(at)h(the)f(b)s(eginning) g(of)h(the)630 781 y(zeroth)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(passed)e(to)h Fr(command)p Fu(.)57 b(This)35 b(is)h(what)f(the)h Ft(login)e Fu(program)i(do)s(es.)630 891 y(The)i Ft(-c)g Fu(option)g(causes)h Fr(command)j Fu(to)d(b)s(e)f(executed)h(with)f(an)g(empt)m(y)h(en)m (vironmen)m(t.)630 1000 y(If)c Ft(-a)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)f(the)h(shell) g(passes)f Fr(name)41 b Fu(as)36 b(the)f(zeroth)i(argumen)m(t)f(to)g Fr(command)p Fu(.)630 1110 y(If)c Fr(command)j Fu(cannot)e(b)s(e)f (executed)h(for)f(some)g(reason,)h(a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d (exits,)630 1219 y(unless)27 b(the)g Ft(execfail)e Fu(shell)i(option)h (is)f(enabled.)40 b(In)27 b(that)g(case,)j(it)d(returns)f(failure.)40 b(An)630 1329 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)35 b(shell)d(returns)f(failure)h(if)g (the)g(\014le)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(executed.)47 b(A)32 b(subshell)f(exits)630 1439 y(unconditionally)j(if)g Ft(exec)f Fu(fails.)52 b(If)33 b(no)h Fr(command)j Fu(is)d(sp)s (eci\014ed,)h(redirections)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)630 1548 y(used)30 b(to)i(a\013ect)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m (t.)43 b(If)30 b(there)i(are)f(no)g(redirection)g(errors,)630 1658 y(the)g(return)e(status)i(is)f(zero;)h(otherwise)g(the)g(return)e (status)i(is)f(non-zero.)150 1811 y Ft(exit)870 1943 y(exit)47 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 2074 y Fu(Exit)30 b(the)g(shell,)h (returning)d(a)j(status)f(of)g Fr(n)f Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(paren)m (t.)41 b(If)30 b Fr(n)f Fu(is)h(omitted,)h(the)630 2184 y(exit)c(status)g(is)g(that)g(of)g(the)g(last)g(command)f(executed.)41 b(An)m(y)26 b(trap)h(on)f Ft(EXIT)f Fu(is)i(executed)630 2293 y(b)s(efore)j(the)h(shell)f(terminates.)150 2447 y Ft(export)870 2578 y(export)46 b([-fn])g([-p])h([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(]])630 2710 y Fu(Mark)40 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(to)40 b(b)s(e)f(passed)g(to)i(c)m(hild)f(pro)s (cesses)f(in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)70 b(If)39 b(the)630 2819 y Ft(-f)33 b Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)33 b(refer)g(to)i(shell)e(functions;)i(otherwise)f (the)g(names)630 2929 y(refer)c(to)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)41 b(The)30 b Ft(-n)f Fu(option)i(means)f(to)h(no)f(longer)h(mark)f(eac)m (h)i Fr(name)j Fu(for)630 3039 y(exp)s(ort.)52 b(If)33 b(no)h Fr(names)k Fu(are)c(supplied,)g(or)g(if)g(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)g(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(a)d(list)h(of)f(names)630 3148 y(of)d(all)h(exp)s(orted)e(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(is)g(displa)m(y)m (ed.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(-p)g Fu(option)i(displa)m(ys)e(output)h(in)f(a)h (form)630 3258 y(that)25 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)h(input.)38 b(If)24 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(name)g(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e (=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)27 b(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)630 3367 y(of)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)g(to)g Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)630 3499 y(The)29 b(return)e(status)j(is)f(zero)h (unless)e(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)29 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)f(one)i (of)f(the)g(names)630 3608 y(is)k(not)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)33 b(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(name,)i(or)e Ft(-f)f Fu(is)h(supplied)f (with)h(a)g(name)g(that)h(is)f(not)h(a)630 3718 y(shell)d(function.)150 3871 y Ft(getopts)870 4003 y(getopts)46 b Fj(optstring)f(name)i Ft([)p Fj(arg)f Ft(...])630 4134 y(getopts)28 b Fu(is)i(used)g(b)m(y)g (shell)g(scripts)g(to)g(parse)g(p)s(ositional)h(parameters.)41 b Fr(optstring)d Fu(con-)630 4244 y(tains)k(the)g(option)f(c)m (haracters)i(to)g(b)s(e)d(recognized;)49 b(if)42 b(a)f(c)m(haracter)j (is)d(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)f(a)630 4354 y(colon,)33 b(the)f(option)g(is)g(exp)s(ected)g(to)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(an)e(argumen)m (t,)i(whic)m(h)f(should)e(b)s(e)h(separated)630 4463 y(from)40 b(it)g(b)m(y)g(whitespace.)70 b(The)40 b(colon)h(\(`)p Ft(:)p Fu('\))g(and)e(question)h(mark)g(\(`)p Ft(?)p Fu('\))h(ma)m(y)f(not)h(b)s(e)630 4573 y(used)d(as)g(option)h(c)m (haracters.)67 b(Eac)m(h)39 b(time)g(it)g(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)k Ft(getopts)37 b Fu(places)i(the)g(next)630 4682 y(option)29 b(in)f(the)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b Fr(name)p Fu(,)f(initializing) i Fr(name)j Fu(if)28 b(it)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(exist,)h(and)e(the)630 4792 y(index)33 b(of)g(the)h(next)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(pro)s (cessed)h(in)m(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Ft(OPTIND)p Fu(.)48 b Ft(OPTIND)630 4902 y Fu(is)41 b(initialized)i(to)f(1)f(eac)m (h)h(time)g(the)f(shell)g(or)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m (ed.)74 b(When)41 b(an)630 5011 y(option)36 b(requires)e(an)h(argumen)m (t,)i Ft(getopts)c Fu(places)j(that)g(argumen)m(t)g(in)m(to)g(the)f(v) -5 b(ariable)630 5121 y Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)55 b(The)35 b(shell)g(do)s(es)h(not)g(reset)g Ft(OPTIND)e Fu(automatically;)41 b(it)36 b(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(man)m(ually)630 5230 y(reset)i(b)s(et)m(w)m (een)g(m)m(ultiple)h(calls)f(to)g Ft(getopts)e Fu(within)h(the)h(same)g (shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(if)e(a)630 5340 y(new)30 b(set)h(of)f(parameters)h(is)f(to)i(b)s(e)d(used.)p eop end %%Page: 47 53 TeXDict begin 47 52 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(47)630 299 y(When)41 b(the)h(end)e(of)i(options)g(is)f(encoun)m(tered,)k Ft(getopts)39 b Fu(exits)j(with)f(a)h(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)630 408 y(greater)32 b(than)e(zero.)41 b Ft(OPTIND)29 b Fu(is)h(set)h(to)g(the) g(index)f(of)g(the)h(\014rst)f(non-option)g(argumen)m(t,)630 518 y(and)g Fr(name)35 b Fu(is)c(set)g(to)g(`)p Ft(?)p Fu('.)630 655 y Ft(getopts)c Fu(normally)j(parses)e(the)i(p)s (ositional)g(parameters,)g(but)e(if)i(more)f(argumen)m(ts)h(are)630 765 y(supplied)f(as)i Fr(arg)38 b Fu(v)-5 b(alues,)31 b Ft(getopts)e Fu(parses)h(those)h(instead.)630 902 y Ft(getopts)h Fu(can)h(rep)s(ort)g(errors)g(in)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(a)m (ys.)51 b(If)33 b(the)h(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)k(of)d Fr(optstring)42 b Fu(is)34 b(a)630 1011 y(colon,)g Fr(silen)m(t)h Fu(error)d(rep)s(orting)f(is)i(used.)45 b(In)31 b(normal)h(op)s (eration,)h(diagnostic)h(messages)630 1121 y(are)c(prin)m(ted)e(when)g (in)m(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(options)g(or)f(missing)g(option)g(argumen)m(ts)h (are)f(encoun)m(tered.)630 1230 y(If)34 b(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b Ft(OPTERR)d Fu(is)i(set)h(to)f(0,)i(no)e(error)g (messages)h(will)f(b)s(e)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(ev)m(en)f(if)630 1340 y(the)c(\014rst)e(c)m(haracter)j(of)f Ft(optstring)d Fu(is)i(not)h(a)f(colon.)630 1477 y(If)39 b(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)41 b(option)f(is)g(seen,)i Ft(getopts)c Fu(places)j(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(')f(in)m(to)h Fr(name)k Fu(and,)d(if)e(not)g(silen)m(t,)630 1587 y(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)f(message)h(and)f(unsets)g Ft(OPTARG)p Fu(.)67 b(If)39 b Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(silen)m(t,)j(the)c (option)630 1696 y(c)m(haracter)32 b(found)d(is)h(placed)h(in)f Ft(OPTARG)f Fu(and)h(no)g(diagnostic)i(message)f(is)g(prin)m(ted.)630 1833 y(If)c(a)g(required)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(not)g(found,)g(and)f Ft(getopts)f Fu(is)i(not)h(silen)m(t,)h(a)e(question)g(mark)630 1943 y(\(`)p Ft(?)p Fu('\))h(is)g(placed)g(in)f Fr(name)p Fu(,)h Ft(OPTARG)e Fu(is)h(unset,)h(and)f(a)g(diagnostic)i(message)g (is)e(prin)m(ted.)39 b(If)630 2052 y Ft(getopts)28 b Fu(is)h(silen)m(t,)i(then)e(a)h(colon)h(\(`)p Ft(:)p Fu('\))f(is)g(placed)g(in)f Fr(name)35 b Fu(and)29 b Ft(OPTARG)f Fu(is)h(set)h(to)h(the)630 2162 y(option)g(c)m(haracter)h (found.)150 2326 y Ft(hash)870 2463 y(hash)47 b([-r])f([-p)h Fj(filename)p Ft(])e([-dt])i([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 2600 y Fu(Eac)m(h)32 b(time)g Ft(hash)e Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed,)j(it)d (remem)m(b)s(ers)g(the)g(full)g(pathnames)g(of)h(the)f(commands)630 2710 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)i(as)i Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts,)c(so)g(they)f (need)g(not)g(b)s(e)f(searc)m(hed)i(for)f(on)g(subsequen)m(t)630 2819 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cations.)79 b(The)41 b(commands)h(are)h(found)e(b)m (y)h(searc)m(hing)i(through)d(the)i(directories)630 2929 y(listed)37 b(in)g Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)58 b(An)m(y)37 b(previously-remem)m (b)s(ered)f(pathname)h(is)g(discarded.)59 b(The)37 b Ft(-p)630 3039 y Fu(option)d(inhibits)f(the)h(path)g(searc)m(h,)h(and)e Fr(\014lename)39 b Fu(is)34 b(used)f(as)h(the)f(lo)s(cation)j(of)e Fr(name)p Fu(.)630 3148 y(The)42 b Ft(-r)g Fu(option)h(causes)f(the)h (shell)g(to)g(forget)g(all)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)d(lo)s(cations.)79 b(The)42 b Ft(-d)630 3258 y Fu(option)31 b(causes)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g (forget)h(the)f(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(lo)s(cation)j(of)f(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)p Fu(.)41 b(If)30 b(the)630 3367 y Ft(-t)39 b Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)g(the)g(full)f(pathname)h(to)g(whic)m(h)f (eac)m(h)i Fr(name)k Fu(corresp)s(onds)38 b(is)630 3477 y(prin)m(ted.)i(If)28 b(m)m(ultiple)h Fr(name)34 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)29 b(are)g(supplied)f(with)g Ft(-t)p Fu(,)h(the)g Fr(name)34 b Fu(is)28 b(prin)m(ted)630 3587 y(b)s(efore)h(the)i(hashed)e(full)g (pathname.)41 b(The)29 b Ft(-l)g Fu(option)i(causes)f(output)f(to)i(b)s (e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed)630 3696 y(in)23 b(a)h(format)g(that)g(ma)m(y)g(b) s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)37 b(If)23 b(no)h(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h(giv)m (en,)i(or)e(if)f(only)h Ft(-l)630 3806 y Fu(is)35 b(supplied,)f (information)h(ab)s(out)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(commands)g(is)h(prin)m (ted.)53 b(The)34 b(return)630 3915 y(status)d(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(a)h Fr(name)k Fu(is)c(not)f(found)f(or)i(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f(supplied.)150 4080 y Ft(pwd)870 4217 y(pwd)47 b([-LP])630 4354 y Fu(Prin)m(t)29 b(the)g(absolute)h(pathname) e(of)h(the)h(curren)m(t)e(w)m(orking)h(directory)-8 b(.)42 b(If)28 b(the)h Ft(-P)f Fu(option)630 4463 y(is)39 b(supplied,)h(the)f (pathname)g(prin)m(ted)g(will)g(not)h(con)m(tain)g(sym)m(b)s(olic)f (links.)67 b(If)38 b(the)i Ft(-L)630 4573 y Fu(option)k(is)g(supplied,) i(the)e(pathname)f(prin)m(ted)h(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)f (links.)80 b(The)630 4682 y(return)26 b(status)h(is)h(zero)g(unless)e (an)h(error)g(is)g(encoun)m(tered)g(while)h(determining)f(the)g(name) 630 4792 y(of)k(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(or)f(an)h(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f(supplied.)150 4956 y Ft(readonly)870 5093 y(readonly)46 b([-aAf])g([-p])g([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(]])e(...)630 5230 y Fu(Mark)33 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)39 b Fu(as)33 b(readonly)-8 b(.)49 b(The)32 b(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(of)f(these)g(names)g(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged)630 5340 y(b)m(y)38 b(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(t.)65 b(If)38 b(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied,)g(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)j Fu(refers)38 b(to)p eop end %%Page: 48 54 TeXDict begin 48 53 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(48)630 299 y(a)37 b(shell)g(function.)59 b(The)36 b Ft(-a)g Fu(option)h(means)f(eac)m(h)i Fr(name)k Fu(refers)36 b(to)h(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)630 408 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)28 b(the)f Ft(-A)e Fu(option)h(means)g(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(refers)26 b(to)g(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)630 518 y(If)35 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)h(supplied,)f Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)i(precedence.)58 b(If)35 b(no)h Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts)d(are)630 628 y(giv)m(en,)k(or)c(if)h(the)g Ft(-p)f Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)i(a)f(list)g(of)g(all)g(readonly)g (names)f(is)h(prin)m(ted.)630 737 y(The)32 b(other)g(options)g(ma)m(y)h (b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(restrict)g(the)f(output)g(to)h(a)f(subset)g(of)g (the)g(set)h(of)630 847 y(readonly)c(names.)41 b(The)28 b Ft(-p)h Fu(option)h(causes)g(output)e(to)j(b)s(e)d(displa)m(y)m(ed)i (in)f(a)h(format)f(that)630 956 y(ma)m(y)j(b)s(e)e(reused)g(as)i (input.)42 b(If)30 b(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(name)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m (ed)h(b)m(y)f(=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)32 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)630 1066 y(the)i(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)f(set)i(to)f Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)50 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)g(is)h(zero)g (unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)34 b(option)630 1176 y(is)c(supplied,)f(one)h(of)g(the)g Fr(name)35 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)30 b(is)g(not)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(or)g(function)630 1285 y(name,)h(or)f(the)h Ft(-f)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied)e(with)h(a)h(name)f(that)h(is)f(not)h(a)g (shell)f(function.)150 1462 y Ft(return)870 1606 y(return)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 1749 y Fu(Cause)37 b(a)g(shell)h(function)f(to)g (stop)h(executing)g(and)e(return)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b Fr(n)g Fu(to)h(its)f(caller.)630 1858 y(If)h Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)h(the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(is)f(the)g(exit)g(status)g(of)g(the)g(last)h(command)630 1968 y(executed)i(in)f(the)g(function.)72 b(If)41 b Ft(return)e Fu(is)i(executed)h(b)m(y)f(a)h(trap)f(handler,)i(the)e(last)630 2078 y(command)d(used)f(to)i(determine)f(the)g(status)g(is)h(the)f (last)h(command)e(executed)i(b)s(efore)630 2187 y(the)27 b(trap)g(handler.)39 b(If)26 b Ft(return)g Fu(is)h(executed)h(during)d (a)j Ft(DEBUG)d Fu(trap,)j(the)f(last)h(command)630 2297 y(used)f(to)h(determine)g(the)f(status)h(is)g(the)f(last)i(command)e (executed)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(trap)h(handler)630 2406 y(b)s(efore)e Ft(return)f Fu(w)m(as)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)41 b Ft(return)25 b Fu(ma)m(y)i(also)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(terminate)h(execution)g(of)630 2516 y(a)34 b(script)g(b)s(eing)g(executed)g(with)g(the)g Ft(.)g Fu(\()p Ft(source)p Fu(\))f(builtin,)h(returning)f(either)i Fr(n)e Fu(or)h(the)630 2626 y(exit)j(status)f(of)g(the)g(last)h (command)e(executed)i(within)e(the)h(script)g(as)g(the)g(exit)h(status) 630 2735 y(of)i(the)g(script.)65 b(If)38 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)h (the)f(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)g(its)g(least)h(signi\014can)m(t)g (8)f(bits.)630 2845 y(An)m(y)g(command)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d(the)h Ft(RETURN)e Fu(trap)i(is)g(executed)g(b)s(efore)g(execution)630 2954 y(resumes)29 b(after)h(the)g(function)g(or)g(script.)40 b(The)29 b(return)g(status)h(is)g(non-zero)g(if)g Ft(return)e Fu(is)630 3064 y(supplied)h(a)i(non-n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(or)f(is) h(used)f(outside)h(a)g(function)f(and)g(not)h(during)630 3173 y(the)g(execution)g(of)g(a)f(script)h(b)m(y)f Ft(.)g Fu(or)g Ft(source)p Fu(.)150 3351 y Ft(shift)870 3494 y(shift)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 3637 y Fu(Shift)41 b(the)g(p)s (ositional)h(parameters)g(to)g(the)f(left)h(b)m(y)g Fr(n)p Fu(.)73 b(The)40 b(p)s(ositional)j(parameters)630 3747 y(from)34 b Fr(n)p Ft(+)p Fu(1)39 b(.)22 b(.)h(.)45 b Ft($#)34 b Fu(are)g(renamed)g(to)h Ft($1)k Fu(.)22 b(.)g(.)46 b Ft($#)p Fu(-)p Fr(n)p Fu(.)51 b(P)m(arameters)36 b(represen)m(ted)e (b)m(y)g(the)630 3856 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)d Ft($#)i Fu(do)m(wn)f(to)i Ft($#)p Fu(-)p Fr(n)p Ft(+)p Fu(1)e(are)h(unset.)48 b Fr(n)32 b Fu(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(non-negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d (less)630 3966 y(than)g(or)g(equal)h(to)g Ft($#)p Fu(.)46 b(If)31 b Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(zero)h(or)f(greater)i(than)e Ft($#)p Fu(,)g(the)h(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)630 4075 y(are)e(not)h(c)m(hanged.)43 b(If)31 b Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)f (it)i(is)f(assumed)f(to)i(b)s(e)f(1.)43 b(The)31 b(return)f(status)630 4185 y(is)g(zero)i(unless)d Fr(n)h Fu(is)g(greater)i(than)e Ft($#)g Fu(or)g(less)h(than)f(zero,)i(non-zero)e(otherwise.)150 4362 y Ft(test)150 4472 y([)870 4615 y(test)47 b Fj(expr)630 4758 y Fu(Ev)-5 b(aluate)43 b(a)f(conditional)h(expression)f Fr(expr)48 b Fu(and)41 b(return)g(a)h(status)g(of)g(0)g(\(true\))h(or)f (1)630 4868 y(\(false\).)g(Eac)m(h)31 b(op)s(erator)f(and)f(op)s(erand) g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)f(a)i(separate)g(argumen)m(t.)41 b(Expressions)630 4977 y(are)26 b(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(the)h(primaries)f(describ)s(ed)f(b)s (elo)m(w)h(in)g(Section)h(6.4)h([Bash)e(Conditional)630 5087 y(Expressions],)39 b(page)g(91.)64 b Ft(test)37 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept)i(an)m(y)e(options,)i(nor)e(do)s(es)f(it)h (accept)630 5197 y(and)30 b(ignore)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(of)f Ft(--)g Fu(as)h(signifying)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)630 5340 y(When)g(the)h Ft([)f Fu(form)g(is)g(used,)g(the)g(last)i(argumen) m(t)e(to)i(the)e(command)g(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(a)i Ft(])p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 49 55 TeXDict begin 49 54 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(49)630 299 y(Expressions)23 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)i(using)f(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(op)s (erators,)g(listed)f(in)f(decreasing)630 408 y(order)30 b(of)h(precedence.)43 b(The)30 b(ev)-5 b(aluation)33 b(dep)s(ends)28 b(on)j(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(argumen)m(ts;)g (see)630 518 y(b)s(elo)m(w.)41 b(Op)s(erator)30 b(precedence)h(is)f (used)g(when)f(there)i(are)f(\014v)m(e)h(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts.)630 673 y Ft(!)f Fj(expr)210 b Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(expr)37 b Fu(is)30 b(false.)630 829 y Ft(\()g Fj(expr)f Ft(\))133 b Fu(Returns)23 b(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)f Fr(expr)p Fu(.)38 b(This)24 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(o)m(v)m(erride)g(the)g (normal)1110 938 y(precedence)31 b(of)f(op)s(erators.)630 1093 y Fj(expr1)f Ft(-a)h Fj(expr2)1110 1203 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(b)s(oth)g Fr(expr1)37 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(expr2)38 b Fu(are)30 b(true.)630 1358 y Fj(expr1)f Ft(-o)h Fj(expr2)1110 1468 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(either)h Fr(expr1)38 b Fu(or)30 b Fr(expr2)37 b Fu(is)31 b(true.)630 1623 y(The)37 b Ft(test)f Fu(and)g Ft([)h Fu(builtins)g(ev)-5 b(aluate)39 b(conditional)f(expressions)f(using)g(a)g(set)h(of)f(rules)630 1733 y(based)30 b(on)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(argumen)m(ts.)630 1888 y(0)h(argumen)m(ts)1110 1998 y(The)f(expression)g(is)g(false.)630 2153 y(1)h(argumen)m(t)1110 2262 y(The)f(expression)g(is)g(true)h(if,)f (and)g(only)g(if,)h(the)g(argumen)m(t)f(is)h(not)f(n)m(ull.)630 2418 y(2)h(argumen)m(ts)1110 2527 y(If)f(the)h(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)h (is)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)g(the)g(expression)g(is)g(true)f(if)h(and)f (only)h(if)g(the)1110 2637 y(second)j(argumen)m(t)f(is)h(n)m(ull.)50 b(If)33 b(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(is)g(one)g(of)f(the)h(unary) 1110 2746 y(conditional)42 b(op)s(erators)f(\(see)g(Section)h(6.4)f ([Bash)g(Conditional)g(Expres-)1110 2856 y(sions],)34 b(page)f(91\),)i(the)e(expression)f(is)h(true)g(if)g(the)g(unary)e (test)j(is)f(true.)47 b(If)1110 2966 y(the)33 b(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h (is)f(not)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)34 b(unary)e(op)s(erator,)i(the)g (expression)f(is)1110 3075 y(false.)630 3230 y(3)e(argumen)m(ts)1110 3340 y(The)f(follo)m(wing)i(conditions)f(are)f(applied)h(in)f(the)g (order)g(listed.)1159 3472 y(1.)61 b(If)29 b(the)g(second)g(argumen)m (t)h(is)f(one)h(of)f(the)h(binary)e(conditional)j(op)s(era-)1290 3582 y(tors)c(\(see)h(Section)g(6.4)g([Bash)g(Conditional)f (Expressions],)h(page)f(91\),)1290 3692 y(the)d(result)g(of)f(the)h (expression)g(is)g(the)f(result)h(of)g(the)g(binary)f(test)h(using)1290 3801 y(the)35 b(\014rst)e(and)h(third)g(argumen)m(ts)h(as)f(op)s (erands.)52 b(The)34 b(`)p Ft(-a)p Fu(')g(and)g(`)p Ft(-o)p Fu(')1290 3911 y(op)s(erators)24 b(are)g(considered)g(binary)f(op)s (erators)h(when)f(there)h(are)h(three)1290 4020 y(argumen)m(ts.)1159 4153 y(2.)61 b(If)41 b(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(is)f(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)k(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)h(the)f(negation)i(of)f(the) 1290 4262 y(t)m(w)m(o-argumen)m(t)33 b(test)e(using)f(the)g(second)h (and)e(third)h(argumen)m(ts.)1159 4395 y(3.)61 b(If)35 b(the)h(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(is)g(exactly)h(`)p Ft(\()p Fu(')f(and)f(the)g(third)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)1290 4504 y(exactly)i(`)p Ft(\))p Fu(',)g(the)f(result)f(is)h(the)f(one-argumen)m (t)i(test)f(of)f(the)h(second)1290 4614 y(argumen)m(t.)1159 4746 y(4.)61 b(Otherwise,)30 b(the)h(expression)f(is)g(false.)630 4902 y(4)h(argumen)m(ts)1110 5011 y(If)h(the)i(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)h (is)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(',)h(the)f(result)g(is)g(the)g(negation)h(of)f(the) g(three-)1110 5121 y(argumen)m(t)h(expression)f(comp)s(osed)h(of)f(the) h(remaining)g(argumen)m(ts.)50 b(Oth-)1110 5230 y(erwise,)34 b(the)f(expression)g(is)g(parsed)g(and)f(ev)-5 b(aluated)34 b(according)h(to)e(prece-)1110 5340 y(dence)e(using)e(the)i(rules)f (listed)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)p eop end %%Page: 50 56 TeXDict begin 50 55 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(50)630 299 y(5)31 b(or)f(more)h(argumen)m(ts)1110 408 y(The)43 b(expression)f(is)i (parsed)e(and)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)45 b(according)f(to)f(precedence)1110 518 y(using)30 b(the)g(rules)g(listed)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)630 690 y(When)40 b(used)f(with)g Ft(test)g Fu(or)h(`)p Ft([)p Fu(',)j(the)d(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')h(op)s(erators)g (sort)g(lexicographically)630 800 y(using)30 b(ASCI)s(I)f(ordering.)150 972 y Ft(times)870 1113 y(times)630 1254 y Fu(Prin)m(t)37 b(out)h(the)g(user)e(and)h(system)g(times)h(used)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(shell) f(and)g(its)h(c)m(hildren.)61 b(The)630 1363 y(return)29 b(status)i(is)f(zero.)150 1536 y Ft(trap)870 1677 y(trap)47 b([-lp])f([)p Fj(arg)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(sigspec)g Ft(...)o(])630 1817 y Fu(The)d(commands)f(in)h Fr(arg)51 b Fu(are)44 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(read)h(and)g(executed)h(when)e(the)h(shell)g(receiv)m (es)630 1927 y(signal)36 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)p Fu(.)57 b(If)35 b Fr(arg)44 b Fu(is)36 b(absen)m(t)g(\(and)f(there)h(is)g(a)f(single)i Fr(sigsp)s(ec)6 b Fu(\))35 b(or)h(equal)g(to)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)630 2037 y(eac)m(h)k(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(signal's)h(disp)s(osition)g (is)f(reset)i(to)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(it)g(had)f(when)g(the)h (shell)630 2146 y(w)m(as)33 b(started.)47 b(If)32 b Fr(arg)41 b Fu(is)32 b(the)h(n)m(ull)f(string,)i(then)e(the)g(signal)i(sp)s (eci\014ed)d(b)m(y)i(eac)m(h)g Fr(sigsp)s(ec)630 2256 y Fu(is)g(ignored)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(and)e(commands)h(it)h(in)m(v) m(ok)m(es.)51 b(If)33 b Fr(arg)41 b Fu(is)33 b(not)h(presen)m(t)f(and)g Ft(-p)630 2365 y Fu(has)g(b)s(een)g(supplied,)f(the)i(shell)f(displa)m (ys)h(the)f(trap)g(commands)g(asso)s(ciated)i(with)e(eac)m(h)630 2475 y Fr(sigsp)s(ec)p Fu(.)47 b(If)31 b(no)i(argumen)m(ts)f(are)h (supplied,)e(or)i(only)f Ft(-p)g Fu(is)g(giv)m(en,)i Ft(trap)d Fu(prin)m(ts)h(the)g(list)630 2585 y(of)c(commands)f(asso)s (ciated)i(with)f(eac)m(h)h(signal)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(in)i(a)g(form)f (that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(reused)630 2694 y(as)f(shell)h(input.)38 b(The)26 b Ft(-l)f Fu(option)i(causes)f(the)g(shell)h(to)g(prin)m(t)e (a)i(list)f(of)h(signal)g(names)f(and)630 2804 y(their)33 b(corresp)s(onding)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)47 b(Eac)m(h)34 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)39 b Fu(is)33 b(either)g(a)h(signal)g(name)f(or)g(a)g (signal)630 2913 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)39 b(Signal)31 b(names)f(are)h (case)h(insensitiv)m(e)f(and)f(the)g Ft(SIG)g Fu(pre\014x)f(is)i (optional.)630 3054 y(If)k(a)g Fr(sigsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)35 b Ft(0)g Fu(or)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(,)g Fr(arg)43 b Fu(is)35 b(executed)h(when)e(the)h(shell)h(exits.)55 b(If)35 b(a)g Fr(sigsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)630 3164 y Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(,)32 b(the)g(command)g Fr(arg)40 b Fu(is)33 b(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m (ery)h(simple)f(command,)h Ft(for)e Fu(com-)630 3273 y(mand,)d Ft(case)g Fu(command,)h Ft(select)e Fu(command,)i(ev)m(ery)h (arithmetic)g Ft(for)d Fu(command,)j(and)630 3383 y(b)s(efore)22 b(the)g(\014rst)f(command)h(executes)i(in)e(a)g(shell)h(function.)37 b(Refer)22 b(to)h(the)g(description)f(of)630 3493 y(the)i Ft(extdebug)d Fu(option)j(to)h(the)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i (Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)630 3602 y(page)33 b(66\))g(for)f(details)h(of)f(its)h(e\013ect)g(on)f(the)g Ft(DEBUG)f Fu(trap.)46 b(If)31 b(a)i Fr(sigsp)s(ec)38 b Fu(is)32 b Ft(RETURN)p Fu(,)f(the)630 3712 y(command)h Fr(arg)41 b Fu(is)33 b(executed)g(eac)m(h)h(time)f(a)g(shell)g (function)g(or)f(a)h(script)g(executed)g(with)630 3821 y(the)e Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins)g(\014nishes)h (executing.)630 3962 y(If)20 b(a)i Fr(sigsp)s(ec)27 b Fu(is)21 b Ft(ERR)p Fu(,)h(the)f(command)g Fr(arg)29 b Fu(is)21 b(executed)h(whenev)m(er)e(a)i(pip)s(eline)e(\(whic)m(h)h (ma)m(y)630 4072 y(consist)35 b(of)g(a)f(single)h(simple)g(command\),)h (a)e(list,)j(or)d(a)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)h(returns)630 4181 y(a)41 b(non-zero)g(exit)h(status,)h(sub)5 b(ject)41 b(to)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(conditions.)72 b(The)40 b Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)i(is)630 4291 y(not)c(executed)h(if)f(the)h(failed)f (command)g(is)g(part)g(of)h(the)f(command)g(list)h(immediately)630 4401 y(follo)m(wing)30 b(an)e Ft(until)f Fu(or)i Ft(while)e Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)i(part)g(of)f(the)h(test)g(follo)m(wing)h(the)f Ft(if)f Fu(or)g Ft(elif)630 4510 y Fu(reserv)m(ed)45 b(w)m(ords,)j(part)c(of)h(a)g(command)g(executed)g(in)g(a)g Ft(&&)f Fu(or)h Ft(||)f Fu(list)h(except)h(the)630 4620 y(command)28 b(follo)m(wing)j(the)d(\014nal)h Ft(&&)f Fu(or)g Ft(||)p Fu(,)h(an)m(y)g(command)f(in)h(a)g(pip)s(eline)f(but)g (the)h(last,)630 4729 y(or)d(if)g(the)f(command's)h(return)f(status)h (is)g(b)s(eing)f(in)m(v)m(erted)i(using)e Ft(!)p Fu(.)39 b(These)25 b(are)i(the)f(same)630 4839 y(conditions)31 b(ob)s(ey)m(ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)f Ft(errexit)f Fu(\()p Ft(-e)p Fu(\))h(option.)630 4980 y(Signals)37 b(ignored)f(up)s(on)f(en)m(try)i (to)g(the)f(shell)h(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(trapp)s(ed)f(or)h(reset.)59 b(T)-8 b(rapp)s(ed)630 5089 y(signals)28 b(that)f(are)h(not)f(b)s(eing) g(ignored)g(are)g(reset)h(to)g(their)f(original)h(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(in)e(a)i(subshell)630 5199 y(or)i(subshell)g(en)m (vironmen)m(t)h(when)e(one)i(is)f(created.)630 5340 y(The)g(return)f (status)i(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(a)h Fr(sigsp)s(ec)36 b Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(signal.)p eop end %%Page: 51 57 TeXDict begin 51 56 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(51)150 299 y Ft(umask)870 434 y(umask)46 b([-p])h([-S])g([)p Fj(mode)p Ft(])630 570 y Fu(Set)30 b(the)f(shell)h(pro)s(cess's)f(\014le)h(creation)g (mask)g(to)g Fr(mo)s(de)p Fu(.)40 b(If)29 b Fr(mo)s(de)34 b Fu(b)s(egins)29 b(with)g(a)h(digit,)630 679 y(it)e(is)f(in)m (terpreted)g(as)g(an)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er;)e(if)g(not,)h(it)g (is)f(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(a)h(sym)m(b)s(olic)f(mo)s(de)630 789 y(mask)i(similar)g(to)g(that)h(accepted)g(b)m(y)f(the)g Ft(chmod)e Fu(command.)40 b(If)28 b Fr(mo)s(de)34 b Fu(is)28 b(omitted,)j(the)630 899 y(curren)m(t)39 b(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(of)f(the)g(mask)g(is)h(prin)m(ted.)66 b(If)39 b(the)g Ft(-S)g Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied)d(without)j(a)630 1008 y Fr(mo)s(de)d Fu(argumen)m(t,)d(the)e(mask)g(is)h(prin)m(ted)f(in)g(a) g(sym)m(b)s(olic)h(format.)47 b(If)32 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)630 1118 y(supplied,)f(and)f Fr(mo)s(de)37 b Fu(is)32 b(omitted,)i(the)f(output)f(is)g(in)g(a)g(form)g(that)h(ma)m (y)g(b)s(e)e(reused)h(as)630 1227 y(input.)62 b(The)38 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)g(if)g(the)g(mo)s(de)g(is)g(successfully) g(c)m(hanged)g(or)g(if)g(no)630 1337 y Fr(mo)s(de)d Fu(argumen)m(t)c (is)f(supplied,)g(and)f(non-zero)i(otherwise.)630 1473 y(Note)38 b(that)e(when)g(the)g(mo)s(de)g(is)g(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f (an)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)e(eac)m(h)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)630 1582 y(the)f(umask)g(is)h(subtracted)f(from)f Ft(7)p Fu(.)53 b(Th)m(us,)34 b(a)h(umask)e(of)i Ft(022)e Fu(results)h(in)g(p)s (ermissions)630 1692 y(of)d Ft(755)p Fu(.)150 1853 y Ft(unset)870 1989 y(unset)46 b([-fnv])g([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 2124 y Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)36 b(eac)m(h)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(or)f(function)f Fr(name)p Fu(.)52 b(If)33 b(the)i Ft(-v)e Fu(option)h(is)g(giv)m(en,)j(eac)m(h)e Fr(name)630 2234 y Fu(refers)27 b(to)h(a)g(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(and)f(that)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.)41 b(If)27 b(the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(giv)m(en,)630 2343 y(the)37 b Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)37 b(refer)f(to)i(shell)f(functions,)h(and)e(the)h (function)g(de\014nition)f(is)h(remo)m(v)m(ed.)61 b(If)630 2453 y(the)34 b Ft(-n)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied,)f(and)g Fr(name)38 b Fu(is)c(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(with)g(the)f Fr(nameref)51 b Fu(attribute,)630 2563 y Fr(name)42 b Fu(will)37 b(b)s(e)f(unset)g(rather)g(than)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(it)g(references.)60 b Ft(-n)36 b Fu(has)g(no)h(e\013ect) h(if)630 2672 y(the)h Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(supplied.)65 b(If)39 b(no)g(options)h(are)f(supplied,)h(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)j Fu(refers)39 b(to)h(a)630 2782 y(v)-5 b(ariable;)45 b(if)39 b(there)g(is)g(no)g(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(b)m(y)f(that)h(name,)h (a)f(function)f(with)g(that)g(name,)j(if)630 2891 y(an)m(y)-8 b(,)34 b(is)e(unset.)46 b(Readonly)33 b(v)-5 b(ariables)33 b(and)f(functions)g(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(unset.)46 b(Some)33 b(shell)630 3001 y(v)-5 b(ariables)29 b(lose)h(their)e(sp)s (ecial)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(if)f(they)h(are)g(unset;)g(suc)m(h)f(b)s(eha) m(vior)h(is)g(noted)f(in)630 3110 y(the)35 b(description)h(of)f(the)g (individual)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)56 b(The)34 b(return)g(status)i(is)f (zero)h(unless)f(a)630 3220 y Fr(name)h Fu(is)30 b(readonly)-8 b(.)150 3464 y Fs(4.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(Builtin)g(Commands)150 3623 y Fu(This)c(section)h(describ)s(es)f(builtin)f(commands)h(whic)m (h)g(are)h(unique)e(to)j(or)e(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)f(extended)g(in)150 3733 y(Bash.)g(Some)30 b(of)h(these)g(commands)f(are)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g (in)g(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard.)150 3895 y Ft(alias)870 4031 y(alias)46 b([-p])h([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])d(...)o(])630 4166 y Fu(Without)26 b(argumen)m(ts)f(or)g(with)f (the)h Ft(-p)g Fu(option,)h Ft(alias)e Fu(prin)m(ts)g(the)h(list)h(of)f (aliases)h(on)f(the)630 4276 y(standard)g(output)g(in)g(a)h(form)f (that)h(allo)m(ws)h(them)e(to)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g(input.)39 b(If)25 b(argumen)m(ts)630 4385 y(are)j(supplied,)e(an)i(alias)g(is)f (de\014ned)f(for)h(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)33 b Fu(whose)27 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)33 b Fu(is)27 b(giv)m(en.)41 b(If)26 b(no)h Fr(v)-5 b(alue)630 4495 y Fu(is)37 b(giv)m(en,)j(the)d(name)g (and)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)h(the)f(alias)h(is)f(prin)m(ted.)61 b(Aliases)38 b(are)f(describ)s(ed)f(in)630 4605 y(Section)31 b(6.6)h([Aliases],)g(page)f(94.)150 4766 y Ft(bind)870 4902 y(bind)47 b([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e([-lpsvPSVX])870 5011 y(bind)i([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e([-q)i Fj(function)p Ft(])f([-u)g Fj(function)p Ft(])g([-r)h Fj(keyseq)p Ft(])870 5121 y(bind)g([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e(-f)j Fj(filename)870 5230 y Ft(bind)f([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e(-x)j Fj(keyseq:shell-command) 870 5340 y Ft(bind)f([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e Fj(keyseq:function-name)p eop end %%Page: 52 58 TeXDict begin 52 57 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(52)870 299 y Ft(bind)47 b([-m)g Fj(keymap)p Ft(])e Fj(keyseq:readline-command)630 432 y Fu(Displa)m(y)22 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(\(see)f(Chapter)g(8)g ([Command)f(Line)h(Editing],)j(page)e(111\))g(k)m(ey)630 542 y(and)36 b(function)g(bindings,)i(bind)d(a)i(k)m(ey)g(sequence)g (to)h(a)f(Readline)g(function)f(or)h(macro,)630 651 y(or)44 b(set)h(a)g(Readline)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)83 b(Eac)m(h)45 b(non-option)g(argumen)m(t)f(is)g(a)h(command)f(as)g(it)630 761 y(w)m(ould)e(app)s(ear)f(in)h(a)h(Readline)g(initialization)i (\014le)d(\(see)h(Section)g(8.3)g([Readline)g(Init)630 870 y(File],)c(page)d(114\),)j(but)c(eac)m(h)h(binding)f(or)g(command)h (m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(passed)g(as)h(a)g(separate)630 980 y(argumen)m(t;)31 b(e.g.,)h(`)p Ft("\\C-x\\C-r":re-read-init-f)o(ile)p Fu('.)630 1113 y(Options,)e(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m (wing)h(meanings:)630 1270 y Ft(-m)e Fj(keymap)66 b Fu(Use)54 b Fr(k)m(eymap)j Fu(as)d(the)g(k)m(eymap)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(a\013ected)i(b) m(y)f(the)g(subsequen)m(t)1110 1379 y(bindings.)46 b(Acceptable)34 b Fr(k)m(eymap)i Fu(names)c(are)h Ft(emacs)p Fu(,)f Ft(emacs-standard)p Fu(,)1110 1489 y Ft(emacs-meta)p Fu(,)99 b Ft(emacs-ctlx)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi)p Fu(,)j Ft(vi-move)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi-command)p Fu(,)f(and)1110 1598 y Ft(vi-insert)p Fu(.)81 b Ft(vi)44 b Fu(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)46 b(to)g Ft(vi-command)c Fu(\()p Ft(vi-move)h Fu(is)i(also)h(a)1110 1708 y(synon)m(ym\);)30 b Ft(emacs)f Fu(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f Ft(emacs-standard)p Fu(.)630 1864 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(List)31 b(the)f(names)g(of)h(all)g (Readline)g(functions.)630 2021 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)34 b(Readline)f(function)g(names)g(and)f(bindings)f(in)i(suc)m(h)f(a)i(w)m (a)m(y)f(that)1110 2131 y(they)e(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)g(as)g(input)g(or)g (in)g(a)h(Readline)g(initialization)i(\014le.)630 2287 y Ft(-P)384 b Fu(List)31 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(function)f(names)g (and)g(bindings.)630 2444 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)25 b(Readline)f(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(names)f(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(in)g(suc)m(h)f(a)i(w)m(a)m(y)f(that)h(they)1110 2553 y(can)31 b(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)h(input)e(or)h(in)g(a)h(Readline)g (initialization)j(\014le.)630 2710 y Ft(-V)384 b Fu(List)31 b(curren)m(t)f(Readline)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(names)f(and)g(v)-5 b(alues.)630 2866 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)39 b(Readline)f(k)m(ey)g (sequences)f(b)s(ound)f(to)i(macros)g(and)f(the)g(strings)1110 2976 y(they)d(output)f(in)h(suc)m(h)f(a)h(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)f(they)g (can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(as)h(input)e(or)i(in)g(a)1110 3086 y(Readline)d(initialization)i(\014le.)630 3242 y Ft(-S)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)39 b(Readline)f(k)m(ey)g(sequences)f(b)s(ound)f(to)i (macros)g(and)f(the)g(strings)1110 3352 y(they)31 b(output.)630 3508 y Ft(-f)f Fj(filename)1110 3618 y Fu(Read)h(k)m(ey)g(bindings)e (from)h Fr(\014lename)p Fu(.)630 3774 y Ft(-q)g Fj(function)1110 3884 y Fu(Query)g(ab)s(out)g(whic)m(h)g(k)m(eys)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h (the)f(named)f Fr(function)p Fu(.)630 4041 y Ft(-u)g Fj(function)1110 4150 y Fu(Un)m(bind)f(all)i(k)m(eys)g(b)s(ound)e(to)i (the)f(named)g Fr(function)p Fu(.)630 4307 y Ft(-r)g Fj(keyseq)66 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(an)m(y)f(curren)m(t)f(binding)f (for)h Fr(k)m(eyseq)p Fu(.)630 4463 y Ft(-x)g Fj(keyseq:shell-command) 1110 4573 y Fu(Cause)35 b Fr(shell-command)k Fu(to)d(b)s(e)f(executed)h (whenev)m(er)f Fr(k)m(eyseq)j Fu(is)d(en)m(tered.)1110 4682 y(When)46 b Fr(shell-command)k Fu(is)c(executed,)51 b(the)46 b(shell)g(sets)g(the)g Ft(READLINE_)1110 4792 y(LINE)37 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(to)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)e (the)g(Readline)g(line)g(bu\013er)f(and)g(the)1110 4902 y Ft(READLINE_POINT)21 b Fu(and)k Ft(READLINE_MARK)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)26 b(to)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(ca-)1110 5011 y(tion)f(of)g(the)g(insertion)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(and)f(the)h(sa)m(v)m (ed)h(insertion)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(\(the)g Fr(mark)6 b Fu(\),)1110 5121 y(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)43 b(If)30 b(the)h(executed)g(command) g(c)m(hanges)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(an)m(y)g(of)1110 5230 y Ft(READLINE_LINE)p Fu(,)40 b Ft(READLINE_POINT)p Fu(,)f(or)i Ft(READLINE_MARK)p Fu(,)e(those)i(new)1110 5340 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(will)f(b)s(e)g(re\015ected)h(in)f(the)h (editing)g(state.)p eop end %%Page: 53 59 TeXDict begin 53 58 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(53)630 299 y Ft(-X)384 b Fu(List)27 b(all)i(k)m(ey)f(sequences)f(b)s(ound)e(to)j(shell)g (commands)e(and)h(the)g(asso)s(ciated)1110 408 y(commands)j(in)g(a)h (format)g(that)f(can)h(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.)630 568 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)i(is)f(zero)i(unless)d(an)i(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)27 b(option)g(is)f(supplied)f(or)i(an)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs.)150 727 y Ft(builtin)870 862 y(builtin)46 b([)p Fj(shell-builtin)e Ft([)p Fj(args)p Ft(]])630 996 y Fu(Run)35 b(a)i(shell)f(builtin,)i (passing)e(it)h Fr(args)p Fu(,)h(and)e(return)f(its)i(exit)g(status.)59 b(This)35 b(is)i(useful)630 1106 y(when)29 b(de\014ning)h(a)g(shell)h (function)f(with)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)h(a)g(shell)f(builtin,)g (retaining)630 1215 y(the)k(functionalit)m(y)h(of)f(the)f(builtin)g (within)g(the)h(function.)50 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)h(is)f(non-)630 1325 y(zero)e(if)g Fr(shell-builtin)f Fu(is)g(not)h(a)g(shell)f (builtin)g(command.)150 1484 y Ft(caller)870 1619 y(caller)46 b([)p Fj(expr)p Ft(])630 1753 y Fu(Returns)34 b(the)g(con)m(text)j(of)e (an)m(y)g(activ)m(e)i(subroutine)c(call)j(\(a)f(shell)g(function)f(or)h (a)g(script)630 1863 y(executed)c(with)f(the)h Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)630 1998 y(Without)45 b Fr(expr)p Fu(,)j Ft(caller)43 b Fu(displa)m(ys)i(the)f(line)h(n)m(um) m(b)s(er)f(and)g(source)g(\014lename)h(of)g(the)630 2107 y(curren)m(t)35 b(subroutine)g(call.)58 b(If)35 b(a)h(non-negativ)m(e)i (in)m(teger)f(is)f(supplied)e(as)i Fr(expr)p Fu(,)h Ft(caller)630 2217 y Fu(displa)m(ys)k(the)f(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)h(subroutine)d (name,)44 b(and)c(source)g(\014le)h(corresp)s(onding)e(to)630 2326 y(that)c(p)s(osition)g(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(execution)i(call)g (stac)m(k.)54 b(This)34 b(extra)h(information)g(ma)m(y)630 2436 y(b)s(e)30 b(used,)g(for)g(example,)h(to)g(prin)m(t)f(a)h(stac)m (k)h(trace.)42 b(The)29 b(curren)m(t)i(frame)f(is)g(frame)h(0.)630 2570 y(The)d(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)g(0)g(unless)f(the)h(shell)g (is)g(not)g(executing)h(a)f(subroutine)e(call)j(or)f Fr(expr)630 2680 y Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(corresp)s(ond)e(to)i(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(p)s(osition)h(in)f(the)g(call)i(stac)m(k.)150 2839 y Ft(command)870 2974 y(command)46 b([-pVv])g Fj(command)g Ft([)p Fj(arguments)f Ft(...)o(])630 3108 y Fu(Runs)32 b Fr(command)k Fu(with)d Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(ignoring)c(an)m(y)g (shell)h(function)e(named)h Fr(command)p Fu(.)630 3218 y(Only)39 b(shell)i(builtin)e(commands)h(or)g(commands)f(found)g(b)m(y) h(searc)m(hing)h(the)f Ft(PATH)f Fu(are)630 3328 y(executed.)59 b(If)36 b(there)h(is)f(a)h(shell)f(function)g(named)g Ft(ls)p Fu(,)h(running)e(`)p Ft(command)29 b(ls)p Fu(')35 b(within)630 3437 y(the)c(function)f(will)h(execute)g(the)g(external)g (command)g Ft(ls)f Fu(instead)g(of)h(calling)h(the)f(func-)630 3547 y(tion)36 b(recursiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)56 b(The)34 b Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(means)g(to)h(use)f(a)g(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(for)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(that)i(is)630 3656 y(guaran)m(teed)f(to) f(\014nd)e(all)j(of)f(the)g(standard)f(utilities.)52 b(The)33 b(return)g(status)h(in)f(this)h(case)630 3766 y(is)29 b(127)g(if)g Fr(command)j Fu(cannot)d(b)s(e)e(found)h(or)g(an)g (error)h(o)s(ccurred,)f(and)g(the)h(exit)g(status)g(of)630 3875 y Fr(command)34 b Fu(otherwise.)630 4010 y(If)e(either)h(the)f Ft(-V)g Fu(or)g Ft(-v)g Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(a)h(description)f (of)h Fr(command)j Fu(is)c(prin)m(ted.)630 4120 y(The)f Ft(-v)h Fu(option)g(causes)g(a)g(single)h(w)m(ord)f(indicating)g(the)g (command)g(or)g(\014le)g(name)g(used)630 4229 y(to)40 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h Fr(command)h Fu(to)e(b)s(e)e(displa)m(y)m(ed;)44 b(the)39 b Ft(-V)f Fu(option)i(pro)s(duces)d(a)j(more)f(v)m(erb)s(ose) 630 4339 y(description.)61 b(In)36 b(this)h(case,)j(the)e(return)e (status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f Fr(command)k Fu(is)c(found,)h(and)630 4448 y(non-zero)31 b(if)f(not.)150 4608 y Ft(declare)870 4742 y(declare)46 b([-aAfFgiIlnrtux])d([-p])k([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])d(...)o(])630 4877 y Fu(Declare)29 b(v)-5 b(ariables)28 b(and)e(giv)m(e)j(them)e(attributes.)40 b(If)27 b(no)g Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)27 b(are)h(giv)m(en,)h(then)e(displa)m (y)630 4986 y(the)k(v)-5 b(alues)30 b(of)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(instead.)630 5121 y(The)k Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(will)g(displa)m(y)f (the)h(attributes)g(and)e(v)-5 b(alues)36 b(of)f(eac)m(h)i Fr(name)p Fu(.)55 b(When)36 b Ft(-p)630 5230 y Fu(is)i(used)g(with)g Fr(name)43 b Fu(argumen)m(ts,)e(additional)e(options,)i(other)d(than)g Ft(-f)g Fu(and)g Ft(-F)p Fu(,)i(are)630 5340 y(ignored.)p eop end %%Page: 54 60 TeXDict begin 54 59 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(54)630 299 y(When)40 b Ft(-p)g Fu(is)g(supplied)f(without)i Fr(name)k Fu(argumen)m(ts,)f Ft(declare)38 b Fu(will)j(displa)m(y)f(the)h(at-)630 408 y(tributes)31 b(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(of)g(all)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(ha)m(ving)h(the)f(attributes)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h (the)g(addi-)630 518 y(tional)k(options.)52 b(If)34 b(no)g(other)g (options)g(are)g(supplied)f(with)h Ft(-p)p Fu(,)g Ft(declare)e Fu(will)j(displa)m(y)630 628 y(the)e(attributes)h(and)e(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(of)g(all)h(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)50 b(The)32 b Ft(-f)g Fu(option)i(will)f(restrict)h(the)630 737 y(displa)m(y)d(to)g (shell)f(functions.)630 877 y(The)41 b Ft(-F)f Fu(option)i(inhibits)e (the)i(displa)m(y)f(of)g(function)g(de\014nitions;)47 b(only)41 b(the)g(function)630 986 y(name)30 b(and)f(attributes)i(are)f (prin)m(ted.)40 b(If)30 b(the)g Ft(extdebug)e Fu(shell)i(option)g(is)g (enabled)g(using)630 1096 y Ft(shopt)24 b Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)i ([The)d(Shopt)f(Builtin],)k(page)e(66\),)i(the)d(source)h(\014le)f (name)h(and)630 1205 y(line)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(where)h(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)36 b Fu(is)30 b(de\014ned)f(are)i(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(as)g(w)m (ell.)41 b Ft(-F)30 b Fu(implies)h Ft(-f)p Fu(.)630 1345 y(The)36 b Ft(-g)g Fu(option)h(forces)g(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(created)i(or)e(mo)s(di\014ed)g(at)h(the)g(global)h(scop) s(e,)630 1455 y(ev)m(en)g(when)e Ft(declare)f Fu(is)j(executed)g(in)f (a)g(shell)h(function.)61 b(It)37 b(is)g(ignored)h(in)f(all)h(other)630 1564 y(cases.)630 1704 y(The)50 b Ft(-I)h Fu(option)g(causes)h(lo)s (cal)g(v)-5 b(ariables)51 b(to)h(inherit)f(the)g(attributes)g(\(except) i(the)630 1813 y Fr(nameref)63 b Fu(attribute\))46 b(and)f(v)-5 b(alue)45 b(of)h(an)m(y)f(existing)i(v)-5 b(ariable)46 b(with)f(the)g(same)h Fr(name)630 1923 y Fu(at)40 b(a)f(surrounding)d (scop)s(e.)66 b(If)39 b(there)g(is)g(no)f(existing)i(v)-5 b(ariable,)42 b(the)d(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(is)630 2032 y(initially)32 b(unset.)630 2172 y(The)27 b(follo)m(wing)h (options)g(can)f(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(restrict)g(output)e(to)i(v)-5 b(ariables)28 b(with)f(the)g(sp)s(ec-)630 2281 y(i\014ed)j(attributes)h (or)f(to)h(giv)m(e)h(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(attributes:)630 2451 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(Eac)m(h)36 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)34 b(an)h(indexed)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(\(see)f(Section)h(6.7)g ([Arra)m(ys],)1110 2560 y(page)31 b(95\).)630 2730 y Ft(-A)384 b Fu(Eac)m(h)24 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)23 b(an)g(asso)s(ciativ)m (e)j(arra)m(y)e(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(\(see)g(Section)g(6.7)g([Arra)m (ys],)1110 2839 y(page)31 b(95\).)630 3009 y Ft(-f)384 b Fu(Use)31 b(function)f(names)g(only)-8 b(.)630 3178 y Ft(-i)384 b Fu(The)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)f(to)h(b)s(e)f (treated)h(as)g(an)f(in)m(teger;)41 b(arithmetic)c(ev)-5 b(aluation)1110 3288 y(\(see)29 b(Section)f(6.5)h([Shell)f (Arithmetic],)i(page)e(93\))h(is)f(p)s(erformed)e(when)h(the)1110 3397 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(assigned)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue.)630 3567 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(When)26 b(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(is)f(assigned)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alue,)28 b(all)f(upp)s(er-case)e(c)m (haracters)j(are)1110 3676 y(con)m(v)m(erted)k(to)f(lo)m(w)m(er-case.) 43 b(The)30 b(upp)s(er-case)g(attribute)h(is)g(disabled.)630 3846 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Giv)m(e)28 b(eac)m(h)g Fr(name)k Fu(the)27 b Fr(nameref)44 b Fu(attribute,)28 b(making)f(it)h(a)f(name)f (reference)1110 3955 y(to)32 b(another)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)46 b(That)31 b(other)h(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(is)f(de\014ned)e(b)m(y)i(the)g (v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)1110 4065 y Fr(name)p Fu(.)54 b(All)35 b(references,)h(assignmen)m(ts,)h(and)d(attribute)h(mo)s(di\014cations) g(to)1110 4174 y Fr(name)p Fu(,)27 b(except)f(for)f(those)h(using)f(or) g(c)m(hanging)h(the)f Ft(-n)g Fu(attribute)h(itself,)i(are)1110 4284 y(p)s(erformed)22 b(on)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(referenced)e(b)m(y)g Fr(name)5 b Fu('s)23 b(v)-5 b(alue.)39 b(The)23 b(nameref)1110 4394 y(attribute)31 b(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(applied) g(to)h(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)630 4563 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Mak)m(e)25 b Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)23 b(readonly)-8 b(.)39 b(These)24 b(names)f(cannot)h(then)f(b)s(e)g(assigned)h(v)-5 b(alues)1110 4672 y(b)m(y)30 b(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(t)h (statemen)m(ts)h(or)f(unset.)630 4842 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Giv)m(e)33 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)j Fu(the)32 b Ft(trace)f Fu(attribute.)46 b(T)-8 b(raced)32 b(functions)g(inherit)g(the)1110 4951 y Ft(DEBUG)26 b Fu(and)h Ft(RETURN)f Fu(traps)h(from)g(the)h(calling)h (shell.)40 b(The)27 b(trace)i(attribute)1110 5061 y(has)h(no)g(sp)s (ecial)h(meaning)g(for)f(v)-5 b(ariables.)630 5230 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(When)28 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)f(assigned)h(a)f (v)-5 b(alue,)30 b(all)f(lo)m(w)m(er-case)i(c)m(haracters)f(are)1110 5340 y(con)m(v)m(erted)i(to)f(upp)s(er-case.)40 b(The)30 b(lo)m(w)m(er-case)j(attribute)e(is)g(disabled.)p eop end %%Page: 55 61 TeXDict begin 55 60 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(55)630 299 y Ft(-x)384 b Fu(Mark)30 b(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)k Fu(for)29 b(exp)s(ort)h(to)g (subsequen)m(t)f(commands)h(via)g(the)g(en)m(vi-)1110 408 y(ronmen)m(t.)630 560 y(Using)e(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(')h(instead)f(of)g(`) p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(turns)f(o\013)i(the)f(attribute)h(instead,)g(with)f (the)g(exceptions)h(that)630 670 y(`)p Ft(+a)p Fu(')23 b(and)f(`)p Ft(+A)p Fu(')h(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(destro)m (y)g(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariables)24 b(and)e(`)p Ft(+r)p Fu(')h(will)g(not)g(remo)m(v)m(e)630 780 y(the)36 b(readonly)h (attribute.)59 b(When)36 b(used)f(in)h(a)h(function,)g Ft(declare)d Fu(mak)m(es)j(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)630 889 y Fu(lo)s(cal,)e(as)d(with)h(the)f Ft(local)f Fu(command,)j(unless)d (the)i Ft(-g)f Fu(option)h(is)f(used.)49 b(If)33 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)630 999 y(name)30 b(is)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y)e(=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(,)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)e(set)h(to)g Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)630 1130 y(When)41 b(using)g Ft(-a)g Fu(or)h Ft(-A)e Fu(and)h(the)h(comp)s (ound)e(assignmen)m(t)i(syn)m(tax)g(to)g(create)h(arra)m(y)630 1239 y(v)-5 b(ariables,)28 b(additional)f(attributes)g(do)f(not)h(tak)m (e)h(e\013ect)g(un)m(til)e(subsequen)m(t)g(assignmen)m(ts.)630 1370 y(The)35 b(return)f(status)i(is)g(zero)g(unless)f(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)36 b(option)g(is)g(encoun)m(tered,)h(an)f(attempt)630 1480 y(is)c(made)g(to)g(de\014ne)f(a)h(function)g(using)f(`)p Ft(-f)f(foo=bar)p Fu(',)h(an)h(attempt)g(is)g(made)g(to)h(assign)630 1589 y(a)42 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(to)g(a)f(readonly)g(v)-5 b(ariable,)47 b(an)42 b(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)h(assign)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(to)h(an)630 1699 y(arra)m(y)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(without)g(using)e(the)i(comp)s(ound)e(assignmen)m(t)i(syn)m(tax)g (\(see)h(Section)f(6.7)630 1808 y([Arra)m(ys],)47 b(page)c(95\),)48 b(one)43 b(of)g(the)g Fr(names)k Fu(is)c(not)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)43 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(name,)i(an)630 1918 y(attempt)28 b(is)f(made)h(to)f(turn)f(o\013)i(readonly)f(status)g (for)g(a)h(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(an)e(attempt)630 2028 y(is)h(made)h(to)g(turn)e(o\013)i(arra)m(y)f(status)h(for)f(an)g (arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable,)30 b(or)e(an)g(attempt)i(is)e(made)g(to)630 2137 y(displa)m(y)j(a)f(non-existen)m(t)i(function)e(with)g Ft(-f)p Fu(.)150 2289 y Ft(echo)870 2420 y(echo)47 b([-neE])f([)p Fj(arg)g Ft(...])630 2551 y Fu(Output)31 b(the)i Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s,)33 b(separated)g(b)m(y)g(spaces,)g(terminated)g(with)f(a)h (newline.)47 b(The)32 b(return)630 2660 y(status)f(is)f(0)h(unless)f(a) h(write)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)41 b(If)30 b Ft(-n)g Fu(is)h(sp)s (eci\014ed,)f(the)h(trailing)g(newline)g(is)630 2770 y(suppressed.)38 b(If)29 b(the)h Ft(-e)f Fu(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)i (in)m(terpretation)g(of)e(the)h(follo)m(wing)h(bac)m(kslash-)630 2880 y(escap)s(ed)43 b(c)m(haracters)h(is)e(enabled.)78 b(The)42 b Ft(-E)g Fu(option)h(disables)g(the)g(in)m(terpretation)h(of) 630 2989 y(these)27 b(escap)s(e)g(c)m(haracters,)i(ev)m(en)e(on)g (systems)f(where)g(they)h(are)g(in)m(terpreted)g(b)m(y)f(default.)630 3099 y(The)32 b Ft(xpg_echo)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e (used)g(to)h(dynamically)h(determine)f(whether)f(or)630 3208 y(not)h Ft(echo)f Fu(expands)g(these)h(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracters)g (b)m(y)f(default.)48 b Ft(echo)32 b Fu(do)s(es)g(not)i(in)m(terpret)630 3318 y Ft(--)c Fu(to)h(mean)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(options.)630 3449 y Ft(echo)f Fu(in)m(terprets)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)i(escap)s(e)f (sequences:)630 3601 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(alert)31 b(\(b)s(ell\))630 3753 y Ft(\\b)384 b Fu(bac)m(kspace)630 3905 y Ft(\\c)g Fu(suppress)28 b(further)h(output)630 4057 y Ft(\\e)630 4166 y(\\E)384 b Fu(escap)s(e)630 4318 y Ft(\\f)g Fu(form)30 b(feed)630 4470 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(new)30 b(line)630 4622 y Ft(\\r)384 b Fu(carriage)32 b(return)630 4774 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(horizon)m(tal)32 b(tab)630 4926 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(v)m(ertical)32 b(tab)630 5078 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(bac)m(kslash)630 5230 y Ft(\\0)p Fj(nnn)240 b Fu(the)32 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(the)g(o)s(ctal)i(v)-5 b(alue)32 b Fr(nnn)f Fu(\(zero)i(to)1110 5340 y(three)e(o)s(ctal)g (digits\))p eop end %%Page: 56 62 TeXDict begin 56 61 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(56)630 299 y Ft(\\x)p Fj(HH)288 b Fu(the)38 b(eigh)m(t-bit)i(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)f(the)h(hexadecimal)g(v)-5 b(alue)39 b Fr(HH)1110 408 y Fu(\(one)31 b(or)f(t)m(w)m(o)i(hex)e(digits\))630 563 y Ft(\\u)p Fj(HHHH)192 b Fu(the)41 b(Unico)s(de)g(\(ISO/IEC)f (10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g(whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 673 y(adecimal)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b Fr(HHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(four)e(hex)h(digits\))630 828 y Ft(\\U)p Fj(HHHHHHHH)1110 938 y Fu(the)41 b(Unico)s(de)g(\(ISO/IEC)f(10646\))j(c)m(haracter)g (whose)e(v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)g(the)g(hex-)1110 1047 y(adecimal)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b Fr(HHHHHHHH)41 b Fu(\(one)31 b(to)g(eigh)m(t)h(hex)e (digits\))150 1202 y Ft(enable)870 1334 y(enable)46 b([-a])h([-dnps])f ([-f)g Fj(filename)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(name)g Ft(...)o(])630 1467 y Fu(Enable)36 b(and)f(disable)h(builtin)g(shell)g(commands.)56 b(Disabling)37 b(a)g(builtin)e(allo)m(ws)i(a)f(disk)630 1576 y(command)e(whic)m(h)g(has)g(the)g(same)h(name)f(as)h(a)f(shell)h (builtin)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(executed)h(without)630 1686 y(sp)s(ecifying)27 b(a)g(full)g(pathname,)g(ev)m(en)h(though)f(the)g(shell)g(normally)g (searc)m(hes)h(for)f(builtins)630 1795 y(b)s(efore)35 b(disk)g(commands.)55 b(If)35 b Ft(-n)g Fu(is)g(used,)h(the)g Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)35 b(b)s(ecome)h(disabled.)55 b(Otherwise)630 1905 y Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)44 b(are)h(enabled.)82 b(F)-8 b(or)45 b(example,)k(to)c(use)f(the)g Ft(test)f Fu(binary)h(found)f (via)h Ft($PATH)630 2015 y Fu(instead)31 b(of)f(the)h(shell)f(builtin)g (v)m(ersion,)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(enable)e(-n)h(test)p Fu('.)630 2147 y(If)45 b(the)i Ft(-p)e Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied,)j(or) d(no)g Fr(name)51 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)46 b(app)s(ear,)k(a)c(list)h(of)f (shell)630 2256 y(builtins)37 b(is)h(prin)m(ted.)63 b(With)38 b(no)f(other)h(argumen)m(ts,)j(the)d(list)g(consists)g(of)g(all)h (enabled)630 2366 y(shell)d(builtins.)57 b(The)35 b Ft(-a)h Fu(option)g(means)g(to)g(list)h(eac)m(h)g(builtin)f(with)f(an)h (indication)h(of)630 2476 y(whether)30 b(or)g(not)h(it)g(is)f(enabled.) 630 2608 y(The)22 b Ft(-f)f Fu(option)h(means)g(to)h(load)g(the)f(new)g (builtin)f(command)h Fr(name)27 b Fu(from)22 b(shared)f(ob)5 b(ject)630 2717 y Fr(\014lename)p Fu(,)33 b(on)e(systems)h(that)h(supp) s(ort)d(dynamic)i(loading.)46 b(The)31 b Ft(-d)g Fu(option)h(will)h (delete)630 2827 y(a)e(builtin)f(loaded)h(with)f Ft(-f)p Fu(.)630 2959 y(If)j(there)i(are)f(no)g(options,)h(a)f(list)h(of)f(the) g(shell)g(builtins)g(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)52 b(The)33 b Ft(-s)g Fu(option)630 3069 y(restricts)j Ft(enable)d Fu(to)j(the)f Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins.)54 b(If)34 b Ft(-s)h Fu(is)g(used)f(with)g Ft(-f)p Fu(,)i(the)f(new)630 3178 y(builtin)30 b(b)s(ecomes)h(a)f(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(\(see)i (Section)f(4.4)g([Sp)s(ecial)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(72\).)630 3311 y(The)26 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(unless)e(a)i Fr(name)k Fu(is)26 b(not)g(a)h(shell)f(builtin)g(or)g(there)g(is)g(an)g (error)630 3420 y(loading)31 b(a)g(new)f(builtin)g(from)g(a)g(shared)g (ob)5 b(ject.)150 3575 y Ft(help)870 3707 y(help)47 b([-dms])f([)p Fj(pattern)p Ft(])630 3840 y Fu(Displa)m(y)40 b(helpful)e(information)h (ab)s(out)g(builtin)f(commands.)66 b(If)38 b Fr(pattern)h Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)630 3949 y Ft(help)28 b Fu(giv)m(es)i(detailed) g(help)e(on)h(all)h(commands)e(matc)m(hing)i Fr(pattern)p Fu(,)g(otherwise)f(a)g(list)h(of)630 4059 y(the)h(builtins)e(is)i(prin) m(ted.)630 4191 y(Options,)f(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo) m(wing)h(meanings:)630 4346 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(a)e(short)g(description)h(of)f(eac)m(h)i Fr(pattern)630 4501 y Ft(-m)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(the)e(description)g(of)h(eac)m(h) h Fr(pattern)e Fu(in)g(a)h(manpage-lik)m(e)h(format)630 4656 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(a)h(short)f(usage)h (synopsis)e(for)i(eac)m(h)g Fr(pattern)630 4811 y Fu(The)f(return)f (status)i(is)f(zero)h(unless)f(no)g(command)h(matc)m(hes)g Fr(pattern)p Fu(.)150 4966 y Ft(let)870 5098 y(let)47 b Fj(expression)e Ft([)p Fj(expression)g Ft(...)o(])630 5230 y Fu(The)c Ft(let)g Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)i(arithmetic)f(to)h(b)s (e)d(p)s(erformed)g(on)i(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)74 b(Eac)m(h)630 5340 y Fr(expression)31 b Fu(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(according)f(to)h(the)f(rules)g(giv)m(en)h(b)s(elo)m(w)f (in)f(Section)i(6.5)g([Shell)p eop end %%Page: 57 63 TeXDict begin 57 62 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(57)630 299 y(Arithmetic],)51 b(page)46 b(93.)87 b(If)45 b(the)g(last)h Fr(expression)g Fu(ev)-5 b(aluates)47 b(to)f(0,)k Ft(let)44 b Fu(returns)g(1;)630 408 y(otherwise)31 b(0)g(is)f(returned.)150 568 y Ft(local)870 702 y(local)46 b([)p Fj(option)p Ft(])g Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])e(...)630 836 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)27 b(eac)m(h)g(argumen)m (t,)g(a)f(lo)s(cal)h(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(named)e Fr(name)31 b Fu(is)26 b(created,)i(and)d(assigned)h Fr(v)-5 b(alue)p Fu(.)630 946 y(The)37 b Fr(option)h Fu(can)f(b)s(e)g(an)m(y)h(of)f(the) h(options)g(accepted)g(b)m(y)g Ft(declare)p Fu(.)59 b Ft(local)36 b Fu(can)i(only)630 1055 y(b)s(e)j(used)h(within)f(a)i (function;)48 b(it)42 b(mak)m(es)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)43 b Fr(name)48 b Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)43 b(a)f(visible)h(scop)s(e)630 1165 y(restricted)h(to)f(that)h(function)e(and)g(its)i(c)m(hildren.)78 b(If)42 b Fr(name)48 b Fu(is)43 b(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)j(the)d(set)h(of)f (shell)630 1275 y(options)34 b(is)f(made)g(lo)s(cal)i(to)f(the)f (function)g(in)g(whic)m(h)g Ft(local)f Fu(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed:)48 b(shell)34 b(options)630 1384 y(c)m(hanged)e(using)e(the)i Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(inside)g(the)g(function)g(are)g(restored)h(to)g (their)f(original)630 1494 y(v)-5 b(alues)36 b(when)e(the)i(function)f (returns.)54 b(The)35 b(restore)h(is)g(e\013ected)h(as)e(if)h(a)g (series)f(of)h Ft(set)630 1603 y Fu(commands)j(w)m(ere)g(executed)h(to) f(restore)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)39 b(that)h(w)m(ere)f(in)f(place)i(b)s (efore)f(the)630 1713 y(function.)j(The)30 b(return)g(status)h(is)g (zero)h(unless)e Ft(local)g Fu(is)h(used)f(outside)h(a)g(function,)g (an)630 1823 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b Fr(name)k Fu(is)c(supplied,)e(or)i Fr(name)k Fu(is)c(a)f(readonly)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 1982 y Ft(logout)870 2116 y(logout)46 b([)p Fj(n)p Ft(])630 2250 y Fu(Exit)31 b(a)g(login)g(shell,)g(returning)e(a)i(status)g(of)f Fr(n)g Fu(to)h(the)g(shell's)f(paren)m(t.)150 2409 y Ft(mapfile)870 2544 y(mapfile)46 b([-d)h Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-n)h Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-O)h Fj(origin)p Ft(])f([-s)g Fj(count)p Ft(])1061 2653 y([-t])h([-u)f Fj(fd)p Ft(])h([-C)g Fj(callback)p Ft(])f([-c)g Fj(quantum)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(array)p Ft(])630 2788 y Fu(Read)38 b(lines)f(from)g(the)h(standard)e(input)g(in)m(to)j (the)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(,)i(or)630 2897 y(from)28 b(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(fd)k Fu(if)c(the)h Ft(-u)f Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied.)39 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b Ft(MAPFILE)e Fu(is)i(the)630 3007 y(default)i Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(.)41 b(Options,)30 b(if)g(supplied,)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630 3166 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(The)37 b(\014rst)g(c)m(haracter)i(of)f Fr(delim)g Fu(is)f(used)g(to)h(terminate)h(eac)m(h)g(input)d(line,)1110 3275 y(rather)41 b(than)h(newline.)74 b(If)41 b Fr(delim)h Fu(is)g(the)f(empt)m(y)h(string,)j Ft(mapfile)40 b Fu(will)1110 3385 y(terminate)31 b(a)g(line)g(when)e(it)i(reads)f(a)h(NUL)g(c)m (haracter.)630 3544 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Cop)m(y)30 b(at)h(most)g Fr(coun)m(t)i Fu(lines.)41 b(If)30 b Fr(coun)m(t)j Fu(is)d(0,)h(all)h (lines)e(are)h(copied.)630 3703 y Ft(-O)384 b Fu(Begin)31 b(assigning)g(to)g Fr(arra)m(y)39 b Fu(at)31 b(index)f Fr(origin)p Fu(.)41 b(The)30 b(default)h(index)f(is)g(0.)630 3862 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Discard)31 b(the)f(\014rst)g Fr(coun)m(t)j Fu(lines)e(read.)630 4021 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)f(trailing)g Fr(delim)g Fu(\(default)g(newline\))f(from)g(eac)m(h)i (line)f(read.)630 4180 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(Read)31 b(lines)f(from)g (\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(fd)j Fu(instead)e(of)f(the)h(standard)e (input.)630 4340 y Ft(-C)384 b Fu(Ev)-5 b(aluate)26 b Fr(callbac)m(k)33 b Fu(eac)m(h)26 b(time)g Fr(quan)m(tum)f Fu(lines)g(are)g(read.)39 b(The)25 b Ft(-c)f Fu(option)1110 4449 y(sp)s(eci\014es)30 b Fr(quan)m(tum)p Fu(.)630 4608 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Sp)s(ecify)30 b(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(lines)f (read)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(eac)m(h)g(call)h(to)f Fr(callbac)m(k)p Fu(.)630 4767 y(If)36 b Ft(-C)g Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(without)g Ft(-c)p Fu(,)h(the)g(default)f(quan)m(tum)g(is)h(5000.)60 b(When)36 b Fr(callbac)m(k)44 b Fu(is)630 4877 y(ev)-5 b(aluated,)30 b(it)e(is)g(supplied)f(the)h(index)f(of)i(the)f(next)g (arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(assigned)i(and)630 4986 y(the)39 b(line)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(assigned)h(to)h(that)f(elemen)m(t)i (as)e(additional)h(argumen)m(ts.)66 b Fr(callbac)m(k)47 b Fu(is)630 5096 y(ev)-5 b(aluated)32 b(after)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(read) g(but)g(b)s(efore)g(the)h(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)g(is)g(assigned.)630 5230 y(If)25 b(not)g(supplied)f(with)h(an)g(explicit)i(origin,)g Ft(mapfile)c Fu(will)j(clear)g Fr(arra)m(y)34 b Fu(b)s(efore)24 b(assigning)630 5340 y(to)31 b(it.)p eop end %%Page: 58 64 TeXDict begin 58 63 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(58)630 299 y Ft(mapfile)41 b Fu(returns)g(successfully)i(unless)e(an)i(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)43 b(option)g(or)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)630 408 y(supplied,)29 b Fr(arra)m(y)39 b Fu(is)30 b(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(or)g(unassignable,)f(or)h Fr(arra)m(y)38 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(an)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)150 564 y Ft(printf)870 697 y(printf)46 b([-v)h Fj(var)p Ft(])g Fj(format)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 830 y Fu(W)-8 b(rite)27 b(the)g(formatted)f Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(to)d(the)f(standard)f(output)h(under)e(the)i(con)m(trol)i(of)e(the) 630 939 y Fr(format)p Fu(.)66 b(The)39 b Ft(-v)f Fu(option)h(causes)g (the)g(output)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(assigned)h(to)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b Fr(v)-5 b(ar)630 1049 y Fu(rather)30 b(than)g(b)s(eing)g (prin)m(ted)g(to)h(the)g(standard)e(output.)630 1181 y(The)36 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(string)e(whic)m(h)g (con)m(tains)i(three)e(t)m(yp)s(es)g(of)h(ob)5 b(jects:)53 b(plain)630 1291 y(c)m(haracters,)41 b(whic)m(h)c(are)h(simply)e (copied)i(to)g(standard)f(output,)i(c)m(haracter)g(escap)s(e)e(se-)630 1401 y(quences,)g(whic)m(h)f(are)g(con)m(v)m(erted)h(and)f(copied)g(to) g(the)g(standard)f(output,)i(and)f(format)630 1510 y(sp)s (eci\014cations,)j(eac)m(h)e(of)g(whic)m(h)f(causes)g(prin)m(ting)g(of) h(the)f(next)h(successiv)m(e)g Fr(argumen)m(t)p Fu(.)630 1620 y(In)24 b(addition)h(to)g(the)g(standard)f Ft(printf\(1\))e Fu(formats,)27 b Ft(printf)c Fu(in)m(terprets)i(the)f(follo)m(wing)630 1729 y(extensions:)630 1885 y Ft(\045b)384 b Fu(Causes)38 b Ft(printf)f Fu(to)j(expand)e(bac)m(kslash)h(escap)s(e)g(sequences)g (in)f(the)h(cor-)1110 1995 y(resp)s(onding)31 b Fr(argumen)m(t)j Fu(in)e(the)h(same)f(w)m(a)m(y)h(as)g Ft(echo)c(-e)j Fu(\(see)h(Section)g(4.2)1110 2104 y([Bash)e(Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).) 630 2260 y Ft(\045q)384 b Fu(Causes)32 b Ft(printf)e Fu(to)i(output)g(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f Fr(argumen)m(t)j Fu(in)d(a)i(format)1110 2370 y(that)e(can)g(b)s(e)e(reused)h(as)h (shell)f(input.)630 2525 y Ft(\045\()p Fj(datefmt)p Ft(\)T)1110 2635 y Fu(Causes)f Ft(printf)e Fu(to)j(output)f(the)g(date-time)i (string)e(resulting)h(from)e(using)1110 2744 y Fr(datefm)m(t)45 b Fu(as)d(a)g(format)g(string)g(for)g Ft(strftime)p Fu(\(3\).)74 b(The)41 b(corresp)s(onding)1110 2854 y Fr(argumen)m(t)h Fu(is)e(an)g(in)m(teger)i(represen)m(ting)e(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of) h(seconds)g(since)1110 2964 y(the)24 b(ep)s(o)s(c)m(h.)38 b(Tw)m(o)24 b(sp)s(ecial)h(argumen)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alues)24 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used:)36 b(-1)25 b(represen)m(ts)1110 3073 y(the)30 b(curren)m(t)g(time,)h(and)e(-2)i(represen)m(ts)f(the)g (time)h(the)f(shell)g(w)m(as)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)1110 3183 y(If)38 b(no)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)i(con)m(v)m (ersion)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)g(if)f(-1)h(had)f(b)s(een)1110 3292 y(giv)m(en.)k(This)29 b(is)i(an)f(exception)i(to)f(the)f(usual)g Ft(printf)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior.)630 3448 y(The)d(\045b,)h(\045q,)h(and)e (\045T)g(directiv)m(es)j(all)e(use)g(the)g(\014eld)f(width)g(and)h (precision)g(argumen)m(ts)630 3558 y(from)f(the)g(format)h(sp)s (eci\014cation)g(and)e(write)i(that)f(man)m(y)h(b)m(ytes)f(from)g(\(or) h(use)e(that)i(wide)630 3667 y(a)42 b(\014eld)g(for\))g(the)h(expanded) e(argumen)m(t,)k(whic)m(h)d(usually)g(con)m(tains)h(more)f(c)m (haracters)630 3777 y(than)30 b(the)h(original.)630 3910 y(Argumen)m(ts)d(to)h(non-string)e(format)i(sp)s(eci\014ers)e(are)h (treated)h(as)g(C)e(language)j(constan)m(ts,)630 4019 y(except)22 b(that)g(a)g(leading)g(plus)e(or)h(min)m(us)f(sign)i(is)f (allo)m(w)m(ed,)k(and)c(if)g(the)g(leading)h(c)m(haracter)h(is)630 4129 y(a)i(single)g(or)f(double)h(quote,)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(the)h(ASCI)s(I)e(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(of)f(the)h(follo)m (wing)h(c)m(haracter.)630 4261 y(The)31 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(reused)e(as)i(necessary)f(to)i(consume)e(all)h(of)f(the)h Fr(argumen)m(ts)p Fu(.)44 b(If)30 b(the)i Fr(for-)630 4371 y(mat)c Fu(requires)e(more)g Fr(argumen)m(ts)k Fu(than)25 b(are)i(supplied,)e(the)h(extra)h(format)f(sp)s(eci\014cations)630 4481 y(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)j(as)g(if)f(a)h(zero)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(or)g(n)m(ull)f(string,)h(as)g(appropriate,)g(had)f(b)s(een)g (supplied.)38 b(The)630 4590 y(return)29 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(zero)g(on)f(success,)h(non-zero)g(on)f(failure.)150 4746 y Ft(read)870 4879 y(read)47 b([-ers])f([-a)h Fj(aname)p Ft(])f([-d)h Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-i)h Fj(text)p Ft(])f([-n)h Fj(nchars)p Ft(])1061 4988 y([-N)g Fj(nchars)p Ft(])f([-p)h Fj(prompt)p Ft(])e([-t)i Fj(timeout)p Ft(])f([-u)h Fj(fd)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(name)f Ft(...)o(])630 5121 y Fu(One)38 b(line)g(is)g(read)g(from)g(the)g(standard)f(input,)j(or)e(from)f(the)i (\014le)f(descriptor)g Fr(fd)j Fu(sup-)630 5230 y(plied)34 b(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-u)g Fu(option,)i(split)f(in)m (to)g(w)m(ords)f(as)g(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)h(in)630 5340 y(Section)j(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)38 b(Splitting],)i(page)e(32,)j (and)36 b(the)i(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)g(is)g(assigned)h(to)g(the)p eop end %%Page: 59 65 TeXDict begin 59 64 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(59)630 299 y(\014rst)32 b Fr(name)p Fu(,)h(the)g(second)g(w)m(ord)f(to)h(the)g(second)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)g(and)f(so)h(on.)47 b(If)32 b(there)h(are)g(more)630 408 y(w)m(ords)39 b(than)g(names,)j(the)e(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g(and)g (their)h(in)m(terv)m(ening)g(delimiters)h(are)630 518 y(assigned)29 b(to)h(the)g(last)g Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(If)29 b(there)g(are)h(few)m(er)f(w)m(ords)g(read)g(from)g(the)g(input)g (stream)630 628 y(than)35 b(names,)i(the)e(remaining)h(names)f(are)h (assigned)f(empt)m(y)h(v)-5 b(alues.)56 b(The)34 b(c)m(haracters)630 737 y(in)e(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(the)g Ft(IFS)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(are)h(used)d(to)j(split)f(the)g(line)g(in)m(to)g (w)m(ords)g(using)f(the)630 847 y(same)d(rules)f(the)g(shell)h(uses)f (for)g(expansion)g(\(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(in)e(Section)h (3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)630 956 y(Splitting],)38 b(page)f(32\).)60 b(The)35 b(bac)m(kslash)i(c)m(haracter)h(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)i(remo)m(v)m(e)h(an)m(y)630 1066 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(meaning)g(for)f(the)g(next)h(c)m(haracter)h (read)e(and)g(for)g(line)h(con)m(tin)m(uation.)630 1196 y(Options,)f(if)h(supplied,)e(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h (meanings:)630 1348 y Ft(-a)e Fj(aname)114 b Fu(The)34 b(w)m(ords)f(are)i(assigned)f(to)h(sequen)m(tial)h(indices)e(of)g(the)g (arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 1457 y Fr(aname)p Fu(,)29 b(starting)h(at)f(0.)40 b(All)29 b(elemen)m(ts)h(are)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)i (from)d Fr(aname)34 b Fu(b)s(efore)1110 1567 y(the)d(assignmen)m(t.)41 b(Other)30 b Fr(name)36 b Fu(argumen)m(ts)30 b(are)h(ignored.)630 1718 y Ft(-d)f Fj(delim)114 b Fu(The)41 b(\014rst)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)f Fr(delim)g Fu(is)g(used)g(to)g(terminate)h(the)f(input)f(line,)1110 1828 y(rather)31 b(than)g(newline.)42 b(If)30 b Fr(delim)h Fu(is)g(the)h(empt)m(y)f(string,)g Ft(read)f Fu(will)h(termi-)1110 1937 y(nate)g(a)g(line)f(when)g(it)h(reads)f(a)h(NUL)f(c)m(haracter.) 630 2089 y Ft(-e)384 b Fu(Readline)46 b(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)h([Command) f(Line)h(Editing],)50 b(page)45 b(111\))i(is)1110 2198 y(used)37 b(to)i(obtain)g(the)f(line.)65 b(Readline)39 b(uses)e(the)i(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(default,)j(if)1110 2308 y(line)h(editing)g(w)m(as)g(not)g(previously)f(activ)m(e\))k (editing)d(settings,)j(but)c(uses)1110 2418 y(Readline's)31 b(default)g(\014lename)f(completion.)630 2569 y Ft(-i)g Fj(text)162 b Fu(If)36 b(Readline)i(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used)f(to)h(read)g (the)g(line,)j Fr(text)f Fu(is)e(placed)h(in)m(to)g(the)1110 2679 y(editing)31 b(bu\013er)e(b)s(efore)h(editing)h(b)s(egins.)630 2830 y Ft(-n)f Fj(nchars)66 b Ft(read)38 b Fu(returns)f(after)j (reading)f Fr(nc)m(hars)j Fu(c)m(haracters)e(rather)f(than)g(w)m (aiting)1110 2939 y(for)d(a)h(complete)h(line)f(of)g(input,)g(but)f (honors)g(a)h(delimiter)g(if)f(few)m(er)h(than)1110 3049 y Fr(nc)m(hars)d Fu(c)m(haracters)e(are)e(read)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g (delimiter.)630 3200 y Ft(-N)g Fj(nchars)66 b Ft(read)39 b Fu(returns)f(after)j(reading)e(exactly)j Fr(nc)m(hars)h Fu(c)m(haracters)f(rather)d(than)1110 3310 y(w)m(aiting)32 b(for)f(a)g(complete)i(line)e(of)g(input,)g(unless)f(EOF)h(is)g(encoun) m(tered)g(or)1110 3420 y Ft(read)f Fu(times)i(out.)43 b(Delimiter)33 b(c)m(haracters)f(encoun)m(tered)g(in)f(the)g(input)g (are)1110 3529 y(not)g(treated)h(sp)s(ecially)f(and)f(do)h(not)g(cause) g Ft(read)e Fu(to)j(return)d(un)m(til)i Fr(nc)m(hars)1110 3639 y Fu(c)m(haracters)26 b(are)f(read.)38 b(The)24 b(result)g(is)h(not)f(split)h(on)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(in)e Ft(IFS)p Fu(;)1110 3748 y(the)e(in)m(ten)m(t)i(is)e(that)h(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)23 b(is)f(assigned)g(exactly)i(the)e(c)m(haracters)i(read) 1110 3858 y(\(with)30 b(the)h(exception)h(of)e(bac)m(kslash;)h(see)g (the)g Ft(-r)f Fu(option)h(b)s(elo)m(w\).)630 4009 y Ft(-p)f Fj(prompt)66 b Fu(Displa)m(y)38 b Fr(prompt)p Fu(,)g(without)e(a)h(trailing)h(newline,)h(b)s(efore)d(attempting)i(to) 1110 4119 y(read)f(an)m(y)h(input.)60 b(The)37 b(prompt)g(is)g(displa)m (y)m(ed)h(only)f(if)g(input)g(is)g(coming)1110 4228 y(from)30 b(a)h(terminal.)630 4380 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(If)21 b(this)h(option)g(is)f (giv)m(en,)k(bac)m(kslash)d(do)s(es)f(not)h(act)h(as)f(an)f(escap)s(e)h (c)m(haracter.)1110 4489 y(The)30 b(bac)m(kslash)i(is)f(considered)g (to)h(b)s(e)e(part)h(of)g(the)g(line.)43 b(In)30 b(particular,)i(a)1110 4599 y(bac)m(kslash-newline)26 b(pair)e(ma)m(y)h(not)g(then)g(b)s(e)f (used)g(as)h(a)g(line)g(con)m(tin)m(uation.)630 4750 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Silen)m(t)28 b(mo)s(de.)40 b(If)27 b(input)f(is)i (coming)g(from)f(a)h(terminal,)h(c)m(haracters)g(are)f(not)1110 4860 y(ec)m(ho)s(ed.)630 5011 y Ft(-t)i Fj(timeout)1110 5121 y Fu(Cause)42 b Ft(read)g Fu(to)h(time)h(out)f(and)f(return)f (failure)i(if)g(a)g(complete)h(line)f(of)1110 5230 y(input)26 b(\(or)h(a)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(c)m(haracters\))h (is)f(not)g(read)g(within)f Fr(time-)1110 5340 y(out)37 b Fu(seconds.)53 b Fr(timeout)38 b Fu(ma)m(y)d(b)s(e)f(a)h(decimal)h(n) m(um)m(b)s(er)d(with)h(a)h(fractional)p eop end %%Page: 60 66 TeXDict begin 60 65 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(60)1110 299 y(p)s(ortion)29 b(follo)m(wing)h(the)f(decimal)h(p)s(oin)m(t.)40 b(This)29 b(option)g(is)g(only)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(if)1110 408 y Ft(read)j Fu(is)i(reading)g(input)e(from)h(a)h(terminal,)i(pip)s(e,)e (or)g(other)f(sp)s(ecial)i(\014le;)1110 518 y(it)31 b(has)g(no)g (e\013ect)h(when)e(reading)h(from)g(regular)g(\014les.)42 b(If)30 b Ft(read)g Fu(times)h(out,)1110 628 y Ft(read)d Fu(sa)m(v)m(es)j(an)m(y)f(partial)h(input)d(read)i(in)m(to)h(the)e(sp)s (eci\014ed)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Fr(name)p Fu(.)1110 737 y(If)k Fr(timeout)j Fu(is)e(0,)h Ft(read)e Fu(returns)f (immediately)-8 b(,)39 b(without)c(trying)h(to)g(read)1110 847 y(an)m(y)c(data.)44 b(The)31 b(exit)h(status)f(is)h(0)f(if)h(input) e(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)34 b(on)d(the)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)1110 956 y(\014le)g(descriptor,)g(non-zero)h(otherwise.)46 b(The)31 b(exit)i(status)f(is)g(greater)h(than)1110 1066 y(128)f(if)e(the)h(timeout)g(is)f(exceeded.)630 1225 y Ft(-u)g Fj(fd)258 b Fu(Read)31 b(input)e(from)h(\014le)g(descriptor)h Fr(fd)p Fu(.)630 1385 y(If)h(no)g Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)33 b(are)f(supplied,)g(the)h(line)g(read,)g(without)f(the)h(ending)f (delimiter)h(but)e(oth-)630 1494 y(erwise)36 b(unmo)s(di\014ed,)e(is)i (assigned)f(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b Ft(REPLY)p Fu(.)55 b(The)34 b(exit)j(status)e(is)h(zero,)630 1604 y(unless)i(end-of-\014le)h(is)f(encoun)m(tered,)j Ft(read)d Fu(times)h(out)f(\(in)h(whic)m(h)f(case)h(the)g(status)g(is)630 1714 y(greater)31 b(than)f(128\),)i(a)e(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(assignmen)m(t)h(error)f(\(suc)m(h)f(as)i(assigning)f(to)h(a)f (readonly)630 1823 y(v)-5 b(ariable\))30 b(o)s(ccurs,)f(or)f(an)h(in)m (v)-5 b(alid)29 b(\014le)g(descriptor)f(is)h(supplied)e(as)i(the)g (argumen)m(t)g(to)g Ft(-u)p Fu(.)150 1983 y Ft(readarray)870 2092 y(readarray)45 b([-d)i Fj(delim)p Ft(])f([-n)h Fj(count)p Ft(])f([-O)h Fj(origin)p Ft(])f([-s)h Fj(count)p Ft(])1061 2202 y([-t])g([-u)f Fj(fd)p Ft(])h([-C)g Fj(callback)p Ft(])f([-c)g Fj(quantum)p Ft(])g([)p Fj(array)p Ft(])630 2336 y Fu(Read)38 b(lines)f(from)g(the)h(standard)e(input)g(in)m(to)j (the)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b Fr(arra)m(y)p Fu(,)i(or)630 2446 y(from)30 b(\014le)g(descriptor)h Fr(fd)i Fu(if)d(the)h Ft(-u)e Fu(option)i(is)g(supplied.)630 2580 y(A)f(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(mapfile)p Fu(.)150 2740 y Ft(source)870 2874 y(source)46 b Fj(filename)630 3009 y Fu(A)30 b(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(.)g Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(4.1)g ([Bourne)g(Shell)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(44\).)150 3168 y Ft(type)870 3303 y(type)47 b([-afptP])e([)p Fj(name)i Ft(...)o(])630 3437 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)42 b(eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)i(indicate)e(ho)m(w)g(it)f(w)m(ould)g(b)s(e)g(in)m(terpreted)g(if) g(used)f(as)i(a)f(command)630 3547 y(name.)630 3681 y(If)g(the)g Ft(-t)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used,)j Ft(type)c Fu(prin)m(ts)h(a)h(single)g (w)m(ord)f(whic)m(h)g(is)g(one)h(of)g(`)p Ft(alias)p Fu(',)630 3791 y(`)p Ft(function)p Fu(',)32 b(`)p Ft(builtin)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(file)p Fu(')g(or)h(`)p Ft(keyword)p Fu(',)f(if)h Fr(name)38 b Fu(is)33 b(an)f(alias,)j(shell)e(function,)630 3900 y(shell)i(builtin,)g(disk)g(\014le,)h(or)e(shell)h(reserv)m(ed)g (w)m(ord,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)55 b(If)34 b(the)h Fr(name)40 b Fu(is)35 b(not)630 4010 y(found,)29 b(then)h(nothing)h(is) f(prin)m(ted,)g(and)g Ft(type)f Fu(returns)g(a)i(failure)g(status.)630 4144 y(If)25 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f(used,)h Ft(type)e Fu(either)h(returns)g(the)g(name)g(of)h(the)f(disk)g(\014le)g (that)h(w)m(ould)630 4254 y(b)s(e)k(executed,)h(or)g(nothing)f(if)g Ft(-t)g Fu(w)m(ould)g(not)h(return)e(`)p Ft(file)p Fu('.)630 4389 y(The)h Ft(-P)g Fu(option)h(forces)g(a)g(path)f(searc)m(h)h(for)g (eac)m(h)g Fr(name)p Fu(,)g(ev)m(en)g(if)g Ft(-t)f Fu(w)m(ould)g(not)h (return)630 4498 y(`)p Ft(file)p Fu('.)630 4633 y(If)f(a)g(command)g (is)g(hashed,)f Ft(-p)h Fu(and)f Ft(-P)g Fu(prin)m(t)h(the)g(hashed)f (v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(whic)m(h)f(is)g(not)g(neces-)630 4742 y(sarily)h(the)f(\014le)h(that)g(app)s(ears)e(\014rst)h(in)g Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)630 4877 y(If)22 b(the)i Ft(-a)e Fu(option)h(is)g (used,)h Ft(type)e Fu(returns)f(all)j(of)f(the)g(places)h(that)f(con)m (tain)i(an)d(executable)630 4986 y(named)32 b Fr(\014le)p Fu(.)49 b(This)32 b(includes)h(aliases)h(and)e(functions,)i(if)f(and)f (only)h(if)g(the)g Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(is)630 5096 y(not)d(also)g (used.)630 5230 y(If)f(the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)g(is)h(used,)e Ft(type)g Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(attempt)g(to)g(\014nd)d(shell)j (functions,)f(as)g(with)630 5340 y(the)h Ft(command)d Fu(builtin.)p eop end %%Page: 61 67 TeXDict begin 61 66 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(61)630 299 y(The)31 b(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero)h(if)f(all)h(of)f(the)h Fr(names)i Fu(are)e(found,)e(non-zero)i(if)f(an)m(y)g(are)h(not)630 408 y(found.)150 566 y Ft(typeset)870 700 y(typeset)46 b([-afFgrxilnrtux])d([-p])k([)p Fj(name)p Ft([=)p Fj(value)p Ft(])d(...)o(])630 834 y Fu(The)31 b Ft(typeset)e Fu(command)i(is)g (supplied)f(for)h(compatibilit)m(y)i(with)e(the)g(Korn)f(shell.)44 b(It)31 b(is)630 943 y(a)g(synon)m(ym)f(for)g(the)g Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin)h(command.)150 1101 y Ft(ulimit)870 1235 y(ulimit)46 b([-HS])g(-a)870 1344 y(ulimit)g([-HS])g([-bcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPRT])c([)p Fj(limit)p Ft(])630 1478 y(ulimit)25 b Fu(pro)m(vides)h(con)m(trol)i(o) m(v)m(er)g(the)f(resources)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)29 b(to)e(pro)s(cesses) f(started)h(b)m(y)g(the)630 1588 y(shell,)i(on)f(systems)g(that)h(allo) m(w)h(suc)m(h)e(con)m(trol.)41 b(If)28 b(an)g(option)h(is)f(giv)m(en,)i (it)e(is)h(in)m(terpreted)630 1697 y(as)i(follo)m(ws:)630 1855 y Ft(-S)384 b Fu(Change)30 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(soft)h(limit) g(asso)s(ciated)h(with)e(a)h(resource.)630 2013 y Ft(-H)384 b Fu(Change)30 b(and)g(rep)s(ort)g(the)g(hard)g(limit)h(asso)s(ciated)h (with)e(a)h(resource.)630 2171 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(All)31 b(curren)m(t)f(limits)h(are)g(rep)s(orted;)f(no)g(limits)h(are)g(set.) 630 2328 y Ft(-b)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(so)s(c)m(k)m(et)i (bu\013er)e(size.)630 2486 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size) h(of)g(core)g(\014les)f(created.)630 2644 y Ft(-d)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g(a)g(pro)s(cess's)f(data)h (segmen)m(t.)630 2802 y Ft(-e)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(sc)m (heduling)h(priorit)m(y)f(\()p Ft(")p Fu(nice)p Ft(")p Fu(\).)630 2960 y Ft(-f)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(of)g (\014les)f(written)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell)h(and)f(its)h(c)m(hildren.)630 3118 y Ft(-i)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(p)s (ending)e(signals.)630 3275 y Ft(-k)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m (um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(kqueues)f(that)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(allo)s(cated.)630 3433 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(size)h(that)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s (e)f(lo)s(c)m(k)m(ed)i(in)m(to)f(memory)-8 b(.)630 3591 y Ft(-m)384 b Fu(The)36 b(maxim)m(um)g(residen)m(t)h(set)g(size)g (\(man)m(y)g(systems)f(do)h(not)f(honor)g(this)1110 3701 y(limit\).)630 3858 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(The)38 b(maxim)m(um)h(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)e(of)i(op)s(en)f(\014le)h(descriptors)g(\(most)g(systems)g(do)1110 3968 y(not)31 b(allo)m(w)g(this)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(b)s(e)e(set\).) 630 4126 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(The)30 b(pip)s(e)f(bu\013er)h(size.)630 4284 y Ft(-q)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(b)m (ytes)g(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(message)j(queues.)630 4441 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(real-time)i(sc)m(heduling)f (priorit)m(y)-8 b(.)630 4599 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(stac)m(k)i(size.)630 4757 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(amoun)m(t)h(of)f(cpu)g(time)h(in)f(seconds.) 630 4915 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i (pro)s(cesses)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(to)e(a)f(single)i(user.)630 5073 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(The)41 b(maxim)m(um)h(amoun)m(t)g(of)h(virtual)f (memory)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)44 b(to)e(the)g(shell,)1110 5182 y(and,)30 b(on)g(some)h(systems,)g(to)g(its)g(c)m(hildren.)630 5340 y Ft(-x)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i (\014le)f(lo)s(c)m(ks.)p eop end %%Page: 62 68 TeXDict begin 62 67 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(62)630 299 y Ft(-P)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(pseudoterminals.)630 478 y Ft(-R)384 b Fu(The)27 b(maxim)m(um)h(time)h(a)f(real-time)i(pro)s (cess)d(can)i(run)d(b)s(efore)i(blo)s(c)m(king,)h(in)1110 587 y(microseconds.)630 766 y Ft(-T)384 b Fu(The)30 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m (um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(threads.)630 945 y(If)36 b Fr(limit)k Fu(is)c(giv)m(en,)k(and)c(the)h Ft(-a)f Fu(option)h(is)f(not)h(used,)h Fr(limit)h Fu(is)e(the)g(new)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)630 1055 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)c(resource.)51 b(The)34 b(sp)s(ecial)g Fr(limit)j Fu(v)-5 b(alues)34 b Ft(hard)p Fu(,)g Ft(soft)p Fu(,)g(and)f Ft(unlimited)e Fu(stand)630 1164 y(for)h(the)g(curren)m(t) g(hard)f(limit,)i(the)g(curren)m(t)f(soft)g(limit,)h(and)f(no)g(limit,) h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)48 b(A)630 1274 y(hard)24 b(limit)i(cannot)g(b)s(e)e(increased)h(b)m(y)g(a)h(non-ro)s(ot)f(user)f (once)i(it)g(is)f(set;)j(a)d(soft)g(limit)h(ma)m(y)630 1384 y(b)s(e)37 b(increased)h(up)e(to)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)f(the)h(hard)f(limit.)63 b(Otherwise,)39 b(the)f(curren)m(t)f(v)-5 b(alue)630 1493 y(of)39 b(the)g(soft)h(limit)g(for)f(the)g(sp)s (eci\014ed)f(resource)h(is)g(prin)m(ted,)i(unless)e(the)g Ft(-H)f Fu(option)i(is)630 1603 y(supplied.)47 b(When)33 b(more)g(than)g(one)g(resource)g(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)g(the)g(limit)h (name)f(and)f(unit,)630 1712 y(if)27 b(appropriate,)h(are)f(prin)m(ted) g(b)s(efore)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue.)40 b(When)27 b(setting)h(new)e (limits,)j(if)e(neither)630 1822 y Ft(-H)38 b Fu(nor)g Ft(-S)g Fu(is)h(supplied,)h(b)s(oth)e(the)h(hard)f(and)g(soft)h(limits) g(are)g(set.)67 b(If)38 b(no)h(option)g(is)630 1932 y(giv)m(en,)c(then) f Ft(-f)e Fu(is)i(assumed.)49 b(V)-8 b(alues)35 b(are)e(in)h(1024-b)m (yte)i(incremen)m(ts,)f(except)f(for)f Ft(-t)p Fu(,)630 2041 y(whic)m(h)e(is)g(in)g(seconds;)h Ft(-R)p Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)f(is)g (in)g(microseconds;)h Ft(-p)p Fu(,)g(whic)m(h)f(is)g(in)g(units)g(of)g (512-)630 2151 y(b)m(yte)k(blo)s(c)m(ks;)j Ft(-P)p Fu(,)e Ft(-T)p Fu(,)f Ft(-b)p Fu(,)h Ft(-k)p Fu(,)f Ft(-n)g Fu(and)f Ft(-u)p Fu(,)h(whic)m(h)g(are)g(unscaled)g(v)-5 b(alues;)37 b(and,)f(when)630 2260 y(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(Mo)s(de)h(\(see)g(Section)h(6.11)g([Bash)g(POSIX)d(Mo)s(de],)k(page) f(101\),)i Ft(-c)c Fu(and)g Ft(-f)p Fu(,)630 2370 y(whic)m(h)30 b(are)h(in)f(512-b)m(yte)j(incremen)m(ts.)630 2514 y(The)h(return)g (status)h(is)f(zero)i(unless)e(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)36 b(option)f(or)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)e(supplied,)h(or)630 2624 y(an)30 b(error)g(o)s(ccurs)g(while)h(setting)g(a)g(new)f(limit.) 150 2803 y Ft(unalias)870 2947 y(unalias)46 b([-a])g([)p Fj(name)h Ft(...)g(])630 3091 y Fu(Remo)m(v)m(e)42 b(eac)m(h)f Fr(name)k Fu(from)39 b(the)i(list)f(of)g(aliases.)71 b(If)40 b Ft(-a)f Fu(is)h(supplied,)h(all)g(aliases)h(are)630 3201 y(remo)m(v)m(ed.)g(Aliases)31 b(are)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(Section) i(6.6)f([Aliases],)h(page)f(94.)150 3471 y Fs(4.3)68 b(Mo)t(difying)45 b(Shell)g(Beha)l(vior)150 3695 y Fk(4.3.1)63 b(The)41 b(Set)g(Builtin)150 3842 y Fu(This)35 b(builtin)h(is)g(so)g (complicated)i(that)f(it)f(deserv)m(es)h(its)f(o)m(wn)g(section.)59 b Ft(set)35 b Fu(allo)m(ws)j(y)m(ou)e(to)h(c)m(hange)150 3951 y(the)c(v)-5 b(alues)34 b(of)f(shell)g(options)h(and)e(set)i(the)f (p)s(ositional)h(parameters,)h(or)e(to)h(displa)m(y)f(the)g(names)h (and)150 4061 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(of)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariables.)150 4250 y Ft(set)870 4394 y(set)47 b([--abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT])41 b([-o)47 b Fj(option-name)p Ft(])e([)p Fj(argument)g Ft(...)o(])870 4504 y(set)i([+abefhkmnptuvxBCEHPT])42 b([+o)47 b Fj(option-name)p Ft(])d([)p Fj(argument)h Ft(...)o(])630 4648 y Fu(If)22 b(no)h(options)g(or)g(argumen)m(ts)g (are)g(supplied,)g Ft(set)f Fu(displa)m(ys)g(the)h(names)g(and)f(v)-5 b(alues)23 b(of)g(all)630 4757 y(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariables)27 b(and)e(functions,)h(sorted)g(according)h(to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)f(lo)s (cale,)k(in)c(a)i(format)630 4867 y(that)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(reused)g (as)h(input)f(for)h(setting)h(or)e(resetting)i(the)f(curren)m(tly-set)h (v)-5 b(ariables.)630 4977 y(Read-only)37 b(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(reset.)59 b(In)36 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)i(only)f (shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(are)630 5086 y(listed.)630 5230 y(When)29 b(options)g(are)g(supplied,)f(they)h(set)h(or)f(unset)f (shell)h(attributes.)41 b(Options,)29 b(if)g(sp)s(ec-)630 5340 y(i\014ed,)h(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(meanings:)p eop end %%Page: 63 69 TeXDict begin 63 68 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(63)630 299 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(Eac)m(h)37 b(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(or)g(function)g(that)g(is)g (created)h(or)f(mo)s(di\014ed)f(is)h(giv)m(en)h(the)1110 408 y(exp)s(ort)28 b(attribute)h(and)f(mark)m(ed)g(for)g(exp)s(ort)g (to)h(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)f(of)h(sub-)1110 518 y(sequen)m(t)i (commands.)630 682 y Ft(-b)384 b Fu(Cause)44 b(the)h(status)g(of)f (terminated)h(bac)m(kground)g(jobs)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(rep)s(orted)1110 792 y(immediately)-8 b(,)30 b(rather)d(than)f(b)s(efore)h(prin)m(ting)g (the)g(next)g(primary)g(prompt.)630 956 y Ft(-e)384 b Fu(Exit)65 b(immediately)g(if)f(a)h(pip)s(eline)e(\(see)i(Section)g (3.2.3)h([Pip)s(elines],)1110 1066 y(page)56 b(8\),)62 b(whic)m(h)55 b(ma)m(y)h(consist)f(of)h(a)f(single)h(simple)f(command)g (\(see)1110 1176 y(Section)30 b(3.2.2)i([Simple)d(Commands],)g(page)h (8\),)h(a)f(list)g(\(see)h(Section)f(3.2.4)1110 1285 y([Lists],)66 b(page)59 b(9\),)67 b(or)58 b(a)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)h (\(see)h(Section)g(3.2.5)1110 1395 y([Comp)s(ound)h(Commands],)70 b(page)63 b(10\))g(returns)e(a)i(non-zero)f(status.)1110 1504 y(The)41 b(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(exit)h(if)f(the)h(command)f (that)h(fails)f(is)g(part)g(of)h(the)1110 1614 y(command)g(list)h (immediately)g(follo)m(wing)g(a)g Ft(while)e Fu(or)h Ft(until)e Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord,)1110 1724 y(part)61 b(of)g(the)g(test)h (in)e(an)h Ft(if)f Fu(statemen)m(t,)71 b(part)61 b(of)g(an)m(y)g (command)1110 1833 y(executed)50 b(in)e(a)h Ft(&&)f Fu(or)h Ft(||)f Fu(list)h(except)g(the)g(command)g(follo)m(wing)h(the)1110 1943 y(\014nal)37 b Ft(&&)g Fu(or)g Ft(||)p Fu(,)h(an)m(y)g(command)f (in)g(a)g(pip)s(eline)g(but)g(the)g(last,)j(or)e(if)f(the)1110 2052 y(command's)c(return)f(status)h(is)g(b)s(eing)g(in)m(v)m(erted)h (with)e Ft(!)p Fu(.)48 b(If)33 b(a)g(comp)s(ound)1110 2162 y(command)g(other)g(than)f(a)i(subshell)d(returns)h(a)h(non-zero)h (status)f(b)s(ecause)1110 2271 y(a)k(command)g(failed)g(while)g Ft(-e)f Fu(w)m(as)i(b)s(eing)e(ignored,)j(the)e(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not) 1110 2381 y(exit.)42 b(A)30 b(trap)g(on)h Ft(ERR)p Fu(,)e(if)i(set,)g (is)f(executed)i(b)s(efore)e(the)g(shell)h(exits.)1110 2518 y(This)f(option)h(applies)f(to)h(the)g(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g (and)f(eac)m(h)h(subshell)f(en-)1110 2628 y(vironmen)m(t)j(separately)i (\(see)f(Section)g(3.7.3)h([Command)d(Execution)i(En-)1110 2737 y(vironmen)m(t],)i(page)f(40\),)i(and)d(ma)m(y)h(cause)f (subshells)g(to)h(exit)g(b)s(efore)f(exe-)1110 2847 y(cuting)d(all)g (the)g(commands)f(in)g(the)g(subshell.)1110 2984 y(If)41 b(a)g(comp)s(ound)e(command)i(or)g(shell)g(function)g(executes)h(in)f (a)g(con)m(text)1110 3093 y(where)31 b Ft(-e)g Fu(is)g(b)s(eing)g (ignored,)h(none)f(of)h(the)f(commands)g(executed)h(within)1110 3203 y(the)j(comp)s(ound)f(command)h(or)g(function)f(b)s(o)s(dy)g(will) h(b)s(e)f(a\013ected)j(b)m(y)e(the)1110 3313 y Ft(-e)25 b Fu(setting,)j(ev)m(en)e(if)g Ft(-e)f Fu(is)h(set)g(and)f(a)h(command) g(returns)e(a)i(failure)g(status.)1110 3422 y(If)32 b(a)i(comp)s(ound)d (command)i(or)g(shell)g(function)f(sets)i Ft(-e)e Fu(while)h(executing) 1110 3532 y(in)40 b(a)h(con)m(text)i(where)d Ft(-e)g Fu(is)h(ignored,)j(that)d(setting)h(will)f(not)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(an)m(y) 1110 3641 y(e\013ect)g(un)m(til)e(the)h(comp)s(ound)e(command)h(or)g (the)g(command)g(con)m(taining)1110 3751 y(the)31 b(function)f(call)h (completes.)630 3915 y Ft(-f)384 b Fu(Disable)31 b(\014lename)g (expansion)f(\(globbing\).)630 4080 y Ft(-h)384 b Fu(Lo)s(cate)33 b(and)e(remem)m(b)s(er)h(\(hash\))g(commands)f(as)h(they)g(are)g(lo)s (ok)m(ed)h(up)e(for)1110 4189 y(execution.)42 b(This)29 b(option)i(is)g(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)630 4354 y Ft(-k)384 b Fu(All)34 b(argumen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h(form)f(of)g (assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts)i(are)d(placed)h(in)1110 4463 y(the)k(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(for)g(a)g(command,)h(not)f(just)f (those)i(that)f(precede)g(the)1110 4573 y(command)30 b(name.)630 4737 y Ft(-m)384 b Fu(Job)28 b(con)m(trol)h(is)f(enabled)g (\(see)h(Chapter)f(7)g([Job)g(Con)m(trol],)i(page)f(107\).)41 b(All)1110 4847 y(pro)s(cesses)27 b(run)f(in)i(a)g(separate)g(pro)s (cess)f(group.)40 b(When)27 b(a)h(bac)m(kground)f(job)1110 4956 y(completes,)32 b(the)f(shell)f(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(line)f(con)m (taining)i(its)f(exit)g(status.)630 5121 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Read)38 b(commands)f(but)f(do)i(not)f(execute)i(them.)62 b(This)37 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)1110 5230 y(c)m(hec)m(k)d(a)e (script)g(for)g(syn)m(tax)h(errors.)42 b(This)30 b(option)i(is)f (ignored)g(b)m(y)g(in)m(terac-)1110 5340 y(tiv)m(e)h(shells.)p eop end %%Page: 64 70 TeXDict begin 64 69 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(64)630 299 y Ft(-o)30 b Fj(option-name)1110 408 y Fu(Set)h(the)f(option)h(corresp)s(onding)e (to)i Fr(option-name)5 b Fu(:)1110 575 y Ft(allexport)1590 685 y Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-a)p Fu(.)1110 852 y Ft(braceexpand)1590 962 y Fu(Same)f(as)h Ft(-B)p Fu(.)1110 1129 y Ft(emacs)240 b Fu(Use)25 b(an)f Ft(emacs)p Fu(-st)m(yle)h(line)f(editing)h(in)m (terface)h(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)1590 1238 y([Command)33 b(Line)g(Editing],)h(page)h(111\).)51 b(This)32 b(also)i(a\013ects)1590 1348 y(the)d(editing)g(in)m(terface)h(used)d(for)h Ft(read)f(-e)p Fu(.)1110 1515 y Ft(errexit)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-e)p Fu(.)1110 1682 y Ft(errtrace)96 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-E)p Fu(.)1110 1849 y Ft(functrace)1590 1958 y Fu(Same)f(as)h Ft(-T)p Fu(.)1110 2125 y Ft(hashall)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-h)p Fu(.)1110 2292 y Ft(histexpand)1590 2402 y Fu(Same)f(as)h Ft(-H)p Fu(.)1110 2569 y Ft(history)144 b Fu(Enable)39 b(command)g(history)-8 b(,)42 b(as)d(describ)s(ed)f(in)h (Section)h(9.1)1590 2679 y([Bash)d(History)g(F)-8 b(acilities],)41 b(page)c(146.)60 b(This)36 b(option)h(is)f(on)1590 2788 y(b)m(y)30 b(default)h(in)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)1110 2955 y Ft(ignoreeof)1590 3065 y Fu(An)d(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e (will)g(not)f(exit)h(up)s(on)e(reading)i(EOF.)1110 3232 y Ft(keyword)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-k)p Fu(.)1110 3399 y Ft(monitor)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-m)p Fu(.)1110 3566 y Ft(noclobber)1590 3675 y Fu(Same)f(as)h Ft(-C)p Fu(.)1110 3842 y Ft(noexec)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-n)p Fu(.)1110 4009 y Ft(noglob)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-f)p Fu(.)1110 4176 y Ft(nolog)240 b Fu(Curren)m(tly)30 b(ignored.)1110 4343 y Ft(notify)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-b)p Fu(.)1110 4510 y Ft(nounset)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-u)p Fu(.)1110 4677 y Ft(onecmd)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-t)p Fu(.)1110 4844 y Ft(physical)96 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-P)p Fu(.)1110 5011 y Ft(pipefail)96 b Fu(If)44 b(set,)k(the)d(return)e(v)-5 b(alue)45 b(of)f(a)h(pip)s(eline)e(is)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)45 b(of)1590 5121 y(the)33 b(last)h(\(righ)m(tmost\))h(command)e(to)h (exit)g(with)f(a)g(non-zero)1590 5230 y(status,)28 b(or)f(zero)g(if)f (all)i(commands)e(in)g(the)h(pip)s(eline)f(exit)i(suc-)1590 5340 y(cessfully)-8 b(.)41 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(disabled)g(b)m(y)h (default.)p eop end %%Page: 65 71 TeXDict begin 65 70 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(65)1110 299 y Ft(posix)240 b Fu(Change)30 b(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(of)f(Bash)g(where) g(the)g(default)h(op)s(era-)1590 408 y(tion)25 b(di\013ers)f(from)g (the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)f(to)i(matc)m(h)h(the)f(stan-)1590 518 y(dard)h(\(see)j(Section)f(6.11)h([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)j(page) f(101\).)1590 628 y(This)37 b(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(mak)m(e)g(Bash)g (b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g(as)g(a)f(strict)h(su-)1590 737 y(p)s(erset)30 b(of)h(that)f(standard.)1110 911 y Ft(privileged)1590 1020 y Fu(Same)g(as)h Ft(-p)p Fu(.)1110 1194 y Ft(verbose)144 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-v)p Fu(.)1110 1367 y Ft(vi)384 b Fu(Use)36 b(a)g Ft(vi)p Fu(-st)m(yle)g(line)g(editing)g(in)m (terface.)58 b(This)35 b(also)h(a\013ects)1590 1477 y(the)31 b(editing)g(in)m(terface)h(used)d(for)h Ft(read)f(-e)p Fu(.)1110 1650 y Ft(xtrace)192 b Fu(Same)30 b(as)h Ft(-x)p Fu(.)630 1824 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(T)-8 b(urn)33 b(on)h(privileged)h(mo)s (de.)51 b(In)34 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h(the)f Ft($BASH_ENV)e Fu(and)h Ft($ENV)1110 1934 y Fu(\014les)23 b(are)h(not)f(pro)s(cessed,) h(shell)g(functions)e(are)i(not)f(inherited)g(from)f(the)i(en-)1110 2043 y(vironmen)m(t,)h(and)e(the)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)p Fu(,)f Ft(BASHOPTS)p Fu(,)h Ft(CDPATH)e Fu(and)i Ft(GLOBIGNORE)1110 2153 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariables,)23 b(if)e(they)g(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)h(en)m (vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored.)38 b(If)20 b(the)h(shell)1110 2262 y(is)37 b(started)h(with)f(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)d (\(group\))g(id)g(not)g(equal)h(to)g(the)f(real)1110 2372 y(user)h(\(group\))h(id,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-p)f Fu(option)i(is)e (not)i(supplied,)f(these)h(actions)1110 2482 y(are)32 b(tak)m(en)i(and)d(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(user)c(id)h(is)g(set)h(to)f (the)h(real)f(user)g(id.)45 b(If)32 b(the)1110 2591 y Ft(-p)i Fu(option)h(is)g(supplied)f(at)h(startup,)h(the)f(e\013ectiv)m (e)i(user)d(id)g(is)h(not)g(reset.)1110 2701 y(T)-8 b(urning)35 b(this)i(option)g(o\013)g(causes)g(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)i(user)d(and)g (group)g(ids)g(to)1110 2810 y(b)s(e)30 b(set)h(to)g(the)f(real)h(user)f (and)g(group)g(ids.)630 2984 y Ft(-t)384 b Fu(Exit)31 b(after)g(reading)f(and)g(executing)h(one)g(command.)630 3157 y Ft(-u)384 b Fu(T)-8 b(reat)25 b(unset)e(v)-5 b(ariables)25 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b(is)g(prin)m(ted)g(b)s(efore)f(the)h (command)g(and)f(its)i(expanded)1110 4381 y(argumen)m(ts.)630 4555 y Ft(-B)384 b Fu(The)41 b(shell)g(will)g(p)s(erform)f(brace)h (expansion)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.1)g([Brace)1110 4664 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)42 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(on)g(b)m (y)h(default.)630 4838 y Ft(-C)384 b Fu(Prev)m(en)m(t)25 b(output)e(redirection)h(using)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)i(`)p Ft(>&)p Fu(',)g(and)e(`)p Ft(<>)p Fu(')g(from)h(o)m(v)m(erwriting)1110 4947 y(existing)31 b(\014les.)630 5121 y Ft(-E)384 b Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(an)m(y)e(trap)f(on)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(is)g(inherited)g(b)m (y)g(shell)h(functions,)h(command)1110 5230 y(substitutions,)35 b(and)e(commands)g(executed)i(in)f(a)g(subshell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t.) 1110 5340 y(The)d Ft(ERR)f Fu(trap)i(is)f(normally)h(not)f(inherited)g (in)g(suc)m(h)g(cases.)p eop end %%Page: 66 72 TeXDict begin 66 71 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(66)630 299 y Ft(-H)384 b Fu(Enable)38 b(`)p Ft(!)p 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b(6.6)h([Aliases],)j(page)d(94.)64 b(This)37 b(option)h(is)g(enabled)g(b)m(y)g(default)g(for)1110 1395 y(in)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(shells.)630 1559 y Ft(extdebug)96 b Fu(If)35 b(set)i(at)f(shell)g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)k(or)c(in)f(a)h (shell)h(startup)e(\014le,)i(arrange)g(to)f(ex-)1110 1669 y(ecute)h(the)f(debugger)g(pro\014le)g(b)s(efore)g(the)g(shell)h (starts,)h(iden)m(tical)g(to)f(the)1110 1778 y Ft(--debugger)32 b Fu(option.)56 b(If)35 b(set)h(after)g(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,)j(b)s(eha) m(vior)c(in)m(tended)g(for)1110 1888 y(use)30 b(b)m(y)g(debuggers)g(is) h(enabled:)1159 2025 y(1.)61 b(The)37 b Ft(-F)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)g Ft(declare)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)i(Section)f(4.2)h([Bash)1290 2134 y(Builtins],)29 b(page)g(51\))g(displa)m(ys)f(the)g(source)h (\014le)f(name)g(and)f(line)h(n)m(um-)1290 2244 y(b)s(er)h(corresp)s (onding)g(to)i(eac)m(h)g(function)f(name)g(supplied)f(as)i(an)f(argu-) 1290 2354 y(men)m(t.)1159 2491 y(2.)61 b(If)20 b(the)h(command)g(run)e (b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(DEBUG)g 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b(result)g(in)g(an)g(expansion)h(error.)630 5121 y Ft(force_fignore)1110 5230 y Fu(If)43 b(set,)k(the)d(su\016xes)f (sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(FIGNORE)f Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(cause)1110 5340 y(w)m(ords)31 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(ignored)h (when)f(p)s(erforming)f(w)m(ord)h(completion)i(ev)m(en)f(if)g(the)p eop end %%Page: 70 76 TeXDict begin 70 75 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(70)1110 299 y(ignored)37 b(w)m(ords)g(are)g(the)h(only)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)62 b(See)37 b(Section)h(5.2)1110 408 y([Bash)24 b(V)-8 b(ariables],)27 b(page)e(73,)h(for)d(a)h(description)g(of)g Ft(FIGNORE)p Fu(.)37 b(This)22 b(option)1110 518 y(is)30 b(enabled)h(b)m(y)f (default.)630 701 y Ft(globasciiranges)1110 810 y Fu(If)j(set,)h(range) f(expressions)g(used)f(in)h(pattern)g(matc)m(hing)h(brac)m(k)m(et)h (expres-)1110 920 y(sions)28 b(\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.8.1)g([P)m(attern) g(Matc)m(hing],)h(page)e(33\))g(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g(as)g(if)1110 1029 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2271 y(message)c(format.)630 2454 y Ft(histappend)1110 2564 y Fu(If)c(set,)j(the)e(history)g(list)g (is)g(app)s(ended)e(to)j(the)f(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)1110 2673 y(the)d Ft(HISTFILE)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(when)e(the)h(shell)h(exits,)h(rather)e(than)h(o)m(v)m (erwriting)1110 2783 y(the)31 b(\014le.)630 2966 y Ft(histreedit)1110 3075 y Fu(If)i(set,)h(and)f(Readline)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)g(a)g (user)g(is)g(giv)m(en)h(the)g(opp)s(ortunit)m(y)1110 3185 y(to)d(re-edit)g(a)g(failed)g(history)f(substitution.)630 3367 y Ft(histverify)1110 3477 y Fu(If)35 b(set,)i(and)e(Readline)h(is) f(b)s(eing)g(used,)h(the)f(results)g(of)g(history)h(substitu-)1110 3587 y(tion)h(are)g(not)g(immediately)h(passed)e(to)h(the)g(shell)g (parser.)59 b(Instead,)38 b(the)1110 3696 y(resulting)i(line)f(is)h (loaded)g(in)m(to)g(the)g(Readline)g(editing)g(bu\013er,)h(allo)m(wing) 1110 3806 y(further)29 b(mo)s(di\014cation.)630 3988 y Ft(hostcomplete)1110 4098 y Fu(If)38 b(set,)j(and)c(Readline)i(is)f (b)s(eing)g(used,)h(Bash)g(will)f(attempt)h(to)g(p)s(erform)1110 4208 y(hostname)d(completion)h(when)e(a)h(w)m(ord)f(con)m(taining)i(a)f (`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(is)g(b)s(eing)f(com-)1110 4317 y(pleted)g(\(see)h (Section)f(8.4.6)i([Commands)d(F)-8 b(or)36 b(Completion],)g(page)g (133\).)1110 4427 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.) 630 4609 y Ft(huponexit)1110 4719 y Fu(If)i(set,)i(Bash)f(will)h(send)d Ft(SIGHUP)h Fu(to)h(all)h(jobs)e(when)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login) 1110 4829 y(shell)31 b(exits)g(\(see)g(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g (page)f(42\).)630 5011 y Ft(inherit_errexit)1110 5121 y Fu(If)e(set,)h(command)g(substitution)f(inherits)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)g(the)f Ft(errexit)f Fu(op-)1110 5230 y(tion,)33 b(instead)g(of)f(unsetting)g(it)h(in)f(the)g(subshell)f(en)m (vironmen)m(t.)46 b(This)32 b(op-)1110 5340 y(tion)f(is)f(enabled)h (when)e Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de)g(is)g(enabled.)p eop end %%Page: 71 77 TeXDict begin 71 76 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(71)630 299 y Ft (interactive_comments)1110 408 y Fu(Allo)m(w)27 b(a)g(w)m(ord)e(b)s (eginning)g(with)h(`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')g(to)h(cause)f(that)h(w)m(ord)f(and) f(all)i(remain-)1110 518 y(ing)41 b(c)m(haracters)i(on)e(that)h(line)g (to)g(b)s(e)f(ignored)g(in)g(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)1110 628 y(This)30 b(option)g(is)h(enabled)f(b)m(y)g(default.)630 777 y Ft(lastpipe)96 b Fu(If)24 b(set,)i(and)e(job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f (not)f(activ)m(e,)k(the)d(shell)f(runs)f(the)i(last)g(command)1110 887 y(of)37 b(a)h(pip)s(eline)e(not)h(executed)h(in)f(the)g(bac)m (kground)g(in)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(shell)1110 996 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t.) 630 1146 y Ft(lithist)144 b Fu(If)22 b(enabled,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(cmdhist)e Fu(option)j(is)f(enabled,)i(m)m(ulti-line)f(commands)1110 1255 y(are)28 b(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(history)g(with)f(em)m(b)s (edded)g(newlines)h(rather)g(than)f(using)1110 1365 y(semicolon)32 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%%Page: 72 78 TeXDict begin 72 77 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(4:)41 b(Shell)30 b(Builtin)h(Commands)2069 b(72)630 299 y Ft(progcomp_alias) 1110 408 y Fu(If)23 b(set,)j(and)d(programmable)h(completion)h(is)f (enabled,)h(Bash)f(treats)h(a)f(com-)1110 518 y(mand)34 b(name)h(that)g(do)s(esn't)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(an)m(y)g(completions)f(as)g (a)g(p)s(ossible)g(alias)1110 628 y(and)40 b(attempts)i(alias)h (expansion.)72 b(If)41 b(it)g(has)g(an)g(alias,)k(Bash)c(attempts)1110 737 y(programmable)28 b(completion)h(using)e(the)h(command)f(w)m(ord)h (resulting)f(from)1110 847 y(the)k(expanded)e(alias.)630 1006 y Ft(promptvars)1110 1116 y Fu(If)50 b(set,)56 b(prompt)49 b(strings)h(undergo)g(parameter)h(expansion,)k(command)1110 1225 y(substitution,)35 b(arithmetic)g(expansion,)g(and)e(quote)i(remo) m(v)-5 b(al)35 b(after)f(b)s(eing)1110 1335 y(expanded)53 b(as)h(describ)s(ed)e(b)s(elo)m(w)i(\(see)h(Section)f(6.9)h([Con)m (trolling)g(the)1110 1445 y(Prompt],)30 b(page)h(98\).)42 b(This)30 b(option)h(is)f(enabled)h(b)m(y)f(default.)630 1604 y Ft(restricted_shell)1110 1714 y Fu(The)40 b(shell)h(sets)g(this) g(option)g(if)g(it)h(is)e(started)i(in)e(restricted)i(mo)s(de)e(\(see) 1110 1823 y(Section)32 b(6.10)h([The)d(Restricted)j(Shell],)e(page)h (100\).)45 b(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(ma)m(y)g(not)1110 1933 y(b)s(e)g(c)m(hanged.)49 b(This)32 b(is)h(not)h(reset)f(when)f (the)h(startup)g(\014les)f(are)i(executed,)1110 2042 y(allo)m(wing)k(the)e(startup)f(\014les)h(to)g(disco)m(v)m(er)h (whether)f(or)f(not)i(a)f(shell)g(is)g(re-)1110 2152 y(stricted.)630 2311 y Ft(shift_verbose)1110 2421 y Fu(If)g(this)g(is)g (set,)j(the)d Ft(shift)f Fu(builtin)h(prin)m(ts)f(an)h(error)g(message) i(when)d(the)1110 2531 y(shift)30 b(coun)m(t)h(exceeds)g(the)g(n)m(um)m (b)s(er)e(of)h(p)s(ositional)i(parameters.)630 2690 y Ft(sourcepath)1110 2800 y Fu(If)22 b(set,)j(the)e Ft(source)e Fu(builtin)h(uses)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(of)g Ft(PATH)e Fu(to)j(\014nd)d(the)h(directory)1110 2909 y(con)m(taining)29 b(the)e(\014le)h(supplied)e(as)h(an)g(argumen)m(t.)40 b(This)27 b(option)h(is)f(enabled)1110 3019 y(b)m(y)j(default.)630 3178 y Ft(xpg_echo)96 b Fu(If)31 b(set,)h(the)g Ft(echo)e Fu(builtin)h(expands)f(bac)m(kslash-escap)s(e)j(sequences)f(b)m(y)f (de-)1110 3288 y(fault.)150 3528 y Fs(4.4)68 b(Sp)t(ecial)45 b(Builtins)150 3688 y Fu(F)-8 b(or)35 b(historical)h(reasons,)g(the)e Fm(posix)g Fu(standard)f(has)i(classi\014ed)f(sev)m(eral)i(builtin)e (commands)g(as)h Fl(sp)-5 b(e-)150 3797 y(cial)p Fu(.)47 b(When)33 b(Bash)f(is)h(executing)g(in)f Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de,)h(the)g (sp)s(ecial)g(builtins)e(di\013er)i(from)f(other)g(builtin)150 3907 y(commands)e(in)g(three)h(resp)s(ects:)199 4042 y(1.)61 b(Sp)s(ecial)31 b(builtins)e(are)i(found)e(b)s(efore)h(shell)h (functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)199 4176 y(2.)61 b(If)30 b(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f(returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)h (a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d(exits.)199 4311 y(3.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)30 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(the)f(command) g(sta)m(y)i(in)e(e\013ect)i(in)e(the)h(shell)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 4420 y(after)i(the)f(command)h(completes.)275 4579 y(When)36 b(Bash)g(is)h(not)f(executing)i(in)e Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)j(these)f (builtins)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)h(no)f(di\013eren)m(tly)h(than)150 4689 y(the)31 b(rest)f(of)h(the)f(Bash)h(builtin)e(commands.)41 b(The)30 b(Bash)g Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(is)g(describ)s(ed)f(in)h (Section)h(6.11)150 4799 y([Bash)g(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(101.)275 4933 y(These)f(are)g(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins:)390 5068 y Ft(break)46 b(:)i(.)f(continue)f(eval)g(exec)h(exit)g(export)f (readonly)f(return)h(set)390 5177 y(shift)g(trap)h(unset)p eop end %%Page: 73 79 TeXDict begin 73 78 bop 3659 -116 a Fu(73)150 299 y Fp(5)80 b(Shell)53 b(V)-13 b(ariables)150 504 y Fu(This)21 b(c)m(hapter)i (describ)s(es)e(the)i(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariables)23 b(that)f(Bash)h(uses.) 37 b(Bash)23 b(automatically)h(assigns)f(default)150 614 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(to)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(v)-5 b(ariables.)150 843 y Fs(5.1)68 b(Bourne)45 b(Shell)g(V)-11 b(ariables)150 1003 y Fu(Bash)30 b(uses)g(certain)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(in)f(the)g(same)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(as)g(the)f(Bourne)g (shell.)41 b(In)30 b(some)g(cases,)i(Bash)150 1112 y(assigns)f(a)f (default)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 1260 y Ft(CDPATH)192 b Fu(A)39 b(colon-separated)i(list)e(of)g (directories)h(used)f(as)g(a)g(searc)m(h)h(path)e(for)h(the)g Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)630 1370 y(command.)150 1518 y Ft(HOME)288 b Fu(The)23 b(curren)m(t)h(user's)f(home)g(directory;)k(the)d(default)g (for)f(the)h Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)g(command.)38 b(The)630 1628 y(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)g(also)g(used)e(b)m(y)h(tilde)h(expansion)f(\(see)i(Section)f (3.5.2)h([Tilde)630 1737 y(Expansion],)30 b(page)h(24\).)150 1885 y Ft(IFS)336 b Fu(A)25 b(list)i(of)e(c)m(haracters)i(that)f (separate)g(\014elds;)h(used)e(when)f(the)i(shell)f(splits)h(w)m(ords)e (as)i(part)630 1995 y(of)31 b(expansion.)150 2143 y Ft(MAIL)288 b Fu(If)44 b(this)g(parameter)h(is)g(set)g(to)g(a)f(\014lename)h(or)f (directory)h(name)g(and)f(the)g Ft(MAILPATH)630 2252 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)e(not)h(set,)h(Bash)f(informs)f(the)h(user) f(of)h(the)g(arriv)-5 b(al)31 b(of)g(mail)g(in)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed) 630 2362 y(\014le)f(or)h(Maildir-format)g(directory)-8 b(.)150 2510 y Ft(MAILPATH)96 b Fu(A)33 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)f (\014lenames)h(whic)m(h)f(the)g(shell)g(p)s(erio)s(dically)h(c)m(hec)m (ks)g(for)f(new)630 2619 y(mail.)60 b(Eac)m(h)37 b(list)g(en)m(try)g (can)g(sp)s(ecify)f(the)h(message)h(that)f(is)g(prin)m(ted)f(when)f (new)h(mail)630 2729 y(arriv)m(es)31 b(in)g(the)g(mail)g(\014le)g(b)m (y)g(separating)h(the)f(\014lename)g(from)f(the)h(message)h(with)e(a)i (`)p Ft(?)p Fu('.)630 2839 y(When)g(used)f(in)h(the)g(text)i(of)e(the)g (message,)i Ft($_)e Fu(expands)f(to)i(the)f(name)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m (t)630 2948 y(mail)f(\014le.)150 3096 y Ft(OPTARG)192 b Fu(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f(the)h(last)g(option)g(argumen)m(t)g (pro)s(cessed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(getopts)f Fu(builtin.)150 3244 y Ft(OPTIND)192 b Fu(The)30 b(index)g(of)g(the)h(last)g(option)g (argumen)m(t)g(pro)s(cessed)f(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(getopts)f Fu(builtin.)150 3392 y Ft(PATH)288 b Fu(A)32 b(colon-separated)i(list)f (of)f(directories)h(in)e(whic)m(h)h(the)g(shell)g(lo)s(oks)h(for)f (commands.)45 b(A)630 3502 y(zero-length)e(\(n)m(ull\))g(directory)f (name)g(in)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)42 b(of)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(indicates)i(the)f (curren)m(t)630 3611 y(directory)-8 b(.)49 b(A)33 b(n)m(ull)f (directory)i(name)e(ma)m(y)i(app)s(ear)e(as)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(adjacen)m(t)g (colons,)g(or)f(as)g(an)630 3721 y(initial)f(or)e(trailing)h(colon.)150 3869 y Ft(PS1)336 b Fu(The)35 b(primary)f(prompt)h(string.)55 b(The)35 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(is)h(`)p Ft(\\s-\\v\\$)28 b Fu('.)56 b(See)36 b(Section)g(6.9)630 3979 y([Con)m(trolling)42 b(the)e(Prompt],)j(page)e(98,)j(for)c(the)g(complete)i(list)f(of)f (escap)s(e)h(sequences)630 4088 y(that)31 b(are)g(expanded)e(b)s(efore) h Ft(PS1)g Fu(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)150 4236 y Ft(PS2)336 b Fu(The)28 b(secondary)g(prompt)g(string.)40 b(The)28 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)g(`)p Ft(>)h Fu('.)40 b Ft(PS2)28 b Fu(is)g(expanded)g(in)g(the)630 4346 y(same)j(w)m(a)m(y)g (as)g Ft(PS1)e Fu(b)s(efore)h(b)s(eing)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)150 4575 y Fs(5.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(V)-11 b(ariables)150 4734 y Fu(These)45 b(v)-5 b(ariables)46 b(are)g(set)g(or)f(used)f(b)m(y)h (Bash,)50 b(but)44 b(other)i(shells)f(do)h(not)f(normally)h(treat)g (them)150 4844 y(sp)s(ecially)-8 b(.)275 4973 y(A)24 b(few)g(v)-5 b(ariables)24 b(used)g(b)m(y)f(Bash)i(are)f(describ)s(ed)f (in)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(c)m(hapters:)38 b(v)-5 b(ariables)25 b(for)f(con)m(trolling)150 5082 y(the)31 b(job)f(con)m(trol)h (facilities)i(\(see)e(Section)g(7.3)h([Job)e(Con)m(trol)h(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)g(110\).)150 5230 y Ft(_)432 b Fu(\($)p 716 5230 28 4 v 41 w(,)34 b(an)g(underscore.\))49 b(A)m(t)35 b(shell)f(startup,)g(set)g(to)g(the)g(pathname)f(used)g(to)h (in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)i(the)630 5340 y(shell)e(or)g(shell)h(script)f(b)s (eing)f(executed)j(as)e(passed)g(in)f(the)i(en)m(vironmen)m(t)f(or)g (argumen)m(t)p eop end %%Page: 74 80 TeXDict begin 74 79 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(74)630 299 y(list.)55 b(Subsequen)m(tly)-8 b(,)35 b(expands)f(to)i(the)f(last)g(argumen)m(t)h (to)f(the)g(previous)f(simple)h(com-)630 408 y(mand)21 b(executed)i(in)e(the)i(foreground,)g(after)f(expansion.)38 b(Also)22 b(set)h(to)f(the)g(full)g(pathname)630 518 y(used)h(to)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(eac)m(h)g(command)e(executed)h(and)f (placed)g(in)g(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(exp)s(orted)630 628 y(to)33 b(that)g(command.)45 b(When)32 b(c)m(hec)m(king)i(mail,)g (this)e(parameter)g(holds)g(the)g(name)g(of)h(the)630 737 y(mail)e(\014le.)150 920 y Ft(BASH)288 b Fu(The)30 b(full)g(pathname)g(used)g(to)h(execute)h(the)e(curren)m(t)g(instance)h (of)g(Bash.)150 1103 y Ft(BASHOPTS)96 b Fu(A)31 b(colon-separated)h (list)f(of)g(enabled)f(shell)h(options.)41 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)630 1212 y(argumen)m(t)37 b(for)g(the)g Ft(-s)f Fu(option)i(to)f(the)g Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin)g(command)h(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.2)630 1322 y([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(66\).)60 b(The)36 b(options)h(app)s(earing)f(in)g Ft(BASHOPTS)e Fu(are)i(those)630 1431 y(rep)s(orted)e(as)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')f(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft(shopt)p Fu('.)53 b(If)34 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)f(Bash)630 1541 y(starts)25 b(up,)f(eac)m(h)i(shell)e(option)h(in)e(the)i(list)g (will)f(b)s(e)g(enabled)g(b)s(efore)g(reading)g(an)m(y)g(startup)630 1650 y(\014les.)41 b(This)29 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(readonly)-8 b(.)150 1833 y Ft(BASHPID)144 b Fu(Expands)35 b(to)i(the)f(pro)s(cess)f (ID)i(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(Bash)g(pro)s(cess.)58 b(This)35 b(di\013ers)h(from)g Ft($$)630 1943 y Fu(under)31 b(certain)j (circumstances,)h(suc)m(h)e(as)g(subshells)f(that)i(do)f(not)g(require) g(Bash)g(to)h(b)s(e)630 2052 y(re-initialized.)57 b(Assignmen)m(ts)35 b(to)h Ft(BASHPID)d Fu(ha)m(v)m(e)j(no)f(e\013ect.)56 b(If)34 b Ft(BASHPID)f Fu(is)i(unset,)h(it)630 2162 y(loses)31 b(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g (subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150 2345 y Ft(BASH_ALIASES)630 2454 y Fu(An)40 b(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)j(arra)m(y)d(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(whose)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(corresp)s(ond)g(to)i(the)f(in)m (ternal)h(list)630 2564 y(of)c(aliases)h(as)f(main)m(tained)g(b)m(y)g (the)g Ft(alias)e Fu(builtin.)59 b(\(see)37 b(Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g (Shell)630 2673 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(44\).)42 b(Elemen)m(ts)31 b(added)e(to)i(this)f(arra)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)g(alias)h(list;)h (ho)m(w-)630 2783 y(ev)m(er,)k(unsetting)f(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)g (curren)m(tly)g(do)s(es)f(not)g(cause)h(aliases)h(to)f(b)s(e)f(remo)m (v)m(ed)630 2892 y(from)25 b(the)h(alias)h(list.)40 b(If)25 b Ft(BASH_ALIASES)d Fu(is)k(unset,)g(it)g(loses)h(its)f(sp)s(ecial)g (prop)s(erties,)g(ev)m(en)630 3002 y(if)k(it)h(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f (reset.)150 3185 y Ft(BASH_ARGC)630 3294 y Fu(An)39 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(whose)f(v)-5 b(alues)39 b(are)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f (of)h(parameters)g(in)g(eac)m(h)h(frame)630 3404 y(of)i(the)g(curren)m (t)g(bash)f(execution)i(call)g(stac)m(k.)76 b(The)42 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(parameters)g(to)h(the)630 3513 y(curren)m(t)38 b(subroutine)f(\(shell)i(function)e(or)i(script)f (executed)h(with)e Ft(.)h Fu(or)g Ft(source)p Fu(\))f(is)h(at)630 3623 y(the)27 b(top)g(of)g(the)g(stac)m(k.)41 b(When)27 b(a)g(subroutine)f(is)h(executed,)i(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h (parameters)630 3733 y(passed)44 b(is)h(pushed)e(on)m(to)j Ft(BASH_ARGC)p Fu(.)81 b(The)44 b(shell)h(sets)g Ft(BASH_ARGC)e Fu(only)i(when)e(in)630 3842 y(extended)34 b(debugging)f(mo)s(de)g (\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)g(66,)g(for) 630 3952 y(a)e(description)g(of)f(the)h Ft(extdebug)d Fu(option)j(to)h(the)e Ft(shopt)g Fu(builtin\).)47 b(Setting)33 b Ft(extdebug)630 4061 y Fu(after)c(the)g(shell)g(has)g(started)g(to)g (execute)i(a)e(script,)g(or)g(referencing)g(this)f(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(when)630 4171 y Ft(extdebug)e Fu(is)j(not)f(set,)h(ma)m (y)g(result)g(in)f(inconsisten)m(t)h(v)-5 b(alues.)150 4354 y Ft(BASH_ARGV)630 4463 y Fu(An)24 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b(con)m(taining)h(all)f(of)f(the)h(parameters)f(in)g(the)g (curren)m(t)g(bash)g(execution)630 4573 y(call)35 b(stac)m(k.)53 b(The)34 b(\014nal)g(parameter)g(of)g(the)g(last)h(subroutine)e(call)i (is)f(at)h(the)f(top)h(of)f(the)630 4682 y(stac)m(k;)28 b(the)c(\014rst)f(parameter)i(of)f(the)g(initial)i(call)f(is)f(at)h (the)f(b)s(ottom.)39 b(When)24 b(a)g(subroutine)630 4792 y(is)40 b(executed,)j(the)d(parameters)h(supplied)d(are)i(pushed)f(on)m (to)i Ft(BASH_ARGV)p Fu(.)66 b(The)40 b(shell)630 4902 y(sets)28 b Ft(BASH_ARGV)e Fu(only)i(when)f(in)h(extended)g(debugging)g (mo)s(de)g(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)630 5011 y(Shopt)g(Builtin],) h(page)g(66,)g(for)g(a)f(description)h(of)f(the)h Ft(extdebug)d Fu(option)j(to)g(the)f Ft(shopt)630 5121 y Fu(builtin\).)64 b(Setting)38 b Ft(extdebug)e Fu(after)j(the)f(shell)g(has)g(started)g (to)h(execute)g(a)g(script,)h(or)630 5230 y(referencing)35 b(this)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(when)e Ft(extdebug)f Fu(is)j(not)f(set,)j (ma)m(y)e(result)f(in)g(inconsisten)m(t)630 5340 y(v)-5 b(alues.)p eop end %%Page: 75 81 TeXDict begin 75 80 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(75)150 299 y Ft(BASH_ARGV0)630 408 y Fu(When)31 b(referenced,)g(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(expands)e(to)h(the)h(name)f(of)g(the)g(shell)g(or)g(shell)g(script) 630 518 y(\(iden)m(tical)42 b(to)e Ft($0)p Fu(;)j(See)d(Section)g (3.4.2)i([Sp)s(ecial)e(P)m(arameters],)j(page)d(21,)j(for)c(the)h(de-) 630 628 y(scription)32 b(of)g(sp)s(ecial)g(parameter)g(0\).)45 b(Assignmen)m(t)32 b(to)h Ft(BASH_ARGV0)c Fu(causes)j(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)630 737 y(assigned)34 b(to)h(also)g(b)s(e)e(assigned)h(to)g Ft($0)p Fu(.)51 b(If)33 b Ft(BASH_ARGV0)f Fu(is)h(unset,)i(it)f(loses)h (its)f(sp)s(ecial)630 847 y(prop)s(erties,)c(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g (subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150 1048 y Ft(BASH_CMDS)630 1157 y Fu(An)k(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)f(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(whose)f(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(corresp)s(ond)g(to)i(the)f(in)m(ternal)h (hash)630 1267 y(table)c(of)g(commands)f(as)g(main)m(tained)h(b)m(y)g (the)f Ft(hash)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)h([Bourne)630 1377 y(Shell)42 b(Builtins],)k(page)d(44\).)77 b(Elemen)m(ts)43 b(added)e(to)i(this)f(arra)m(y)h(app)s(ear)f(in)f(the)i(hash)630 1486 y(table;)k(ho)m(w)m(ev)m(er,)e(unsetting)c(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts) i(curren)m(tly)d(do)s(es)h(not)g(cause)g(command)630 1596 y(names)36 b(to)g(b)s(e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)i(from)e(the)h(hash)f (table.)58 b(If)36 b Ft(BASH_CMDS)d Fu(is)j(unset,)h(it)f(loses)h(its) 630 1705 y(sp)s(ecial)31 b(prop)s(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g (subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150 1906 y Ft(BASH_COMMAND)630 2016 y Fu(The)39 b(command)h(curren)m(tly)g(b)s(eing)f(executed)i(or)e (ab)s(out)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(executed,)44 b(unless)39 b(the)630 2125 y(shell)g(is)g(executing)g(a)g(command)g(as)g(the)f(result)h(of)g (a)g(trap,)i(in)d(whic)m(h)g(case)i(it)f(is)g(the)630 2235 y(command)30 b(executing)i(at)g(the)f(time)g(of)g(the)g(trap.)41 b(If)30 b Ft(BASH_COMMAND)e Fu(is)i(unset,)h(it)g(loses)630 2345 y(its)g(sp)s(ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)f (subsequen)m(tly)g(reset.)150 2545 y Ft(BASH_COMPAT)630 2655 y Fu(The)i(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)g(used)f(to)h(set)g(the)g(shell's)g (compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el.)49 b(See)33 b(Section)h(6.12)g([Shell)630 2765 y(Compatibilit)m(y)j(Mo)s(de],)h(page)e(104,)i(for)e(a)g (description)g(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)36 b(compatibilit)m(y)630 2874 y(lev)m(els)g(and)f(their)g(e\013ects.)55 b(The)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(a)i(decimal)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f (\(e.g.,)k(4.2\))e(or)f(an)630 2984 y(in)m(teger)44 b(\(e.g.,)j(42\))d (corresp)s(onding)d(to)i(the)g(desired)e(compatibilit)m(y)k(lev)m(el.) 78 b(If)42 b Ft(BASH_)630 3093 y(COMPAT)28 b Fu(is)j(unset)e(or)h(set)h (to)g(the)f(empt)m(y)h(string,)f(the)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(el)g (is)e(set)h(to)g(the)630 3203 y(default)39 b(for)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g (v)m(ersion.)67 b(If)38 b Ft(BASH_COMPAT)e Fu(is)j(set)h(to)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(that)h(is)f(not)630 3313 y(one)31 b(of)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(els,)f(the)f(shell)f(prin)m(ts)g (an)h(error)f(message)i(and)e(sets)630 3422 y(the)i(compatibilit)m(y)j (lev)m(el)e(to)g(the)g(default)f(for)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(v)m(ersion.) 47 b(The)31 b(v)-5 b(alid)33 b(v)-5 b(alues)630 3532 y(corresp)s(ond)31 b(to)i(the)g(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(els)f(describ) s(ed)d(b)s(elo)m(w)i(\(see)g(Section)h(6.12)g([Shell)630 3641 y(Compatibilit)m(y)d(Mo)s(de],)f(page)g(104\).)42 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example,)h(4.2)f(and)f(42)h(are)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(that)630 3751 y(corresp)s(ond)d(to)i(the) f Ft(compat42)e(shopt)g Fu(option)j(and)e(set)i(the)f(compatibilit)m(y) i(lev)m(el)g(to)f(42.)630 3861 y(The)i(curren)m(t)g(v)m(ersion)h(is)f (also)i(a)e(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(v)-5 b(alue.)150 4061 y Ft(BASH_ENV)96 b Fu(If)28 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(is)e(set)h(when)f(Bash)g(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(to)f(execute)h(a)e (shell)h(script,)g(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(is)630 4171 y(expanded)k(and)h(used)g(as)g(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)h(startup)f(\014le)g (to)h(read)f(b)s(efore)g(executing)i(the)630 4281 y(script.)41 b(See)30 b(Section)h(6.2)h([Bash)f(Startup)e(Files],)j(page)f(88.)150 4482 y Ft(BASH_EXECUTION_STRING)630 4591 y Fu(The)f(command)g(argumen)m (t)h(to)g(the)g Ft(-c)e Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)k(option.)150 4792 y Ft(BASH_LINENO)630 4902 y Fu(An)62 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable)63 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b(only)f(in)f(shell)g(functions)g(and)g(external)630 4134 y(commands)32 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(the)g(programmable)h (completion)g(facilities)i(\(see)e(Section)g(8.6)630 4244 y([Programmable)e(Completion],)h(page)f(137\).)150 4390 y Ft(COMP_KEY)96 b Fu(The)29 b(k)m(ey)i(\(or)g(\014nal)e(k)m(ey)i (of)f(a)g(k)m(ey)h(sequence\))g(used)e(to)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h(the)e (curren)m(t)g(completion)630 4500 y(function.)150 4646 y Ft(COMP_WORDBREAKS)630 4756 y Fu(The)f(set)i(of)e(c)m(haracters)j (that)e(the)g(Readline)g(library)g(treats)g(as)g(w)m(ord)g(separators)g (when)630 4865 y(p)s(erforming)i(w)m(ord)h(completion.)51 b(If)33 b Ft(COMP_WORDBREAKS)c Fu(is)34 b(unset,)g(it)f(loses)i(its)e (sp)s(ecial)630 4975 y(prop)s(erties,)d(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g (subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150 5121 y Ft(COMP_WORDS)630 5230 y Fu(An)36 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(consisting)g(of)f(the) g(individual)f(w)m(ords)h(in)f(the)h(curren)m(t)g(command)630 5340 y(line.)94 b(The)47 b(line)i(is)f(split)g(in)m(to)h(w)m(ords)e(as) h(Readline)h(w)m(ould)f(split)g(it,)53 b(using)47 b Ft(COMP_)p eop end %%Page: 78 84 TeXDict begin 78 83 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(78)630 299 y Ft(WORDBREAKS)34 b Fu(as)i(describ)s(ed)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)60 b(This)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)f(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)39 b(only)e(in)f(shell)h (func-)630 408 y(tions)32 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(b)m(y)d(the)i (programmable)f(completion)h(facilities)h(\(see)f(Section)g(8.6)g ([Pro-)630 518 y(grammable)e(Completion],)g(page)g(137\).)150 676 y Ft(COMPREPLY)630 786 y Fu(An)37 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(from)f(whic)m(h)g(Bash)g(reads)g(the)h(p)s(ossible)e (completions)j(generated)630 896 y(b)m(y)33 b(a)g(shell)h(function)f (in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(programmable)h(completion)g(facilit)m (y)h(\(see)f(Sec-)630 1005 y(tion)g(8.6)g([Programmable)g(Completion],) h(page)f(137\).)51 b(Eac)m(h)34 b(arra)m(y)g(elemen)m(t)h(con)m(tains) 630 1115 y(one)c(p)s(ossible)f(completion.)150 1273 y Ft(COPROC)192 b Fu(An)27 b(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(created)g(to)f(hold)g(the)g(\014le)g(descriptors)g(for)g(output)f (from)h(and)f(input)630 1383 y(to)31 b(an)f(unnamed)f(copro)s(cess)i (\(see)g(Section)h(3.2.6)g([Copro)s(cesses],)f(page)g(15\).)150 1541 y Ft(DIRSTACK)96 b Fu(An)26 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(con)m(taining)g(the)f(curren)m(t)f(con)m(ten)m(ts)j(of)e(the)f (directory)i(stac)m(k.)41 b(Direc-)630 1650 y(tories)33 b(app)s(ear)f(in)g(the)h(stac)m(k)h(in)e(the)h(order)f(they)h(are)g (displa)m(y)m(ed)g(b)m(y)f(the)h Ft(dirs)e Fu(builtin.)630 1760 y(Assigning)f(to)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(this)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(mo)s(dify)e(directories)630 1870 y(already)41 b(in)f(the)h(stac)m(k,)k(but)40 b(the)h Ft(pushd)e Fu(and)h Ft(popd)f Fu(builtins)h(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(used)h (to)i(add)630 1979 y(and)37 b(remo)m(v)m(e)h(directories.)63 b(Assignmen)m(t)37 b(to)h(this)f(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(will)g(not)f(c)m (hange)i(the)e(cur-)630 2089 y(ren)m(t)c(directory)-8 b(.)47 b(If)32 b Ft(DIRSTACK)e Fu(is)i(unset,)g(it)h(loses)g(its)g(sp)s (ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)630 2198 y(subsequen)m(tly)d(reset.)150 2357 y Ft(EMACS)240 b Fu(If)31 b(Bash)h(\014nds)d(this)j(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(in)f(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)e(the)i(shell)f(starts)h(with)f (v)-5 b(alue)630 2466 y(`)p Ft(t)p Fu(',)36 b(it)f(assumes)f(that)h (the)g(shell)f(is)h(running)e(in)h(an)g(Emacs)h(shell)g(bu\013er)e(and) h(disables)630 2576 y(line)d(editing.)150 2734 y Ft(ENV)336 b Fu(Expanded)30 b(and)h(executed)h(similarlt)m(y)g(to)g Ft(BASH_ENV)d Fu(\(see)k(Section)f(6.2)g([Bash)g(Startup)630 2844 y(Files],)39 b(page)e(88\))h(when)d(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j (shell)d(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)g(in)f Fm(posix)g Fu(Mo)s(de)g(\(see)h (Sec-)630 2953 y(tion)31 b(6.11)h([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g (101\).)150 3112 y Ft(EPOCHREALTIME)630 3221 y Fu(Eac)m(h)38 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(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)150 3864 y Ft(histchars)630 3973 y Fu(Up)c(to)g(three)g(c)m(haracters)i (whic)m(h)d(con)m(trol)j(history)d(expansion,)i(quic)m(k)g (substitution,)g(and)630 4083 y(tok)m(enization)k(\(see)f(Section)f (9.3)h([History)f(In)m(teraction],)i(page)f(148\).)41 b(The)29 b(\014rst)e(c)m(harac-)630 4193 y(ter)j(is)f(the)g Fr(history)g(expansion)g Fu(c)m(haracter,)j(that)e(is,)f(the)h(c)m (haracter)h(whic)m(h)d(signi\014es)i(the)630 4302 y(start)25 b(of)f(a)h(history)f(expansion,)i(normally)e(`)p Ft(!)p Fu('.)39 b(The)24 b(second)g(c)m(haracter)i(is)e(the)g(c)m(haracter)630 4412 y(whic)m(h)36 b(signi\014es)g(`quic)m(k)h(substitution')f(when)f (seen)h(as)g(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(on)e(a)g(line,)630 4521 y(normally)27 b(`)p Ft(^)p Fu('.)39 b(The)26 b(optional)i(third)d (c)m(haracter)j(is)e(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(whic)m(h)e(indicates)h(that) 630 4631 y(the)34 b(remainder)f(of)h(the)g(line)g(is)f(a)h(commen)m(t)h (when)e(found)f(as)i(the)g(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(of)f(a)630 4740 y(w)m(ord,)i(usually)f(`)p Ft(#)p Fu('.)55 b(The)34 b(history)h(commen)m(t)h(c)m(haracter)h(causes)e(history)g (substitution)630 4850 y(to)27 b(b)s(e)f(skipp)s(ed)f(for)i(the)f (remaining)h(w)m(ords)f(on)h(the)f(line.)40 b(It)27 b(do)s(es)f(not)h (necessarily)g(cause)630 4960 y(the)k(shell)f(parser)g(to)h(treat)g (the)g(rest)g(of)f(the)h(line)f(as)h(a)g(commen)m(t.)150 5121 y Ft(HISTCMD)144 b Fu(The)44 b(history)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)j(or)d (index)g(in)f(the)h(history)g(list,)50 b(of)45 b(the)g(curren)m(t)g (command.)630 5230 y(Assignmen)m(ts)37 b(to)h Ft(HISTCMD)d Fu(are)j(ignored.)61 b(If)37 b Ft(HISTCMD)e Fu(is)i(unset,)h(it)g (loses)g(its)f(sp)s(ecial)630 5340 y(prop)s(erties,)30 b(ev)m(en)h(if)f(it)h(is)g(subsequen)m(tly)f(reset.)p eop end %%Page: 80 86 TeXDict begin 80 85 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(80)150 299 y Ft(HISTCONTROL)630 408 y Fu(A)40 b(colon-separated)i(list)f(of)f(v)-5 b(alues)40 b(con)m(trolling)i(ho)m(w)e(commands)g(are)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)f(the)630 518 y(history)29 b(list.)41 b(If)28 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(v)-5 b(alues)29 b(includes)f(`)p Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(',)f(lines)i(whic)m(h)g (b)s(egin)f(with)630 628 y(a)39 b(space)g(c)m(haracter)i(are)e(not)g (sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)g(the)g(history)f(list.)66 b(A)39 b(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(of)g(`)p Ft(ignoredups)p Fu(')630 737 y(causes)34 b(lines)h(whic)m(h)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(previous)f(history)h(en)m(try)h (to)g(not)f(b)s(e)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.)53 b(A)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)630 847 y(of)32 b(`)p Ft(ignoreboth)p Fu(')d(is)j(shorthand)e(for)i(`)p Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(')d(and)i(`)p Ft(ignoredups)p Fu('.)42 b(A)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)630 956 y(`)p Ft(erasedups)p Fu(')f(causes)i(all)h(previous)f(lines)g(matc)m(hing)h(the)f(curren)m (t)g(line)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)630 1066 y(from)42 b(the)h(history)f(list)i(b)s(efore)e(that)h(line)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed.)78 b(An)m(y)43 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(not)g(in)f(the)h(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)630 1176 y(list)35 b(is)g(ignored.)53 b(If)34 b Ft(HISTCONTROL)e Fu(is)i(unset,)i(or)e(do)s(es)h(not)g(include)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alid)35 b(v)-5 b(alue,)36 b(all)630 1285 y(lines)30 b(read)g(b)m(y)g(the)g(shell)g(parser)g(are)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(on)f(the)g (history)g(list,)h(sub)5 b(ject)30 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)630 1395 y(of)42 b Ft(HISTIGNORE)p Fu(.)73 b(The)42 b(second)g(and)g(subsequen)m(t)f(lines)h(of)h(a)f(m)m(ulti-line)h(comp) s(ound)630 1504 y(command)33 b(are)h(not)g(tested,)i(and)d(are)h(added) f(to)h(the)g(history)g(regardless)g(of)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)630 1614 y(of)31 b Ft(HISTCONTROL)p Fu(.)150 1763 y Ft(HISTFILE)96 b Fu(The)27 b(name)h(of)g(the)g(\014le)g(to)h(whic)m(h)f(the)g(command) f(history)h(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed.)41 b(The)27 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)630 1873 y(is)30 b Ft(~/.bash_history)p Fu(.)150 2022 y Ft(HISTFILESIZE)630 2132 y Fu(The)c(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)g(of)h(lines)h(con)m(tained)g(in)f(the)g(history)g(\014le.)39 b(When)26 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)630 2242 y(is)25 b(assigned)h(a)g(v) -5 b(alue,)27 b(the)f(history)f(\014le)h(is)f(truncated,)i(if)e (necessary)-8 b(,)28 b(to)e(con)m(tain)g(no)g(more)630 2351 y(than)37 b(that)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(of)j(lines)f(b)m(y)g(remo)m (ving)h(the)f(oldest)h(en)m(tries.)62 b(The)37 b(history)g(\014le)g(is) 630 2461 y(also)i(truncated)f(to)h(this)e(size)i(after)g(writing)f(it)g (when)f(a)h(shell)h(exits.)64 b(If)37 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)39 b(is)630 2570 y(0,)g(the)e(history)f(\014le)h(is)g(truncated)f(to)i (zero)f(size.)60 b(Non-n)m(umeric)37 b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(and)f(n)m(umeric)630 2680 y(v)-5 b(alues)31 b(less)f(than)g(zero)h (inhibit)f(truncation.)41 b(The)29 b(shell)i(sets)f(the)h(default)f(v) -5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(the)630 2790 y(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft(HISTSIZE)f Fu(after)h(reading)h(an)m(y)g(startup)f(\014les.)150 2939 y Ft(HISTIGNORE)630 3049 y Fu(A)j(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g (patterns)f(used)g(to)h(decide)g(whic)m(h)f(command)g(lines)h(should) 630 3158 y(b)s(e)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(on)g(the)f(history)h(list.)47 b(Eac)m(h)33 b(pattern)g(is)f(anc)m(hored)h(at)g(the)f(b)s(eginning)g (of)h(the)630 3268 y(line)43 b(and)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(the)g (complete)h(line)e(\(no)h(implicit)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')f(is)g(app)s (ended\).)75 b(Eac)m(h)630 3377 y(pattern)42 b(is)g(tested)g(against)h (the)f(line)g(after)g(the)g(c)m(hec)m(ks)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)h Ft(HISTCONTROL)630 3487 y Fu(are)37 b(applied.)59 b(In)36 b(addition)h(to)g(the)g(normal)g(shell)f(pattern)h(matc)m(hing)h(c)m (haracters,)i(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')630 3597 y(matc)m(hes)d(the)f(previous)g (history)g(line.)57 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')36 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(escap)s(ed) h(using)g(a)g(bac)m(kslash;)k(the)630 3706 y(bac)m(kslash)34 b(is)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(b)s(efore)e(attempting)i(a)g(matc)m(h.)51 b(The)34 b(second)f(and)h(subsequen)m(t)630 3816 y(lines)e(of)h(a)g(m)m (ulti-line)g(comp)s(ound)e(command)h(are)h(not)f(tested,)i(and)e(are)g (added)g(to)h(the)630 3925 y(history)k(regardless)h(of)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)f Ft(HISTIGNORE)p Fu(.)58 b(The)37 b(pattern)g(matc)m (hing)i(honors)630 4035 y(the)31 b(setting)g(of)g(the)f Ft(extglob)f Fu(shell)h(option.)630 4164 y Ft(HISTIGNORE)20 b Fu(subsumes)g(the)j(function)f(of)h Ft(HISTCONTROL)p Fu(.)35 b(A)23 b(pattern)f(of)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')g(is)f(iden)m(tical)630 4274 y(to)k Ft(ignoredups)p Fu(,)e(and)h(a)h(pattern)g(of)f(`)p Ft([)31 b(]*)p Fu(')25 b(is)h(iden)m(tical)h(to)f Ft(ignorespace)p Fu(.)36 b(Com)m(bining)630 4384 y(these)30 b(t)m(w)m(o)h(patterns,)f (separating)g(them)g(with)f(a)h(colon,)h(pro)m(vides)e(the)h (functionalit)m(y)h(of)630 4493 y Ft(ignoreboth)p Fu(.)150 4643 y Ft(HISTSIZE)96 b Fu(The)37 b(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)j (commands)f(to)g(remem)m(b)s(er)g(on)g(the)g(history)g(list.)62 b(If)37 b(the)630 4752 y(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(is)g(0,)i(commands)d(are)h (not)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(in)e(the)h(history)g(list.)40 b(Numeric)26 b(v)-5 b(alues)26 b(less)g(than)630 4862 y(zero)i(result)e(in)h(ev)m (ery)g(command)g(b)s(eing)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(on)f(the)g(history)f(list)i (\(there)f(is)g(no)g(limit\).)630 4971 y(The)j(shell)g(sets)h(the)g (default)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(500)h(after)f(reading)f(an)m(y)h (startup)f(\014les.)150 5121 y Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)630 5230 y Fu(If)44 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(set)g(and)g(not)g(n)m (ull,)k(its)d(v)-5 b(alue)44 b(is)g(used)g(as)g(a)h(format)f(string)g (for)630 5340 y Fr(strftime)c Fu(to)35 b(prin)m(t)f(the)h(time)g(stamp) f(asso)s(ciated)i(with)f(eac)m(h)g(history)g(en)m(try)f(displa)m(y)m (ed)p eop end %%Page: 81 87 TeXDict begin 81 86 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(81)630 299 y(b)m(y)34 b(the)f Ft(history)f Fu(builtin.)50 b(If)33 b(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)g(set,)h(time)f(stamps)g(are)g(written)f(to)i(the)630 408 y(history)26 b(\014le)g(so)g(they)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(preserv)m(ed)g (across)i(shell)f(sessions.)39 b(This)25 b(uses)h(the)g(history)630 518 y(commen)m(t)31 b(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(distinguish)f(timestamps)h (from)f(other)g(history)h(lines.)150 687 y Ft(HOSTFILE)96 b Fu(Con)m(tains)33 b(the)g(name)f(of)h(a)g(\014le)f(in)g(the)h(same)g (format)g(as)f Ft(/etc/hosts)e Fu(that)j(should)f(b)s(e)630 797 y(read)21 b(when)g(the)g(shell)h(needs)f(to)h(complete)h(a)e (hostname.)38 b(The)21 b(list)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(hostname)630 907 y(completions)27 b(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(c)m(hanged)h(while)f(the)h (shell)g(is)f(running;)h(the)g(next)f(time)i(hostname)630 1016 y(completion)33 b(is)g(attempted)g(after)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(is)f(c)m(hanged,)i(Bash)e(adds)f(the)i(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of) 630 1126 y(the)h(new)f(\014le)g(to)h(the)g(existing)h(list.)53 b(If)34 b Ft(HOSTFILE)e Fu(is)j(set,)h(but)e(has)g(no)h(v)-5 b(alue,)36 b(or)e(do)s(es)630 1235 y(not)d(name)f(a)h(readable)g (\014le,)g(Bash)f(attempts)i(to)f(read)f Ft(/etc/hosts)e Fu(to)j(obtain)g(the)f(list)630 1345 y(of)h(p)s(ossible)f(hostname)h (completions.)43 b(When)31 b Ft(HOSTFILE)d Fu(is)j(unset,)f(the)h (hostname)g(list)630 1455 y(is)f(cleared.)150 1624 y Ft(HOSTNAME)96 b Fu(The)30 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)h(host.)150 1793 y Ft(HOSTTYPE)96 b Fu(A)30 b(string)h(describing)f(the)g(mac)m (hine)h(Bash)g(is)f(running)f(on.)150 1963 y Ft(IGNOREEOF)630 2072 y Fu(Con)m(trols)e(the)h(action)g(of)f(the)g(shell)g(on)g(receipt) h(of)f(an)g Ft(EOF)f Fu(c)m(haracter)i(as)g(the)f(sole)h(input.)630 2182 y(If)i(set,)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(denotes)f(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)f(of)h(consecutiv)m(e)i Ft(EOF)d Fu(c)m(haracters)i(that)f(can)h(b) s(e)630 2291 y(read)40 b(as)f(the)h(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)i(on)f(an)f (input)g(line)h(b)s(efore)f(the)h(shell)g(will)g(exit.)70 b(If)39 b(the)630 2401 y(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(exists)f(but)g(do)s(es)f (not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5 b(alue,)40 b(or)e(has)g(no)g(v)-5 b(alue,)40 b(then)e(the)630 2511 y(default)31 b(is)g(10.)43 b(If)30 b(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(do)s(es)g(not)g(exist,)h(then)e Ft(EOF)g Fu(signi\014es)h(the)g(end)f (of)h(input)630 2620 y(to)g(the)g(shell.)41 b(This)29 b(is)i(only)f(in)g(e\013ect)i(for)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)150 2790 y Ft(INPUTRC)144 b Fu(The)68 b(name)h(of)f(the)h(Readline)g (initialization)j(\014le,)78 b(o)m(v)m(erriding)69 b(the)g(default)g (of)630 2899 y Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)150 3068 y Ft(INSIDE_EMACS)630 3178 y Fu(If)29 b(Bash)h(\014nds)e(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(in)e(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(when)e(the)i(shell)g(starts,)g(it)g (assumes)630 3288 y(that)i(the)g(shell)g(is)f(running)f(in)i(an)f (Emacs)h(shell)g(bu\013er)e(and)h(ma)m(y)i(disable)e(line)h(editing)630 3397 y(dep)s(ending)d(on)h(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft(TERM)p Fu(.)150 3567 y Ft(LANG)288 b Fu(Used)28 b(to)h(determine)f (the)g(lo)s(cale)h(category)h(for)e(an)m(y)h(category)h(not)e(sp)s (eci\014cally)g(selected)630 3676 y(with)i(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(starting)g(with)f Ft(LC_)p Fu(.)150 3846 y Ft(LC_ALL)192 b Fu(This)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(o)m(v)m(errides)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g Ft(LANG)f 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b(determines)f(the)g(lo)s(cale)i(used)d(to)i(translate)g(double-quoted) f(strings)g(pre-)630 5340 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f(a)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')f(\(see)h(Section)h(3.1.2.5)g([Lo)s(cale)g(T)-8 b(ranslation],)32 b(page)f(7\).)p eop end %%Page: 82 88 TeXDict begin 82 87 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(82)150 299 y Ft(LC_NUMERIC)630 408 y Fu(This)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(determines)f(the)h(lo)s(cale)h (category)g(used)e(for)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(formatting.)150 573 y Ft(LC_TIME)144 b Fu(This)25 b(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(determines)g(the)g(lo)s(cale)h(category)h(used)d(for)g(data)h(and)f (time)i(formatting.)150 737 y Ft(LINENO)192 b Fu(The)32 b(line)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(in)i(the)f(script)h(or)f(shell)h(function)f (curren)m(tly)h(executing.)49 b(If)32 b Ft(LINENO)630 847 y Fu(is)e(unset,)h(it)g(loses)g(its)f(sp)s(ecial)h(prop)s(erties,)f (ev)m(en)h(if)g(it)g(is)f(subsequen)m(tly)g(reset.)150 1011 y Ft(LINES)240 b Fu(Used)43 b(b)m(y)g(the)g Ft(select)e 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y Fu(An)23 b(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(\(see)h(Section)f(6.7)h ([Arra)m(ys],)g(page)f(95\))h(con)m(taining)g(a)f(list)g(of)g(exit)g (sta-)630 3587 y(tus)h(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(from)e(the)h(pro)s(cesses)g (in)f(the)h(most-recen)m(tly-executed)j(foreground)c(pip)s(eline)630 3696 y(\(whic)m(h)30 b(ma)m(y)h(con)m(tain)h(only)f(a)f(single)h (command\).)150 3861 y Ft(POSIXLY_CORRECT)630 3970 y Fu(If)h(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(is)e(in)g(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g (when)e(Bash)i(starts,)g(the)g(shell)g(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)630 4080 y Fu(mo)s(de)46 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.11)g([Bash)g(POSIX)e(Mo)s (de],)50 b(page)d(101\))h(b)s(efore)e(reading)g(the)630 4189 y(startup)38 b(\014les,)j(as)e(if)g(the)g Ft(--posix)d Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)41 b(option)e(had)f(b)s(een)g(supplied.)64 b(If)39 b(it)g(is)630 4299 y(set)31 b(while)f(the)h(shell)f(is)h (running,)e(Bash)h(enables)h Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)g(as)g(if)h(the)f (command)870 4436 y Ft(set)47 b(-o)g(posix)630 4573 y Fu(had)33 b(b)s(een)g(executed.)51 b(When)33 b(the)h(shell)f(en)m(ters) h Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)h(it)g(sets)g(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b(if)630 4682 y(it)d(w)m(as)g(not)f(already)h(set.)150 4847 y Ft(PPID)288 b Fu(The)30 b(pro)s(cess)g Fm(id)g Fu(of)h(the)f(shell's)h(paren)m(t)g(pro)s(cess.)40 b(This)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(readonly)-8 b(.)150 5011 y Ft(PROMPT_COMMAND)630 5121 y Fu(If)23 b(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable)24 b(is)g(set,)i(and)d(is)h(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)27 b(the)d(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(eac)m(h)g(set)h(elemen)m(t)g(is)f(in)m(terpreted)630 5230 y(as)29 b(a)g(command)f(to)i(execute)g(b)s(efore)e(prin)m(ting)h (the)g(primary)f(prompt)f(\()p Ft($PS1)p Fu(\).)40 b(If)28 b(this)h(is)630 5340 y(set)c(but)f(not)g(an)h(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable,)26 b(its)f(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(used)g(as)h(a)f(command)g (to)i(execute)f(instead.)p eop end %%Page: 83 89 TeXDict begin 83 88 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(83)150 299 y Ft(PROMPT_DIRTRIM)630 408 y Fu(If)27 b(set)g(to)h(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(greater)i(than)f (zero,)i(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(is)f(used)g(as)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er) e(of)h(trailing)630 518 y(directory)35 b(comp)s(onen)m(ts)g(to)h (retain)f(when)f(expanding)g(the)h Ft(\\w)f Fu(and)g Ft(\\W)g Fu(prompt)g(string)630 628 y(escap)s(es)21 b(\(see)h(Section)f (6.9)h([Con)m(trolling)g(the)f(Prompt],)h(page)f(98\).)39 b(Characters)21 b(remo)m(v)m(ed)630 737 y(are)31 b(replaced)g(with)f (an)g(ellipsis.)150 892 y Ft(PS0)336 b Fu(The)32 b(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)g(this)g(parameter)g(is)g(expanded)e(lik)m(e)j Ft(PS1)e Fu(and)g(displa)m(y)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)630 1002 y(shells)e(after)h(reading)g(a)g(command)f(and)f(b)s(efore)h(the)h (command)f(is)h(executed.)150 1157 y Ft(PS3)336 b Fu(The)34 b(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(of)f(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)g(used)e(as)i (the)f(prompt)g(for)g(the)g Ft(select)f Fu(command.)52 b(If)630 1267 y(this)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(not)f(set,)i(the)e Ft(select)f Fu(command)h(prompts)f(with)h(`)p 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b(p)s(osition)g(of)g(the) h(insertion)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(in)g(the)g(Readline)h(line)f(bu\013er,)h (for)f(use)g(with)g(`)p Ft(bind)630 3733 y(-x)p Fu(')30 b(\(see)h(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).)150 3888 y Ft(REPLY)240 b Fu(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(for)e(the)g Ft(read)g Fu(builtin.)150 4043 y Ft(SECONDS)144 b Fu(This)40 b(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(expands)f(to)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)e(of)i(seconds)g(since)g(the)f(shell)h(w)m(as)g(started.)630 4153 y(Assignmen)m(t)i(to)g(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)43 b(resets)g(the)g(coun)m(t)g(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(assigned,)j(and)c(the)630 4262 y(expanded)35 b(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(b)s(ecomes)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(assigned)g(plus)f(the)h (n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(seconds)g(since)630 4372 y(the)24 b(assignmen)m(t.)39 b(The)23 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(seconds)f(at)i (shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)i(and)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f(time)630 4482 y(is)j(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(determined)e(b)m(y)g(querying)g(the)h (system)f(clo)s(c)m(k.)41 b(If)26 b Ft(SECONDS)e Fu(is)i(unset,)h(it)g (loses)630 4591 y(its)k(sp)s(ecial)g(prop)s(erties,)f(ev)m(en)h(if)f (it)h(is)f(subsequen)m(tly)g(reset.)150 4746 y Ft(SHELL)240 b Fu(This)24 b(en)m(vironmen)m(t)i(v)-5 b(ariable)26 b(expands)e(to)i(the)g(full)f(pathname)g(to)h(the)f(shell.)39 b(If)25 b(it)g(is)h(not)630 4856 y(set)36 b(when)f(the)h(shell)g (starts,)i(Bash)e(assigns)h(to)f(it)h(the)f(full)f(pathname)h(of)g(the) g(curren)m(t)630 4966 y(user's)30 b(login)h(shell.)150 5121 y Ft(SHELLOPTS)630 5230 y Fu(A)g(colon-separated)h(list)f(of)g (enabled)f(shell)h(options.)41 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)h (list)g(is)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)630 5340 y(argumen)m(t)28 b(for)f(the)h Ft(-o)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(command)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)p eop end %%Page: 84 90 TeXDict begin 84 89 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(84)630 299 y(Set)29 b(Builtin],)h(page)f(62\).)42 b(The)28 b(options)h(app)s(earing)f(in)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)e 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b(escap)s(e)g(sequences)h(and)e(their)i (meanings)630 2320 y(are)31 b(as)f(follo)m(ws;)i(the)f(braces)f(denote) h(optional)h(p)s(ortions.)630 2482 y Ft(\045\045)384 b Fu(A)30 b(literal)i(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu('.)630 2644 y Ft(\045[)p Fj(p)p Ft(][l]R)96 b Fu(The)30 b(elapsed)h(time)g(in)f (seconds.)630 2806 y Ft(\045[)p Fj(p)p Ft(][l]U)96 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(CPU)g(seconds)h(sp)s(en)m(t)f(in)g (user)f(mo)s(de.)630 2968 y Ft(\045[)p Fj(p)p Ft(][l]S)96 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(CPU)g(seconds)h(sp)s(en)m(t)f(in)g (system)g(mo)s(de.)630 3131 y Ft(\045P)384 b Fu(The)30 b(CPU)g(p)s(ercen)m(tage,)i(computed)e(as)h(\(\045U)f Ft(+)g Fu(\045S\))g(/)h(\045R.)630 3293 y(The)23 b(optional)j Fr(p)g Fu(is)e(a)g(digit)h(sp)s(ecifying)e(the)h(precision,)i(the)e(n)m (um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(fractional)h(digits)630 3402 y(after)36 b(a)f(decimal)i(p)s(oin)m(t.)55 b(A)35 b(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)f(0)h(causes)g(no)f(decimal)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(or)h(fraction)g(to)g (b)s(e)630 3512 y(output.)48 b(A)m(t)34 b(most)f(three)g(places)h (after)f(the)g(decimal)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s (eci\014ed;)i(v)-5 b(alues)630 3622 y(of)31 b Fr(p)h Fu(greater)g(than)e(3)h(are)f(c)m(hanged)h(to)g(3.)42 b(If)29 b Fr(p)k Fu(is)d(not)h(sp)s(eci\014ed,)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(3)h(is)g(used.)630 3758 y(The)54 b(optional)h Ft(l)f Fu(sp)s(eci\014es)g(a)h(longer)f(format,)61 b(including)54 b(min)m(utes,)61 b(of)54 b(the)g(form)630 3867 y Fr(MM)10 b Fu(m)p Fr(SS)p Fu(.)p Fr(FF)d Fu(s.)103 b(The)50 b(v)-5 b(alue)52 b(of)f Fr(p)j Fu(determines)d(whether)f(or)h(not)h(the)f (fraction)h(is)630 3977 y(included.)630 4113 y(If)30 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(not)f(set,)i(Bash)e(acts)h(as)g(if)f (it)h(had)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)870 4248 y Ft ($'\\nreal\\t\0453lR\\nuser\\t\0453)o(lU\\n)o(sys\\)o(t\0453)o(lS')630 4384 y Fu(If)37 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(is)f(n)m(ull,)i(no)f(timing)f (information)h(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed.)62 b(A)37 b(trailing)i(newline)e (is)630 4494 y(added)30 b(when)f(the)i(format)f(string)h(is)f(displa)m (y)m(ed.)150 4656 y Ft(TMOUT)240 b Fu(If)22 b(set)h(to)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)23 b(greater)h(than)e(zero,)j Ft(TMOUT)d Fu(is)g(treated)i(as)e (the)h(default)g(timeout)g(for)g(the)630 4766 y Ft(read)31 b Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section)f(4.2)i([Bash)e(Builtins],)h(page)g (51\).)47 b(The)32 b Ft(select)e Fu(command)630 4875 y(\(see)f(Section)h(3.2.5.2)g([Conditional)g(Constructs],)e(page)i (11\))f(terminates)g(if)g(input)e(do)s(es)630 4985 y(not)k(arriv)m(e)g (after)g Ft(TMOUT)e Fu(seconds)h(when)f(input)h(is)g(coming)h(from)f(a) h(terminal.)630 5121 y(In)40 b(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell,)h(the)d (v)-5 b(alue)41 b(is)g(in)m(terpreted)g(as)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f (of)h(seconds)f(to)630 5230 y(w)m(ait)28 b(for)e(a)g(line)h(of)g(input) e(after)i(issuing)f(the)h(primary)e(prompt.)39 b(Bash)26 b(terminates)h(after)630 5340 y(w)m(aiting)32 b(for)e(that)h(n)m(um)m (b)s(er)e(of)h(seconds)h(if)f(a)h(complete)h(line)e(of)h(input)e(do)s (es)h(not)h(arriv)m(e.)p eop end %%Page: 85 91 TeXDict begin 85 90 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(5:)41 b(Shell)30 b(V)-8 b(ariables)2459 b(85)150 299 y Ft(TMPDIR)192 b Fu(If)39 b(set,)j(Bash)e(uses)f(its)h(v)-5 b(alue)40 b(as)f(the)h(name)f(of)h(a)g(directory)g(in)f(whic)m(h)g(Bash)h (creates)630 408 y(temp)s(orary)30 b(\014les)g(for)g(the)h(shell's)g (use.)150 568 y Ft(UID)336 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(umeric)g(real)h(user)f(id) g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)40 b(This)30 b(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(readonly)-8 b(.)p eop end %%Page: 86 92 TeXDict begin 86 91 bop 3659 -116 a Fu(86)150 299 y Fp(6)80 b(Bash)54 b(F)-13 b(eatures)150 502 y Fu(This)30 b(c)m(hapter)h (describ)s(es)e(features)i(unique)e(to)i(Bash.)150 731 y Fs(6.1)68 b(In)l(v)l(oking)46 b(Bash)390 890 y Ft(bash)h([long-opt])e ([-ir])h([-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP])c([-o)47 b Fj(option)p Ft(])581 1000 y([-O)g Fj(shopt_option)p Ft(])d([)p Fj(argument)h Ft(...)o(])390 1110 y(bash)i([long-opt])e([-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP])c([-o) 47 b Fj(option)p Ft(])581 1219 y([-O)g Fj(shopt_option)p Ft(])d(-c)j Fj(string)f Ft([)p Fj(argument)g Ft(...)o(])390 1329 y(bash)h([long-opt])e(-s)i([-abefhkmnptuvxdBCDHP])42 b([-o)k Fj(option)p Ft(])581 1438 y([-O)h Fj(shopt_option)p Ft(])d([)p Fj(argument)h Ft(...)o(])275 1567 y Fu(All)31 b(of)g(the)f(single-c)m(haracter)k(options)d(used)f(with)g(the)h Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)150 1676 y(Builtin],)45 b(page)c(62\))i(can)e(b)s(e)f(used)h(as)g(options)g (when)f(the)i(shell)f(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed.)74 b(In)41 b(addition,)j(there)150 1786 y(are)38 b(sev)m(eral)h(m)m(ulti-c)m (haracter)h(options)d(that)h(y)m(ou)g(can)g(use.)61 b(These)38 b(options)f(m)m(ust)h(app)s(ear)e(on)i(the)150 1896 y(command)30 b(line)h(b)s(efore)f(the)g(single-c)m(haracter)j(options)e(to)g(b)s(e)f (recognized.)150 2043 y Ft(--debugger)630 2152 y Fu(Arrange)j(for)g (the)g(debugger)g(pro\014le)g(to)h(b)s(e)e(executed)i(b)s(efore)f(the)g (shell)g(starts.)49 b(T)-8 b(urns)630 2262 y(on)35 b(extended)g (debugging)f(mo)s(de)h(\(see)g(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)d(Shopt)g (Builtin],)j(page)f(66,)630 2371 y(for)30 b(a)h(description)f(of)h(the) f Ft(extdebug)f Fu(option)h(to)h(the)g Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin\).)150 2519 y Ft(--dump-po-strings)630 2628 y Fu(A)37 b(list)g(of)f(all)i (double-quoted)e(strings)g(preceded)g(b)m(y)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')f(is)h(prin)m(ted)f(on)g(the)h(standard)630 2738 y(output)29 b(in)g(the)g Fm(gnu)g Ft(gettext)f Fu(PO)g(\(p)s(ortable)i (ob)5 b(ject\))30 b(\014le)g(format.)40 b(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)f Ft(-D)630 2847 y Fu(except)h(for)f(the)h(output)f(format.)150 2995 y Ft(--dump-strings)630 3104 y Fu(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(-D)p Fu(.)150 3251 y Ft(--help)192 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(a)e(usage)h(message)h(on)e(standard)g(output)g(and)f(exit)j (successfully)-8 b(.)150 3399 y Ft(--init-file)27 b Fj(filename)150 3508 y Ft(--rcfile)h Fj(filename)630 3618 y Fu(Execute)23 b(commands)e(from)g Fr(\014lename)28 b Fu(\(instead)22 b(of)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(\))e(in)h(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell.)150 3765 y Ft(--login)144 b Fu(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(-l)p Fu(.)150 3912 y Ft(--noediting)630 4022 y Fu(Do)h(not)e(use)h (the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(Readline)i(library)e(\(see)h(Chapter)g(8)g([Command) f(Line)g(Editing],)630 4131 y(page)h(111\))h(to)f(read)g(command)f (lines)g(when)g(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)150 4278 y Ft(--noprofile)630 4388 y Fu(Don't)22 b(load)g(the)g (system-wide)f(startup)g(\014le)h Ft(/etc/profile)c Fu(or)j(an)m(y)h (of)f(the)h(p)s(ersonal)f(ini-)630 4498 y(tialization)34 b(\014les)e Ft(~/.bash_profile)p Fu(,)c Ft(~/.bash_login)p Fu(,)g(or)k Ft(~/.profile)c Fu(when)j(Bash)630 4607 y(is)f(in)m(v)m(ok) m(ed)i(as)f(a)g(login)g(shell.)150 4754 y Ft(--norc)192 b Fu(Don't)35 b(read)f(the)g Ft(~/.bashrc)e Fu(initialization)k(\014le) f(in)e(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell.)52 b(This)33 b(is)h(on)630 4864 y(b)m(y)c(default)h(if)f(the)h(shell)f(is)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as) e Ft(sh)p Fu(.)150 5011 y Ft(--posix)144 b Fu(Change)24 b(the)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(of)g(Bash)h(where)e(the)i(default)f(op)s (eration)h(di\013ers)f(from)f(the)i Fm(posix)630 5121 y Fu(standard)35 b(to)h(matc)m(h)g(the)g(standard.)55 b(This)35 b(is)h(in)m(tended)f(to)h(mak)m(e)h(Bash)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)g (as)g(a)630 5230 y(strict)22 b(sup)s(erset)e(of)h(that)g(standard.)37 b(See)21 b(Section)h(6.11)g([Bash)f(POSIX)f(Mo)s(de],)k(page)d(101,)630 5340 y(for)30 b(a)h(description)f(of)h(the)f(Bash)h Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de.)p eop end %%Page: 87 93 TeXDict begin 87 92 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(87)150 299 y Ft(--restricted)630 408 y Fu(Mak)m(e)54 b(the)e(shell)g(a)h(restricted)g(shell)f(\(see)h (Section)g(6.10)h([The)d(Restricted)j(Shell],)630 518 y(page)31 b(100\).)150 677 y Ft(--verbose)630 787 y Fu(Equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g Ft(-v)p Fu(.)41 b(Prin)m(t)30 b(shell)g(input)g (lines)g(as)h(they're)g(read.)150 946 y Ft(--version)630 1056 y Fu(Sho)m(w)d(v)m(ersion)g(information)g(for)g(this)g(instance)h (of)f(Bash)g(on)g(the)g(standard)f(output)h(and)630 1166 y(exit)j(successfully)-8 b(.)275 1325 y(There)28 b(are)i(sev)m(eral)g (single-c)m(haracter)i(options)d(that)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(supplied)g(at) i(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h(whic)m(h)e(are)150 1435 y(not)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)32 b(with)e(the)h Ft(set)e Fu(builtin.)150 1594 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Read)66 b(and)f(execute)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h (\014rst)e(non-option)i(argumen)m(t)g Fr(com-)630 1704 y(mand)p 859 1704 28 4 v 39 w(string)p Fu(,)34 b(then)e(exit.)49 b(If)32 b(there)h(are)g(argumen)m(ts)g(after)g(the)g Fr(command)p 3303 1704 V 40 w(string)p Fu(,)h(the)630 1813 y(\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(assigned)g(to)h Ft($0)e Fu(and)h(an)m(y)g(remaining)g(argumen)m(ts)g(are)g(assigned)g(to)630 1923 y(the)38 b(p)s(ositional)h(parameters.)65 b(The)37 b(assignmen)m(t)i(to)g Ft($0)f Fu(sets)g(the)h(name)f(of)g(the)g (shell,)630 2032 y(whic)m(h)30 b(is)h(used)e(in)h(w)m(arning)g(and)g (error)g(messages.)150 2192 y Ft(-i)384 b Fu(F)-8 b(orce)22 b(the)g(shell)f(to)g(run)f(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)41 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)23 b(shells)e(are)h(describ)s(ed)d(in)i(Section)h (6.3)630 2301 y([In)m(teractiv)m(e)33 b(Shells],)e(page)g(89.)150 2461 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(Mak)m(e)33 b(this)e(shell)h(act)g(as)g(if)f(it)h (had)f(b)s(een)f(directly)i(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(login.)44 b(When)31 b(the)h(shell)630 2570 y(is)37 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)43 b(this)37 b(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)f(starting)h(a)e(login)i (shell)e(with)g(`)p Ft(exec)30 b(-l)g(bash)p Fu('.)630 2680 y(When)h(the)g(shell)h(is)f(not)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)k(the)c (login)h(shell)g(startup)f(\014les)g(will)g(b)s(e)g(executed.)630 2790 y(`)p Ft(exec)e(bash)h(-l)p Fu(')43 b(or)h(`)p Ft(exec)29 b(bash)g(--login)p Fu(')42 b(will)i(replace)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(shell) h(with)g(a)630 2899 y(Bash)26 b(login)g(shell.)39 b(See)26 b(Section)g(6.2)h([Bash)e(Startup)g(Files],)j(page)e(88,)i(for)d(a)h (description)630 3009 y(of)31 b(the)f(sp)s(ecial)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of) f(a)h(login)g(shell.)150 3168 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Mak)m(e)54 b(the)e(shell)g(a)h(restricted)g(shell)f(\(see)h(Section)g(6.10)h([The) d(Restricted)j(Shell],)630 3278 y(page)31 b(100\).)150 3437 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(If)24 b(this)h(option)h(is)f(presen)m(t,)h(or)f (if)g(no)f(argumen)m(ts)i(remain)e(after)i(option)f(pro)s(cessing,)h (then)630 3547 y(commands)i(are)h(read)g(from)f(the)h(standard)f (input.)39 b(This)28 b(option)h(allo)m(ws)h(the)f(p)s(ositional)630 3656 y(parameters)i(to)h(b)s(e)e(set)i(when)d(in)m(v)m(oking)k(an)d(in) m(teractiv)m(e)k(shell)d(or)g(when)f(reading)h(input)630 3766 y(through)f(a)g(pip)s(e.)150 3925 y Ft(-D)384 b Fu(A)37 b(list)g(of)f(all)i(double-quoted)e(strings)g(preceded)g(b)m(y) h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')f(is)h(prin)m(ted)f(on)g(the)h(standard)630 4035 y(output.)63 b(These)38 b(are)g(the)g(strings)g(that)h(are)f(sub)5 b(ject)38 b(to)h(language)g(translation)g(when)630 4144 y(the)e(curren)m(t)g(lo)s(cale)h(is)f(not)g Ft(C)g Fu(or)f Ft(POSIX)g Fu(\(see)h(Section)h(3.1.2.5)h([Lo)s(cale)g(T)-8 b(ranslation],)630 4254 y(page)31 b(7\).)42 b(This)29 b(implies)i(the)f Ft(-n)g Fu(option;)h(no)f(commands)g(will)h(b)s(e)f (executed.)150 4413 y Ft([-+]O)f([)p Fj(shopt_option)p Ft(])630 4523 y Fr(shopt)p 854 4523 V 40 w(option)44 b Fu(is)g(one)h(of)f(the)g(shell)h(options)f(accepted)h(b)m(y)f(the)h Ft(shopt)d Fu(builtin)i(\(see)630 4633 y(Section)32 b(4.3.2)h([The)e (Shopt)f(Builtin],)i(page)g(66\).)44 b(If)31 b Fr(shopt)p 2724 4633 V 40 w(option)g Fu(is)g(presen)m(t,)h Ft(-O)f Fu(sets)630 4742 y(the)24 b(v)-5 b(alue)24 b(of)g(that)h(option;)h Ft(+O)e Fu(unsets)f(it.)39 b(If)23 b Fr(shopt)p 2423 4742 V 40 w(option)h Fu(is)g(not)g(supplied,)g(the)g(names)630 4852 y(and)31 b(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)g(the)g(shell)g(options)g (accepted)h(b)m(y)f Ft(shopt)e Fu(are)i(prin)m(ted)f(on)h(the)g (standard)630 4961 y(output.)40 b(If)29 b(the)h(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)h (option)f(is)f Ft(+O)p Fu(,)h(the)f(output)g(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed)g(in) f(a)h(format)f(that)630 5071 y(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)f(reused)f(as)i(input.) 150 5230 y Ft(--)384 b Fu(A)38 b Ft(--)g Fu(signals)g(the)h(end)e(of)i (options)f(and)g(disables)g(further)f(option)h(pro)s(cessing.)64 b(An)m(y)630 5340 y(argumen)m(ts)31 b(after)g(the)f Ft(--)g Fu(are)h(treated)g(as)g(\014lenames)f(and)g(argumen)m(ts.)p eop end %%Page: 88 94 TeXDict begin 88 93 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(88)275 299 y(A)27 b Fl(lo)-5 b(gin)35 b Fu(shell)27 b(is)g(one)h(whose)f(\014rst)f(c)m (haracter)j(of)e(argumen)m(t)h(zero)f(is)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(',)g(or)f(one)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(with)e(the)150 408 y Ft(--login)h Fu(option.)275 555 y(An)g Fl(inter)-5 b(active)37 b Fu(shell)30 b(is)f(one)g(started)h(without)f(non-option)h (argumen)m(ts,)g(unless)e Ft(-s)h Fu(is)g(sp)s(eci\014ed,)150 665 y(without)k(sp)s(ecifying)h(the)f Ft(-c)g Fu(option,)i(and)e(whose) g(input)g(and)f(output)h(are)h(b)s(oth)f(connected)h(to)g(ter-)150 774 y(minals)g(\(as)g(determined)f(b)m(y)h Ft(isatty\(3\))p Fu(\),)e(or)i(one)g(started)g(with)f(the)h Ft(-i)f Fu(option.)51 b(See)33 b(Section)i(6.3)150 884 y([In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shells],)e (page)g(89,)g(for)f(more)h(information.)275 1031 y(If)i(argumen)m(ts)h (remain)g(after)h(option)f(pro)s(cessing,)h(and)e(neither)h(the)g Ft(-c)g Fu(nor)f(the)h Ft(-s)g Fu(option)g(has)150 1140 y(b)s(een)44 b(supplied,)j(the)d(\014rst)g(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(assumed)e (to)j(b)s(e)d(the)i(name)g(of)f(a)h(\014le)g(con)m(taining)h(shell)150 1250 y(commands)30 b(\(see)g(Section)h(3.8)g([Shell)f(Scripts],)g(page) h(42\).)41 b(When)30 b(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d(this)h (fashion,)150 1359 y Ft($0)37 b Fu(is)g(set)h(to)h(the)e(name)h(of)f (the)h(\014le,)i(and)c(the)i(p)s(ositional)g(parameters)g(are)g(set)g (to)g(the)g(remaining)150 1469 y(argumen)m(ts.)h(Bash)26 b(reads)f(and)g(executes)h(commands)f(from)g(this)g(\014le,)i(then)e (exits.)40 b(Bash's)25 b(exit)i(status)150 1579 y(is)f(the)h(exit)h (status)e(of)h(the)g(last)g(command)f(executed)h(in)g(the)f(script.)40 b(If)26 b(no)g(commands)g(are)h(executed,)150 1688 y(the)k(exit)g (status)g(is)f(0.)150 1947 y Fs(6.2)68 b(Bash)45 b(Startup)g(Files)150 2107 y Fu(This)23 b(section)j(describ)s(es)d(ho)m(w)i(Bash)f(executes)h (its)g(startup)f(\014les.)38 b(If)24 b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)h(\014les)f (exist)h(but)e(cannot)150 2216 y(b)s(e)29 b(read,)i(Bash)f(rep)s(orts)f (an)h(error.)40 b(Tildes)30 b(are)g(expanded)f(in)h(\014lenames)g(as)g (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i(under)150 2326 y(Tilde)f(Expansion)g (\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.2)g([Tilde)e(Expansion],)h(page)g(24\).)275 2473 y(In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(shells)f(are)g(describ)s(ed)e(in)h(Section)h (6.3)h([In)m(teractiv)m(e)h(Shells],)d(page)h(89.)150 2684 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(as)h(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)f(login)j (shell,)g(or)g(with)e Fh(--login)150 2831 y Fu(When)c(Bash)f(is)h(in)m (v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)f(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)d(shell,)i(or)e(as)g (a)g(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(with)g(the)150 2940 y Ft(--login)30 b Fu(option,)k(it)f(\014rst)e(reads)h(and)g(executes)i (commands)e(from)f(the)i(\014le)f Ft(/etc/profile)p Fu(,)e(if)i(that) 150 3050 y(\014le)44 b(exists.)80 b(After)44 b(reading)g(that)g (\014le,)j(it)d(lo)s(oks)g(for)f Ft(~/.bash_profile)p Fu(,)g Ft(~/.bash_login)p Fu(,)h(and)150 3160 y Ft(~/.profile)p Fu(,)25 b(in)i(that)g(order,)h(and)e(reads)h(and)f(executes)j(commands) d(from)h(the)g(\014rst)f(one)i(that)f(exists)150 3269 y(and)j(is)h(readable.)42 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)d Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(when)g(the)h(shell)f(is)h(started)g (to)g(inhibit)150 3379 y(this)f(b)s(eha)m(vior.)275 3526 y(When)h(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(login)d(shell)g(exits,)h(or)f(a)g (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(login)f(shell)e(executes)i(the)f Ft(exit)150 3635 y Fu(builtin)g(command,)i(Bash)e(reads)h(and)f (executes)i(commands)e(from)g(the)h(\014le)g Ft(~/.bash_logout)p Fu(,)d(if)i(it)150 3745 y(exists.)150 3956 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(as)h(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e)f(non-login)k(shell)150 4103 y Fu(When)g(an)h(in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(that)g(is)f(not)h(a)g (login)g(shell)g(is)f(started,)48 b(Bash)c(reads)f(and)g(executes)150 4213 y(commands)31 b(from)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)f(if)h(that)h(\014le)g (exists.)44 b(This)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(inhibited)g(b)m(y)g(using)g (the)h Ft(--norc)150 4322 y Fu(option.)40 b(The)27 b Ft(--rcfile)h Fj(file)e Fu(option)h(will)g(force)h(Bash)f(to)h(read)f (and)f(execute)j(commands)d(from)h Fr(\014le)150 4432 y Fu(instead)k(of)f Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(.)275 4579 y(So,)g(t)m(ypically) -8 b(,)33 b(y)m(our)d Ft(~/.bash_profile)c Fu(con)m(tains)32 b(the)f(line)390 4725 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-f)f(~/.bashrc)e(];)i(then)g(.)g (~/.bashrc;)e(fi)150 4872 y Fu(after)31 b(\(or)g(b)s(efore\))f(an)m(y)h (login-sp)s(eci\014c)g(initializations.)150 5083 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed) 40 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)150 5230 y Fu(When)33 b(Bash)g(is)g (started)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)37 b(to)d(run)e(a)h(shell)h (script,)g(for)f(example,)i(it)e(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)150 5340 y(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b Ft(BASH_ENV)d Fu(in)i(the)h(en)m(vironmen)m (t,)h(expands)e(its)g(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(if)g(it)g(app)s(ears)e(there,)j (and)e(uses)g(the)p eop end %%Page: 89 95 TeXDict begin 89 94 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(89)150 299 y(expanded)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)g(name)f(of)h(a)f(\014le)h(to)g(read)f(and) g(execute.)42 b(Bash)31 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(as)g(if)f(the)g(follo)m (wing)150 408 y(command)g(w)m(ere)h(executed:)390 552 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-n)f("$BASH_ENV")e(];)i(then)f(.)i("$BASH_ENV";)c(fi) 150 696 y Fu(but)30 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f Ft(PATH)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)e(not)h(used)e(to)i(searc)m(h)g (for)f(the)h(\014lename.)275 840 y(As)42 b(noted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)47 b(if)42 b(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)d(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i (with)e(the)h Ft(--login)d Fu(option,)46 b(Bash)150 949 y(attempts)31 b(to)g(read)g(and)e(execute)j(commands)e(from)g(the)h (login)g(shell)g(startup)e(\014les.)150 1158 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(with)g(name)h Fh(sh)150 1305 y Fu(If)c(Bash)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i (with)e(the)g(name)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)i(it)f(tries)f(to)h(mimic)g(the)f (startup)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(of)h(historical)150 1414 y(v)m(ersions)31 b(of)f Ft(sh)g Fu(as)h(closely)h(as)e(p)s(ossible,)g (while)h(conforming)f(to)h(the)g Fm(posix)e Fu(standard)h(as)h(w)m (ell.)275 1558 y(When)50 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(as)f(an)f(in)m(teractiv)m (e)j(login)e(shell,)57 b(or)51 b(as)g(a)h(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)h (shell)f(with)f(the)150 1668 y Ft(--login)31 b Fu(option,)k(it)e (\014rst)g(attempts)h(to)g(read)f(and)g(execute)h(commands)f(from)g Ft(/etc/profile)d Fu(and)150 1777 y Ft(~/.profile)p Fu(,)d(in)i(that)i (order.)39 b(The)30 b Ft(--noprofile)c Fu(option)k(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f (used)g(to)h(inhibit)f(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior.)150 1887 y(When)36 b(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(as)e(an)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e (with)f(the)g(name)h Ft(sh)p Fu(,)g(Bash)f(lo)s(oks)h(for)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)150 1997 y(expands)29 b(its)i(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(if)h(it)f(is)g(de\014ned,)g(and)f(uses)h(the)g(expanded)g (v)-5 b(alue)30 b(as)h(the)f(name)g(of)g(a)h(\014le)f(to)h(read)150 2106 y(and)g(execute.)46 b(Since)32 b(a)g(shell)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h (as)f Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)h(attempt)h(to)g(read)e(and)g(execute)i (commands)150 2216 y(from)39 b(an)m(y)g(other)h(startup)e(\014les,)k (the)d Ft(--rcfile)e Fu(option)j(has)f(no)g(e\013ect.)69 b(A)39 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)150 2325 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)32 b(with)e(the)g(name)h Ft(sh)f Fu(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)i(to)f(read)f (an)m(y)h(other)g(startup)e(\014les.)275 2469 y(When)h(in)m(v)m(ok)m (ed)h(as)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h(the)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)150 2678 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(in)h Fg(posix)g Fk(mo)s(de)150 2824 y Fu(When)28 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(in)g Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(with)g(the)g Ft(--posix)d Fu(command)j(line)g (option,)h(it)f(follo)m(ws)150 2934 y(the)24 b Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)h(for)f(startup)h(\014les.)38 b(In)24 b(this)g(mo)s(de,)h (in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shells)d(expand)f(the)h Ft(ENV)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)150 3044 y(and)30 b(commands)g(are)g(read)h(and)e (executed)j(from)d(the)i(\014le)f(whose)g(name)h(is)f(the)h(expanded)e (v)-5 b(alue.)41 b(No)150 3153 y(other)31 b(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h (read.)150 3362 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(b)m(y)g(remote)h(shell)h (daemon)150 3509 y Fu(Bash)36 b(attempts)h(to)g(determine)f(when)f(it)i (is)f(b)s(eing)g(run)e(with)i(its)g(standard)g(input)f(connected)i(to)g (a)150 3618 y(net)m(w)m(ork)h(connection,)j(as)c(when)g(executed)h(b)m (y)f(the)h(remote)g(shell)g(daemon,)h(usually)e Ft(rshd)p Fu(,)h(or)g(the)150 3728 y(secure)c(shell)f(daemon)h Ft(sshd)p Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b(Bash)g(determines)h(it)g(is)f(b)s(eing)g (run)f(in)i(this)f(fashion,)h(it)g(reads)g(and)150 3837 y(executes)29 b(commands)e(from)g Ft(~/.bashrc)p Fu(,)e(if)j(that)g (\014le)f(exists)h(and)f(is)g(readable.)41 b(It)27 b(will)h(not)f(do)h (this)f(if)150 3947 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)k(as)f Ft(sh)p Fu(.)40 b(The)29 b Ft(--norc)f Fu(option)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)f(to)j (inhibit)e(this)g(b)s(eha)m(vior,)h(and)f(the)h Ft(--rcfile)150 4057 y Fu(option)36 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)e(used)h(to)h(force)g(another)f (\014le)h(to)g(b)s(e)e(read,)j(but)d(neither)i Ft(rshd)e Fu(nor)h Ft(sshd)f Fu(generally)150 4166 y(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)e(the)f (shell)f(with)h(those)f(options)h(or)f(allo)m(w)i(them)f(to)g(b)s(e)e (sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 4375 y Fk(In)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)40 b(with)g(unequal)h (e\013ectiv)m(e)e(and)i(real)g Fg(uid/gid)p Fk(s)150 4522 y Fu(If)34 b(Bash)h(is)g(started)g(with)f(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)i (user)d(\(group\))h(id)f(not)h(equal)g(to)g(the)g(real)g(user)f (\(group\))h(id,)150 4631 y(and)26 b(the)i Ft(-p)e Fu(option)h(is)g (not)h(supplied,)e(no)h(startup)g(\014les)g(are)g(read,)h(shell)f (functions)g(are)g(not)g(inherited)150 4741 y(from)41 b(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)j(the)d Ft(SHELLOPTS)p Fu(,)h Ft(BASHOPTS)p Fu(,)g Ft(CDPATH)p Fu(,)g(and)e Ft(GLOBIGNORE)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariables,)45 b(if)150 4850 y(they)28 b(app)s(ear)f(in)h(the)g (en)m(vironmen)m(t,)i(are)e(ignored,)h(and)e(the)h(e\013ectiv)m(e)j (user)c(id)h(is)g(set)g(to)h(the)f(real)h(user)150 4960 y(id.)62 b(If)38 b(the)f Ft(-p)h Fu(option)g(is)f(supplied)g(at)h(in)m (v)m(o)s(cation,)k(the)c(startup)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(the)g(same,)i (but)d(the)150 5070 y(e\013ectiv)m(e)c(user)d(id)g(is)g(not)h(reset.) 150 5324 y Fs(6.3)68 b(In)l(teractiv)l(e)47 b(Shells)p eop end %%Page: 90 96 TeXDict begin 90 95 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(90)150 299 y Fk(6.3.1)63 b(What)40 b(is)h(an)g(In)m(teractiv)m(e)e(Shell?)150 446 y Fu(An)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(shell)d(is)g(one)g(started)g(without) 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Fu(when)g(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)44 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example:)390 1669 y Ft(case)47 b("$-")f(in)390 1779 y(*i*\))h(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)h(interactive)e(;;)390 1888 y(*\))i(echo)g(This)f(shell)h(is)g(not)g(interactive)e(;;)390 1998 y(esac)275 2141 y Fu(Alternativ)m(ely)-8 b(,)28 b(startup)23 b(scripts)h(ma)m(y)g(examine)g(the)g(v)-5 b(ariable)25 b Ft(PS1)p Fu(;)g(it)g(is)e(unset)h(in)f(non-in)m (teractiv)m(e)150 2251 y(shells,)31 b(and)e(set)i(in)f(in)m(teractiv)m (e)k(shells.)40 b(Th)m(us:)390 2394 y Ft(if)47 b([)h(-z)f("$PS1")f(];)h (then)772 2503 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(not)f(interactive)390 2613 y(else)772 2723 y(echo)f(This)h(shell)f(is)i(interactive)390 2832 y(fi)150 3040 y Fk(6.3.3)63 b(In)m(teractiv)m(e)38 b(Shell)k(Beha)m(vior)150 3187 y Fu(When)30 b(the)h(shell)f(is)h (running)d(in)m(teractiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)34 b(it)d(c)m(hanges)h(its)f(b)s (eha)m(vior)f(in)g(sev)m(eral)i(w)m(a)m(ys.)199 3330 y(1.)61 b(Startup)37 b(\014les)g(are)h(read)f(and)g(executed)h(as)f (describ)s(ed)g(in)g(Section)h(6.2)g([Bash)g(Startup)e(Files],)330 3440 y(page)31 b(88.)199 3579 y(2.)61 b(Job)32 b(Con)m(trol)h(\(see)g (Chapter)e(7)i([Job)f(Con)m(trol],)i(page)f(107\))h(is)e(enabled)g(b)m (y)g(default.)46 b(When)32 b(job)330 3689 y(con)m(trol)j(is)f(in)f (e\013ect,)k(Bash)d(ignores)g(the)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(job)e (con)m(trol)i(signals)g Ft(SIGTTIN)p Fu(,)330 3798 y Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(,)29 b(and)g Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)199 3937 y(3.)61 b(Bash)25 b(expands)e(and)h(displa)m(ys)h Ft(PS1)e Fu(b)s(efore)h(reading)h(the)f(\014rst)g(line)h(of)f(a)h(command,)h (and)e(expands)330 4047 y(and)33 b(displa)m(ys)h Ft(PS2)f Fu(b)s(efore)h(reading)g(the)g(second)g(and)f(subsequen)m(t)g(lines)i (of)f(a)g(m)m(ulti-line)h(com-)330 4156 y(mand.)42 b(Bash)31 b(expands)f(and)h(displa)m(ys)g Ft(PS0)f Fu(after)h(it)h(reads)f(a)g (command)g(but)f(b)s(efore)h(executing)330 4266 y(it.)62 b(See)38 b(Section)g(6.9)h([Con)m(trolling)g(the)e(Prompt],)j(page)e (98,)i(for)d(a)h(complete)h(list)f(of)g(prompt)330 4375 y(string)30 b(escap)s(e)h(sequences.)199 4514 y(4.)61 b(Bash)28 b(executes)h(the)e(v)-5 b(alues)28 b(of)g(the)g(set)g(elemen) m(ts)h(of)f(the)g Ft(PROMPT_COMMANDS)23 b Fu(arra)m(y)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(as)330 4624 y(commands)e(b)s(efore)f(prin)m(ting) h(the)g(primary)g(prompt,)g Ft($PS1)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)f(5.2)i([Bash) e(V)-8 b(ariables],)330 4733 y(page)31 b(73\).)199 4872 y(5.)61 b(Readline)27 b(\(see)g(Chapter)e(8)h([Command)g(Line)g (Editing],)h(page)g(111\))g(is)f(used)g(to)g(read)g(commands)330 4982 y(from)k(the)g(user's)g(terminal.)199 5121 y(6.)61 b(Bash)36 b(insp)s(ects)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(the)g Ft(ignoreeof)e Fu(option)j(to)g Ft(set)29 b(-o)36 b Fu(instead)h(of)f (exiting)i(imme-)330 5230 y(diately)f(when)e(it)i(receiv)m(es)h(an)e Ft(EOF)f Fu(on)h(its)g(standard)f(input)g(when)h(reading)g(a)g(command) g(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)31 b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g (62\).)p eop end %%Page: 91 97 TeXDict begin 91 96 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(91)199 299 y(7.)61 b(Command)43 b(history)h(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)g([Bash)f(History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)51 b(page)45 b(146\))h(and)d(history)330 408 y(expansion)h(\(see)i(Section)f(9.3)h([History)g(In)m(teraction],)k (page)45 b(148\))h(are)f(enabled)g(b)m(y)f(default.)330 518 y(Bash)28 b(will)g(sa)m(v)m(e)h(the)f(command)f(history)h(to)g(the) g(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h Ft($HISTFILE)d Fu(when)h(a)i(shell)g(with) 330 628 y(history)i(enabled)h(exits.)199 762 y(8.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)g([Aliases],)i(page)e (94\))h(is)e(p)s(erformed)f(b)m(y)h(default.)199 896 y(9.)61 b(In)24 b(the)g(absence)h(of)f(an)m(y)h(traps,)g(Bash)g (ignores)f Ft(SIGTERM)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(3.7.6)h([Signals],)g(page) f(42\).)154 1030 y(10.)61 b(In)29 b(the)g(absence)h(of)g(an)m(y)g (traps,)f Ft(SIGINT)f Fu(is)h(caugh)m(t)i(and)e(handled)f(\(see)j (Section)f(3.7.6)h([Signals],)330 1140 y(page)g(42\).)42 b Ft(SIGINT)29 b Fu(will)h(in)m(terrupt)g(some)h(shell)g(builtins.)154 1274 y(11.)61 b(An)40 b(in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(login)e(shell)g(sends)e(a)i Ft(SIGHUP)d Fu(to)j(all)g(jobs)f(on)g(exit)h(if)g(the)f Ft(huponexit)e Fu(shell)330 1383 y(option)31 b(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled) g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.7.6)i([Signals],)e(page)g(42\).)154 1517 y(12.)61 b(The)29 b Ft(-n)g Fu(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation)j(option)e(is)g (ignored,)g(and)f(`)p Ft(set)h(-n)p Fu(')f(has)h(no)f(e\013ect)j(\(see) e(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)330 1627 y(Set)g(Builtin],)g(page)g(62\).)154 1761 y(13.)61 b(Bash)32 b(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)i(for)e(mail)g(p)s(erio)s (dically)-8 b(,)34 b(dep)s(ending)c(on)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(of)g(the)h Ft(MAIL)p Fu(,)e Ft(MAILPATH)p Fu(,)330 1871 y(and)f Ft(MAILCHECK)e Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariables)31 b(\(see)h(Section)f(5.2)g([Bash)g(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(73\).)154 2005 y(14.)61 b(Expansion)32 b(errors)h(due)f(to)i (references)f(to)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariables)34 b(after)g(`)p Ft(set)29 b(-u)p Fu(')k(has)g(b)s(een)330 2114 y(enabled)d(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit)g(\(see)g (Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(62\).)154 2248 y(15.)61 b(The)48 b(shell)h(will)f(not)h(exit)g(on)g(expansion)f (errors)g(caused)g(b)m(y)h Fr(v)-5 b(ar)54 b Fu(b)s(eing)48 b(unset)g(or)h(n)m(ull)f(in)330 2358 y Ft(${)p Fj(var)p Ft(:?)p Fj(word)p Ft(})27 b Fu(expansions)j(\(see)h(Section)h(3.5.3)g ([Shell)e(P)m(arameter)i(Expansion],)e(page)h(25\).)154 2492 y(16.)61 b(Redirection)31 b(errors)f(encoun)m(tered)h(b)m(y)f (shell)h(builtins)f(will)g(not)h(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.)154 2626 y(17.)61 b(When)26 b(running)f(in)i Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de,)j(a)f (sp)s(ecial)g(builtin)f(returning)g(an)g(error)h(status)g(will)g(not)f (cause)330 2736 y(the)31 b(shell)f(to)h(exit)h(\(see)f(Section)g(6.11)h ([Bash)f(POSIX)e(Mo)s(de],)i(page)g(101\).)154 2870 y(18.)61 b(A)34 b(failed)g Ft(exec)f Fu(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)g(shell)g(to)g (exit)h(\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)f(Builtins],)330 2980 y(page)e(44\).)154 3114 y(19.)61 b(P)m(arser)31 b(syn)m(tax)f(errors)g(will)h(not)g(cause)g(the)f(shell)h(to)g(exit.) 154 3248 y(20.)61 b(Simple)21 b(sp)s(elling)h(correction)g(for)g (directory)g(argumen)m(ts)f(to)i(the)e Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h (enabled)f(b)m(y)h(default)330 3357 y(\(see)35 b(the)g(description)f (of)h(the)f Ft(cdspell)f Fu(option)h(to)i(the)e Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin)h(in)g(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)330 3467 y(Shopt)30 b(Builtin],)h(page)g(66\).)154 3601 y(21.)61 b(The)42 b(shell)h(will)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(of)f(the)h Ft(TMOUT)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(and)e(exit)h(if)g(a)g(command)f(is)h (not)330 3711 y(read)30 b(within)g(the)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)g(of)i(seconds)f(after)g(prin)m(ting)g Ft($PS1)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)330 3820 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(73\).)150 4060 y Fs(6.4)68 b(Bash)45 b(Conditional)h (Expressions)150 4220 y Fu(Conditional)26 b(expressions)g(are)g(used)f (b)m(y)g(the)h Ft([[)f Fu(comp)s(ound)g(command)g(and)g(the)h Ft(test)f Fu(and)g Ft([)g Fu(builtin)150 4329 y(commands.)50 b(The)33 b Ft(test)g Fu(and)f Ft([)i Fu(commands)f(determine)h(their)f (b)s(eha)m(vior)h(based)f(on)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)150 4439 y(argumen)m(ts;)28 b(see)f(the)f(descriptions)g(of)g(those)g (commands)g(for)g(an)m(y)g(other)h(command-sp)s(eci\014c)e(actions.)275 4573 y(Expressions)d(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(unary)f(or)h(binary)-8 b(,)24 b(and)f(are)g(formed)g(from)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(primaries.)38 b(Unary)150 4682 y(expressions)c(are)g(often)g(used)g(to)g(examine)h (the)f(status)g(of)h(a)f(\014le.)52 b(There)33 b(are)h(string)g(op)s (erators)h(and)150 4792 y(n)m(umeric)c(comparison)g(op)s(erators)h(as)f (w)m(ell.)44 b(Bash)31 b(handles)g(sev)m(eral)h(\014lenames)g(sp)s (ecially)g(when)e(they)150 4902 y(are)35 b(used)e(in)i(expressions.)52 b(If)34 b(the)h(op)s(erating)f(system)h(on)f(whic)m(h)g(Bash)h(is)f (running)f(pro)m(vides)h(these)150 5011 y(sp)s(ecial)22 b(\014les,)i(Bash)e(will)g(use)f(them;)k(otherwise)d(it)g(will)g(em)m (ulate)h(them)f(in)m(ternally)h(with)e(this)h(b)s(eha)m(vior:)150 5121 y(If)27 b(the)g Fr(\014le)33 b Fu(argumen)m(t)27 b(to)h(one)g(of)f(the)h(primaries)f(is)g(of)h(the)f(form)g Ft(/dev/fd/)p Fj(N)p Fu(,)e(then)i(\014le)h(descriptor)f Fr(N)150 5230 y Fu(is)g(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed.)42 b(If)26 b(the)h Fr(\014le)32 b Fu(argumen)m(t)c(to)f(one)h(of)f(the)g (primaries)f(is)h(one)h(of)f Ft(/dev/stdin)p Fu(,)e Ft(/dev/stdout)p Fu(,)150 5340 y(or)30 b Ft(/dev/stderr)p Fu(,)e(\014le)i(descriptor)h (0,)g(1,)g(or)f(2,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(,)32 b(is)f(c)m(hec)m(k)m (ed.)p eop end %%Page: 92 98 TeXDict begin 92 97 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(92)275 299 y(When)37 b(used)g(with)g Ft([[)p Fu(,)i(the)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p 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b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le)36 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f(is)g(a)h(so)s(c)m (k)m(et.)150 4102 y Fj(file1)e Ft(-ef)g Fj(file2)630 4212 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le1)38 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(refer)30 b(to)i(the)e(same)h(device)g(and)f(ino)s (de)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers.)150 4369 y Fj(file1)f Ft(-nt)g Fj(file2)630 4478 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)23 b(if)h Fr(\014le1)32 b Fu(is)24 b(new)m(er)g(\(according)h(to)g(mo)s(di\014cation)f(date\))h (than)f Fr(\014le2)p Fu(,)i(or)e(if)g Fr(\014le1)31 b Fu(exists)630 4588 y(and)f Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150 4745 y Fj(file1)f Ft(-ot)g Fj(file2)630 4854 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(\014le1)38 b Fu(is)31 b(older)f(than)g Fr(\014le2)p Fu(,)i(or)e(if)g Fr(\014le2)38 b Fu(exists)31 b(and)f Fr(\014le1)38 b Fu(do)s(es)30 b(not.)150 5011 y Ft(-o)g Fj(optname)630 5121 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)41 b(if)g(the)g(shell)h (option)f Fr(optname)47 b Fu(is)41 b(enabled.)73 b(The)41 b(list)h(of)f(options)h(app)s(ears)e(in)630 5230 y(the)33 b(description)h(of)f(the)g 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b(When)44 b(used)f(with)g(the)h Ft([[)g Fu(command,)j(this)d(p)s(er-) 630 1581 y(forms)d(pattern)g(matc)m(hing)i(as)f(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m (v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)g(3.2.5.2)i([Conditional)630 1691 y(Constructs],)30 b(page)h(11\).)630 1824 y(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')g(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(with)h(the)h Ft(test)e Fu(command)h(for)g Fm(posix)g Fu(conformance.)150 1980 y Fj(string1)e Ft(!=)i Fj(string2)630 2089 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g(the)h(strings)f(are)h(not)f(equal.)150 2246 y Fj(string1)e Ft(<)i Fj(string2)630 2355 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(string1)38 b Fu(sorts)31 b(b)s(efore)f Fr(string2)38 b Fu(lexicographically)-8 b(.)150 2511 y Fj(string1)28 b Ft(>)i Fj(string2)630 2621 y Fu(T)-8 b(rue)30 b(if)g Fr(string1)38 b Fu(sorts)31 b(after)g Fr(string2)38 b Fu(lexicographically)-8 b(.)150 2777 y Fj(arg1)29 b Ft(OP)h Fj(arg2)630 2887 y Ft(OP)j Fu(is)h(one)g(of)h(`) p Ft(-eq)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(-ne)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(-lt)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(-le)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(-gt)p Fu(',)h(or)f(`)p Ft(-ge)p Fu('.)51 b(These)34 b(arithmetic)h(binary)630 2996 y(op)s(erators)h(return)e(true)i(if)f Fr(arg1)44 b Fu(is)36 b(equal)g(to,)i(not)e(equal)g(to,)i(less)e(than,)h(less)f (than)f(or)630 3106 y(equal)29 b(to,)g(greater)h(than,)e(or)g(greater)i (than)d(or)i(equal)f(to)h Fr(arg2)p Fu(,)h(resp)s(ectiv)m(ely)-8 b(.)42 b Fr(Arg1)36 b Fu(and)630 3215 y Fr(arg2)41 b Fu(ma)m(y)34 b(b)s(e)f(p)s(ositiv)m(e)h(or)f(negativ)m(e)j(in)m (tegers.)50 b(When)33 b(used)g(with)g(the)g Ft([[)g Fu(command,)630 3325 y Fr(Arg1)41 b Fu(and)33 b Fr(Arg2)41 b Fu(are)33 b(ev)-5 b(aluated)35 b(as)e(arithmetic)i(expressions)d(\(see)j(Section) f(6.5)g([Shell)630 3435 y(Arithmetic],)e(page)f(93\).)150 3672 y Fs(6.5)68 b(Shell)45 b(Arithmetic)150 3832 y Fu(The)26 b(shell)h(allo)m(ws)h(arithmetic)f(expressions)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(ev)-5 b(aluated,)29 b(as)d(one)h(of)g(the)g(shell)f(expansions)h(or)f(b)m(y) 150 3941 y(using)h(the)g Ft(\(\()g Fu(comp)s(ound)e(command,)j(the)g Ft(let)e Fu(builtin,)i(or)f(the)g Ft(-i)g Fu(option)h(to)f(the)h Ft(declare)d Fu(builtin.)275 4074 y(Ev)-5 b(aluation)27 b(is)g(done)f(in)g(\014xed-width)g(in)m(tegers)i(with)e(no)h(c)m(hec)m (k)h(for)e(o)m(v)m(er\015o)m(w,)j(though)d(division)h(b)m(y)150 4184 y(0)g(is)g(trapp)s(ed)f(and)h(\015agged)g(as)h(an)f(error.)39 b(The)26 b(op)s(erators)h(and)g(their)g(precedence,)h(asso)s(ciativit)m (y)-8 b(,)32 b(and)150 4293 y(v)-5 b(alues)35 b(are)h(the)f(same)g(as)h (in)e(the)h(C)g(language.)56 b(The)35 b(follo)m(wing)h(list)g(of)f(op)s (erators)g(is)g(group)s(ed)f(in)m(to)150 4403 y(lev)m(els)27 b(of)f(equal-precedence)i(op)s(erators.)39 b(The)25 b(lev)m(els)j(are)e (listed)h(in)e(order)h(of)g(decreasing)g(precedence.)150 4559 y Fj(id)p Ft(++)j Fj(id)p Ft(--)67 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(p)s(ost-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(p)s(ost-decremen)m(t)150 4715 y Ft(++)p Fj(id)f Ft(--)p Fj(id)67 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(pre-incremen)m(t)g(and)f(pre-decremen)m(t)150 4871 y Ft(-)g(+)354 b Fu(unary)29 b(min)m(us)h(and)g(plus)150 5028 y Ft(!)g(~)354 b Fu(logical)33 b(and)d(bit)m(wise)h(negation)150 5184 y Ft(**)384 b Fu(exp)s(onen)m(tiation)150 5340 y Ft(*)30 b(/)g(\045)276 b Fu(m)m(ultiplication,)33 b(division,)d (remainder)p eop end %%Page: 94 100 TeXDict begin 94 99 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(94)150 299 y Ft(+)30 b(-)354 b Fu(addition,)31 b(subtraction)150 460 y Ft(<<)f(>>)258 b Fu(left)31 b(and)f(righ)m(t)h(bit)m(wise)g(shifts)150 620 y Ft(<=)f(>=)g(<)g(>)102 b Fu(comparison)150 781 y Ft(==)30 b(!=)258 b Fu(equalit)m(y)32 b(and)e(inequalit)m(y)150 942 y Ft(&)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(AND)150 1103 y Ft(^)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(exclusiv)m(e)h(OR)150 1263 y Ft(|)432 b Fu(bit)m(wise)31 b(OR)150 1424 y Ft(&&)384 b Fu(logical)33 b(AND)150 1585 y Ft(||)384 b Fu(logical)33 b(OR)150 1746 y Ft(expr)c(?)h(expr)f(:)h(expr)630 1855 y Fu(conditional)i(op)s (erator)150 2016 y Ft(=)e(*=)g(/=)g(\045=)f(+=)h(-=)g(<<=)f(>>=)h(&=)g (^=)f(|=)630 2126 y Fu(assignmen)m(t)150 2287 y Ft(expr1)g(,)h(expr2) 630 2396 y Fu(comma)275 2558 y(Shell)38 b(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)i(as)e(op)s(erands;)i(parameter)e(expansion)g(is) f(p)s(erformed)g(b)s(efore)g(the)150 2667 y(expression)g(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated.)66 b(Within)38 b(an)h(expression,)h(shell)e(v)-5 b(ariables)39 b(ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)f(referenced)g(b)m(y)150 2777 y(name)31 b(without)f(using)g(the)h(parameter)g(expansion)f(syn)m (tax.)42 b(A)31 b(shell)f(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(that)f(is)f(n)m(ull)h(or) f(unset)150 2886 y(ev)-5 b(aluates)41 b(to)f(0)g(when)e(referenced)h(b) m(y)g(name)h(without)f(using)g(the)g(parameter)h(expansion)f(syn)m (tax.)150 2996 y(The)c(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)g(ev)-5 b(aluated)38 b(as)e(an)g(arithmetic)h (expression)f(when)f(it)h(is)g(referenced,)i(or)150 3106 y(when)31 b(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(whic)m(h)f(has)g(b)s(een)f(giv)m (en)j(the)e Fr(in)m(teger)40 b Fu(attribute)33 b(using)f(`)p Ft(declare)d(-i)p Fu(')i(is)i(assigned)150 3215 y(a)j(v)-5 b(alue.)58 b(A)36 b(n)m(ull)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(ev)-5 b(aluates)37 b(to)g(0.)57 b(A)36 b(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(need)e(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(its)f Fr(in)m(teger)44 b Fu(attribute)150 3325 y(turned)29 b(on)h(to)i(b)s(e)d(used)h(in)g(an)g (expression.)275 3461 y(In)m(teger)41 b(constan)m(ts)g(follo)m(w)h(the) e(C)g(language)i(de\014nition,)g(without)f(su\016xes)e(or)h(c)m (haracter)i(con-)150 3570 y(stan)m(ts.)f(Constan)m(ts)31 b(with)f(a)g(leading)h(0)f(are)h(in)m(terpreted)f(as)g(o)s(ctal)i(n)m (um)m(b)s(ers.)39 b(A)30 b(leading)h(`)p Ft(0x)p Fu(')f(or)g(`)p Ft(0X)p Fu(')150 3680 y(denotes)g(hexadecimal.)42 b(Otherwise,)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)f(tak)m(e)i(the)f(form)g([)p Fr(base)5 b Ft(#)p Fu(])p Fr(n)p Fu(,)30 b(where)f(the)i(optional)g Fr(base)150 3789 y Fu(is)e(a)h(decimal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(b)s(et)m(w)m (een)h(2)h(and)e(64)i(represen)m(ting)g(the)f(arithmetic)i(base,)e(and) g Fr(n)g Fu(is)g(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 3899 y(in)g(that)i(base.)40 b(If)30 b Fr(base)5 b Ft(#)30 b Fu(is)f(omitted,)i(then)f(base)g(10)g 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(is)f(used)f(as)i(the)g(\014rst)e(w)m(ord)h(of)h(a)150 4985 y(simple)32 b(command.)45 b(The)31 b(shell)i(main)m(tains)f(a)h (list)f(of)g(aliases)i(that)e(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(set)h(and)g(unset)f (with)h(the)150 5095 y Ft(alias)d Fu(and)h Ft(unalias)e Fu(builtin)i(commands.)275 5230 y(The)f(\014rst)f(w)m(ord)i(of)f(eac)m (h)i(simple)f(command,)g(if)f(unquoted,)g(is)h(c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)h(to)g (see)f(if)g(it)g(has)f(an)g(alias.)150 5340 y(If)24 b(so,)i(that)g(w)m (ord)e(is)h(replaced)g(b)m(y)f(the)h(text)h(of)e(the)h(alias.)40 b(The)24 b(c)m(haracters)i(`)p Ft(/)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(`)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')f(and)f(an)m(y)h(of)p eop end %%Page: 95 101 TeXDict begin 95 100 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(95)150 299 y(the)23 b(shell)g(metac)m(haracters)i(or)e(quoting)g(c)m(haracters)h(listed)g (ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(ma)m(y)f(not)g(app)s(ear)f(in)h(an)g(alias)h(name.) 150 408 y(The)e(replacemen)m(t)h(text)g(ma)m(y)g(con)m(tain)h(an)m(y)e (v)-5 b(alid)23 b(shell)f(input,)h(including)f(shell)g(metac)m (haracters.)40 b(The)150 518 y(\014rst)35 b(w)m(ord)g(of)h(the)g (replacemen)m(t)i(text)e(is)g(tested)h(for)e(aliases,)k(but)c(a)h(w)m (ord)g(that)g(is)g(iden)m(tical)i(to)e(an)150 628 y(alias)c(b)s(eing)f (expanded)f(is)h(not)g(expanded)f(a)h(second)g(time.)43 b(This)30 b(means)h(that)g(one)g(ma)m(y)h(alias)g Ft(ls)e Fu(to)150 737 y Ft("ls)f(-F")p Fu(,)f(for)f(instance,)i(and)d(Bash)i (do)s(es)f(not)h(try)f(to)h(recursiv)m(ely)g(expand)e(the)i(replacemen) m(t)h(text.)40 b(If)150 847 y(the)31 b(last)h(c)m(haracter)h(of)e(the)h (alias)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)h(a)f Fr(blank)p Fu(,)g(then)g(the)g(next) h(command)e(w)m(ord)h(follo)m(wing)i(the)150 956 y(alias)f(is)e(also)h (c)m(hec)m(k)m(ed)i(for)d(alias)h(expansion.)275 1096 y(Aliases)e(are)f(created)i(and)d(listed)i(with)f(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(command,)h(and)g(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(with)f(the)g Ft(unalias)150 1206 y Fu(command.)275 1345 y(There)44 b(is)h(no)g(mec)m(hanism)g(for)f(using)h(argumen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h (replacemen)m(t)i(text,)i(as)d(in)e Ft(csh)p Fu(.)83 b(If)150 1455 y(argumen)m(ts)37 b(are)h(needed,)g(a)g(shell)f(function) f(should)g(b)s(e)h(used)f(\(see)i(Section)g(3.3)g([Shell)f(F)-8 b(unctions],)150 1564 y(page)31 b(18\).)275 1704 y(Aliases)i(are)h(not) e(expanded)g(when)g(the)h(shell)g(is)g(not)g(in)m(teractiv)m(e,)j (unless)c(the)h Ft(expand_aliases)150 1813 y Fu(shell)e(option)f(is)h (set)g(using)f Ft(shopt)f Fu(\(see)i(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g (Builtin],)h(page)g(66\).)275 1953 y(The)38 b(rules)h(concerning)h(the) f(de\014nition)g(and)g(use)g(of)g(aliases)i(are)e(somewhat)h (confusing.)67 b(Bash)150 2063 y(alw)m(a)m(ys)37 b(reads)f(at)h(least)g (one)f(complete)i(line)e(of)g(input,)h(and)e(all)i(lines)f(that)g(mak)m (e)h(up)e(a)h(comp)s(ound)150 2172 y(command,)29 b(b)s(efore)g (executing)i(an)m(y)e(of)h(the)f(commands)g(on)g(that)h(line)f(or)h (the)f(comp)s(ound)f(command.)150 2282 y(Aliases)g(are)g(expanded)e (when)g(a)i(command)f(is)g(read,)h(not)f(when)f(it)i(is)f(executed.)41 b(Therefore,)28 b(an)f(alias)150 2391 y(de\014nition)36 b(app)s(earing)h(on)f(the)h(same)g(line)g(as)g(another)g(command)f(do)s (es)g(not)h(tak)m(e)i(e\013ect)f(un)m(til)f(the)150 2501 y(next)i(line)g(of)g(input)f(is)h(read.)66 b(The)38 b(commands)h(follo) m(wing)h(the)f(alias)h(de\014nition)e(on)h(that)g(line)h(are)150 2610 y(not)33 b(a\013ected)h(b)m(y)f(the)g(new)f(alias.)49 b(This)32 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g(also)g(an)g(issue)g(when)e(functions) i(are)g(executed.)150 2720 y(Aliases)c(are)g(expanded)e(when)g(a)i (function)e(de\014nition)h(is)g(read,)h(not)f(when)g(the)g(function)g (is)g(executed,)150 2830 y(b)s(ecause)36 b(a)h(function)f(de\014nition) f(is)i(itself)g(a)f(command.)58 b(As)36 b(a)h(consequence,)h(aliases)g (de\014ned)d(in)h(a)150 2939 y(function)28 b(are)h(not)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)31 b(un)m(til)e(after)g(that)g(function)f(is)g(executed.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)29 b(b)s(e)f(safe,)i(alw)m(a)m(ys)g(put)e(alias)150 3049 y(de\014nitions)i(on)g(a)h(separate)g(line,)g(and)f(do)g(not)h (use)f Ft(alias)f Fu(in)h(comp)s(ound)f(commands.)275 3188 y(F)-8 b(or)31 b(almost)g(ev)m(ery)g(purp)s(ose,)e(shell)i (functions)f(are)g(preferred)g(o)m(v)m(er)h(aliases.)150 3437 y Fs(6.7)68 b(Arra)l(ys)150 3596 y Fu(Bash)33 b(pro)m(vides)g (one-dimensional)g(indexed)f(and)h(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)e(v)-5 b(ariables.)49 b(An)m(y)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(ma)m(y)150 3706 y(b)s(e)e(used)h(as)g(an)g(indexed)f(arra)m(y;)j(the)e Ft(declare)e Fu(builtin)h(will)i(explicitly)g(declare)g(an)f(arra)m(y) -8 b(.)46 b(There)32 b(is)150 3815 y(no)h(maxim)m(um)g(limit)h(on)f (the)g(size)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)35 b(nor)d(an)m(y)i(requiremen) m(t)f(that)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(b)s(e)g(indexed)150 3925 y(or)26 b(assigned)h(con)m(tiguously)-8 b(.)41 b(Indexed)25 b(arra)m(ys)i(are)f(referenced)g(using)g(in)m(tegers)i(\(including)e (arithmetic)150 4034 y(expressions)38 b(\(see)h(Section)g(6.5)h([Shell) e(Arithmetic],)k(page)d(93\)\))h(and)d(are)i(zero-based;)k(asso)s (ciativ)m(e)150 4144 y(arra)m(ys)37 b(use)f(arbitrary)g(strings.)59 b(Unless)36 b(otherwise)h(noted,)h(indexed)e(arra)m(y)h(indices)f(m)m (ust)g(b)s(e)g(non-)150 4254 y(negativ)m(e)d(in)m(tegers.)275 4393 y(An)26 b(indexed)h(arra)m(y)h(is)f(created)h(automatically)j(if)c (an)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)g(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(the)g(syn)m (tax)390 4533 y Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p Fj(value)150 4672 y Fu(The)34 b Fr(subscript)h Fu(is)g(treated)g(as)g (an)f(arithmetic)i(expression)e(that)h(m)m(ust)g(ev)-5 b(aluate)36 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)51 b(T)-8 b(o)150 4782 y(explicitly)32 b(declare)f(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(use)390 4921 y Ft(declare)46 b(-a)h Fj(name)150 5061 y Fu(The)30 b(syn)m(tax)390 5200 y Ft(declare)46 b(-a)h Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(])150 5340 y Fu(is)30 b(also)i(accepted;)g(the)e Fr(subscript)h Fu(is)g(ignored.)p eop end %%Page: 96 102 TeXDict begin 96 101 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(96)150 299 y(Asso)s(ciativ)m(e)33 b(arra)m(ys)d(are)h(created)h(using)390 427 y Ft(declare)46 b(-A)h Fj(name)275 555 y Fu(A)m(ttributes)f(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s (eci\014ed)g(for)h(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)47 b(using)e(the)h Ft(declare)e Fu(and)h Ft(readonly)150 664 y Fu(builtins.)40 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(attribute)g(applies)g(to)g(all)g (mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(an)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)275 792 y(Arra)m(ys)30 b(are)h(assigned)f(to)h(using)f(comp)s(ound)f(assignmen)m(ts)i(of)g (the)f(form)390 920 y Fj(name)p Ft(=\()p Fj(value1)44 b(value2)j Ft(...)f(\))150 1048 y Fu(where)33 b(eac)m(h)i Fr(v)-5 b(alue)40 b Fu(ma)m(y)34 b(b)s(e)g(of)g(the)g(form)f Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p Fr(string)p Fu(.)48 b(Indexed)33 b(arra)m(y)h(assignmen)m(ts)h(do)150 1157 y(not)26 b(require)f(an)m (ything)g(but)g Fr(string)p Fu(.)39 b(When)25 b(assigning)h(to)g (indexed)f(arra)m(ys,)i(if)e(the)h(optional)g(subscript)150 1267 y(is)h(supplied,)f(that)h(index)g(is)f(assigned)h(to;)i(otherwise) e(the)g(index)g(of)f(the)h(elemen)m(t)i(assigned)d(is)h(the)g(last)150 1377 y(index)j(assigned)h(to)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(statemen)m(t)j(plus)c (one.)41 b(Indexing)30 b(starts)h(at)g(zero.)275 1504 y(Eac)m(h)26 b Fr(v)-5 b(alue)32 b Fu(in)26 b(the)h(list)g(undergo)s (es)e(all)i(the)g(shell)f(expansions)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j (\(see)f(Section)g(3.5)150 1614 y([Shell)j(Expansions],)h(page)g(22\).) 275 1742 y(When)k(assigning)i(to)g(an)f(asso)s(ciativ)m(e)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)39 b(the)d(w)m(ords)f(in)h(a)h(comp)s(ound)d(assignmen)m(t)j(ma)m (y)g(b)s(e)150 1851 y(either)31 b(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts,)h(for) e(whic)m(h)g(the)g(subscript)f(is)h(required,)g(or)g(a)g(list)h(of)f(w) m(ords)f(that)i(is)150 1961 y(in)m(terpreted)g(as)g(a)g(sequence)f(of)h (alternating)h(k)m(eys)f(and)f(v)-5 b(alues:)44 b Fr(name)5 b Fu(=\()p Fr(k)m(ey1)40 b(v)-5 b(alue1)40 b(k)m(ey2)g(v)-5 b(alue2)156 2071 y Fu(.)22 b(.)g(.)47 b(\).)57 b(These)35 b(are)i(treated)f(iden)m(tically)i(to)e Fr(name)5 b Fu(=\()36 b([)p Fr(k)m(ey1)7 b Fu(]=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue1)46 b Fu([)p Fr(k)m(ey2)7 b Fu(]=)p Fr(v)-5 b(alue2)51 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)46 b(\).)57 b(The)150 2180 y(\014rst)25 b(w)m(ord)f(in)h(the)h(list)g (determines)f(ho)m(w)g(the)h(remaining)f(w)m(ords)g(are)h(in)m (terpreted;)h(all)f(assignmen)m(ts)g(in)150 2290 y(a)31 b(list)f(m)m(ust)h(b)s(e)e(of)h(the)h(same)f(t)m(yp)s(e.)41 b(When)30 b(using)g(k)m(ey/v)-5 b(alue)32 b(pairs,)e(the)g(k)m(eys)h (ma)m(y)g(not)f(b)s(e)g(missing)150 2399 y(or)g(empt)m(y;)h(a)g (\014nal)f(missing)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(treated)g(lik)m(e)h(the)e (empt)m(y)h(string.)275 2527 y(This)f(syn)m(tax)j(is)e(also)i(accepted) g(b)m(y)f(the)f Ft(declare)f Fu(builtin.)44 b(Individual)31 b(arra)m(y)h(elemen)m(ts)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)150 2637 y(assigned)e(to)g (using)f(the)g Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]=)p Fj(value)25 b Fu(syn)m(tax)31 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)275 2765 y(When)h(assigning)h(to)h(an)e(indexed)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)32 b(if)f Fr(name)36 b Fu(is)31 b(subscripted)e(b)m(y)i(a)g (negativ)m(e)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)c(that)150 2874 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)43 b(is)h(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(relativ)m(e)j(to)e(one)f(greater)i(than)e (the)g(maxim)m(um)g(index)g(of)h Fr(name)p Fu(,)j(so)150 2984 y(negativ)m(e)30 b(indices)d(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)g(from)f(the)g (end)g(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)29 b(and)e(an)g(index)g(of)g(-1)h (references)g(the)f(last)150 3093 y(elemen)m(t.)275 3221 y(An)m(y)h(elemen)m(t)h(of)g(an)f(arra)m(y)g(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f (referenced)g(using)g Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)35 b(The)27 b(braces)i(are)150 3331 y(required)f(to)j(a)m (v)m(oid)f(con\015icts)g(with)f(the)h(shell's)f(\014lename)h(expansion) f(op)s(erators.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i Fr(subscript)g Fu(is)150 3440 y(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f (expands)f(to)i(all)g(mem)m(b)s(ers)e(of)i(the)f(arra)m(y)h Fr(name)p Fu(.)40 b(These)29 b(subscripts)f(di\013er)h(only)150 3550 y(when)36 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(app)s(ears)g(within)g(double)g (quotes.)60 b(If)36 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(double-quoted,)j Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([*]})150 3660 y Fu(expands)25 b(to)h(a)g(single)h (w)m(ord)e(with)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)26 b(of)g(eac)m(h)h(arra)m(y)f(mem) m(b)s(er)f(separated)h(b)m(y)g(the)f(\014rst)g(c)m(harac-)150 3769 y(ter)j(of)g(the)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(v)-5 b(ariable,)29 b(and)f Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})d Fu(expands)i(eac)m(h)i(elemen)m(t)h (of)e Fr(name)33 b Fu(to)c(a)f(separate)h(w)m(ord.)150 3879 y(When)j(there)h(are)f(no)g(arra)m(y)h(mem)m(b)s(ers,)f Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([@]})e Fu(expands)h(to)i(nothing.)47 b(If)31 b(the)i(double-quoted)150 3988 y(expansion)39 b(o)s(ccurs)h(within)f(a)h(w)m(ord,)i(the)d(expansion)h(of)g(the)f (\014rst)g(parameter)h(is)g(joined)f(with)h(the)150 4098 y(b)s(eginning)29 b(part)g(of)h(the)f(original)i(w)m(ord,)e(and)g(the)h (expansion)f(of)h(the)f(last)i(parameter)e(is)h(joined)f(with)150 4208 y(the)g(last)h(part)f(of)g(the)g(original)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(This)28 b(is)h(analogous)h(to)f(the)h(expansion)e(of)h(the)g(sp)s (ecial)h(param-)150 4317 y(eters)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(and)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu('.)41 b Ft(${#)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]})24 b Fu(expands)k(to)i(the)g(length)g(of)f Ft(${)p Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(]})p Fu(.)35 b(If)150 4427 y Fr(subscript)28 b Fu(is)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')f(or)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(',)g(the)g(expansion)f(is)g(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i (elemen)m(ts)g(in)f(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(If)27 b(the)g Fr(subscript)150 4536 y Fu(used)34 b(to)h(reference)g(an)f (elemen)m(t)i(of)f(an)f(indexed)g(arra)m(y)h(ev)-5 b(aluates)36 b(to)f(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(less)i(than)f(zero,)i(it)150 4646 y(is)c(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(relativ)m(e)i(to)f(one)f(greater)h (than)f(the)h(maxim)m(um)f(index)f(of)h(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)33 b(so)g(negativ)m(e)150 4756 y(indices)d(coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)h (from)e(the)g(end)g(of)g(the)h(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b(and)f(an)g(index)g (of)h(-1)g(refers)f(to)h(the)g(last)g(elemen)m(t.)275 4883 y(Referencing)41 b(an)f(arra)m(y)h(v)-5 b(ariable)42 b(without)e(a)h(subscript)e(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)42 b(to)f(referencing)g(with)g(a)150 4993 y(subscript)35 b(of)h(0.)57 b(An)m(y)36 b(reference)g(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(using)g(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)36 b(subscript)f(is)h(legal,)j (and)c Ft(bash)g Fu(will)150 5103 y(create)d(an)e(arra)m(y)h(if)f (necessary)-8 b(.)275 5230 y(An)35 b(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(is)g(considered)f(set)h(if)f(a)h(subscript)e(has)h(b)s (een)g(assigned)g(a)h(v)-5 b(alue.)59 b(The)36 b(n)m(ull)150 5340 y(string)30 b(is)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alid)30 b(v)-5 b(alue.)p eop end %%Page: 97 103 TeXDict begin 97 102 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(97)275 299 y(It)29 b(is)h(p)s(ossible)f(to)h(obtain)g(the)f(k)m(eys)i(\(indices\))f(of)f (an)h(arra)m(y)g(as)f(w)m(ell)i(as)f(the)f(v)-5 b(alues.)41 b($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5 b Fu([@])p Fi(})150 408 y Fu(and)39 b($)p Fi({)p Fu(!)p Fr(name)5 b Fu([*])p Fi(})43 b Fu(expand)c(to)i(the)f(indices)h(assigned)f(in)g(arra)m(y)g (v)-5 b(ariable)41 b Fr(name)p Fu(.)70 b(The)39 b(treatmen)m(t)150 518 y(when)i(in)g(double)g(quotes)h(is)f(similar)h(to)h(the)e (expansion)h(of)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(parameters)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')150 628 y(within)30 b(double)g(quotes.)275 759 y(The)25 b Ft(unset)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h (used)f(to)i(destro)m(y)f(arra)m(ys.)40 b Ft(unset)29 b Fj(name)p Ft([)p Fj(subscript)p Ft(])22 b Fu(destro)m(ys)k(the)g (arra)m(y)150 868 y(elemen)m(t)40 b(at)e(index)g Fr(subscript)p Fu(.)62 b(Negativ)m(e)41 b(subscripts)c(to)i(indexed)e(arra)m(ys)i(are) f(in)m(terpreted)h(as)f(de-)150 978 y(scrib)s(ed)30 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.) 42 b(Unsetting)31 b(the)g(last)g(elemen)m(t)h(of)f(an)g(arra)m(y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(do)s(es)f(not)h(unset)f(the)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 1087 y Ft(unset)29 b Fj(name)p Fu(,)e(where)h Fr(name)33 b Fu(is)28 b(an)g(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)30 b(remo)m(v)m(es)f(the)f(en)m(tire) h(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)41 b(A)28 b(subscript)f(of)h(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(@)p Fu(')g(also)150 1197 y(remo)m(v)m(es)k(the)e(en) m(tire)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)275 1328 y(When)35 b(using)g(a)i(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(name)g(with)g(a)g(subscript)e(as)i(an)g(argumen)m(t)g (to)h(a)f(command,)h(suc)m(h)f(as)150 1438 y(with)k Ft(unset)p Fu(,)h(without)e(using)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f(expansion)h(syn)m(tax)g (describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)44 b(the)c(argumen)m(t)g(is)150 1547 y(sub)5 b(ject)25 b(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(\014lename)f(expansion.) 39 b(If)25 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(is)g(not)h(desired,)g(the)f (argumen)m(t)150 1657 y(should)k(b)s(e)h(quoted.)275 1788 y(The)20 b Ft(declare)p Fu(,)h Ft(local)p Fu(,)h(and)e Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtins)h(eac)m(h)i(accept)g(a)g Ft(-a)e Fu(option)h(to)h(sp)s(ecify)f(an)f(indexed)150 1897 y(arra)m(y)28 b(and)f(a)h Ft(-A)e Fu(option)i(to)g(sp)s(ecify)f(an)h(asso)s(ciativ)m (e)i(arra)m(y)-8 b(.)40 b(If)27 b(b)s(oth)g(options)h(are)g(supplied,)f Ft(-A)f Fu(tak)m(es)150 2007 y(precedence.)55 b(The)35 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)h(accepts)h(a)g Ft(-a)e Fu(option)i(to)g(assign) f(a)g(list)h(of)f(w)m(ords)g(read)g(from)g(the)150 2116 y(standard)h(input)g(to)i(an)f(arra)m(y)-8 b(,)40 b(and)c(can)h(read)g (v)-5 b(alues)38 b(from)e(the)h(standard)g(input)f(in)m(to)i (individual)150 2226 y(arra)m(y)f(elemen)m(ts.)62 b(The)36 b Ft(set)g Fu(and)h Ft(declare)d Fu(builtins)j(displa)m(y)g(arra)m(y)g (v)-5 b(alues)37 b(in)g(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)h(that)g(allo)m(ws)150 2336 y(them)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(reused)g(as)g(input.)150 2569 y Fs(6.8)68 b(The)45 b(Directory)g(Stac)l(k)150 2729 y Fu(The)21 b(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(is)e(a)h(list)g(of)f(recen)m (tly-visited)j(directories.)39 b(The)20 b Ft(pushd)g Fu(builtin)h(adds)g(directories)150 2838 y(to)42 b(the)f(stac)m(k)i(as) e(it)h(c)m(hanges)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(directory)-8 b(,)45 b(and)40 b(the)i Ft(popd)e Fu(builtin)g(remo)m(v)m(es)j(sp)s(eci\014ed) 150 2948 y(directories)29 b(from)f(the)h(stac)m(k)h(and)d(c)m(hanges)j (the)e(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(to)g(the)g(directory)f(remo)m(v)m(ed.) 41 b(The)150 3058 y Ft(dirs)34 b Fu(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)h(the)g(con)m (ten)m(ts)i(of)e(the)g(directory)h(stac)m(k.)56 b(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(directory)g(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys)150 3167 y(the)c Ft(")p Fu(top)p Ft(")f Fu(of)g(the)h(directory)g(stac)m(k.)275 3298 y(The)k(con)m(ten)m(ts)i(of)f(the)h(directory)f(stac)m(k)h(are)f (also)h(visible)g(as)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g Ft(DIRSTACK)e Fu(shell)150 3408 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 3600 y Fk(6.8.1)63 b(Directory)40 b(Stac)m(k)g(Builtins)150 3768 y Ft(dirs)870 3899 y(dirs)47 b([-clpv])e([+)p Fj(N)i Ft(|)h(-)p Fj(N)p Ft(])630 4030 y Fu(Displa)m(y)35 b(the)f(list)g(of)g (curren)m(tly)g(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(directories.)51 b(Directories)36 b(are)e(added)f(to)630 4140 y(the)28 b(list)h(with)f(the)g Ft(pushd)f Fu(command;)i(the)f Ft(popd)f Fu(command)h(remo)m(v)m(es)h (directories)g(from)630 4249 y(the)i(list.)41 b(The)30 b(curren)m(t)g(directory)h(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)i(the)f(\014rst)e (directory)i(in)f(the)h(stac)m(k.)630 4402 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Clears)31 b(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(b)m(y)e(deleting)h(all)h (of)e(the)h(elemen)m(ts.)630 4554 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(Pro)s(duces)31 b(a)h(listing)h(using)e(full)h(pathnames;)h(the)f(default)g(listing)h (format)1110 4664 y(uses)d(a)h(tilde)g(to)g(denote)g(the)f(home)h (directory)-8 b(.)630 4816 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(Causes)30 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(to)i(prin)m(t)f(the)h(directory)g(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one) g(en)m(try)h(p)s(er)e(line.)630 4968 y Ft(-v)384 b Fu(Causes)36 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(to)i(prin)m(t)f(the)g(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(with)e(one) h(en)m(try)f(p)s(er)f(line,)1110 5078 y(pre\014xing)30 b(eac)m(h)h(en)m(try)g(with)f(its)h(index)e(in)i(the)f(stac)m(k.)630 5230 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Displa)m(ys)23 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)21 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)e(the)h(left)g(of)g(the)g (list)g(prin)m(ted)1110 5340 y(b)m(y)30 b Ft(dirs)f Fu(when)h(in)m(v)m (ok)m(ed)i(without)e(options\),)h(starting)g(with)g(zero.)p eop end %%Page: 98 104 TeXDict begin 98 103 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(98)630 299 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Displa)m(ys)47 b(the)g Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)46 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)f(the)g(righ)m(t)h(of)g(the)f(list) 1110 408 y(prin)m(ted)25 b(b)m(y)g Ft(dirs)g Fu(when)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m (ed)j(without)f(options\),)h(starting)g(with)e(zero.)150 583 y Ft(popd)870 725 y(popd)47 b([-n])f([+)p Fj(N)h Ft(|)h(-)p Fj(N)p Ft(])630 867 y Fu(When)32 b(no)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g (giv)m(en,)h Ft(popd)d Fu(remo)m(v)m(es)j(the)f(top)f(directory)h(from) f(the)g(stac)m(k)630 977 y(and)f(p)s(erforms)e(a)j Ft(cd)f Fu(to)h(the)f(new)g(top)h(directory)-8 b(.)44 b(The)31 b(elemen)m(ts)i(are)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(ered)f(from)630 1086 y(0)j(starting)g(at)g(the)f(\014rst)g(directory)g(listed)h(with)f Ft(dirs)p Fu(;)g(that)h(is,)g Ft(popd)e Fu(is)i(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)33 b(to)630 1196 y Ft(popd)c(+0)p Fu(.)630 1370 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Suppresses)27 b(the)j(normal)g(c)m(hange)g(of)g (directory)g(when)e(remo)m(ving)j(directo-)1110 1480 y(ries)f(from)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(so)f(that)g(only)f(the)h(stac)m(k)g (is)g(manipulated.)630 1655 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(es)22 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)20 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)i(from)e(the)g (left)h(of)g(the)f(list)h(prin)m(ted)1110 1764 y(b)m(y)30 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)630 1939 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Remo)m(v)m(es)46 b(the)g Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)44 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)h(from)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(of)g (the)g(list)1110 2048 y(prin)m(ted)30 b(b)m(y)g Ft(dirs)p Fu(\),)g(starting)h(with)f(zero.)150 2223 y Ft(pushd)870 2365 y(pushd)46 b([-n])h([+)p Fj(N)g Ft(|)g Fj(-N)h Ft(|)f Fj(dir)p Ft(])630 2507 y Fu(Sa)m(v)m(e)30 b(the)e(curren)m(t)g (directory)h(on)f(the)h(top)f(of)h(the)f(directory)h(stac)m(k)h(and)e (then)g Ft(cd)f Fu(to)i Fr(dir)p Fu(.)630 2617 y(With)39 b(no)f(argumen)m(ts,)j Ft(pushd)c Fu(exc)m(hanges)j(the)f(top)f(t)m(w)m (o)i(directories)g(and)d(mak)m(es)j(the)630 2726 y(new)30 b(top)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(.)630 2901 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Suppresses)24 b(the)j(normal)f(c)m(hange)h(of)g (directory)f(when)g(rotating)h(or)f(adding)1110 3010 y(directories)31 b(to)h(the)e(stac)m(k,)i(so)f(that)g(only)f(the)h (stac)m(k)h(is)e(manipulated.)630 3185 y Ft(+)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Brings)29 b(the)f Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)29 b(directory)g(\(coun)m(ting)h (from)e(the)g(left)i(of)e(the)h(list)g(prin)m(ted)1110 3295 y(b)m(y)34 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the) f(top)g(of)h(the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110 3404 y(stac)m(k.)630 3579 y Ft(-)p Fj(N)384 b Fu(Brings)23 b(the)g Fr(N)10 b Fu(th)23 b(directory)h(\(coun)m(ting)g(from)e(the)i (righ)m(t)f(of)g(the)h(list)f(prin)m(ted)1110 3688 y(b)m(y)34 b Ft(dirs)p Fu(,)g(starting)h(with)f(zero\))i(to)f(the)f(top)g(of)h (the)f(list)h(b)m(y)f(rotating)i(the)1110 3798 y(stac)m(k.)630 3972 y Fj(dir)336 b Fu(Mak)m(es)28 b Fr(dir)33 b Fu(b)s(e)27 b(the)g(top)g(of)g(the)h(stac)m(k,)h(making)e(it)h(the)f(new)g(curren)m (t)g(direc-)1110 4082 y(tory)k(as)f(if)h(it)g(had)e(b)s(een)h(supplied) f(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)150 4345 y Fs(6.9)68 b(Con)l(trolling)47 b(the)e(Prompt)150 4505 y Fu(Bash)33 b(examines)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)h(the)f(arra)m (y)g(v)-5 b(ariable)34 b Ft(PROMPT_COMMANDS)29 b Fu(just)j(b)s(efore)h (prin)m(ting)g(eac)m(h)150 4614 y(primary)c(prompt.)40 b(If)30 b(an)m(y)g(elemen)m(ts)i(in)e Ft(PROMPT_COMMANDS)c Fu(are)31 b(set)f(and)g(non-n)m(ull,)g(Bash)h(executes)150 4724 y(eac)m(h)h(v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(in)f(n)m(umeric)g(order,)g(just)g (as)g(if)h(it)g(had)e(b)s(een)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(on)g(the)h(command)f (line.)275 4874 y(In)d(addition,)j(the)f(follo)m(wing)h(table)f (describ)s(es)f(the)h(sp)s(ecial)g(c)m(haracters)h(whic)m(h)f(can)f (app)s(ear)g(in)h(the)150 4983 y(prompt)g(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b Ft(PS0)p Fu(,)d Ft(PS1)p Fu(,)h Ft(PS2)p Fu(,)g(and)f Ft(PS4)p Fu(:)150 5165 y Ft(\\a)384 b Fu(A)30 b(b)s(ell)h(c)m (haracter.)150 5340 y Ft(\\d)384 b Fu(The)30 b(date,)h(in)f Ft(")p Fu(W)-8 b(eekda)m(y)32 b(Mon)m(th)f(Date)p Ft(")h Fu(format)f(\(e.g.,)h Ft(")p Fu(T)-8 b(ue)30 b(Ma)m(y)h(26)p Ft(")p Fu(\).)p eop end %%Page: 99 105 TeXDict begin 99 104 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2484 b(99)150 299 y Ft(\\D{)p Fj(format)p Ft(})630 408 y Fu(The)27 b Fr(format)i Fu(is)f(passed)e(to) i Ft(strftime)p Fu(\(3\))f(and)f(the)i(result)f(is)g(inserted)g(in)m (to)h(the)g(prompt)630 518 y(string;)42 b(an)d(empt)m(y)f Fr(format)j Fu(results)d(in)g(a)h(lo)s(cale-sp)s(eci\014c)h(time)f (represen)m(tation.)65 b(The)630 628 y(braces)31 b(are)f(required.)150 790 y Ft(\\e)384 b Fu(An)30 b(escap)s(e)h(c)m(haracter.)150 952 y Ft(\\h)384 b Fu(The)30 b(hostname,)h(up)e(to)i(the)g(\014rst)e (`.'.)150 1114 y Ft(\\H)384 b Fu(The)30 b(hostname.)150 1276 y Ft(\\j)384 b Fu(The)30 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(jobs)g(curren)m (tly)h(managed)g(b)m(y)f(the)g(shell.)150 1438 y Ft(\\l)384 b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f(the)h(shell's)f(terminal)h(device)g (name.)150 1600 y Ft(\\n)384 b Fu(A)30 b(newline.)150 1763 y Ft(\\r)384 b Fu(A)30 b(carriage)i(return.)150 1925 y Ft(\\s)384 b Fu(The)22 b(name)g(of)h(the)f(shell,)i(the)f (basename)f(of)h Ft($0)f Fu(\(the)g(p)s(ortion)g(follo)m(wing)i(the)f (\014nal)e(slash\).)150 2087 y Ft(\\t)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.)150 2249 y Ft(\\T)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(HH:MM:SS)g(format.) 150 2411 y Ft(\\@)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(12-hour)h(am/pm)f (format.)150 2573 y Ft(\\A)384 b Fu(The)30 b(time,)h(in)f(24-hour)h (HH:MM)g(format.)150 2735 y Ft(\\u)384 b Fu(The)30 b(username)g(of)g (the)h(curren)m(t)f(user.)150 2898 y Ft(\\v)384 b Fu(The)30 b(v)m(ersion)h(of)f(Bash)h(\(e.g.,)h(2.00\))150 3060 y Ft(\\V)384 b Fu(The)30 b(release)i(of)e(Bash,)h(v)m(ersion)g Ft(+)f Fu(patc)m(hlev)m(el)i(\(e.g.,)h(2.00.0\))150 3222 y Ft(\\w)384 b Fu(The)34 b(curren)m(t)h(w)m(orking)g(directory)-8 b(,)37 b(with)e Ft($HOME)e Fu(abbreviated)j(with)e(a)h(tilde)h(\(uses)f (the)630 3331 y Ft($PROMPT_DIRTRIM)26 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable\).)150 3494 y Ft(\\W)384 b Fu(The)30 b(basename)h(of)f Ft($PWD)p Fu(,)g(with)g Ft($HOME)f Fu(abbreviated)h(with)g(a)h(tilde.)150 3656 y Ft(\\!)384 b Fu(The)30 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)i(this)f (command.)150 3818 y Ft(\\#)384 b Fu(The)30 b(command)g(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)f(of)i(this)f(command.)150 3980 y Ft(\\$)384 b Fu(If)30 b(the)g(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(uid)d(is)g(0,)h Ft(#)p Fu(,)g(otherwise)g Ft($)p Fu(.)150 4142 y Ft(\\)p Fj(nnn)288 b Fu(The)30 b(c)m(haracter)i(whose)e(ASCI)s(I)f(co)s(de)h(is)h(the)f(o)s(ctal)i(v) -5 b(alue)31 b Fr(nnn)p Fu(.)150 4304 y Ft(\\\\)384 b Fu(A)30 b(bac)m(kslash.)150 4466 y Ft(\\[)384 b Fu(Begin)38 b(a)f(sequence)g(of)g(non-prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters.)61 b(This)36 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)h(em)m(b)s(ed)g(a)630 4576 y(terminal)31 b(con)m(trol)h(sequence)e(in)m(to)i(the)e(prompt.) 150 4738 y Ft(\\])384 b Fu(End)29 b(a)i(sequence)g(of)f(non-prin)m (ting)g(c)m(haracters.)275 4902 y(The)25 b(command)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f (and)h(the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(are)i(usually)f(di\013eren)m (t:)39 b(the)26 b(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)150 5011 y(of)h(a)f(command)h(is)f(its)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g(the)h(history)f (list,)i(whic)m(h)f(ma)m(y)g(include)f(commands)g(restored)g(from)150 5121 y(the)39 b(history)h(\014le)f(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)h([Bash)e (History)h(F)-8 b(acilities],)45 b(page)40 b(146\),)j(while)d(the)f (command)150 5230 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)j(is)h(the)h(p)s(osition)f(in)g (the)g(sequence)h(of)f(commands)g(executed)h(during)e(the)i(curren)m(t) f(shell)150 5340 y(session.)p eop end %%Page: 100 106 TeXDict begin 100 105 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(100)275 299 y(After)28 b(the)g(string)g(is)g(deco)s(ded,)g(it)g(is)g(expanded)f(via)i (parameter)f(expansion,)h(command)f(substitu-)150 408 y(tion,)g(arithmetic)f(expansion,)g(and)e(quote)i(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)29 b(sub)5 b(ject)25 b(to)i(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)27 b(of)f(the)g Ft(promptvars)e Fu(shell)150 518 y(option)i(\(see)h (Section)g(4.3.2)g([The)f(Shopt)f(Builtin],)j(page)e(66\).)41 b(This)25 b(can)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(un)m(w)m(an)m(ted)f(side)g(e\013ects)150 628 y(if)i(escap)s(ed)f(p)s(ortions)g(of)h(the)g(string)f(app)s(ear)g (within)g(command)h(substitution)f(or)h(con)m(tain)g(c)m(haracters)150 737 y(sp)s(ecial)j(to)g(w)m(ord)f(expansion.)150 1015 y Fs(6.10)68 b(The)45 b(Restricted)h(Shell)150 1174 y Fu(If)34 b(Bash)g(is)g(started)g(with)g(the)g(name)h Ft(rbash)p Fu(,)e(or)h(the)h Ft(--restricted)30 b Fu(or)k Ft(-r)g Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied)f(at)150 1284 y(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation,) d(the)d(shell)g(b)s(ecomes)h(restricted.)40 b(A)27 b(restricted)h (shell)f(is)g(used)f(to)i(set)f(up)f(an)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t)150 1393 y(more)g(con)m(trolled)i(than)e(the)g(standard)g(shell.)40 b(A)27 b(restricted)h(shell)f(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)h(iden)m(tically)h(to)f Ft(bash)e Fu(with)150 1503 y(the)31 b(exception)g(that)g(the)g(follo)m (wing)h(are)e(disallo)m(w)m(ed)i(or)e(not)h(p)s(erformed:)225 1662 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Changing)30 b(directories)h(with)g(the)f Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)225 1809 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Setting)33 b(or)g(unsetting)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alues)33 b(of)f(the)h Ft(SHELL)p Fu(,)f Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)g Ft(HISTFILE)p Fu(,)f Ft(ENV)p Fu(,)h(or)g Ft(BASH_ENV)e Fu(v)-5 b(ari-)330 1919 y(ables.)225 2065 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(command)g(names)g(con)m(taining)i(slashes.)225 2212 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(a)h(\014lename)f(con)m(taining)i (a)f(slash)f(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(.)h Fu(builtin)e(command.)225 2359 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)33 b(a)i(\014lename)f(con)m(taining)h(a)g(slash)e(as)i(an)e(argumen)m(t)i (to)g(the)f Ft(history)e Fu(builtin)h(com-)330 2469 y(mand.)225 2615 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)32 b(a)g(\014lename)h(con)m (taining)h(a)e(slash)g(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f Ft(hash)330 2725 y Fu(builtin)e (command.)225 2872 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Imp)s(orting)30 b(function)g(de\014nitions)g(from)f(the)i(shell)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t)g (at)g(startup.)225 3018 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(P)m(arsing)31 b(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Ft(SHELLOPTS)d Fu(from)h(the)i(shell)g (en)m(vironmen)m(t)g(at)g(startup.)225 3165 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Redirecting)31 b(output)f(using)g(the)h(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(',)g(`)p Ft(>|)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(<>)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(>&)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(&>)p Fu(',)h(and)e(`)p Ft(>>)p Fu(')i(redirection)g(op)s (erators.)225 3312 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Using)31 b(the)f Ft(exec)f Fu(builtin)h(to)h(replace)h(the)e(shell)h(with)f(another)h (command.)225 3459 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Adding)24 b(or)g(deleting)i (builtin)e(commands)g(with)h(the)f Ft(-f)g Fu(and)g Ft(-d)g Fu(options)h(to)h(the)e Ft(enable)f Fu(builtin.)225 3606 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Using)31 b(the)f Ft(enable)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g (to)h(enable)g(disabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)225 3752 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Sp)s(ecifying)30 b(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)g (the)g Ft(command)d Fu(builtin.)225 3899 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(T)-8 b(urning)29 b(o\013)i(restricted)g(mo)s(de)f(with)g(`)p Ft(set)g(+r)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(set)g(+o)g(restricted)p Fu('.)275 4096 y(These)g(restrictions)h(are)g(enforced)f(after)h(an)m (y)g(startup)f(\014les)g(are)h(read.)275 4255 y(When)j(a)i(command)e (that)i(is)f(found)f(to)h(b)s(e)g(a)g(shell)g(script)g(is)g(executed)h (\(see)g(Section)g(3.8)g([Shell)150 4364 y(Scripts],)25 b(page)e(42\),)j Ft(rbash)c Fu(turns)g(o\013)i(an)m(y)f(restrictions)h (in)f(the)g(shell)h(spa)m(wned)e(to)i(execute)g(the)g(script.)275 4523 y(The)42 b(restricted)h(shell)g(mo)s(de)f(is)g(only)h(one)g(comp)s (onen)m(t)f(of)h(a)g(useful)f(restricted)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)150 4633 y(It)36 b(should)g(b)s(e)f(accompanied)j(b)m(y)e(setting)h Ft(PATH)e Fu(to)i(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(that)g(allo)m(ws)g(execution)h (of)e(only)h(a)f(few)150 4743 y(v)m(eri\014ed)26 b(commands)g (\(commands)g(that)h(allo)m(w)h(shell)f(escap)s(es)f(are)h (particularly)g(vulnerable\),)g(lea)m(ving)150 4852 y(the)i(user)f(in)h (a)g(non-writable)h(directory)f(other)g(than)g(his)g(home)g(directory)g (after)h(login,)g(not)f(allo)m(wing)150 4962 y(the)j(restricted)g (shell)g(to)g(execute)h(shell)e(scripts,)h(and)f(cleaning)i(the)e(en)m (vironmen)m(t)i(of)e(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(that)150 5071 y(cause)f(some)g(commands)f(to)h(mo)s(dify)e(their)i(b)s(eha)m(vior)f (\(e.g.,)j Ft(VISUAL)28 b Fu(or)j Ft(PAGER)p Fu(\).)275 5230 y(Mo)s(dern)e(systems)g(pro)m(vide)h(more)g(secure)g(w)m(a)m(ys)g (to)h(implemen)m(t)f(a)g(restricted)h(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)f(suc)m(h)150 5340 y(as)h Ft(jails)p Fu(,)e Ft(zones)p Fu(,)g(or)h Ft(containers)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 101 107 TeXDict begin 101 106 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(101)150 299 y Fs(6.11)68 b(Bash)45 b(POSIX)f(Mo)t(de)150 458 y Fu(Starting)39 b(Bash)f(with)g(the)h Ft(--posix)d Fu(command-line)j(option)g(or)f (executing)h(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)g(posix)p Fu(')37 b(while)150 568 y(Bash)26 b(is)g(running)e(will)j(cause)f(Bash)g(to)h(conform)f (more)g(closely)h(to)g(the)f Fm(posix)f Fu(standard)g(b)m(y)h(c)m (hanging)150 677 y(the)31 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(to)h(matc)m(h)g(that)g(sp) s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)g Fu(in)g(areas)h(where)f(the)h(Bash)f (default)h(di\013ers.)275 810 y(When)f(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(as)g Ft(sh)p Fu(,)f(Bash)h(en)m(ters)g Fm(posix)e Fu(mo)s(de)h(after)h (reading)g(the)f(startup)g(\014les.)275 942 y(The)f(follo)m(wing)j (list)f(is)g(what's)f(c)m(hanged)h(when)e(`)p Fm(posix)h Fu(mo)s(de')h(is)f(in)g(e\013ect:)199 1074 y(1.)61 b(Bash)31 b(ensures)e(that)i(the)f Ft(POSIXLY_CORRECT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(set.)199 1206 y(2.)61 b(When)28 b(a)i(command)e(in) g(the)h(hash)f(table)i(no)e(longer)h(exists,)h(Bash)f(will)g(re-searc)m (h)h Ft($PATH)d Fu(to)i(\014nd)330 1316 y(the)i(new)e(lo)s(cation.)43 b(This)29 b(is)i(also)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)33 b(with)d(`)p Ft(shopt)f(-s)h(checkhash)p Fu('.)199 1448 y(3.)61 b(Bash)36 b(will)g(not)g(insert)g(a)g(command)f(without)h(the)g(execute)h(bit)f (set)g(in)m(to)h(the)f(command)g(hash)330 1558 y(table,)c(ev)m(en)f(if) f(it)h(returns)e(it)i(as)g(a)f(\(last-ditc)m(h\))j(result)d(from)g(a)h Ft($PATH)e Fu(searc)m(h.)199 1690 y(4.)61 b(The)42 b(message)h(prin)m (ted)e(b)m(y)h(the)g(job)g(con)m(trol)i(co)s(de)e(and)f(builtins)h (when)f(a)h(job)g(exits)h(with)f(a)330 1800 y(non-zero)31 b(status)g(is)f(`Done\(status\)'.)199 1932 y(5.)61 b(The)40 b(message)h(prin)m(ted)f(b)m(y)g(the)h(job)f(con)m(trol)h(co)s(de)g (and)f(builtins)f(when)h(a)g(job)g(is)h(stopp)s(ed)e(is)330 2041 y(`Stopp)s(ed\()p Fr(signame)5 b Fu(\)',)31 b(where)f Fr(signame)36 b Fu(is,)31 b(for)f(example,)h Ft(SIGTSTP)p Fu(.)199 2174 y(6.)61 b(Alias)31 b(expansion)g(is)f(alw)m(a)m(ys)i (enabled,)e(ev)m(en)i(in)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)199 2306 y(7.)61 b(Reserv)m(ed)40 b(w)m(ords)g(app)s(earing)f(in)h(a)g(con) m(text)i(where)d(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords)f(are)i(recognized)g(do)f(not) 330 2415 y(undergo)30 b(alias)h(expansion.)199 2548 y(8.)61 b(The)38 b Fm(posix)h Ft(PS1)f Fu(and)g Ft(PS2)g Fu(expansions)g(of)i (`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(to)g(the)g(history)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(and)g(`)p Ft(!!)p Fu(')h(to)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(are)330 2657 y(enabled,)26 b(and)f(parameter)g(expansion)g(is)g(p)s(erformed)e(on)i(the)g(v)-5 b(alues)25 b(of)g Ft(PS1)f Fu(and)h Ft(PS2)f Fu(regardless)330 2767 y(of)31 b(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)h Ft(promptvars)c Fu(option.)199 2899 y(9.)61 b(The)30 b Fm(posix)g Fu(startup)f(\014les) i(are)g(executed)g(\()p Ft($ENV)p Fu(\))f(rather)g(than)g(the)h(normal) f(Bash)g(\014les.)154 3031 y(10.)61 b(Tilde)30 b(expansion)g(is)f(only) h(p)s(erformed)f(on)h(assignmen)m(ts)g(preceding)g(a)g(command)g(name,) g(rather)330 3141 y(than)g(on)g(all)i(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m(ts)h (on)e(the)h(line.)154 3273 y(11.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(history)h (\014le)f(is)h Ft(~/.sh_history)26 b Fu(\(this)31 b(is)f(the)h(default) g(v)-5 b(alue)30 b(of)h Ft($HISTFILE)p Fu(\).)154 3405 y(12.)61 b(Redirection)25 b(op)s(erators)f(do)g(not)g(p)s(erform)f (\014lename)h(expansion)g(on)g(the)g(w)m(ord)f(in)h(the)g(redirection) 330 3515 y(unless)30 b(the)g(shell)h(is)f(in)m(teractiv)m(e.)154 3647 y(13.)61 b(Redirection)31 b(op)s(erators)g(do)f(not)h(p)s(erform)e (w)m(ord)h(splitting)h(on)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(in)g(the)g(redirection.)154 3779 y(14.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)35 b(names)g(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(v)-5 b(alid)35 b(shell)f Ft(name)p Fu(s.)52 b(That)34 b(is,)i(they)f(ma)m(y) g(not)g(con)m(tain)g(c)m(haracters)330 3889 y(other)e(than)g(letters,)h (digits,)h(and)d(underscores,)h(and)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(start)h(with)e(a)h (digit.)49 b(Declaring)330 3999 y(a)31 b(function)f(with)g(an)g(in)m(v) -5 b(alid)31 b(name)g(causes)f(a)h(fatal)h(syn)m(tax)f(error)f(in)g (non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shells.)154 4131 y(15.)61 b(F)-8 b(unction)31 b(names)f(ma)m(y)h(not)g(b)s(e)f(the)g(same)h(as)g(one)f (of)h(the)f Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins.)154 4263 y(16.)61 b Fm(posix)30 b Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtins)e(are)i(found)e (b)s(efore)h(shell)h(functions)f(during)f(command)h(lo)s(okup.)154 4395 y(17.)61 b(When)48 b(prin)m(ting)g(shell)h(function)f (de\014nitions)g(\(e.g.,)55 b(b)m(y)48 b Ft(type)p Fu(\),)k(Bash)d(do)s (es)f(not)h(prin)m(t)f(the)330 4505 y Ft(function)28 b Fu(k)m(eyw)m(ord.)154 4637 y(18.)61 b(Literal)28 b(tildes)g(that)f (app)s(ear)f(as)i(the)f(\014rst)f(c)m(haracter)j(in)d(elemen)m(ts)j(of) e(the)g Ft(PATH)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(are)h(not)330 4747 y(expanded)i(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(under)d(Section) i(3.5.2)h([Tilde)f(Expansion],)f(page)h(24.)154 4879 y(19.)61 b(The)29 b Ft(time)g Fu(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ord)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s (e)g(used)f(b)m(y)h(itself)g(as)g(a)h(command.)40 b(When)30 b(used)f(in)g(this)h(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(,)330 4989 y(it)33 b(displa)m(ys)g(timing)g(statistics)h(for)e(the)h(shell)g(and)f(its)g (completed)i(c)m(hildren.)47 b(The)32 b Ft(TIMEFORMAT)330 5098 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(con)m(trols)h(the)e(format)h(of)g(the)f (timing)h(information.)154 5230 y(20.)61 b(When)33 b(parsing)g(and)f (expanding)h(a)h($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33 b Fu(expansion)g(that)h(app)s(ears)f(within)f(double)h(quotes,)330 5340 y(single)42 b(quotes)g(are)g(no)g(longer)g(sp)s(ecial)g(and)f (cannot)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)h(quote)g(a)g(closing)h(brace)f(or)p eop end %%Page: 102 108 TeXDict begin 102 107 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(102)330 299 y(other)31 b(sp)s(ecial)h(c)m(haracter,)i(unless)c(the)i(op)s(erator)f(is)g(one)h (of)f(those)h(de\014ned)e(to)i(p)s(erform)e(pattern)330 408 y(remo)m(v)-5 b(al.)42 b(In)30 b(this)g(case,)i(they)e(do)g(not)h (ha)m(v)m(e)h(to)f(app)s(ear)e(as)i(matc)m(hed)g(pairs.)154 547 y(21.)61 b(The)29 b(parser)g(do)s(es)g(not)h(recognize)h Ft(time)d Fu(as)i(a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(if)h(the)f(next)h(tok)m (en)h(b)s(egins)d(with)i(a)330 656 y(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)154 795 y(22.)61 b(The)30 b(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(c)m(haracter)h(do)s(es)e(not) h(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(history)f(expansion)h(within)f(a)h(double-quoted)g (string,)330 905 y(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h Ft(histexpand)d Fu(option)i(is)h(enabled.)154 1043 y(23.)61 b(If)24 b(a)g Fm(posix)g Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(builtin)f(returns)f(an)h(error)g(status,)i (a)e(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)e(exits.)39 b(The)24 b(fatal)330 1153 y(errors)30 b(are)h(those)f(listed)h(in)f(the)h Fm(posix)e Fu(standard,)h(and)g(include)g(things)g(lik)m(e)i(passing)e (incorrect)330 1262 y(options,)43 b(redirection)d(errors,)i(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(assignmen)m(t)g(errors)e(for)g(assignmen)m(ts)i (preceding)f(the)330 1372 y(command)30 b(name,)h(and)f(so)g(on.)154 1510 y(24.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e (an)h(error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g (error)e(o)s(ccurs)330 1620 y(when)38 b(no)h(command)g(name)g(follo)m (ws)i(the)e(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(ts.)69 b(A)39 b(v)-5 b(ariable)40 b(assignmen)m(t)330 1729 y(error)30 b(o)s(ccurs,)g(for)g(example,)i(when)d(trying)i(to)g(assign)f(a)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(to)g(a)g(readonly)f(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 1868 y(25.)61 b(A)31 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)j(shell)d(exits)h(with)e(an)h (error)g(status)g(if)g(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(assignmen)m(t)g(error)e (o)s(ccurs)330 1977 y(in)g(an)g(assignmen)m(t)i(statemen)m(t)g (preceding)e(a)h(sp)s(ecial)g(builtin,)f(but)g(not)g(with)h(an)m(y)f (other)h(simple)330 2087 y(command.)154 2225 y(26.)61 b(A)43 b(non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)i(shell)e(exits)h(with)f(an)f(error)h (status)g(if)g(the)g(iteration)h(v)-5 b(ariable)44 b(in)f(a)g Ft(for)330 2335 y Fu(statemen)m(t)32 b(or)f(the)f(selection)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(in)e(a)g Ft(select)f Fu(statemen)m(t)j(is)f(a)f (readonly)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)154 2473 y(27.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e) 34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g Fr(\014lename)k Fu(in)30 b Ft(.)g Fr(\014lename)36 b Fu(is)31 b(not)f(found.)154 2612 y(28.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)41 b(shells)d(exit)h(if)f(a)g (syn)m(tax)g(error)g(in)f(an)h(arithmetic)h(expansion)f(results)f(in)h (an)330 2721 y(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(expression.)154 2860 y(29.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)34 b(shells)c(exit)h(if)g(a)f (parameter)h(expansion)g(error)f(o)s(ccurs.)154 2998 y(30.)61 b(Non-in)m(teractiv)m(e)27 b(shells)c(exit)i(if)e(there)h(is)f (a)h(syn)m(tax)g(error)f(in)g(a)h(script)f(read)g(with)h(the)f Ft(.)g Fu(or)h Ft(source)330 3108 y Fu(builtins,)30 b(or)g(in)g(a)h (string)g(pro)s(cessed)e(b)m(y)i(the)f Ft(eval)f Fu(builtin.)154 3246 y(31.)61 b(While)32 b(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(indirection)f(is)g(a)m (v)-5 b(ailable,)34 b(it)d(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)g(applied)g(to)g(the)h (`)p Ft(#)p Fu(')f(and)f(`)p Ft(?)p Fu(')h(sp)s(ecial)330 3356 y(parameters.)154 3494 y(32.)61 b(When)28 b(expanding)g(the)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')g(sp)s(ecial)h(parameter)f(in)g(a)h(pattern)f(con)m(text)i (where)e(the)g(expansion)g(is)330 3604 y(double-quoted)i(do)s(es)g(not) h(treat)h(the)e Ft($*)g Fu(as)h(if)f(it)h(w)m(ere)g(double-quoted.)154 3742 y(33.)61 b(Assignmen)m(t)23 b(statemen)m(ts)h(preceding)e Fm(posix)f Fu(sp)s(ecial)i(builtins)f(p)s(ersist)g(in)f(the)i(shell)f (en)m(vironmen)m(t)330 3852 y(after)31 b(the)f(builtin)g(completes.)154 3990 y(34.)61 b(The)31 b Ft(command)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(es)g(not)h (prev)m(en)m(t)f(builtins)g(that)h(tak)m(e)h(assignmen)m(t)f(statemen)m (ts)h(as)f(ar-)330 4100 y(gumen)m(ts)40 b(from)e(expanding)h(them)g(as) h(assignmen)m(t)g(statemen)m(ts;)46 b(when)38 b(not)i(in)f Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de,)330 4209 y(assignmen)m(t)k(builtins)e(lose)h (their)g(assignmen)m(t)h(statemen)m(t)h(expansion)d(prop)s(erties)g (when)g(pre-)330 4319 y(ceded)31 b(b)m(y)f Ft(command)p Fu(.)154 4457 y(35.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(bg)g Fu(builtin)g(uses)g(the)h (required)f(format)h(to)g(describ)s(e)f(eac)m(h)i(job)e(placed)h(in)f (the)h(bac)m(kground,)330 4567 y(whic)m(h)h(do)s(es)g(not)g(include)g (an)g(indication)h(of)f(whether)f(the)h(job)g(is)g(the)h(curren)m(t)e (or)h(previous)g(job.)154 4706 y(36.)61 b(The)23 b(output)f(of)i(`)p Ft(kill)29 b(-l)p Fu(')23 b(prin)m(ts)f(all)i(the)g(signal)f(names)g (on)g(a)h(single)g(line,)h(separated)e(b)m(y)g(spaces,)330 4815 y(without)30 b(the)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 4954 y(37.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(kill)f Fu(builtin)h(do)s(es)g(not)h(accept) h(signal)f(names)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(SIG)p Fu(')f(pre\014x.)154 5092 y(38.)61 b(The)38 b Ft(export)f Fu(and)g Ft(readonly)f Fu(builtin)i(commands)g(displa)m(y)h(their)f(output)g(in)g(the)h (format)g(re-)330 5202 y(quired)30 b(b)m(y)g Fm(posix)p Fu(.)154 5340 y(39.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(displa)m(ys)g (signal)i(names)e(without)g(the)h(leading)g Ft(SIG)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 103 109 TeXDict begin 103 108 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(103)154 299 y(40.)61 b(The)39 b Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin)i(do)s(esn't)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)g (\014rst)e(argumen)m(t)i(for)e(a)i(p)s(ossible)e(signal)i(sp)s (eci\014cation)330 408 y(and)30 b(rev)m(ert)i(the)e(signal)i(handling)e (to)h(the)g(original)h(disp)s(osition)e(if)h(it)g(is,)g(unless)f(that)h (argumen)m(t)330 518 y(consists)e(solely)g(of)g(digits)g(and)f(is)g(a)h (v)-5 b(alid)29 b(signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)38 b(If)28 b(users)g(w)m(an)m(t)h(to)g(reset)g(the)g(handler)330 628 y(for)h(a)g(giv)m(en)h(signal)g(to)f(the)h(original)g(disp)s (osition,)f(they)g(should)f(use)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu(')g(as)g(the)g(\014rst) f(argumen)m(t.)154 765 y(41.)61 b Ft(trap)29 b(-p)35 b Fu(displa)m(ys)h(signals)h(whose)f(disp)s(ositions)f(are)h(set)h(to)f (SIG)p 2687 765 28 4 v 40 w(DFL)g(and)g(those)g(that)g(w)m(ere)330 874 y(ignored)30 b(when)g(the)g(shell)h(started.)154 1011 y(42.)61 b(The)21 b Ft(.)h Fu(and)f Ft(source)f Fu(builtins)h(do)g(not)h(searc)m(h)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(directory)h (for)g(the)g(\014lename)f(argumen)m(t)330 1121 y(if)30 b(it)h(is)g(not)f(found)f(b)m(y)i(searc)m(hing)g Ft(PATH)p Fu(.)154 1258 y(43.)61 b(Enabling)21 b Fm(posix)g Fu(mo)s(de)g(has)g (the)g(e\013ect)i(of)e(setting)i(the)e Ft(inherit_errexit)d Fu(option,)23 b(so)f(subshells)330 1367 y(spa)m(wned)27 b(to)i(execute)g(command)e(substitutions)h(inherit)f(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)28 b(of)g(the)g Ft(-e)f Fu(option)h(from)g(the)330 1477 y(paren)m(t)37 b(shell.)62 b(When)37 b(the)g Ft(inherit_errexit)c Fu(option)38 b(is)f(not)h(enabled,)h(Bash)e(clears)h(the)g Ft(-e)330 1587 y Fu(option)31 b(in)f(suc)m(h)g(subshells.)154 1724 y(44.)61 b(Enabling)32 b Fm(posix)f Fu(mo)s(de)h(has)g(the)h (e\013ect)g(of)g(setting)g(the)g Ft(shift_verbose)28 b Fu(option,)34 b(so)e(n)m(umeric)330 1833 y(argumen)m(ts)f(to)g Ft(shift)f Fu(that)h(exceed)h(the)e(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)g(of)h(p)s (ositional)g(parameters)g(will)g(result)g(in)f(an)330 1943 y(error)g(message.)154 2080 y(45.)61 b(When)43 b(the)g Ft(alias)f Fu(builtin)g(displa)m(ys)i(alias)g(de\014nitions,)i(it)d(do) s(es)g(not)g(displa)m(y)h(them)f(with)g(a)330 2189 y(leading)31 b(`)p Ft(alias)e Fu(')i(unless)f(the)g Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(is)f (supplied.)154 2326 y(46.)61 b(When)40 b(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)h(without)f(options,)j(it)e(do)s(es) f(not)g(displa)m(y)g(shell)g(function)330 2436 y(names)30 b(and)g(de\014nitions.)154 2573 y(47.)61 b(When)36 b(the)g Ft(set)g Fu(builtin)g(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(without)e(options,)i(it)f (displa)m(ys)f(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(v)-5 b(alues)37 b(without)330 2682 y(quotes,)26 b(unless)d(they)i(con)m(tain)g(shell)f(metac)m (haracters,)k(ev)m(en)d(if)f(the)g(result)g(con)m(tains)i(nonprin)m (ting)330 2792 y(c)m(haracters.)154 2929 y(48.)61 b(When)35 b(the)g Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)h(is)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)i(in)d Fr(logical)41 b Fu(mo)s(de,)36 b(and)f(the)g(pathname)g(constructed)g (from)330 3039 y Ft($PWD)i Fu(and)h(the)h(directory)f(name)h(supplied)e (as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(do)s(es)f(not)g(refer)h(to)g(an)f(existing)330 3148 y(directory)-8 b(,)32 b Ft(cd)d Fu(will)i(fail)g(instead)g(of)f (falling)h(bac)m(k)h(to)f Fr(ph)m(ysical)j Fu(mo)s(de.)154 3285 y(49.)61 b(When)37 b(the)h Ft(cd)f Fu(builtin)g(cannot)h(c)m (hange)h(a)f(directory)g(b)s(ecause)g(the)g(length)g(of)f(the)h (pathname)330 3395 y(constructed)52 b(from)f Ft($PWD)f Fu(and)g(the)i(directory)g(name)f(supplied)f(as)i(an)f(argumen)m(t)h (exceeds)330 3504 y Fr(P)-8 b(A)g(TH)p 584 3504 V 41 w(MAX)42 b Fu(when)31 b(all)j(sym)m(b)s(olic)e(links)h(are)f(expanded,) h Ft(cd)f Fu(will)g(fail)h(instead)g(of)g(attempting)330 3614 y(to)e(use)f(only)h(the)f(supplied)f(directory)i(name.)154 3751 y(50.)61 b(The)36 b Ft(pwd)f Fu(builtin)h(v)m(eri\014es)h(that)g (the)f(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(it)g(prin)m(ts)e(is)i(the)f(same)h(as)f(the)h (curren)m(t)f(directory)-8 b(,)330 3861 y(ev)m(en)31 b(if)f(it)h(is)g(not)f(ask)m(ed)h(to)g(c)m(hec)m(k)h(the)f(\014le)f (system)h(with)f(the)h Ft(-P)e Fu(option.)154 3998 y(51.)61 b(When)35 b(listing)g(the)g(history)-8 b(,)36 b(the)f Ft(fc)g Fu(builtin)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(include)g(an)f(indication)i(of)f (whether)f(or)330 4107 y(not)d(a)f(history)h(en)m(try)f(has)g(b)s(een)g (mo)s(di\014ed.)154 4244 y(52.)61 b(The)30 b(default)g(editor)h(used)f (b)m(y)g Ft(fc)g Fu(is)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)154 4381 y(53.)61 b(The)37 b Ft(type)g Fu(and)g Ft(command)f Fu(builtins)i(will)g(not)g (rep)s(ort)f(a)i(non-executable)g(\014le)f(as)g(ha)m(ving)h(b)s(een)330 4491 y(found,)26 b(though)h(the)g(shell)g(will)g(attempt)h(to)g (execute)g(suc)m(h)f(a)g(\014le)g(if)g(it)g(is)g(the)g(only)g(so-named) g(\014le)330 4600 y(found)i(in)h Ft($PATH)p Fu(.)154 4737 y(54.)61 b(The)33 b Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)i(mo)s(de)f(will)g(in)m(v)m (ok)m(e)i(the)e Ft(vi)g Fu(editor)h(directly)f(when)f(the)i(`)p Ft(v)p Fu(')f(command)g(is)g(run,)330 4847 y(instead)e(of)f(c)m(hec)m (king)i Ft($VISUAL)d Fu(and)g Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(.)154 4984 y(55.)61 b(When)41 b(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)i(is)g(enabled,)j (Bash)d(do)s(es)g(not)g(attempt)h(to)g(in)m(terpret)f(an)m(y)h(ar-)330 5093 y(gumen)m(ts)35 b(to)g Ft(echo)e Fu(as)i(options.)54 b(Eac)m(h)35 b(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(displa)m(y)m(ed,)j(after)e(escap)s(e) g(c)m(haracters)h(are)330 5203 y(con)m(v)m(erted.)154 5340 y(56.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(ulimit)f Fu(builtin)g(uses)h(a)h(blo)s(c)m (k)g(size)g(of)g(512)g(b)m(ytes)g(for)f(the)h Ft(-c)f Fu(and)g Ft(-f)f Fu(options.)p eop end %%Page: 104 110 TeXDict begin 104 109 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(104)154 299 y(57.)61 b(The)39 b(arriv)-5 b(al)41 b(of)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(when)h(a)h(trap)g (is)g(set)h(on)f Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(do)s(es)h(not)h(in)m(terrupt)g(the)g Ft(wait)330 408 y Fu(builtin)c(and)h(cause)g(it)h(to)f(return)f (immediately)-8 b(.)62 b(The)37 b(trap)f(command)h(is)g(run)e(once)j (for)f(eac)m(h)330 518 y(c)m(hild)31 b(that)g(exits.)154 654 y(58.)61 b(The)27 b Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(in)m (terrupted)h(b)m(y)g(a)h(signal)f(for)g(whic)m(h)g(a)h(trap)f(has)g(b)s (een)f(set.)40 b(If)27 b(Bash)330 764 y(receiv)m(es)41 b(a)f(trapp)s(ed)e(signal)i(while)f(executing)h Ft(read)p Fu(,)h(the)e(trap)h(handler)e(executes)i(and)f Ft(read)330 874 y Fu(returns)29 b(an)h(exit)i(status)e(greater)i(than)e(128.)154 1010 y(59.)61 b(Bash)27 b(remo)m(v)m(es)h(an)e(exited)i(bac)m(kground)e (pro)s(cess's)h(status)g(from)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(suc)m(h)f(statuses)h (after)330 1119 y(the)k Ft(wait)e Fu(builtin)h(is)g(used)g(to)h(obtain) g(it.)275 1284 y(There)j(is)g(other)h Fm(posix)f Fu(b)s(eha)m(vior)h (that)g(Bash)g(do)s(es)f(not)h(implemen)m(t)g(b)m(y)g(default)f(ev)m (en)i(when)d(in)150 1394 y Fm(posix)d Fu(mo)s(de.)40 b(Sp)s(eci\014cally:)199 1532 y(1.)61 b(The)30 b Ft(fc)f Fu(builtin)h(c)m(hec)m(ks)i Ft($EDITOR)c Fu(as)j(a)f(program)g(to)h (edit)g(history)f(en)m(tries)h(if)f Ft(FCEDIT)f Fu(is)h(unset,)330 1641 y(rather)g(than)g(defaulting)h(directly)g(to)g Ft(ed)p Fu(.)40 b Ft(fc)30 b Fu(uses)g Ft(ed)g Fu(if)g Ft(EDITOR)f Fu(is)h(unset.)199 1778 y(2.)61 b(As)29 b(noted)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e,)i (Bash)e(requires)g(the)g Ft(xpg_echo)e Fu(option)j(to)g(b)s(e)e (enabled)h(for)g(the)g Ft(echo)f Fu(builtin)330 1887 y(to)j(b)s(e)f(fully)g(conforman)m(t.)275 2052 y(Bash)c(can)g(b)s(e)f (con\014gured)h(to)g(b)s(e)g Fm(posix)p Fu(-conforman)m(t)g(b)m(y)g (default,)h(b)m(y)f(sp)s(ecifying)g(the)g Ft(--enable-)150 2162 y(strict-posix-default)c Fu(to)27 b Ft(configure)e Fu(when)h(building)h(\(see)h(Section)g(10.8)g([Optional)g(F)-8 b(eatures],)150 2271 y(page)31 b(155\).)150 2518 y Fs(6.12)68 b(Shell)46 b(Compatibilit)l(y)h(Mo)t(de)150 2677 y Fu(Bash-4.0)30 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)d(the)i(concept)g(of)f(a)h(`shell)f(compatibilit)m (y)i(lev)m(el',)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)d(as)g(a)h(set)f(of)h(options)150 2786 y(to)i(the)f(shopt)g(builtin)g(\()p Ft(compat31)p Fu(,)e Ft(compat32)p Fu(,)h Ft(compat40)p Fu(,)f Ft(compat41)p Fu(,)g(and)i(so)g(on\).)41 b(There)30 b(is)g(only)150 2896 y(one)f(curren)m(t)f(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el)f({)f(eac)m(h)h (option)f(is)g(m)m(utually)g(exclusiv)m(e.)41 b(The)28 b(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el)150 3006 y(is)39 b(in)m(tended)g(to)h (allo)m(w)g(users)e(to)i(select)h(b)s(eha)m(vior)e(from)f(previous)h(v) m(ersions)g(that)h(is)f(incompatible)150 3115 y(with)d(new)m(er)g(v)m (ersions)g(while)g(they)g(migrate)h(scripts)f(to)h(use)f(curren)m(t)f (features)i(and)e(b)s(eha)m(vior.)58 b(It's)150 3225 y(in)m(tended)30 b(to)h(b)s(e)f(a)h(temp)s(orary)f(solution.)275 3363 y(This)k(section)j(do)s(es)e(not)h(men)m(tion)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g (that)g(is)f(standard)g(for)g(a)h(particular)g(v)m(ersion)g(\(e.g.,)150 3473 y(setting)24 b Ft(compat32)e Fu(means)h(that)h(quoting)g(the)f (rhs)g(of)g(the)h(regexp)f(matc)m(hing)i(op)s(erator)e(quotes)h(sp)s (ecial)150 3582 y(regexp)31 b(c)m(haracters)g(in)g(the)f(w)m(ord,)g (whic)m(h)g(is)h(default)f(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(in)f(bash-3.2)h(and)f(ab)s (o)m(v)m(e\).)275 3720 y(If)f(a)h(user)f(enables,)h(sa)m(y)-8 b(,)31 b Ft(compat32)p Fu(,)d(it)i(ma)m(y)g(a\013ect)h(the)f(b)s(eha)m (vior)g(of)g(other)g(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(els)150 3830 y(up)23 b(to)h(and)f(including)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(compatibilit)m (y)j(lev)m(el.)41 b(The)23 b(idea)h(is)g(that)g(eac)m(h)h(compatibilit) m(y)h(lev)m(el)150 3939 y(con)m(trols)35 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(that)g(c)m (hanged)g(in)f(that)h(v)m(ersion)g(of)g(Bash,)h(but)e(that)h(b)s(eha)m (vior)g(ma)m(y)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(b)s(een)150 4049 y(presen)m(t)f(in)g (earlier)g(v)m(ersions.)52 b(F)-8 b(or)35 b(instance,)g(the)f(c)m (hange)h(to)g(use)f(lo)s(cale-based)h(comparisons)f(with)150 4159 y(the)e Ft([[)f Fu(command)g(came)h(in)g(bash-4.1,)h(and)d (earlier)j(v)m(ersions)f(used)f(ASCI)s(I-based)f(comparisons,)i(so)150 4268 y(enabling)27 b Ft(compat32)e Fu(will)i(enable)g(ASCI)s(I-based)e (comparisons)i(as)g(w)m(ell.)41 b(That)26 b(gran)m(ularit)m(y)i(ma)m(y) g(not)150 4378 y(b)s(e)i(su\016cien)m(t)i(for)f(all)g(uses,)g(and)g(as) g(a)g(result)g(users)f(should)g(emplo)m(y)i(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m (els)g(carefully)-8 b(.)150 4487 y(Read)31 b(the)f(do)s(cumen)m(tation) h(for)g(a)f(particular)h(feature)g(to)g(\014nd)e(out)h(the)h(curren)m (t)f(b)s(eha)m(vior.)275 4625 y(Bash-4.3)44 b(in)m(tro)s(duced)e(a)h (new)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable:)65 b Ft(BASH_COMPAT)p Fu(.)75 b(The)42 b(v)-5 b(alue)43 b(assigned)g(to)g(this)150 4735 y(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(\(a)g(decimal)h(v)m(ersion)e(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)f(lik)m(e)j(4.2,)g(or)e(an)h(in)m(teger)g(corresp)s(onding)f(to)h (the)f Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)150 4845 y Fu(option,)g(lik)m(e)h(42\))f (determines)g(the)f(compatibilit)m(y)j(lev)m(el.)275 4983 y(Starting)e(with)g(bash-4.4,)h(Bash)f(has)g(b)s(egun)f (deprecating)h(older)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m(els.)44 b(Ev)m(en)m(tu-)150 5092 y(ally)-8 b(,)32 b(the)e(options)h(will)g(b)s (e)f(remo)m(v)m(ed)h(in)f(fa)m(v)m(or)i(of)e Ft(BASH_COMPAT)p Fu(.)275 5230 y(Bash-5.0)36 b(is)f(the)g(\014nal)f(v)m(ersion)i(for)e (whic)m(h)h(there)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(an)h(individual)f(shopt)h(option)g (for)g(the)150 5340 y(previous)30 b(v)m(ersion.)41 b(Users)30 b(should)g(use)g Ft(BASH_COMPAT)d Fu(on)j(bash-5.0)h(and)f(later)i(v)m (ersions.)p eop end %%Page: 105 111 TeXDict begin 105 110 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(105)275 299 y(The)24 b(follo)m(wing)i(table)g(describ)s(es)e(the)i(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(c)m (hanges)h(con)m(trolled)g(b)m(y)f(eac)m(h)h(compatibilit)m(y)h(lev)m (el)150 408 y(setting.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)39 b Fu(tag)32 b(is)f(used)f(as)h(shorthand)e(for)h(setting)i(the)f (compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(to)g Fr(NN)150 518 y Fu(using)37 b(one)h(of)g(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(mec)m(hanisms.)63 b(F)-8 b(or)39 b(v)m(ersions)f(prior)f(to)h(bash-5.0,)j(the)d(compatibilit)m (y)150 628 y(lev)m(el)d(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)e(set)i(using)e(the)i(corresp)s (onding)e Ft(compat)p Fr(NN)41 b Fu(shopt)33 b(option.)50 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(bash-4.3)f(and)g(later)150 737 y(v)m(ersions,)40 b(the)e Ft(BASH_COMPAT)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(is)e(preferred,)i(and)e (it)i(is)f(required)f(for)g(bash-5.1)i(and)e(later)150 847 y(v)m(ersions.)150 1025 y Ft(compat31)705 1165 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(quoting)34 b(the)g(rhs)e(of)i(the)f Ft([[)g Fu(command's)h(regexp)f(matc)m(hing)i(op)s(erator)f(\(=)p Ft(~)p Fu(\))f(has)810 1275 y(no)d(sp)s(ecial)h(e\013ect)150 1446 y Ft(compat32)705 1587 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(in)m(terrupting)28 b(a)g(command)g(list)h(suc)m(h)f(as)g Ft(")p Fu(a)g(;)h(b)f(;)h(c)p Ft(")f Fu(causes)h(the)f(execution)h(of)g(the)810 1697 y(next)j(command)f(in)g(the)h(list)g(\(in)f(bash-4.0)h(and)f(later)i(v) m(ersions,)f(the)g(shell)f(acts)i(as)810 1806 y(if)i(it)i(receiv)m(ed)f (the)g(in)m(terrupt,)h(so)f(in)m(terrupting)f(one)h(command)f(in)g(a)h (list)g(ab)s(orts)810 1916 y(the)31 b(execution)g(of)g(the)f(en)m(tire) i(list\))150 2087 y Ft(compat40)705 2228 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)35 b(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(>)p Fu(')g(op)s(erators)h (to)g(the)g Ft([[)f Fu(command)h(do)f(not)h(consider)f(the)h(curren)m (t)810 2338 y(lo)s(cale)41 b(when)d(comparing)i(strings;)k(they)c(use)f (ASCI)s(I)f(ordering.)67 b(Bash)40 b(v)m(ersions)810 2447 y(prior)f(to)i(bash-4.1)f(use)g(ASCI)s(I)e(collation)k(and)d (strcmp\(3\);)45 b(bash-4.1)c(and)e(later)810 2557 y(use)30 b(the)h(curren)m(t)f(lo)s(cale's)i(collation)h(sequence)d(and)g (strcoll\(3\).)150 2728 y Ft(compat41)705 2869 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(in)29 b(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de,)i Ft(time)e Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)g(follo) m(w)m(ed)i(b)m(y)e(options)g(and)g(still)h(b)s(e)e(recognized)j(as)810 2979 y(a)g(reserv)m(ed)f(w)m(ord)g(\(this)h(is)f Fm(posix)g Fu(in)m(terpretation)i(267\))705 3119 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(in)37 b(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de,)i(the)g(parser)e(requires)g(that)i(an)f (ev)m(en)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(single)g(quotes)810 3229 y(o)s(ccur)28 b(in)g(the)h Fr(w)m(ord)i Fu(p)s(ortion)d(of)h(a)g (double-quoted)f($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)23 b(.)f(.)11 b Fi(})29 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)810 3338 y(and)34 b(treats)h(them)f(sp)s (ecially)-8 b(,)37 b(so)e(that)g(c)m(haracters)g(within)f(the)h(single) g(quotes)g(are)810 3448 y(considered)30 b(quoted)h(\(this)f(is)h Fm(posix)e Fu(in)m(terpretation)j(221\))150 3620 y Ft(compat42)705 3760 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)29 b(replacemen)m(t)i(string)e(in)g (double-quoted)h(pattern)f(substitution)g(do)s(es)g(not)h(un-)810 3870 y(dergo)h(quote)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al,)32 b(as)e(it)h(do)s(es)f(in)g (v)m(ersions)h(after)g(bash-4.2)705 4010 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(in)39 b(p)s(osix)g(mo)s(de,)j(single)e(quotes)g(are)g(considered)f (sp)s(ecial)h(when)f(expanding)g(the)810 4120 y Fr(w)m(ord)d Fu(p)s(ortion)c(of)g(a)h(double-quoted)g($)p Fi({)6 b Fu(.)22 b(.)h(.)11 b Fi(})33 b Fu(parameter)g(expansion)f(and)g(can)h (b)s(e)810 4230 y(used)40 b(to)i(quote)g(a)f(closing)h(brace)f(or)g (other)h(sp)s(ecial)f(c)m(haracter)i(\(this)e(is)g(part)g(of)810 4339 y Fm(posix)36 b Fu(in)m(terpretation)h(221\);)42 b(in)36 b(later)h(v)m(ersions,)h(single)f(quotes)g(are)g(not)f(sp)s (ecial)810 4449 y(within)30 b(double-quoted)g(w)m(ord)g(expansions)150 4620 y Ft(compat43)705 4761 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)31 b(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)g(prin)m(t)f(a)h(w)m(arning)g(message)h(if)f (an)g(attempt)h(is)f(made)f(to)i(use)f(a)810 4871 y(quoted)22 b(comp)s(ound)f(assignmen)m(t)i(as)f(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(declare)g (\(declare)g(-a)g(fo)s(o='\(1)810 4980 y(2\)'\).)42 b(Later)31 b(v)m(ersions)g(w)m(arn)f(that)h(this)f(usage)h(is)f(deprecated)705 5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(w)m(ord)21 b(expansion)g(errors)g(are)h (considered)f(non-fatal)h(errors)f(that)h(cause)g(the)f(curren)m(t)810 5230 y(command)k(to)g(fail,)i(ev)m(en)e(in)g(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de)h (\(the)g(default)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)g(is)g(to)g(mak)m(e)h(them)810 5340 y(fatal)32 b(errors)d(that)i(cause)g(the)g(shell)f(to)i(exit\))p eop end %%Page: 106 112 TeXDict begin 106 111 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(6:)41 b(Bash)30 b(F)-8 b(eatures)2439 b(106)705 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(when)37 b(executing)i(a)g(shell)f(function,)i(the)f(lo)s(op)f (state)h(\(while/un)m(til/etc.\))68 b(is)38 b(not)810 408 y(reset,)c(so)g Ft(break)d Fu(or)i Ft(continue)e Fu(in)h(that)i(function)f(will)g(break)g(or)g(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(lo)s (ops)810 518 y(in)h(the)g(calling)h(con)m(text.)57 b(Bash-4.4)37 b(and)d(later)i(reset)g(the)f(lo)s(op)g(state)i(to)e(prev)m(en)m(t)810 628 y(this)150 787 y Ft(compat44)705 922 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(the)41 b(shell)g(sets)g(up)e(the)i(v)-5 b(alues)41 b(used)f(b)m(y)h Ft(BASH_ARGV)d Fu(and)i Ft(BASH_ARGC)e Fu(so)j(they)810 1031 y(can)26 b(expand)f(to)h(the)g(shell's)g(p)s (ositional)g(parameters)g(ev)m(en)h(if)e(extended)h(debugging)810 1141 y(mo)s(de)k(is)g(not)h(enabled)705 1275 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(a)40 b(subshell)f(inherits)g(lo)s(ops)h(from)g(its)g(paren)m(t)g (con)m(text,)k(so)c Ft(break)e Fu(or)i Ft(continue)810 1385 y Fu(will)35 b(cause)g(the)f(subshell)f(to)i(exit.)54 b(Bash-5.0)36 b(and)d(later)j(reset)f(the)f(lo)s(op)h(state)g(to)810 1494 y(prev)m(en)m(t)c(the)g(exit)705 1629 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(assignmen)m(ts)h(preceding)f(builtins)f(lik)m (e)i Ft(export)d Fu(and)h Ft(readonly)e Fu(that)j(set)810 1738 y(attributes)37 b(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(to)g(a\013ect)g(v)-5 b(ariables)37 b(with)g(the)f(same)h(name)g(in)g(the)f(calling)810 1848 y(en)m(vironmen)m(t)31 b(ev)m(en)g(if)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(not)h (in)f(p)s(osix)f(mo)s(de)150 2007 y Ft(compat50)f(\(set)h(using)g (BASH_COMPAT\))705 2117 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash-5.1)29 b(c)m(hanged)g(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)g Ft($RANDOM)e Fu(is)i(generated)h(to)f (in)m(tro)s(duce)g(sligh)m(tly)h(more)810 2227 y(randomness.)39 b(If)30 b(the)f(shell)h(compatibilit)m(y)i(lev)m(el)f(is)f(set)g(to)h (50)f(or)g(lo)m(w)m(er,)h(it)f(rev)m(erts)810 2336 y(to)e(the)g(metho)s (d)f(from)g(bash-5.0)h(and)f(previous)g(v)m(ersions,)i(so)e(seeding)h (the)g(random)810 2446 y(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)36 b(generator)j(b)m(y)e (assigning)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(to)g Ft(RANDOM)e Fu(will)i(pro)s (duce)e(the)i(same)810 2555 y(sequence)31 b(as)f(in)g(bash-5.0)705 2690 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(If)22 b(the)g(command)g(hash)f(table)i(is)f (empt)m(y)-8 b(,)25 b(Bash)d(v)m(ersions)g(prior)g(to)h(bash-5.1)f (prin)m(ted)810 2800 y(an)29 b(informational)i(message)g(to)f(that)g (e\013ect,)h(ev)m(en)g(when)d(pro)s(ducing)g(output)h(that)810 2909 y(can)40 b(b)s(e)g(reused)f(as)h(input.)69 b(Bash-5.1)42 b(suppresses)c(that)j(message)g(when)e(the)i Ft(-l)810 3019 y Fu(option)31 b(is)f(supplied.)p eop end %%Page: 107 113 TeXDict begin 107 112 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(107)150 299 y Fp(7)80 b(Job)54 b(Con)l(trol)150 518 y Fu(This)25 b(c)m(hapter)i(discusses)f(what)g(job)f(con)m(trol)j(is,)f(ho)m(w)f(it) h(w)m(orks,)g(and)f(ho)m(w)g(Bash)g(allo)m(ws)h(y)m(ou)g(to)g(access) 150 628 y(its)k(facilities.)150 863 y Fs(7.1)68 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)h(Basics)150 1022 y Fu(Job)27 b(con)m(trol)i(refers)e(to)h (the)g(abilit)m(y)h(to)f(selectiv)m(ely)j(stop)c(\(susp)s(end\))f(the)i (execution)h(of)e(pro)s(cesses)h(and)150 1132 y(con)m(tin)m(ue)38 b(\(resume\))g(their)f(execution)h(at)g(a)g(later)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)61 b(A)37 b(user)g(t)m(ypically)i(emplo)m(ys)f(this)f(facilit)m(y)150 1241 y(via)27 b(an)e(in)m(teractiv)m(e)k(in)m(terface)f(supplied)d (join)m(tly)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(op)s(erating)f(system)g(k)m(ernel's)h (terminal)f(driv)m(er)150 1351 y(and)k(Bash.)275 1482 y(The)23 b(shell)i(asso)s(ciates)h(a)f Fr(job)h Fu(with)e(eac)m(h)i (pip)s(eline.)38 b(It)25 b(k)m(eeps)f(a)h(table)h(of)e(curren)m(tly)h (executing)g(jobs,)150 1592 y(whic)m(h)33 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(listed)h (with)f(the)h Ft(jobs)f Fu(command.)50 b(When)33 b(Bash)h(starts)g(a)g (job)g(async)m(hronously)-8 b(,)34 b(it)150 1701 y(prin)m(ts)c(a)h (line)f(that)h(lo)s(oks)g(lik)m(e:)390 1833 y Ft([1])47 b(25647)150 1965 y Fu(indicating)34 b(that)g(this)f(job)g(is)g(job)g(n) m(um)m(b)s(er)f(1)i(and)f(that)g(the)h(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g Fu(of)g(the)h(last)g(pro)s(cess)f(in)g(the)150 2074 y(pip)s(eline)42 b(asso)s(ciated)i(with)e(this)g(job)g(is)h(25647.)78 b(All)43 b(of)g(the)g(pro)s(cesses)f(in)g(a)h(single)g(pip)s(eline)f (are)150 2184 y(mem)m(b)s(ers)30 b(of)g(the)h(same)f(job.)41 b(Bash)30 b(uses)g(the)h Fr(job)h Fu(abstraction)f(as)g(the)g(basis)f (for)g(job)g(con)m(trol.)275 2315 y(T)-8 b(o)23 b(facilitate)j(the)d (implemen)m(tation)i(of)f(the)f(user)f(in)m(terface)j(to)f(job)f(con)m (trol,)j(the)d(op)s(erating)h(system)150 2425 y(main)m(tains)j(the)f (notion)h(of)f(a)g(curren)m(t)g(terminal)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g Fm(id)p Fu(.)39 b(Mem)m(b)s(ers)26 b(of)g(this)g(pro)s(cess)f(group)150 2534 y(\(pro)s(cesses)h(whose)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g Fm(id)g Fu(is)h(equal)g(to)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g(terminal)h(pro)s(cess)f (group)f Fm(id)p Fu(\))i(receiv)m(e)150 2644 y(k)m(eyb)s (oard-generated)22 b(signals)g(suc)m(h)e(as)h Ft(SIGINT)p Fu(.)36 b(These)21 b(pro)s(cesses)g(are)g(said)g(to)g(b)s(e)g(in)f(the) h(foreground.)150 2754 y(Bac)m(kground)38 b(pro)s(cesses)f(are)h(those) g(whose)f(pro)s(cess)g(group)g Fm(id)h Fu(di\013ers)f(from)g(the)g (terminal's;)42 b(suc)m(h)150 2863 y(pro)s(cesses)24 b(are)g(imm)m(une)g(to)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard-generated)h(signals.)40 b(Only)23 b(foreground)g(pro)s(cesses)h(are)g(allo)m(w)m(ed)150 2973 y(to)g(read)e(from)h(or,)h(if)f(the)g(user)f(so)i(sp)s(eci\014es)e (with)h Ft(stty)29 b(tostop)p Fu(,)23 b(write)g(to)g(the)h(terminal.)38 b(Bac)m(kground)150 3082 y(pro)s(cesses)27 b(whic)m(h)g(attempt)h(to)f (read)g(from)g(\(write)g(to)h(when)e Ft(stty)j(tostop)d Fu(is)h(in)f(e\013ect\))j(the)e(terminal)150 3192 y(are)32 b(sen)m(t)g(a)g Ft(SIGTTIN)e Fu(\()p Ft(SIGTTOU)p Fu(\))g(signal)i(b)m (y)g(the)g(k)m(ernel's)g(terminal)g(driv)m(er,)g(whic)m(h,)g(unless)f (caugh)m(t,)150 3302 y(susp)s(ends)d(the)i(pro)s(cess.)275 3433 y(If)k(the)i(op)s(erating)g(system)f(on)h(whic)m(h)f(Bash)g(is)h (running)d(supp)s(orts)h(job)h(con)m(trol,)j(Bash)e(con)m(tains)150 3543 y(facilities)30 b(to)f(use)f(it.)40 b(T)m(yping)28 b(the)g Fr(susp)s(end)h Fu(c)m(haracter)h(\(t)m(ypically)g(`)p Ft(^Z)p Fu(',)f(Con)m(trol-Z\))g(while)f(a)g(pro)s(cess)150 3652 y(is)42 b(running)f(causes)i(that)g(pro)s(cess)f(to)h(b)s(e)f (stopp)s(ed)f(and)h(returns)f(con)m(trol)j(to)f(Bash.)77 b(T)m(yping)42 b(the)150 3762 y Fr(dela)m(y)m(ed)k(susp)s(end)f Fu(c)m(haracter)h(\(t)m(ypically)g(`)p Ft(^Y)p Fu(',)i(Con)m(trol-Y\))e (causes)e(the)h(pro)s(cess)e(to)i(b)s(e)f(stopp)s(ed)150 3871 y(when)26 b(it)i(attempts)h(to)f(read)f(input)g(from)f(the)i (terminal,)h(and)e(con)m(trol)h(to)g(b)s(e)f(returned)f(to)j(Bash.)39 b(The)150 3981 y(user)e(then)g(manipulates)h(the)g(state)h(of)f(this)f (job,)j(using)d(the)h Ft(bg)f Fu(command)g(to)h(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(it)f (in)g(the)150 4091 y(bac)m(kground,)g(the)f Ft(fg)g Fu(command)f(to)i (con)m(tin)m(ue)g(it)f(in)f(the)h(foreground,)h(or)f(the)g Ft(kill)f Fu(command)g(to)150 4200 y(kill)27 b(it.)40 b(A)27 b(`)p Ft(^Z)p Fu(')g(tak)m(es)h(e\013ect)g(immediately)-8 b(,)29 b(and)d(has)h(the)f(additional)i(side)e(e\013ect)j(of)d(causing) h(p)s(ending)150 4310 y(output)j(and)g(t)m(yp)s(eahead)h(to)g(b)s(e)e (discarded.)275 4441 y(There)j(are)g(a)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(w)m(a)m (ys)g(to)h(refer)e(to)h(a)g(job)f(in)g(the)h(shell.)47 b(The)32 b(c)m(haracter)i(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')f(in)m(tro)s(duces)150 4551 y(a)e(job)f(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(\()p Fr(jobsp)s(ec)6 b Fu(\).)275 4682 y(Job)31 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f Ft(n)h Fu(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(referred)g(to)h(as)g(`)p Ft(\045n)p Fu('.)44 b(The)31 b(sym)m(b)s(ols)g(`)p Ft(\045\045)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(\045+)p Fu(')g(refer)h(to)g(the)g(shell's)150 4792 y(notion)k(of)f(the)g(curren)m(t)g(job,)h(whic)m(h)f(is)g(the)g (last)h(job)f(stopp)s(ed)f(while)h(it)h(w)m(as)g(in)e(the)i(foreground) e(or)150 4902 y(started)27 b(in)g(the)g(bac)m(kground.)40 b(A)27 b(single)g(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')g(\(with)g(no)g(accompan)m(ying)i (job)d(sp)s(eci\014cation\))i(also)g(refers)150 5011 y(to)k(the)e(curren)m(t)h(job.)42 b(The)30 b(previous)g(job)h(ma)m(y)g (b)s(e)f(referenced)h(using)f(`)p Ft(\045-)p Fu('.)42 b(If)30 b(there)h(is)g(only)g(a)g(single)150 5121 y(job,)g(`)p Ft(\045+)p Fu(')g(and)f(`)p Ft(\045-)p Fu(')h(can)h(b)s(oth)e(b)s(e)g (used)h(to)g(refer)g(to)h(that)g(job.)42 b(In)30 b(output)h(p)s (ertaining)g(to)g(jobs)g(\(e.g.,)150 5230 y(the)39 b(output)f(of)g(the) h Ft(jobs)e Fu(command\),)k(the)d(curren)m(t)h(job)f(is)g(alw)m(a)m(ys) i(\015agged)f(with)f(a)h(`)p Ft(+)p Fu(',)i(and)d(the)150 5340 y(previous)30 b(job)g(with)g(a)h(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)p eop end %%Page: 108 114 TeXDict begin 108 113 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2526 b(108)275 299 y(A)38 b(job)g(ma)m(y)h(also)g (b)s(e)f(referred)f(to)j(using)d(a)i(pre\014x)e(of)i(the)f(name)h(used) e(to)i(start)g(it,)i(or)e(using)f(a)150 408 y(substring)g(that)j(app)s (ears)e(in)g(its)h(command)f(line.)69 b(F)-8 b(or)41 b(example,)i(`)p Ft(\045ce)p Fu(')c(refers)g(to)i(a)f(stopp)s(ed)e(job) 150 518 y(whose)30 b(command)g(name)g(b)s(egins)g(with)g(`)p Ft(ce)p Fu('.)40 b(Using)31 b(`)p Ft(\045?ce)p Fu(',)f(on)g(the)g (other)h(hand,)e(refers)h(to)h(an)m(y)f(job)150 628 y(con)m(taining)e (the)e(string)h(`)p Ft(ce)p Fu(')f(in)g(its)h(command)f(line.)40 b(If)26 b(the)g(pre\014x)g(or)g(substring)f(matc)m(hes)j(more)e(than) 150 737 y(one)31 b(job,)f(Bash)g(rep)s(orts)g(an)g(error.)275 869 y(Simply)g(naming)h(a)g(job)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)h(to)g(bring)f(it) i(in)m(to)g(the)f(foreground:)41 b(`)p Ft(\0451)p Fu(')31 b(is)g(a)h(synon)m(ym)e(for)150 978 y(`)p Ft(fg)g(\0451)p Fu(',)i(bringing)f(job)g(1)g(from)g(the)h(bac)m(kground)f(in)m(to)i (the)e(foreground.)44 b(Similarly)-8 b(,)32 b(`)p Ft(\0451)e(&)p Fu(')i(resumes)150 1088 y(job)e(1)h(in)f(the)g(bac)m(kground,)h(equiv) -5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(`)p Ft(bg)f(\0451)p Fu(')275 1219 y(The)g(shell)i(learns)f(immediately)i(whenev)m(er)e(a)h(job)f(c)m (hanges)h(state.)45 b(Normally)-8 b(,)33 b(Bash)e(w)m(aits)i(un)m(til) 150 1329 y(it)25 b(is)g(ab)s(out)f(to)i(prin)m(t)e(a)h(prompt)f(b)s (efore)g(rep)s(orting)h(c)m(hanges)g(in)g(a)g(job's)f(status)h(so)g(as) g(to)g(not)g(in)m(terrupt)150 1439 y(an)m(y)k(other)f(output.)40 b(If)28 b(the)g Ft(-b)g Fu(option)g(to)h(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)h(is)g(enabled,)h(Bash)g(rep)s(orts)e(suc)m(h)h(c)m(hanges) 150 1548 y(immediately)d(\(see)g(Section)g(4.3.1)g([The)f(Set)g (Builtin],)i(page)f(62\).)40 b(An)m(y)24 b(trap)f(on)h Ft(SIGCHLD)e Fu(is)i(executed)150 1658 y(for)30 b(eac)m(h)i(c)m(hild)e (pro)s(cess)g(that)h(exits.)275 1789 y(If)25 b(an)h(attempt)h(to)g (exit)g(Bash)f(is)h(made)f(while)g(jobs)f(are)i(stopp)s(ed,)f(\(or)h (running,)e(if)h(the)g Ft(checkjobs)150 1899 y Fu(option)e(is)f (enabled)h({)g(see)g(Section)g(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)j(page) e(66\),)i(the)e(shell)f(prin)m(ts)g(a)h(w)m(arning)150 2009 y(message,)k(and)c(if)i(the)f Ft(checkjobs)e Fu(option)j(is)f (enabled,)i(lists)e(the)h(jobs)f(and)f(their)i(statuses.)39 b(The)25 b Ft(jobs)150 2118 y Fu(command)36 b(ma)m(y)h(then)f(b)s(e)f (used)g(to)i(insp)s(ect)f(their)g(status.)59 b(If)36 b(a)g(second)g(attempt)i(to)f(exit)g(is)f(made)150 2228 y(without)e(an)f(in)m(terv)m(ening)i(command,)f(Bash)g(do)s(es)f(not)h (prin)m(t)g(another)f(w)m(arning,)i(and)e(an)m(y)h(stopp)s(ed)150 2337 y(jobs)c(are)h(terminated.)275 2469 y(When)f(the)h(shell)g(is)f(w) m(aiting)i(for)f(a)g(job)f(or)h(pro)s(cess)f(using)g(the)h Ft(wait)f Fu(builtin,)g(and)g(job)h(con)m(trol)h(is)150 2578 y(enabled,)i Ft(wait)f Fu(will)g(return)g(when)f(the)i(job)f(c)m (hanges)h(state.)51 b(The)33 b Ft(-f)g Fu(option)h(causes)f Ft(wait)g Fu(to)h(w)m(ait)150 2688 y(un)m(til)d(the)f(job)g(or)h(pro)s (cess)f(terminates)h(b)s(efore)f(returning.)150 2923 y Fs(7.2)68 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)h(Builtins)150 3104 y Ft(bg)870 3236 y(bg)h([)p Fj(jobspec)f Ft(...)o(])630 3367 y Fu(Resume)24 b(eac)m(h)h(susp)s(ended)d(job)i Fr(jobsp)s(ec)29 b Fu(in)24 b(the)g(bac)m(kground,)h(as)g(if)f(it)h (had)e(b)s(een)g(started)630 3477 y(with)32 b(`)p Ft(&)p Fu('.)45 b(If)31 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)37 b Fu(is)32 b(not)g(supplied,)f(the) h(curren)m(t)g(job)f(is)h(used.)45 b(The)31 b(return)g(status)630 3586 y(is)i(zero)g(unless)f(it)h(is)g(run)e(when)h(job)g(con)m(trol)i (is)f(not)g(enabled,)h(or,)f(when)f(run)f(with)h(job)630 3696 y(con)m(trol)h(enabled,)g(an)m(y)f Fr(jobsp)s(ec)37 b Fu(w)m(as)32 b(not)g(found)f(or)g(sp)s(eci\014es)h(a)g(job)g(that)g (w)m(as)g(started)630 3806 y(without)e(job)g(con)m(trol.)150 3959 y Ft(fg)870 4091 y(fg)47 b([)p Fj(jobspec)p Ft(])630 4222 y Fu(Resume)c(the)g(job)g Fr(jobsp)s(ec)48 b Fu(in)43 b(the)g(foreground)g(and)f(mak)m(e)j(it)e(the)h(curren)m(t)f(job.)78 b(If)630 4332 y Fr(jobsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(is)c(not)f(supplied,)h(the)f (curren)m(t)h(job)f(is)g(used.)58 b(The)36 b(return)f(status)h(is)h (that)g(of)630 4441 y(the)d(command)g(placed)h(in)m(to)g(the)f (foreground,)g(or)g(non-zero)h(if)f(run)f(when)g(job)g(con)m(trol)630 4551 y(is)i(disabled)g(or,)i(when)d(run)g(with)h(job)g(con)m(trol)h (enabled,)h Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j Fu(do)s(es)35 b(not)h(sp)s(ecify)f(a)630 4660 y(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(job)f(or)g Fr(jobsp)s(ec)35 b Fu(sp)s(eci\014es)30 b(a)h(job)f(that)h(w)m(as)g(started)g(without)f (job)g(con)m(trol.)150 4814 y Ft(jobs)870 4945 y(jobs)47 b([-lnprs])e([)p Fj(jobspec)p Ft(])870 5055 y(jobs)i(-x)g Fj(command)f Ft([)p Fj(arguments)p Ft(])630 5187 y Fu(The)30 b(\014rst)f(form)h(lists)h(the)g(activ)m(e)h(jobs.)41 b(The)30 b(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)e(follo)m(wing)i(meanings:)630 5340 y Ft(-l)384 b Fu(List)31 b(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)p Fu(s)g(in)g(addition)h(to)g(the)f(normal)h(information.)p eop end %%Page: 109 115 TeXDict begin 109 114 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2526 b(109)630 299 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)26 b(information)f(only)h(ab)s(out)e(jobs)h(that)g(ha)m (v)m(e)i(c)m(hanged)e(status)h(since)1110 408 y(the)31 b(user)e(w)m(as)i(last)g(noti\014ed)f(of)h(their)f(status.)630 583 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(List)31 b(only)f(the)h(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)g Fu(of)h(the)f(job's)g(pro)s(cess)g(group)g(leader.)630 757 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(running)f(jobs.)630 931 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(Displa)m(y)32 b(only)e(stopp)s(ed)f(jobs.)630 1105 y(If)23 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)28 b Fu(is)23 b(giv)m(en,)i(output)e(is)g (restricted)h(to)g(information)f(ab)s(out)g(that)h(job.)37 b(If)23 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)630 1214 y Fu(is)30 b(not)h(supplied,)e(the)i (status)g(of)f(all)h(jobs)f(is)h(listed.)630 1356 y(If)k(the)g Ft(-x)f Fu(option)i(is)f(supplied,)g Ft(jobs)f Fu(replaces)i(an)m(y)f Fr(jobsp)s(ec)40 b Fu(found)34 b(in)h Fr(command)j Fu(or)630 1466 y Fr(argumen)m(ts)j Fu(with)c(the)h(corresp)s(onding)e(pro)s(cess) h(group)f Fm(id)p Fu(,)k(and)c(executes)j Fr(command)p Fu(,)630 1575 y(passing)30 b(it)h Fr(argumen)m(t)r Fu(s,)g(returning)f (its)g(exit)i(status.)150 1749 y Ft(kill)870 1891 y(kill)47 b([-s)g Fj(sigspec)p Ft(])e([-n)i Fj(signum)p Ft(])f([-)p Fj(sigspec)p Ft(])f Fj(jobspec)h Ft(or)h Fj(pid)870 2001 y Ft(kill)g(-l|-L)f([)p Fj(exit_status)p Ft(])630 2143 y Fu(Send)22 b(a)i(signal)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)g Fr(sigsp)s(ec)29 b Fu(or)24 b Fr(sign)m(um)f Fu(to)h(the)g(pro)s(cess)f (named)g(b)m(y)g(job)g(sp)s(eci\014-)630 2252 y(cation)k Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j Fu(or)25 b(pro)s(cess)g Fm(id)h Fr(pid)p Fu(.)38 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)31 b Fu(is)25 b(either)h(a)g(case-insensitiv)m (e)i(signal)e(name)630 2362 y(suc)m(h)37 b(as)g Ft(SIGINT)f Fu(\(with)h(or)g(without)g(the)g Ft(SIG)g Fu(pre\014x\))f(or)h(a)h (signal)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er;)h Fr(sign)m(um)630 2471 y Fu(is)g(a)f(signal)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er.)63 b(If)39 b Fr(sigsp)s(ec)44 b Fu(and)38 b Fr(sign)m(um)g Fu(are)h(not)g(presen)m(t,)h Ft(SIGTERM)d Fu(is)h(used.)630 2581 y(The)27 b Ft(-l)h Fu(option)g(lists)h(the)f(signal)h(names.)39 b(If)28 b(an)m(y)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)f(supplied)f(when)g Ft(-l)g Fu(is)630 2690 y(giv)m(en,)32 b(the)g(names)e(of)i(the)f(signals)g (corresp)s(onding)f(to)i(the)f(argumen)m(ts)g(are)h(listed,)g(and)630 2800 y(the)c(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero.)41 b Fr(exit)p 1796 2800 28 4 v 41 w(status)32 b Fu(is)c(a)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(sp)s (ecifying)g(a)i(signal)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(or)630 2910 y(the)h(exit)h(status)g(of)f(a)h(pro)s(cess)e(terminated)i(b)m(y)f(a)h (signal.)40 b(The)28 b Ft(-L)g Fu(option)g(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)630 3019 y(to)34 b Ft(-l)p Fu(.)47 b(The)32 b(return)g(status)h(is)g(zero)g(if)g(at)g(least)h(one)f(signal)h(w)m (as)f(successfully)g(sen)m(t,)h(or)630 3129 y(non-zero)d(if)f(an)h (error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(or)g(an)g(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)31 b(option)g(is)f (encoun)m(tered.)150 3303 y Ft(wait)870 3445 y(wait)47 b([-fn])f([-p)h Fj(varname)p Ft(])e([)p Fj(jobspec)h Ft(or)h Fj(pid)g Ft(...)o(])630 3587 y Fu(W)-8 b(ait)28 b(un)m(til)f(the)f(c)m(hild)h(pro)s(cess)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)g (eac)m(h)h(pro)s(cess)f Fm(id)h Fr(pid)i Fu(or)d(job)g(sp)s (eci\014cation)630 3696 y Fr(jobsp)s(ec)40 b Fu(exits)35 b(and)f(return)g(the)g(exit)i(status)f(of)g(the)g(last)g(command)f(w)m (aited)i(for.)53 b(If)35 b(a)630 3806 y(job)g(sp)s(ec)f(is)h(giv)m(en,) i(all)f(pro)s(cesses)f(in)f(the)h(job)g(are)g(w)m(aited)h(for.)54 b(If)35 b(no)f(argumen)m(ts)i(are)630 3915 y(giv)m(en,)28 b Ft(wait)c Fu(w)m(aits)j(for)e(all)i(running)c(bac)m(kground)j(jobs)f (and)g(the)h(last-executed)h(pro)s(cess)630 4025 y(substitution,)37 b(if)f(its)g(pro)s(cess)f(id)h(is)f(the)h(same)g(as)g Fr($!)p Fu(,)i(and)d(the)h(return)f(status)h(is)g(zero.)630 4134 y(If)h(the)h Ft(-n)f Fu(option)h(is)f(supplied,)i Ft(wait)d Fu(w)m(aits)j(for)e(a)h(single)g(job)f(from)g(the)h(list)g (of)g Fr(pids)630 4244 y Fu(or)31 b Fr(jobsp)s(ecs)k Fu(or,)d(if)f(no)g(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(supplied,)e(an)m(y)i(job,)f(to) i(complete)f(and)f(returns)630 4354 y(its)36 b(exit)h(status.)56 b(If)35 b(none)h(of)g(the)g(supplied)e(argumen)m(ts)i(is)f(a)h(c)m (hild)g(of)g(the)g(shell,)h(or)f(if)630 4463 y(no)31 b(argumen)m(ts)g(are)g(supplied)f(and)g(the)h(shell)g(has)g(no)f(un)m (w)m(aited-for)i(c)m(hildren,)f(the)g(exit)630 4573 y(status)k(is)g (127.)55 b(If)34 b(the)h Ft(-p)g Fu(option)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h (pro)s(cess)g(or)f(job)h(iden)m(ti\014er)g(of)g(the)630 4682 y(job)j(for)g(whic)m(h)f(the)i(exit)g(status)f(is)g(returned)f(is) h(assigned)h(to)g(the)f(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b Fr(v)-5 b(arname)630 4792 y Fu(named)29 b(b)m(y)f(the)i(option)f(argumen)m(t.)41 b(The)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(will)g(b)s(e)e(unset)h(initially)-8 b(,)31 b(b)s(efore)e(an)m(y)630 4902 y(assignmen)m(t.)76 b(This)41 b(is)h(useful)f(only)h(when)f(the)h Ft(-n)f Fu(option)i(is)f(supplied.)74 b(Supplying)630 5011 y(the)39 b Ft(-f)f Fu(option,)k(when)37 b(job)i(con)m(trol)h(is)f(enabled,)i (forces)e Ft(wait)e Fu(to)j(w)m(ait)g(for)e(eac)m(h)i Fr(pid)630 5121 y Fu(or)29 b Fr(jobsp)s(ec)34 b Fu(to)c(terminate)g(b)s (efore)f(returning)f(its)h(status,)h(in)m(tead)g(of)f(returning)f(when) g(it)630 5230 y(c)m(hanges)37 b(status.)58 b(If)35 b(neither)h Fr(jobsp)s(ec)41 b Fu(nor)36 b Fr(pid)i Fu(sp)s(eci\014es)e(an)g(activ) m(e)i(c)m(hild)e(pro)s(cess)g(of)630 5340 y(the)31 b(shell,)f(the)h (return)e(status)i(is)f(127.)p eop end %%Page: 110 116 TeXDict begin 110 115 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(7:)41 b(Job)30 b(Con)m(trol)2526 b(110)150 299 y Ft(disown)870 433 y(disown)46 b([-ar])g([-h])h([)p Fj(jobspec)f Ft(...)h(|)g Fj(pid)g Ft(...)g(])630 568 y Fu(Without)33 b(options,)h(remo)m(v)m(e)g (eac)m(h)f 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b(A)33 b(login)630 1654 y(shell)28 b(cannot)g(b)s(e)f(susp)s(ended;)g (the)g Ft(-f)g Fu(option)i(can)f(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(o)m(v)m(erride)h (this)e(and)g(force)630 1763 y(the)k(susp)s(ension.)275 1923 y(When)f(job)f(con)m(trol)j(is)e(not)h(activ)m(e,)i(the)d Ft(kill)f Fu(and)h Ft(wait)f Fu(builtins)g(do)h(not)h(accept)h Fr(jobsp)s(ec)j Fu(argu-)150 2032 y(men)m(ts.)41 b(They)30 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(supplied)f(pro)s(cess)h Fm(id)p Fu(s.)150 2273 y Fs(7.3)68 b(Job)45 b(Con)l(trol)h(V)-11 b(ariables)150 2457 y Ft(auto_resume)630 2567 y Fu(This)31 b(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(con)m(trols)g(ho)m(w)g(the)f(shell)h(in)m(teracts)h(with)e(the)h (user)e(and)h(job)g(con)m(trol.)45 b(If)630 2677 y(this)28 b(v)-5 b(ariable)30 b(exists)f(then)f(single)h(w)m(ord)f(simple)h (commands)f(without)g(redirections)i(are)630 2786 y(treated)h(as)g (candidates)f(for)g(resumption)g(of)g(an)g(existing)h(job.)41 b(There)29 b(is)h(no)h(am)m(biguit)m(y)630 2896 y(allo)m(w)m(ed;)f(if)d (there)g(is)g(more)g(than)f(one)h(job)g(b)s(eginning)f(with)g(the)h (string)g(t)m(yp)s(ed,)g(then)g(the)630 3005 y(most)j(recen)m(tly)h (accessed)f(job)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(selected.)42 b(The)29 b(name)g(of)h(a)g(stopp)s(ed)e(job,)i(in)f(this)630 3115 y(con)m(text,)h(is)e(the)g(command)g(line)g(used)f(to)h(start)g(it.)41 b(If)27 b(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)g(set)g(to)h(the)e(v)-5 b(alue)630 3225 y(`)p Ft(exact)p Fu(',)33 b(the)g(string)g(supplied)f (m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)g(the)h(name)f(of)g(a)g(stopp)s(ed)f(job)h (exactly;)j(if)630 3334 y(set)29 b(to)h(`)p Ft(substring)p Fu(',)d(the)i(string)g(supplied)e(needs)i(to)g(matc)m(h)h(a)f (substring)f(of)h(the)g(name)630 3444 y(of)38 b(a)f(stopp)s(ed)g(job.) 62 b(The)37 b(`)p Ft(substring)p Fu(')e(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(pro)m(vides)f(functionalit)m(y)i(analogous)g(to)630 3553 y(the)c(`)p Ft(\045?)p Fu(')g(job)g Fm(id)g Fu(\(see)h(Section)g (7.1)g([Job)e(Con)m(trol)i(Basics],)i(page)e(107\).)56 b(If)34 b(set)i(to)g(an)m(y)630 3663 y(other)c(v)-5 b(alue,)32 b(the)g(supplied)e(string)i(m)m(ust)f(b)s(e)g(a)h(pre\014x)f(of)h(a)g (stopp)s(ed)e(job's)i(name;)g(this)630 3773 y(pro)m(vides)e (functionalit)m(y)i(analogous)g(to)f(the)g(`)p Ft(\045)p Fu(')f(job)g Fm(id)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 111 117 TeXDict begin 111 116 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(111)150 299 y Fp(8)80 b(Command)54 b(Line)f(Editing)150 635 y Fu(This)28 b(c)m(hapter)i(describ)s(es)e(the)h(basic)g(features)h(of)f(the)g Fm(gnu)f Fu(command)h(line)g(editing)h(in)m(terface.)42 b(Com-)150 745 y(mand)c(line)i(editing)f(is)g(pro)m(vided)g(b)m(y)g (the)g(Readline)h(library)-8 b(,)41 b(whic)m(h)e(is)g(used)f(b)m(y)h (sev)m(eral)h(di\013eren)m(t)150 855 y(programs,)34 b(including)e (Bash.)49 b(Command)32 b(line)i(editing)f(is)g(enabled)g(b)m(y)g (default)g(when)f(using)h(an)g(in-)150 964 y(teractiv)m(e)h(shell,)d (unless)g(the)g Ft(--noediting)d Fu(option)k(is)f(supplied)e(at)j (shell)f(in)m(v)m(o)s(cation.)45 b(Line)31 b(editing)150 1074 y(is)g(also)h(used)f(when)f(using)h(the)g Ft(-e)g Fu(option)h(to)g(the)f Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g(\(see)h (Section)g(4.2)h([Bash)150 1183 y(Builtins],)j(page)f(51\).)52 b(By)35 b(default,)g(the)f(line)h(editing)f(commands)g(are)h(similar)f (to)h(those)f(of)g(Emacs.)150 1293 y(A)h(vi-st)m(yle)h(line)f(editing)g (in)m(terface)h(is)e(also)i(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)55 b(Line)34 b(editing)h(can)g(b)s(e)f(enabled)g(at)h(an)m(y)g(time)150 1402 y(using)h(the)g Ft(-o)30 b(emacs)35 b Fu(or)h Ft(-o)30 b(vi)35 b Fu(options)i(to)g(the)f Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)h(command)g (\(see)h(Section)g(4.3.1)h([The)150 1512 y(Set)31 b(Builtin],)g(page)g (62\),)h(or)e(disabled)g(using)g(the)h Ft(+o)e(emacs)g Fu(or)i Ft(+o)e(vi)h Fu(options)h(to)g Ft(set)p Fu(.)150 1804 y Fs(8.1)68 b(In)l(tro)t(duction)45 b(to)g(Line)h(Editing)150 1963 y Fu(The)30 b(follo)m(wing)i(paragraphs)d(describ)s(e)h(the)h (notation)g(used)f(to)h(represen)m(t)f(k)m(eystrok)m(es.)275 2132 y(The)35 b(text)i Fj(C-k)f Fu(is)g(read)g(as)h(`Con)m(trol-K')g (and)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(c)m(haracter)i(pro)s(duced)d(when)g(the)h Ft(k)150 2242 y Fu(k)m(ey)31 b(is)g(pressed)e(while)h(the)h(Con)m(trol) g(k)m(ey)g(is)g(depressed.)275 2410 y(The)g(text)i Fj(M-k)e Fu(is)h(read)f(as)i(`Meta-K')g(and)f(describ)s(es)f(the)h(c)m(haracter) h(pro)s(duced)e(when)f(the)i(Meta)150 2520 y(k)m(ey)i(\(if)f(y)m(ou)h (ha)m(v)m(e)g(one\))g(is)f(depressed,)g(and)f(the)h Ft(k)g Fu(k)m(ey)h(is)f(pressed.)48 b(The)32 b(Meta)j(k)m(ey)e(is)h(lab)s (eled)f Ft(ALT)150 2629 y Fu(on)c(man)m(y)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards.)40 b(On)29 b(k)m(eyb)s(oards)g(with)h(t)m(w)m(o)h(k)m(eys)f(lab)s(eled)g Ft(ALT)e Fu(\(usually)i(to)g(either)g(side)g(of)g(the)150 2739 y(space)h(bar\),)f(the)g Ft(ALT)f Fu(on)h(the)g(left)h(side)f(is)g (generally)h(set)f(to)h(w)m(ork)f(as)g(a)h(Meta)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)42 b(The)29 b Ft(ALT)g Fu(k)m(ey)i(on)150 2849 y(the)c(righ)m(t)h (ma)m(y)g(also)g(b)s(e)f(con\014gured)f(to)i(w)m(ork)f(as)h(a)f(Meta)i 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y(When)i(y)m(ou)h(add)f(text)h(in)f(the) h(middle)f(of)h(a)g(line,)h(y)m(ou)e(will)h(notice)h(that)f(c)m (haracters)h(to)g(the)e(righ)m(t)150 1277 y(of)d(the)g(cursor)f(are)h (`pushed)e(o)m(v)m(er')j(to)g(mak)m(e)f(ro)s(om)g(for)f(the)h(text)h (that)f(y)m(ou)g(ha)m(v)m(e)h(inserted.)40 b(Lik)m(ewise,)150 1386 y(when)d(y)m(ou)g(delete)i(text)g(b)s(ehind)c(the)j(cursor,)h(c)m (haracters)g(to)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(of)g(the)g(cursor)e(are)i(`pulled) 150 1496 y(bac)m(k')24 b(to)f(\014ll)g(in)f(the)h(blank)f(space)i (created)f(b)m(y)g(the)g(remo)m(v)-5 b(al)24 b(of)f(the)g(text.)39 b(A)23 b(list)g(of)g(the)g(bare)f(essen)m(tials)150 1605 y(for)30 b(editing)h(the)g(text)g(of)g(an)f(input)f(line)i(follo)m(ws.) 150 1775 y Fj(C-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(one)e(c)m (haracter.)150 1941 y Fj(C-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(one) h(c)m(haracter.)150 2108 y Ft(DEL)e Fu(or)i Ft(Backspace)630 2217 y Fu(Delete)i(the)d(c)m(haracter)i(to)f(the)g(left)g(of)f(the)h (cursor.)150 2384 y Fj(C-d)336 b Fu(Delete)33 b(the)d(c)m(haracter)i (underneath)d(the)i(cursor.)150 2550 y(Prin)m(ting)g(c)m(haracters)630 2660 y(Insert)f(the)g(c)m(haracter)i(in)m(to)g(the)e(line)h(at)g(the)g (cursor.)150 2826 y Fj(C-_)e Fu(or)i Fj(C-x)e(C-u)630 2936 y Fu(Undo)k(the)h(last)g(editing)g(command.)50 b(Y)-8 b(ou)34 b(can)f(undo)g(all)h(the)f(w)m(a)m(y)i(bac)m(k)f(to)g(an)g (empt)m(y)630 3045 y(line.)150 3215 y(\(Dep)s(ending)29 b(on)h(y)m(our)f(con\014guration,)i(the)e Ft(Backspace)e Fu(k)m(ey)k(b)s(e)d(set)j(to)f(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i(to)g(the) 150 3324 y(left)37 b(of)f(the)h(cursor)e(and)h(the)g Ft(DEL)g Fu(k)m(ey)h(set)f(to)h(delete)h(the)e(c)m(haracter)i (underneath)d(the)h(cursor,)i(lik)m(e)150 3434 y Fj(C-d)p Fu(,)30 b(rather)g(than)g(the)h(c)m(haracter)h(to)f(the)f(left)h(of)g (the)f(cursor.\))150 3640 y Fk(8.2.2)63 b(Readline)40 b(Mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)h(Commands)150 3787 y Fu(The)27 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)i (table)g(describ)s(es)e(the)g(most)i(basic)f(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(that)f (y)m(ou)g(need)g(in)f(order)g(to)i(do)e(editing)i(of)150 3897 y(the)k(input)f(line.)49 b(F)-8 b(or)34 b(y)m(our)f(con)m(v)m (enience,)j(man)m(y)d(other)g(commands)f(ha)m(v)m(e)j(b)s(een)d(added)g (in)h(addition)150 4006 y(to)j Fj(C-b)p Fu(,)f Fj(C-f)p Fu(,)g Fj(C-d)p Fu(,)h(and)e Ft(DEL)p Fu(.)54 b(Here)35 b(are)g(some)h(commands)e(for)h(mo)m(ving)h(more)f(rapidly)f(ab)s(out)h (the)150 4116 y(line.)150 4286 y Fj(C-a)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f(line.)150 4452 y Fj(C-e)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150 4618 y Fj(M-f)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m(ord,)f (where)g(a)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(comp)s(osed)g(of)h(letters)h(and)d(digits.) 150 4785 y Fj(M-b)336 b Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(a)g(w)m (ord.)150 4951 y Fj(C-l)336 b Fu(Clear)31 b(the)f(screen,)h(reprin)m (ting)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the)f(top.)275 5121 y(Notice)c(ho)m(w)f Fj(C-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m (haracter,)j(while)d Fj(M-f)e Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)j(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(w)m (ord.)39 b(It)24 b(is)h(a)g(lo)s(ose)150 5230 y(con)m(v)m(en)m(tion)32 b(that)f(con)m(trol)g(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)g(c)m (haracters)h(while)f(meta)h(k)m(eystrok)m(es)h(op)s(erate)e(on)150 5340 y(w)m(ords.)p eop end %%Page: 113 119 TeXDict begin 113 118 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(113)150 299 y Fk(8.2.3)63 b(Readline)40 b(Killing)i(Commands)150 446 y Fr(Killing)35 b Fu(text)28 b(means)e(to)h(delete)h(the)f(text)g(from)g(the)f(line,)i (but)e(to)h(sa)m(v)m(e)h(it)g(a)m(w)m(a)m(y)g(for)e(later)i(use,)f (usually)150 555 y(b)m(y)g Fr(y)m(anking)35 b Fu(\(re-inserting\))28 b(it)g(bac)m(k)f(in)m(to)h(the)f(line.)40 b(\(`Cut')27 b(and)g(`paste')h(are)f(more)g(recen)m(t)h(jargon)f(for)150 665 y(`kill')32 b(and)d(`y)m(ank'.\))275 801 y(If)g(the)i(description)f (for)g(a)h(command)f(sa)m(ys)g(that)h(it)g(`kills')g(text,)h(then)e(y)m (ou)g(can)h(b)s(e)e(sure)h(that)h(y)m(ou)150 911 y(can)g(get)g(the)g (text)g(bac)m(k)g(in)f(a)h(di\013eren)m(t)g(\(or)g(the)f(same\))h (place)h(later.)275 1047 y(When)23 b(y)m(ou)g(use)g(a)h(kill)g (command,)g(the)g(text)g(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(in)e(a)g Fr(kill-ring)p Fu(.)39 b(An)m(y)24 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)h(consecutiv) m(e)150 1157 y(kills)31 b(sa)m(v)m(e)i(all)f(of)f(the)g(killed)h(text)g (together,)g(so)g(that)f(when)f(y)m(ou)h(y)m(ank)h(it)f(bac)m(k,)h(y)m (ou)g(get)g(it)f(all.)43 b(The)150 1267 y(kill)33 b(ring)f(is)g(not)h (line)g(sp)s(eci\014c;)g(the)g(text)g(that)g(y)m(ou)g(killed)f(on)h(a)f (previously)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)h(line)f(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)150 1376 y(to)31 b(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)h(bac)m(k)g(later,)h(when)d(y)m(ou) i(are)g(t)m(yping)f(another)h(line.)275 1513 y(Here)f(is)h(the)f(list)h (of)g(commands)f(for)g(killing)h(text.)150 1675 y Fj(C-k)336 b Fu(Kill)31 b(the)f(text)i(from)e(the)g(curren)m(t)g(cursor)g(p)s (osition)h(to)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150 1836 y Fj(M-d)336 b Fu(Kill)27 b(from)f(the)g(cursor)g(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h (the)f(curren)m(t)g(w)m(ord,)h(or,)h(if)e(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)h(w)m(ords,) g(to)g(the)630 1946 y(end)j(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41 b(W)-8 b(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)i(the)g(same)f(as)h(those)g(used) f(b)m(y)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 2107 y Fj(M-DEL)240 b Fu(Kill)31 b(from)f(the)h(cursor)f(the)g(start)h(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(w)m(ord,) h(or,)f(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)i(the)630 2217 y(start)39 b(of)f(the)h(previous)f(w)m(ord.)64 b(W)-8 b(ord)39 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)i(the)f(same)h(as)g(those)f(used)g(b)m (y)630 2326 y Fj(M-b)p Fu(.)150 2487 y Fj(C-w)336 b Fu(Kill)35 b(from)g(the)g(cursor)f(to)i(the)f(previous)g(whitespace.)55 b(This)34 b(is)h(di\013eren)m(t)h(than)e Fj(M-DEL)630 2597 y Fu(b)s(ecause)c(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundaries)f(di\013er.)275 2759 y(Here)42 b(is)f(ho)m(w)h(to)g Fr(y)m(ank)47 b Fu(the)42 b(text)g(bac)m(k)h(in)m(to)f(the)g(line.)74 b(Y)-8 b(anking)43 b(means)e(to)h(cop)m(y)h(the)e(most-)150 2869 y(recen)m(tly-killed)33 b(text)e(from)f(the)g(kill)i(bu\013er.)150 3031 y Fj(C-y)336 b Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31 b(the)f(most)h(recen)m(tly)h(killed)f(text)g(bac)m (k)g(in)m(to)h(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h(the)f(cursor.)150 3192 y Fj(M-y)336 b Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h (the)f(new)g(top.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h (the)g(prior)630 3302 y(command)30 b(is)h Fj(C-y)e Fu(or)h Fj(M-y)p Fu(.)150 3503 y Fk(8.2.4)63 b(Readline)40 b(Argumen)m(ts)150 3650 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ou)40 b(can)f(pass)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(ts)i(to)f (Readline)h(commands.)67 b(Sometimes)39 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h(acts)150 3760 y(as)g(a)h(rep)s(eat)f(coun)m(t,)j(other)e(times)f(it)h(is)f(the)g Fl(sign)47 b Fu(of)41 b(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(that)h(is)f(signi\014can)m (t.)71 b(If)40 b(y)m(ou)150 3869 y(pass)33 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(argumen) m(t)e(to)g(a)g(command)f(whic)m(h)g(normally)h(acts)g(in)f(a)h(forw)m (ard)f(direction,)i(that)150 3979 y(command)g(will)h(act)g(in)f(a)h (bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(direction.)57 b(F)-8 b(or)36 b(example,)h(to)f(kill)g (text)g(bac)m(k)g(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)150 4088 y(the)31 b(line,)g(y)m(ou)f(migh)m(t)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(M--)f(C-k)p Fu('.)275 4225 y(The)d(general)i(w)m(a)m(y)h(to)e(pass)g(n)m(umeric)g (argumen)m(ts)h(to)g(a)f(command)g(is)g(to)h(t)m(yp)s(e)f(meta)i (digits)e(b)s(efore)150 4334 y(the)j(command.)42 b(If)30 b(the)h(\014rst)f(`digit')i(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(is)g(a)g(min)m(us)f(sign)h (\(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('\),)h(then)f(the)g(sign)f(of)h(the)g(argumen)m(t)150 4444 y(will)39 b(b)s(e)e(negativ)m(e.)66 b(Once)38 b(y)m(ou)h(ha)m(v)m (e)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(one)h(meta)g(digit)g(to)f(get)i(the)e(argumen)m(t)h (started,)i(y)m(ou)150 4554 y(can)29 b(t)m(yp)s(e)g(the)g(remainder)f (of)h(the)g(digits,)h(and)f(then)f(the)h(command.)40 b(F)-8 b(or)30 b(example,)g(to)f(giv)m(e)i(the)e Fj(C-d)150 4663 y Fu(command)37 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)h(of)g(10,)i(y)m(ou)e(could)f (t)m(yp)s(e)h(`)p Ft(M-1)29 b(0)h(C-d)p Fu(',)39 b(whic)m(h)e(will)h (delete)h(the)e(next)h(ten)150 4773 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(on)e(the)h(input)e(line.)150 4974 y Fk(8.2.5)63 b(Searc)m(hing)40 b(for)i(Commands)g(in)f(the)g(History)150 5121 y Fu(Readline)35 b(pro)m(vides)f(commands)g(for)g(searc)m(hing)h(through)e(the)i (command)f(history)g(\(see)h(Section)g(9.1)150 5230 y([Bash)i(History)h (F)-8 b(acilities],)42 b(page)37 b(146\))i(for)d(lines)h(con)m(taining) i(a)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(string.)60 b(There)36 b(are)i(t)m(w)m(o)150 5340 y(searc)m(h)31 b(mo)s(des:)40 b Fr(incremen)m(tal)35 b Fu(and)30 b Fr(non-incremen)m(tal)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 114 120 TeXDict begin 114 119 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(114)275 299 y(Incremen)m(tal)26 b(searc)m(hes)h(b)s(egin)e(b)s(efore)g(the)h(user)f(has)h(\014nished)e (t)m(yping)i(the)g(searc)m(h)g(string.)39 b(As)26 b(eac)m(h)150 408 y(c)m(haracter)37 b(of)e(the)h(searc)m(h)g(string)f(is)h(t)m(yp)s (ed,)g(Readline)g(displa)m(ys)g(the)f(next)h(en)m(try)g(from)e(the)i (history)150 518 y(matc)m(hing)25 b(the)f(string)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(so)g (far.)39 b(An)23 b(incremen)m(tal)j(searc)m(h)e(requires)g(only)g(as)g (man)m(y)g(c)m(haracters)i(as)150 628 y(needed)i(to)i(\014nd)d(the)i (desired)f(history)h(en)m(try)-8 b(.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)29 b(searc)m(h)h(bac)m(kw)m(ard)f(in)f(the)h(history)g(for)f(a)i (particular)150 737 y(string,)g(t)m(yp)s(e)f Fj(C-r)p Fu(.)40 b(T)m(yping)29 b Fj(C-s)g Fu(searc)m(hes)h(forw)m(ard)f (through)g(the)g(history)-8 b(.)41 b(The)29 b(c)m(haracters)i(presen)m (t)150 847 y(in)38 b(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)38 b(of)g(the)g Ft(isearch-terminators)33 b Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(are)f(used)f(to)i (terminate)g(an)f(incremen)m(tal)150 956 y(searc)m(h.)71 b(If)40 b(that)h(v)-5 b(ariable)41 b(has)f(not)h(b)s(een)e(assigned)i (a)f(v)-5 b(alue,)44 b(the)c Ft(ESC)g Fu(and)f Fj(C-J)h Fu(c)m(haracters)i(will)150 1066 y(terminate)h(an)g(incremen)m(tal)g (searc)m(h.)78 b Fj(C-g)41 b Fu(will)i(ab)s(ort)f(an)g(incremen)m(tal)i (searc)m(h)f(and)f(restore)h(the)150 1176 y(original)30 b(line.)41 b(When)28 b(the)h(searc)m(h)h(is)f(terminated,)h(the)f (history)g(en)m(try)g(con)m(taining)h(the)f(searc)m(h)h(string)150 1285 y(b)s(ecomes)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)275 1416 y(T)-8 b(o)31 b(\014nd)e(other)j(matc)m(hing)g(en)m(tries)g(in)e(the)h (history)g(list,)h(t)m(yp)s(e)g Fj(C-r)e Fu(or)h Fj(C-s)f Fu(as)h(appropriate.)43 b(This)150 1525 y(will)26 b(searc)m(h)h(bac)m (kw)m(ard)g(or)f(forw)m(ard)g(in)f(the)i(history)f(for)g(the)g(next)g (en)m(try)h(matc)m(hing)g(the)f(searc)m(h)h(string)150 1635 y(t)m(yp)s(ed)37 b(so)h(far.)63 b(An)m(y)38 b(other)f(k)m(ey)i (sequence)f(b)s(ound)e(to)i(a)g(Readline)h(command)e(will)h(terminate)h (the)150 1744 y(searc)m(h)26 b(and)f(execute)i(that)f(command.)39 b(F)-8 b(or)26 b(instance,)h(a)f Ft(RET)f Fu(will)g(terminate)i(the)f (searc)m(h)g(and)e(accept)150 1854 y(the)30 b(line,)g(thereb)m(y)f (executing)i(the)e(command)g(from)g(the)h(history)f(list.)41 b(A)29 b(mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)j(command)d(will)150 1964 y(terminate)i(the)g(searc)m(h,)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(last)h(line)g(found)e (the)i(curren)m(t)f(line,)h(and)f(b)s(egin)g(editing.)275 2094 y(Readline)35 b(remem)m(b)s(ers)f(the)h(last)h(incremen)m(tal)g (searc)m(h)f(string.)54 b(If)34 b(t)m(w)m(o)j Fj(C-r)p Fu(s)c(are)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(without)150 2204 y(an)m(y)i(in)m(terv)m (ening)g(c)m(haracters)h(de\014ning)e(a)h(new)f(searc)m(h)h(string,)h (an)m(y)f(remem)m(b)s(ered)e(searc)m(h)i(string)g(is)150 2313 y(used.)275 2444 y(Non-incremen)m(tal)48 b(searc)m(hes)g(read)e (the)h(en)m(tire)h(searc)m(h)f(string)g(b)s(efore)f(starting)h(to)h (searc)m(h)f(for)150 2553 y(matc)m(hing)d(history)e(lines.)78 b(The)42 b(searc)m(h)h(string)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(t)m(yp)s(ed)g(b)m(y)g (the)h(user)f(or)h(b)s(e)f(part)g(of)h(the)150 2663 y(con)m(ten)m(ts)32 b(of)f(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2896 y Fs(8.3)68 b(Readline)47 b(Init)e(File)150 3055 y Fu(Although)f(the)g(Readline)g (library)f(comes)i(with)e(a)h(set)h(of)f(Emacs-lik)m(e)h(k)m (eybindings)f(installed)g(b)m(y)150 3165 y(default,)26 b(it)g(is)e(p)s(ossible)h(to)g(use)f(a)i(di\013eren)m(t)f(set)g(of)g(k) m(eybindings.)38 b(An)m(y)25 b(user)f(can)h(customize)h(programs)150 3274 y(that)45 b(use)f(Readline)h(b)m(y)f(putting)g(commands)g(in)g(an) g Fr(inputrc)49 b Fu(\014le,)g(con)m(v)m(en)m(tionally)e(in)d(his)g (home)150 3384 y(directory)-8 b(.)59 b(The)35 b(name)i(of)f(this)g (\014le)g(is)g(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)f(the)g(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b Ft(INPUTRC)p Fu(.)56 b(If)150 3493 y(that)36 b(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)f(unset,)h (the)f(default)h(is)f Ft(~/.inputrc)p Fu(.)52 b(If)35 b(that)g(\014le)h(do)s(es)e(not)i(exist)g(or)f(cannot)h(b)s(e)150 3603 y(read,)f(the)f(ultimate)h(default)f(is)g Ft(/etc/inputrc)p Fu(.)47 b(The)33 b Ft(bind)g Fu(builtin)g(command)h(can)g(also)h(b)s(e) e(used)150 3713 y(to)e(set)g(Readline)g(k)m(eybindings)f(and)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)41 b(See)31 b(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g (51.)275 3843 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(supp)s(ort)d(when)h(it)h(is)g(called.)76 b(On)41 b(man)m(y)1110 2851 y(terminals,)c(the)e(meta)h(k)m(ey)g(is)f(used)g(to)h(send)e(eigh) m(t-bit)j(c)m(haracters.)56 b(The)1110 2960 y(default)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630 3117 y Ft(expand-tilde)1110 3226 y Fu(If)d(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)f(tilde)g(expansion)g(is)f (p)s(erformed)f(when)h(Readline)h(attempts)1110 3336 y(w)m(ord)i(completion.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 3493 y Ft(history-preserve-point)1110 3602 y Fu(If)41 b(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(the)c(history)h(co)s (de)g(attempts)h(to)f(place)h(the)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(\(the)1110 3712 y(curren)m(t)35 b(cursor)g(p)s(osition\))g(at)h(the)g(same)f(lo)s (cation)i(on)e(eac)m(h)h(history)g(line)1110 3821 y(retriev)m(ed)h (with)f Ft(previous-history)c Fu(or)37 b Ft(next-history)p Fu(.)55 b(The)36 b(default)1110 3931 y(is)30 b(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 4088 y Ft(history-size)1110 4197 y Fu(Set)39 b(the)g(maxim)m(um)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(history)g(en)m(tries)h(sa)m (v)m(ed)g(in)f(the)g(history)1110 4307 y(list.)51 b(If)34 b(set)g(to)h(zero,)g(an)m(y)f(existing)h(history)f(en)m(tries)g(are)g (deleted)h(and)e(no)1110 4416 y(new)e(en)m(tries)i(are)f(sa)m(v)m(ed.) 46 b(If)31 b(set)h(to)h(a)f(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(less)g(than)f(zero,)i(the) f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)1110 4526 y(of)f(history)f(en)m(tries)h(is)g(not)g (limited.)42 b(By)30 b(default,)h(the)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(history) 1110 4635 y(en)m(tries)j(is)f(not)g(limited.)49 b(If)32 b(an)h(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)h(set)f Fr(history-size)39 b Fu(to)1110 4745 y(a)34 b(non-n)m(umeric)f(v)-5 b(alue,)34 b(the)g(maxim)m(um)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(of)h(history)h(en)m(tries)g (will)1110 4855 y(b)s(e)c(set)h(to)g(500.)630 5011 y Ft(horizontal-scroll-mode)1110 5121 y Fu(This)k(v)-5 b(ariable)37 b(can)f(b)s(e)f(set)h(to)h(either)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')g(or)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)57 b(Setting)36 b(it)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')1110 5230 y(means)26 b(that)h(the)f(text)h (of)g(the)f(lines)g(b)s(eing)g(edited)h(will)f(scroll)h(horizon)m (tally)1110 5340 y(on)32 b(a)g(single)g(screen)g(line)g(when)e(they)i (are)g(longer)h(than)e(the)h(width)f(of)h(the)p eop end %%Page: 118 124 TeXDict begin 118 123 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(118)1110 299 y(screen,)28 b(instead)g(of)f(wrapping)f(on)m(to)i(a)g(new)e(screen)i(line.)40 b(This)26 b(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(is)1110 408 y(automatically)k(set)e(to) g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')f(for)g(terminals)g(of)h(heigh)m(t)g(1.)41 b(By)29 b(default,)h(this)1110 518 y(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)g(set)f(to)i(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 719 y Ft(input-meta)1110 829 y Fu(If)f(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(Readline)g(will)f(enable)h (eigh)m(t-bit)h(input)d(\(it)i(will)f(not)h(clear)1110 938 y(the)40 b(eigh)m(th)g(bit)g(in)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)h(it)f (reads\),)j(regardless)c(of)h(what)g(the)1110 1048 y(terminal)k(claims) h(it)f(can)g(supp)s(ort.)79 b(The)44 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)44 b(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(',)j(but)1110 1157 y(Readline)24 b(will)h(set)f(it)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')e(if)h(the)g(lo)s(cale)i(con) m(tains)f(eigh)m(t-bit)g(c)m(haracters.)1110 1267 y(The)30 b(name)g Ft(meta-flag)e Fu(is)j(a)f(synon)m(ym)g(for)g(this)h(v)-5 b(ariable.)630 1468 y Ft(isearch-terminators)1110 1577 y Fu(The)51 b(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(that)f(should)e(terminate)j (an)f(incremen)m(tal)1110 1687 y(searc)m(h)25 b(without)g(subsequen)m (tly)g(executing)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(as)f(a)g(command)1110 1797 y(\(see)38 b(Section)g(8.2.5)h([Searc)m(hing],)h(page)e(113\).)62 b(If)37 b(this)g(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b(has)f(not)1110 1906 y(b)s(een)e(giv)m(en)h(a)g(v)-5 b(alue,)37 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)h Ft(ESC)d Fu(and)h Fj(C-J)g Fu(will)h(terminate)g(an)1110 2016 y(incremen)m(tal)c(searc)m(h.)630 2217 y Ft(keymap)192 b Fu(Sets)64 b(Readline's)i(idea)f(of)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eymap)h (for)f(k)m(ey)h(binding)1110 2326 y(commands.)71 b(Built-in)41 b Ft(keymap)e Fu(names)h(are)h Ft(emacs)p Fu(,)h Ft(emacs-standard)p Fu(,)1110 2436 y Ft(emacs-meta)p Fu(,)99 b Ft(emacs-ctlx)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi)p Fu(,)j Ft(vi-move)p Fu(,)f Ft(vi-command)p Fu(,)f(and)1110 2545 y Ft(vi-insert)p Fu(.)81 b Ft(vi)44 b Fu(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)46 b(to)g Ft(vi-command)c Fu(\()p Ft(vi-move)h Fu(is)i(also)h(a)1110 2655 y(synon)m(ym\);)41 b Ft(emacs)c Fu(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)39 b(to)f Ft(emacs-standard)p Fu(.)59 b(Applications)1110 2765 y(ma)m(y)32 b(add)e(additional)i (names.)43 b(The)30 b(default)h(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(is)f Ft(emacs)p Fu(.)41 b(The)30 b(v)-5 b(alue)1110 2874 y(of)31 b(the)f Ft(editing-mode)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(also)h(a\013ects)f (the)g(default)g(k)m(eymap.)630 3075 y Ft(keyseq-timeout)1110 3185 y Fu(Sp)s(eci\014es)25 b(the)g(duration)g(Readline)h(will)g(w)m (ait)g(for)g(a)f(c)m(haracter)i(when)e(read-)1110 3294 y(ing)30 b(an)g(am)m(biguous)g(k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(\(one)g(that)h(can)f (form)g(a)g(complete)h(k)m(ey)1110 3404 y(sequence)j(using)e(the)i 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(k)m(ey)g(is)f(pressed)g(to)h(decide)f(whic)m(h)g(k)m(ey)1110 4390 y(sequence)i(to)g(complete.)42 b(The)30 b(default)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g Ft(500)p Fu(.)630 4591 y Ft(mark-directories)1110 4701 y Fu(If)38 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)i(completed)e(directory) f(names)g(ha)m(v)m(e)i(a)e(slash)g(app)s(ended.)1110 4810 y(The)30 b(default)g(is)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu('.)630 5011 y Ft(mark-modified-lines)1110 5121 y Fu(This)k(v)-5 b(ariable,)38 b(when)d(set)h(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)g(causes)g (Readline)f(to)h(displa)m(y)f(an)f(as-)1110 5230 y(terisk)f(\(`)p Ft(*)p Fu('\))h(at)f(the)g(start)g(of)g(history)g(lines)g(whic)m(h)f (ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(mo)s(di\014ed.)1110 5340 y(This)d(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(is)f(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(')g(b)m(y)g(default.)p eop end %%Page: 119 125 TeXDict begin 119 124 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(119)630 299 y Ft (mark-symlinked-directori)o(es)1110 408 y Fu(If)59 b(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)67 b(completed)60 b(names)f(whic)m(h)g(are)h(sym)m(b)s (olic)g(links)f(to)1110 518 y(directories)71 b(ha)m(v)m(e)f(a)g(slash)f (app)s(ended)f(\(sub)5 b(ject)70 b(to)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)70 b(of)1110 628 y Ft(mark-directories)p Fu(\).)37 b(The)30 b(default)g(is)g(`)p Ft(off)p Fu('.)630 778 y Ft(match-hidden-files) 1110 888 y Fu(This)21 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)25 b(when)d(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(',)h(causes)f(Readline)g(to)g(matc)m(h)g(\014les)f(whose) 1110 998 y(names)44 b(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')g(\(hidden)f(\014les\))i(when)e(p)s(erforming)g(\014lename)1110 1107 y(completion.)75 b(If)41 b(set)g(to)h(`)p Ft(off)p Fu(',)i(the)e(leading)g(`)p Ft(.)p Fu(')f(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)g(supplied)f (b)m(y)1110 1217 y(the)34 b(user)g(in)g(the)g(\014lename)g(to)h(b)s(e)f (completed.)53 b(This)33 b(v)-5 b(ariable)35 b(is)f(`)p Ft(on)p Fu(')g(b)m(y)1110 1326 y(default.)630 1477 y Ft(menu-complete-display-pr)o(efix)1110 1587 y Fu(If)f(set)h(to)g(`)p Ft(on)p 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4302 y(line)44 b(is)f(in)g Ft(emacs)f Fu(or)h Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)s(de.)79 b(This)42 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)h(in)g (conjunction)1110 4412 y(with)c(the)h(`)p Ft(set)29 b(keymap)p Fu(')38 b(command,)k(for)d(instance,)j(to)e(set)g(bindings)e(in)1110 4521 y(the)32 b Ft(emacs-standard)c Fu(and)j Ft(emacs-ctlx)d Fu(k)m(eymaps)k(only)g(if)g(Readline)g(is)1110 4631 y(starting)f(out)g (in)f Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de.)630 4792 y Ft(term)288 b Fu(The)26 b Ft(term=)g Fu(form)g(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(used)g(to)i(include)f (terminal-sp)s(eci\014c)g(k)m(ey)h(bind-)1110 4902 y(ings,)38 b(p)s(erhaps)c(to)j(bind)e(the)h(k)m(ey)h(sequences)f(output)g(b)m(y)g (the)g(terminal's)1110 5011 y(function)24 b(k)m(eys.)39 b(The)23 b(w)m(ord)h(on)f(the)i(righ)m(t)f(side)g(of)g(the)g(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')g(is)g(tested)h(against)1110 5121 y(b)s(oth)k(the)h(full)g (name)g(of)g(the)g(terminal)h(and)e(the)i(p)s(ortion)e(of)h(the)g (terminal)1110 5230 y(name)k(b)s(efore)f(the)g(\014rst)g(`)p Ft(-)p Fu('.)50 b(This)33 b(allo)m(ws)i Ft(sun)e Fu(to)h(matc)m(h)g(b)s (oth)f Ft(sun)g Fu(and)1110 5340 y Ft(sun-cmd)p Fu(,)c(for)h(instance.) p eop end %%Page: 123 129 TeXDict begin 123 128 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(123)630 299 y Ft(version)144 b Fu(The)44 b Ft(version)f Fu(test)i(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)e(used)f(to)j(p)s (erform)d(comparisons)i(against)1110 408 y(sp)s(eci\014c)c(Readline)i (v)m(ersions.)74 b(The)42 b Ft(version)d Fu(expands)i(to)h(the)g (curren)m(t)1110 518 y(Readline)25 b(v)m(ersion.)39 b(The)23 b(set)h(of)g(comparison)h(op)s(erators)f(includes)f(`)p Ft(=)p Fu(')h(\(and)1110 628 y(`)p Ft(==)p Fu('\),)33 b(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(<=)p Fu(',)h(`)p Ft(>=)p Fu(',)f(`)p Ft(<)p Fu(',)h(and)e(`)p Ft(>)p Fu('.)46 b(The)31 b(v)m(ersion)i(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)d(supplied)h(on)1110 737 y(the)j(righ)m(t)h(side)f(of)g(the)g(op)s(erator)g(consists)h(of)f (a)g(ma)5 b(jor)35 b(v)m(ersion)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er,)1110 847 y(an)45 b(optional)i(decimal)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)k(and)44 b(an)i(optional)g(minor)f(v)m(ersion)h(\(e.g.,)1110 956 y(`)p Ft(7.1)p Fu('\).)40 b(If)27 b(the)h(minor)f(v)m(ersion)h(is)g (omitted,)h(it)f(is)g(assumed)f(to)h(b)s(e)f(`)p Ft(0)p Fu('.)40 b(The)1110 1066 y(op)s(erator)34 b(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(separated) g(from)g(the)h(string)f Ft(version)f Fu(and)h(from)g(the)1110 1176 y(v)m(ersion)39 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(argumen)m(t)h(b)m(y)f (whitespace.)67 b(The)38 b(follo)m(wing)i(example)1110 1285 y(sets)31 b(a)g(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b(if)f(the)h(Readline)g(v)m (ersion)f(b)s(eing)g(used)g(is)g(7.0)i(or)e(new)m(er:)1350 1440 y Ft($if)47 b(version)f(>=)h(7.0)1350 1550 y(set)g (show-mode-in-prompt)42 b(on)1350 1659 y($endif)630 1860 y(application)1110 1970 y Fu(The)21 b Fr(application)j Fu(construct)e(is)g(used)f(to)i(include)f(application-sp)s(eci\014c)h (set-)1110 2079 y(tings.)39 b(Eac)m(h)26 b(program)e(using)g(the)h (Readline)g(library)g(sets)g(the)g Fr(application)1110 2189 y(name)p Fu(,)g(and)e(y)m(ou)g(can)h(test)g(for)f(a)g(particular)h (v)-5 b(alue.)39 b(This)22 b(could)h(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)1110 2298 y(bind)32 b(k)m(ey)h(sequences)g(to)h(functions)e(useful)g(for)h (a)g(sp)s(eci\014c)f(program.)48 b(F)-8 b(or)1110 2408 y(instance,)35 b(the)e(follo)m(wing)h(command)f(adds)f(a)i(k)m(ey)f (sequence)h(that)f(quotes)1110 2518 y(the)e(curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous) g(w)m(ord)g(in)g(Bash:)1350 2673 y Ft($if)47 b(Bash)1350 2782 y(#)g(Quote)g(the)g(current)f(or)h(previous)e(word)1350 2892 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")1350 3002 y($endif)630 3202 y(variable)96 b Fu(The)33 b Fr(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b Fu(construct)33 b(pro)m(vides)g(simple)g(equalit)m(y)i(tests)e(for)g (Readline)1110 3312 y(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(and)f(v)-5 b(alues.)45 b(The)32 b(p)s(ermitted)f(comparison)h(op)s(erators)f(are)i (`)p Ft(=)p Fu(',)1110 3421 y(`)p Ft(==)p Fu(',)49 b(and)44 b(`)p Ft(!=)p Fu('.)85 b(The)44 b(v)-5 b(ariable)46 b(name)f(m)m(ust)g (b)s(e)g(separated)g(from)g(the)1110 3531 y(comparison)25 b(op)s(erator)g(b)m(y)g(whitespace;)j(the)d(op)s(erator)g(ma)m(y)g(b)s (e)f(separated)1110 3641 y(from)33 b(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)35 b(on)f(the)g(righ)m(t)g(hand)f(side)h(b)m(y)f(whitespace.)52 b(Both)35 b(string)1110 3750 y(and)i(b)s(o)s(olean)g(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(tested.)63 b(Bo)s(olean)39 b(v)-5 b(ariables)38 b(m)m(ust)g(b)s(e)1110 3860 y(tested)46 b(against)g(the)f(v)-5 b(alues)46 b Fr(on)f Fu(and)f Fr(o\013)p Fu(.)85 b(The)45 b(follo)m(wing)h(example)g(is)1110 3969 y(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)32 b(to)f(the)f Ft(mode=emacs)e Fu(test)j(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e:)1350 4124 y Ft($if)47 b(editing-mode)d(==)k(emacs)1350 4234 y(set)f (show-mode-in-prompt)42 b(on)1350 4344 y($endif)150 4544 y($endif)192 b Fu(This)29 b(command,)i(as)f(seen)h(in)f(the)g(previous) g(example,)h(terminates)g(an)g Ft($if)e Fu(command.)150 4745 y Ft($else)240 b Fu(Commands)29 b(in)h(this)h(branc)m(h)e(of)i (the)f Ft($if)g Fu(directiv)m(e)i(are)f(executed)g(if)f(the)h(test)g (fails.)150 4945 y Ft($include)96 b Fu(This)43 b(directiv)m(e)i(tak)m (es)g(a)e(single)i(\014lename)e(as)h(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(and)f(reads)g (commands)630 5055 y(and)38 b(bindings)f(from)h(that)i(\014le.)65 b(F)-8 b(or)39 b(example,)j(the)d(follo)m(wing)h(directiv)m(e)g(reads)e (from)630 5165 y Ft(/etc/inputrc)p Fu(:)870 5320 y Ft($include)46 b(/etc/inputrc)p eop end %%Page: 124 130 TeXDict begin 124 129 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(124)150 299 y Fk(8.3.3)63 b(Sample)41 b(Init)g(File)150 446 y Fu(Here)27 b(is)f(an)h(example)g (of)f(an)h Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)39 b(This)26 b(illustrates)h(k)m(ey) h(binding,)e(v)-5 b(ariable)27 b(assignmen)m(t,)i(and)150 555 y(conditional)j(syn)m(tax.)p eop end %%Page: 125 131 TeXDict begin 125 130 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(125)390 408 y Ft(#)47 b(This)g(file)g(controls)e(the)i(behaviour)e(of)j(line)e(input)h (editing)e(for)390 518 y(#)i(programs)f(that)h(use)g(the)f(GNU)h (Readline)f(library.)93 b(Existing)390 628 y(#)47 b(programs)f(include) g(FTP,)g(Bash,)h(and)g(GDB.)390 737 y(#)390 847 y(#)g(You)g(can)g (re-read)f(the)h(inputrc)f(file)g(with)h(C-x)g(C-r.)390 956 y(#)g(Lines)g(beginning)e(with)i('#')g(are)g(comments.)390 1066 y(#)390 1176 y(#)g(First,)g(include)e(any)i(system-wide)e (bindings)h(and)g(variable)390 1285 y(#)h(assignments)e(from)i (/etc/Inputrc)390 1395 y($include)f(/etc/Inputrc)390 1614 y(#)390 1724 y(#)h(Set)g(various)f(bindings)g(for)h(emacs)f(mode.) 390 1943 y(set)h(editing-mode)d(emacs)390 2162 y($if)j(mode=emacs)390 2381 y(Meta-Control-h:)91 b(backward-kill-word)43 b(Text)k(after)f(the) h(function)f(name)g(is)h(ignored)390 2600 y(#)390 2710 y(#)g(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(keypad)e(mode)390 2819 y(#)390 2929 y(#"\\M-OD":)379 b(backward-char)390 3039 y(#"\\M-OC":)g (forward-char)390 3148 y(#"\\M-OA":)g(previous-history)390 3258 y(#"\\M-OB":)g(next-history)390 3367 y(#)390 3477 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(ANSI)e(mode)390 3587 y(#)390 3696 y("\\M-[D":)380 b(backward-char)390 3806 y("\\M-[C":)g (forward-char)390 3915 y("\\M-[A":)g(previous-history)390 4025 y("\\M-[B":)g(next-history)390 4134 y(#)390 4244 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(8)f(bit)g(keypad)f(mode)390 4354 y(#)390 4463 y(#"\\M-\\C-OD":)331 b(backward-char)390 4573 y(#"\\M-\\C-OC":)g(forward-char)390 4682 y(#"\\M-\\C-OA":)g (previous-history)390 4792 y(#"\\M-\\C-OB":)g(next-history)390 4902 y(#)390 5011 y(#)47 b(Arrow)g(keys)f(in)i(8)f(bit)g(ANSI)g(mode) 390 5121 y(#)390 5230 y(#"\\M-\\C-[D":)331 b(backward-char)390 5340 y(#"\\M-\\C-[C":)g(forward-char)p eop end %%Page: 126 132 TeXDict begin 126 131 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(126)390 299 y Ft(#"\\M-\\C-[A":) 331 b(previous-history)390 408 y(#"\\M-\\C-[B":)g(next-history)390 628 y(C-q:)47 b(quoted-insert)390 847 y($endif)390 1066 y(#)g(An)h(old-style)d(binding.)93 b(This)47 b(happens)f(to)h(be)g(the) g(default.)390 1176 y(TAB:)g(complete)390 1395 y(#)g(Macros)g(that)f (are)h(convenient)e(for)i(shell)f(interaction)390 1504 y($if)h(Bash)390 1614 y(#)g(edit)g(the)g(path)390 1724 y("\\C-xp":)f("PATH=${PATH}\\e\\C-e\\C-a)o(\\ef)o(\\C-f)o(")390 1833 y(#)h(prepare)f(to)h(type)g(a)h(quoted)e(word)g(--)390 1943 y(#)h(insert)g(open)f(and)h(close)f(double)h(quotes)390 2052 y(#)g(and)g(move)g(to)g(just)g(after)f(the)h(open)g(quote)390 2162 y("\\C-x\\"":)e("\\"\\"\\C-b")390 2271 y(#)i(insert)g(a)g (backslash)e(\(testing)h(backslash)f(escapes)390 2381 y(#)i(in)h(sequences)d(and)i(macros\))390 2491 y("\\C-x\\\\":)e("\\\\") 390 2600 y(#)i(Quote)g(the)g(current)f(or)h(previous)e(word)390 2710 y("\\C-xq":)h("\\eb\\"\\ef\\"")390 2819 y(#)h(Add)g(a)h(binding)e (to)h(refresh)f(the)h(line,)f(which)g(is)h(unbound)390 2929 y("\\C-xr":)f(redraw-current-line)390 3039 y(#)h(Edit)g(variable)f (on)h(current)f(line.)390 3148 y("\\M-\\C-v":)f ("\\C-a\\C-k$\\C-y\\M-\\C-e\\C-)o(a\\C-)o(y=")390 3258 y($endif)390 3477 y(#)i(use)g(a)h(visible)e(bell)g(if)h(one)g(is)h (available)390 3587 y(set)f(bell-style)e(visible)390 3806 y(#)i(don't)g(strip)f(characters)f(to)i(7)h(bits)e(when)h(reading) 390 3915 y(set)g(input-meta)e(on)390 4134 y(#)i(allow)g(iso-latin1)e (characters)g(to)i(be)g(inserted)f(rather)390 4244 y(#)h(than)g (converted)e(to)j(prefix-meta)c(sequences)390 4354 y(set)j (convert-meta)d(off)390 4573 y(#)j(display)f(characters)f(with)i(the)g (eighth)f(bit)h(set)g(directly)390 4682 y(#)g(rather)g(than)f(as)h (meta-prefixed)e(characters)390 4792 y(set)i(output-meta)e(on)390 5011 y(#)i(if)h(there)e(are)h(150)g(or)g(more)g(possible)e(completions) g(for)i(a)g(word,)390 5121 y(#)g(ask)g(whether)f(or)h(not)g(the)g(user) g(wants)f(to)h(see)g(all)g(of)g(them)390 5230 y(set)g (completion-query-items)42 b(150)p eop end %%Page: 127 133 TeXDict begin 127 132 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(127)390 299 y Ft(#)47 b(For)g(FTP)390 408 y($if)g(Ftp)390 518 y("\\C-xg":)f("get)g(\\M-?")390 628 y("\\C-xt":)g("put)g(\\M-?")390 737 y("\\M-.":)g(yank-last-arg)390 847 y($endif)150 1089 y Fs(8.4)68 b(Bindable)45 b(Readline)i(Commands) 150 1248 y Fu(This)32 b(section)h(describ)s(es)f(Readline)h(commands)f (that)h(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)d(b)s(ound)g(to)i(k)m(ey)g(sequences.)48 b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)150 1358 y(list)40 b(y)m(our)f(k)m(ey)i(bindings)d (b)m(y)h(executing)i Ft(bind)29 b(-P)39 b Fu(or,)j(for)d(a)h(more)g (terse)g(format,)i(suitable)e(for)f(an)150 1468 y Fr(inputrc)34 b Fu(\014le,)29 b Ft(bind)g(-p)p Fu(.)40 b(\(See)30 b(Section)f(4.2)h ([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(51.\))41 b(Command)28 b(names)h(without) 150 1577 y(an)h(accompan)m(ying)i(k)m(ey)f(sequence)g(are)g(un)m(b)s (ound)d(b)m(y)i(default.)275 1713 y(In)25 b(the)h(follo)m(wing)i (descriptions,)f Fr(p)s(oin)m(t)h Fu(refers)e(to)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g (cursor)g(p)s(osition,)h(and)f Fr(mark)31 b Fu(refers)150 1822 y(to)40 b(a)f(cursor)f(p)s(osition)h(sa)m(v)m(ed)h(b)m(y)f(the)g Ft(set-mark)d Fu(command.)66 b(The)38 b(text)i(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)f (p)s(oin)m(t)g(and)150 1932 y(mark)30 b(is)h(referred)e(to)i(as)g(the)f Fr(region)p Fu(.)150 2132 y Fk(8.4.1)63 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Mo)m(ving)150 2304 y Ft(beginning-of-line)26 b(\(C-a\))630 2414 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(start)h(of)g(the)f (curren)m(t)g(line.)150 2574 y Ft(end-of-line)d(\(C-e\))630 2684 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)150 2844 y Ft(forward-char)c(\(C-f\))630 2954 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(a)h(c)m(haracter.)150 3114 y Ft(backward-char)c(\(C-b\)) 630 3223 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(bac)m(k)g(a)e(c)m(haracter.)150 3384 y Ft(forward-word)d(\(M-f\))630 3493 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(next)f(w)m(ord.)41 b(W)-8 b(ords)30 b(are)h(comp)s(osed)f(of)g(letters)i(and)630 3603 y(digits.)150 3763 y Ft(backward-word)27 b(\(M-b\))630 3873 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)36 b(bac)m(k)e(to)g(the)g(start)g(of)g(the)g (curren)m(t)f(or)g(previous)g(w)m(ord.)50 b(W)-8 b(ords)34 b(are)g(comp)s(osed)630 3982 y(of)d(letters)g(and)f(digits.)150 4143 y Ft(shell-forward-word)25 b(\(M-C-f\))630 4252 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)30 b(forw)m(ard)e(to)h(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)h(next)f(w) m(ord.)40 b(W)-8 b(ords)28 b(are)g(delimited)h(b)m(y)f(non-quoted)630 4362 y(shell)j(metac)m(haracters.)150 4522 y Ft(shell-backward-word)25 b(\(M-C-b\))630 4632 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)37 b(bac)m(k)e(to)h(the)f(start)g (of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(or)f(previous)h(w)m(ord.)53 b(W)-8 b(ords)35 b(are)g(delimited)630 4741 y(b)m(y)30 b(non-quoted)h(shell)f(metac)m(haracters.)150 4902 y Ft(previous-screen-line)25 b(\(\))630 5011 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)41 b(to)g(mo)m(v)m(e)h(p)s(oin)m(t)e(to)h(the)f(same)h(ph)m(ysical)g (screen)f(column)g(on)g(the)g(previous)630 5121 y(ph)m(ysical)26 b(screen)f(line.)39 b(This)24 b(will)i(not)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f (desired)g(e\013ect)h(if)f(the)h(curren)m(t)e(Readline)630 5230 y(line)k(do)s(es)f(not)g(tak)m(e)i(up)d(more)i(than)f(one)g(ph)m (ysical)h(line)g(or)f(if)g(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)f(not)h(greater)g(than)630 5340 y(the)j(length)f(of)h(the)f(prompt)g(plus)f(the)i(screen)f(width.) p eop end %%Page: 128 134 TeXDict begin 128 133 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(128)150 299 y Ft(next-screen-line) 26 b(\(\))630 408 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)g(to)f(mo)m(v)m(e)i(p)s(oin)m(t)d(to) i(the)e(same)i(ph)m(ysical)f(screen)g(column)f(on)h(the)f(next)h(ph)m (ysical)630 518 y(screen)e(line.)39 b(This)23 b(will)g(not)h(ha)m(v)m (e)h(the)e(desired)g(e\013ect)i(if)e(the)g(curren)m(t)h(Readline)g (line)f(do)s(es)630 628 y(not)k(tak)m(e)i(up)e(more)g(than)g(one)g(ph)m (ysical)h(line)g(or)f(if)g(the)h(length)f(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g (Readline)630 737 y(line)k(is)f(not)h(greater)g(than)f(the)h(length)g (of)f(the)h(prompt)e(plus)h(the)g(screen)h(width.)150 916 y Ft(clear-display)c(\(M-C-l\))630 1026 y Fu(Clear)33 b(the)g(screen)g(and,)h(if)e(p)s(ossible,)i(the)f(terminal's)g (scrollbac)m(k)i(bu\013er,)e(then)f(redra)m(w)630 1136 y(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line,)h(lea)m(ving)h(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)f(at) h(the)g(top)g(of)f(the)h(screen.)150 1315 y Ft(clear-screen)c(\(C-l\)) 630 1424 y Fu(Clear)35 b(the)f(screen,)i(then)e(redra)m(w)g(the)h (curren)m(t)f(line,)i(lea)m(ving)g(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line)h(at)g(the) 630 1534 y(top)c(of)f(the)h(screen.)150 1713 y Ft(redraw-current-line) 25 b(\(\))630 1823 y Fu(Refresh)30 b(the)g(curren)m(t)h(line.)41 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 2041 y Fk(8.4.2)63 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Manipulating)h(The)f (History)150 2223 y Ft(accept-line)27 b(\(Newline)h(or)i(Return\))630 2333 y Fu(Accept)25 b(the)e(line)h(regardless)g(of)f(where)g(the)h (cursor)e(is.)39 b(If)23 b(this)g(line)h(is)f(non-empt)m(y)-8 b(,)26 b(add)c(it)630 2442 y(to)27 b(the)f(history)g(list)h(according)g (to)g(the)f(setting)i(of)e(the)g Ft(HISTCONTROL)d Fu(and)j Ft(HISTIGNORE)630 2552 y Fu(v)-5 b(ariables.)42 b(If)30 b(this)h(line)g(is)g(a)g(mo)s(di\014ed)e(history)i(line,)g(then)f (restore)i(the)f(history)f(line)h(to)630 2662 y(its)g(original)g (state.)150 2841 y Ft(previous-history)26 b(\(C-p\))630 2950 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`bac)m(k')g(through)e(the)g(history)h(list,)g (fetc)m(hing)g(the)g(previous)f(command.)150 3129 y Ft(next-history)d (\(C-n\))630 3239 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(`forw)m(ard')f(through)e(the)i (history)f(list,)i(fetc)m(hing)f(the)g(next)f(command.)150 3418 y Ft(beginning-of-history)25 b(\(M-<\))630 3528 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(\014rst)g(line)g(in)h(the)f(history)-8 b(.)150 3707 y Ft(end-of-history)26 b(\(M->\))630 3816 y Fu(Mo)m(v)m(e)32 b(to)g(the)e(end)g(of)g(the)h(input)e(history)-8 b(,)31 b(i.e.,)h(the)f(line)f(curren)m(tly)h(b)s(eing)f(en)m(tered.)150 3995 y Ft(reverse-search-history)24 b(\(C-r\))630 4105 y Fu(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g(the)f(curren)m(t)g (line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g(his-)630 4215 y(tory)26 b(as)h(necessary)-8 b(.)40 b(This)25 b(is)i(an)f (incremen)m(tal)h(searc)m(h.)40 b(This)25 b(command)h(sets)h(the)f (region)630 4324 y(to)31 b(the)g(matc)m(hed)g(text)g(and)f(activ)-5 b(ates)33 b(the)d(mark.)150 4503 y Ft(forward-search-history)24 b(\(C-s\))630 4613 y Fu(Searc)m(h)44 b(forw)m(ard)f(starting)h(at)h (the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)g(and)f(mo)m(ving)h(`do)m(wn')g(through)f(the) 630 4723 y(history)38 b(as)g(necessary)-8 b(.)65 b(This)38 b(is)g(an)g(incremen)m(tal)h(searc)m(h.)65 b(This)37 b(command)h(sets)h(the)630 4832 y(region)31 b(to)g(the)g(matc)m(hed)g (text)g(and)f(activ)-5 b(ates)33 b(the)d(mark.)150 5011 y Ft(non-incremental-reverse-)o(sear)o(ch-h)o(ist)o(ory)24 b(\(M-p\))630 5121 y Fu(Searc)m(h)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(starting)g(at)g (the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)g(mo)m(ving)h(`up')e(through)h(the)g (his-)630 5230 y(tory)36 b(as)g(necessary)h(using)e(a)i(non-incremen)m (tal)g(searc)m(h)f(for)g(a)g(string)g(supplied)f(b)m(y)h(the)630 5340 y(user.)k(The)30 b(searc)m(h)h(string)f(ma)m(y)h(matc)m(h)g(an)m (ywhere)g(in)f(a)h(history)f(line.)p eop end 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b(By)33 b(default,)g(this)630 1223 y(command)d(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 1379 y Ft(history-search-backward)24 b(\(\))630 1489 y Fu(Searc)m(h)35 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(through)f(the)h(history)g(for)g (the)f(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)630 1598 y(start)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)f(line)i(and)e(the)h(p)s(oin)m(t.) 58 b(The)35 b(searc)m(h)i(string)e(m)m(ust)h(matc)m(h)h(at)g(the)630 1708 y(b)s(eginning)32 b(of)g(a)h(history)g(line.)47 b(This)32 b(is)h(a)f(non-incremen)m(tal)i(searc)m(h.)48 b(By)33 b(default,)g(this)630 1817 y(command)d(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 1974 y Ft(history-substring-search)o(-for)o(ward)24 b(\(\))630 2084 y Fu(Searc)m(h)42 b(forw)m(ard)f(through)f(the)i(history)f(for)g (the)h(string)f(of)h(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)630 2193 y(start)29 b(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(oin)m (t.)40 b(The)29 b(searc)m(h)g(string)g(ma)m(y)g(matc)m(h)h(an)m(ywhere) 630 2303 y(in)i(a)h(history)g(line.)47 b(This)32 b(is)g(a)h (non-incremen)m(tal)h(searc)m(h.)47 b(By)33 b(default,)h(this)e (command)630 2412 y(is)e(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 2569 y Ft (history-substring-search)o(-bac)o(kwar)o(d)24 b(\(\))630 2679 y Fu(Searc)m(h)35 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(through)f(the)h(history)g (for)g(the)f(string)h(of)g(c)m(haracters)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(the)630 2788 y(start)29 b(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)f(the)h(p)s(oin)m (t.)40 b(The)29 b(searc)m(h)g(string)g(ma)m(y)g(matc)m(h)h(an)m(ywhere) 630 2898 y(in)i(a)h(history)g(line.)47 b(This)32 b(is)g(a)h (non-incremen)m(tal)h(searc)m(h.)47 b(By)33 b(default,)h(this)e (command)630 3007 y(is)e(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 3164 y Ft(yank-nth-arg)d (\(M-C-y\))630 3273 y Fu(Insert)37 b(the)g(\014rst)f(argumen)m(t)i(to)f (the)h(previous)e(command)h(\(usually)g(the)g(second)g(w)m(ord)630 3383 y(on)32 b(the)g(previous)f(line\))i(at)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)46 b(With)32 b(an)g(argumen)m(t)g Fr(n)p Fu(,)g(insert)g(the)g Fr(n)p Fu(th)f(w)m(ord)g(from)630 3493 y(the)k(previous)f(command)h (\(the)g(w)m(ords)g(in)f(the)h(previous)g(command)f(b)s(egin)h(with)f (w)m(ord)630 3602 y(0\).)69 b(A)40 b(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t)f (inserts)g(the)f Fr(n)p Fu(th)g(w)m(ord)g(from)g(the)h(end)f(of)h(the)f (previous)630 3712 y(command.)48 b(Once)33 b(the)g(argumen)m(t)h Fr(n)e Fu(is)h(computed,)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(extracted)i(as)e (if)630 3821 y(the)e(`)p Ft(!)p Fj(n)p Fu(')f(history)g(expansion)g (had)g(b)s(een)g(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 3978 y Ft(yank-last-arg)d(\(M-.)i (or)h(M-_\))630 4088 y Fu(Insert)k(last)i(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)f (previous)f(command)h(\(the)h(last)f(w)m(ord)g(of)g(the)g(previous)630 4197 y(history)e(en)m(try\).)51 b(With)34 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m (t,)h(b)s(eha)m(v)m(e)f(exactly)h(lik)m(e)g Ft(yank-nth-arg)p Fu(.)630 4307 y(Successiv)m(e)26 b(calls)g(to)f Ft(yank-last-arg)c Fu(mo)m(v)m(e)27 b(bac)m(k)e(through)f(the)h(history)g(list,)i (inserting)630 4416 y(the)c(last)g(w)m(ord)f(\(or)h(the)g(w)m(ord)f(sp) s(eci\014ed)g(b)m(y)g(the)h(argumen)m(t)g(to)g(the)g(\014rst)f(call\))i (of)f(eac)m(h)h(line)630 4526 y(in)36 b(turn.)58 b(An)m(y)36 b(n)m(umeric)h(argumen)m(t)f(supplied)g(to)h(these)g(successiv)m(e)g (calls)h(determines)630 4635 y(the)d(direction)g(to)h(mo)m(v)m(e)g (through)e(the)h(history)-8 b(.)54 b(A)35 b(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e (switc)m(hes)h(the)630 4745 y(direction)23 b(through)g(the)g(history)f (\(bac)m(k)i(or)f(forw)m(ard\).)38 b(The)22 b(history)h(expansion)g (facilities)630 4855 y(are)28 b(used)f(to)h(extract)h(the)f(last)g (argumen)m(t,)h(as)e(if)h(the)g(`)p Ft(!$)p Fu(')f(history)g(expansion) h(had)f(b)s(een)630 4964 y(sp)s(eci\014ed.)150 5121 y Ft(operate-and-get-next)e(\(C-o\))630 5230 y Fu(Accept)30 b(the)g(curren)m(t)e(line)i(for)f(return)f(to)h(the)h(calling)g (application)h(as)e(if)g(a)h(newline)f(had)630 5340 y(b)s(een)22 b(en)m(tered,)k(and)d(fetc)m(h)h(the)f(next)g(line)h(relativ)m(e)h(to)f (the)f(curren)m(t)g(line)h(from)f(the)g(history)p eop end %%Page: 130 136 TeXDict begin 130 135 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(130)630 299 y(for)31 b(editing.)43 b(A)31 b(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)i(if)f(supplied,)f(sp) s(eci\014es)h(the)g(history)f(en)m(try)i(to)f(use)630 408 y(instead)g(of)f(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150 605 y Fk(8.4.3)63 b(Commands)42 b(F)-10 b(or)41 b(Changing)g(T)-10 b(ext)150 775 y Fj(end-of-file)27 b Ft(\(usually)h(C-d\))630 885 y Fu(The)e(c)m(haracter)h(indicating)h(end-of-\014le)e(as)h(set,)g (for)f(example,)i(b)m(y)e Ft(stty)p Fu(.)39 b(If)25 b(this)h(c)m (harac-)630 995 y(ter)c(is)g(read)g(when)e(there)i(are)h(no)e(c)m (haracters)j(on)d(the)h(line,)i(and)d(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(at)h(the)f(b)s (eginning)630 1104 y(of)31 b(the)f(line,)h(Readline)g(in)m(terprets)g (it)g(as)f(the)h(end)f(of)g(input)f(and)h(returns)f Fm(eof)p Fu(.)150 1261 y Ft(delete-char)e(\(C-d\))630 1370 y Fu(Delete)35 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(at)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)49 b(If)33 b(this)g(function)g 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b(is)i(ho)m(w)f(to)h(insert)f(k)m(ey)630 2717 y(sequences)d(lik)m(e)g Fj(C-q)p Fu(,)f(for)g(example.)150 2874 y Ft(self-insert)d(\(a,)j(b,)g(A,)f(1,)h(!,)g(...)o(\))630 2983 y Fu(Insert)g(y)m(ourself.)150 3140 y Ft(bracketed-paste-begin)25 b(\(\))630 3250 y Fu(This)f(function)h(is)f(in)m(tended)h(to)h(b)s(e)e (b)s(ound)f(to)i(the)g Ft(")p Fu(brac)m(k)m(eted)h(paste)p Ft(")f Fu(escap)s(e)h(sequence)630 3359 y(sen)m(t)38 b(b)m(y)f(some)h(terminals,)i(and)d(suc)m(h)g(a)h(binding)e(is)i (assigned)f(b)m(y)h(default.)62 b(It)38 b(allo)m(ws)630 3469 y(Readline)33 b(to)g(insert)g(the)f(pasted)h(text)g(as)g(a)g (single)g(unit)f(without)h(treating)h(eac)m(h)f(c)m(har-)630 3578 y(acter)40 b(as)f(if)g(it)g(had)f(b)s(een)g(read)h(from)f(the)h(k) m(eyb)s(oard.)66 b(The)39 b(c)m(haracters)h(are)f(inserted)630 3688 y(as)44 b(if)g(eac)m(h)i(one)e(w)m(as)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j Ft(self-insert)c Fu(instead)j(of)h(executing)g(an)m(y)f(editing)630 3798 y(commands.)630 3931 y(Brac)m(k)m(eted)38 b(paste)f(sets)f(the)h (region)f(\(the)h(c)m(haracters)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(and) g(the)g(mark\))630 4040 y(to)j(the)g(inserted)f(text.)65 b(It)39 b(uses)f(the)g(concept)h(of)g(an)f Fl(active)i(mark)10 b Fu(:)57 b(when)38 b(the)g(mark)630 4150 y(is)d(activ)m(e,)k(Readline) c(redispla)m(y)h(uses)e(the)h(terminal's)h(standout)f(mo)s(de)f(to)i (denote)g(the)630 4260 y(region.)150 4416 y Ft(transpose-chars)26 b(\(C-t\))630 4526 y Fu(Drag)33 b(the)f(c)m(haracter)h(b)s(efore)f(the) g(cursor)f(forw)m(ard)h(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)f(c)m(haracter)i(at)e(the)g (cursor,)630 4635 y(mo)m(ving)k(the)g(cursor)f(forw)m(ard)g(as)g(w)m (ell.)57 b(If)35 b(the)h(insertion)g(p)s(oin)m(t)f(is)g(at)i(the)e(end) g(of)h(the)630 4745 y(line,)24 b(then)e(this)g(transp)s(oses)f(the)h (last)h(t)m(w)m(o)g(c)m(haracters)g(of)f(the)h(line.)38 b(Negativ)m(e)25 b(argumen)m(ts)630 4855 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(no)e(e\013ect.)150 5011 y Ft(transpose-words)c(\(M-t\))630 5121 y Fu(Drag)33 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(past)g (the)h(w)m(ord)f(after)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(mo)m(ving)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(past) g(that)630 5230 y(w)m(ord)c(as)h(w)m(ell.)41 b(If)27 b(the)i(insertion)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)f(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f (line,)i(this)e(transp)s(oses)g(the)630 5340 y(last)j(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m (ords)e(on)g(the)h(line.)p eop end %%Page: 131 137 TeXDict begin 131 136 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(131)150 299 y Ft(upcase-word)27 b(\(M-u\))630 408 y Fu(Upp)s(ercase)32 b(the)g(curren)m(t)g(\(or)g (follo)m(wing\))i(w)m(ord.)45 b(With)32 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)j(argumen)m (t,)e(upp)s(er-)630 518 y(case)e(the)g(previous)f(w)m(ord,)g(but)g(do)g (not)h(mo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(cursor.)150 665 y Ft(downcase-word)d(\(M-l\)) 630 775 y Fu(Lo)m(w)m(ercase)c(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)h(follo)m (wing\))i(w)m(ord.)37 b(With)22 b(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t,)g(lo)m (w)m(ercase)630 884 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f (mo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 1032 y Ft(capitalize-word)26 b(\(M-c\))630 1141 y Fu(Capitalize)d(the)f(curren)m(t)f(\(or)g(follo)m (wing\))i(w)m(ord.)38 b(With)21 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)h(argumen)m(t,)h (capitalize)630 1251 y(the)31 b(previous)e(w)m(ord,)i(but)e(do)i(not)f (mo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(cursor.)150 1398 y Ft(overwrite-mode)26 b(\(\))630 1508 y Fu(T)-8 b(oggle)35 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)g(mo)s(de.)48 b(With)33 b(an)g(explicit)h(p)s(ositiv)m(e)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,) h(switc)m(hes)630 1617 y(to)22 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)i(mo)s(de.)37 b(With)22 b(an)g(explicit)h(non-p)s(ositiv)m(e)f(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m (t,)i(switc)m(hes)e(to)630 1727 y(insert)30 b(mo)s(de.)41 b(This)30 b(command)h(a\013ects)h(only)e Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de;)i Ft(vi)f Fu(mo)s(de)g(do)s(es)g(o)m(v)m(erwrite)630 1837 y(di\013eren)m(tly)-8 b(.)42 b(Eac)m(h)31 b(call)h(to)f Ft(readline\(\))c Fu(starts)k(in)f(insert)g(mo)s(de.)630 1965 y(In)52 b(o)m(v)m(erwrite)h(mo)s(de,)58 b(c)m(haracters)c(b)s (ound)c(to)j Ft(self-insert)c Fu(replace)k(the)g(text)g(at)630 2075 y(p)s(oin)m(t)59 b(rather)f(than)h(pushing)e(the)i(text)g(to)h (the)f(righ)m(t.)126 b(Characters)59 b(b)s(ound)d(to)630 2184 y Ft(backward-delete-char)25 b Fu(replace)31 b(the)g(c)m(haracter) h(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with)g(a)h(space.)630 2313 y(By)g(default,)f(this)h(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 2500 y Fk(8.4.4)63 b(Killing)42 b(And)e(Y)-10 b(anking)150 2665 y Ft(kill-line)28 b(\(C-k\))630 2775 y Fu(Kill)k(the)f(text)i (from)d(p)s(oin)m(t)i(to)g(the)f(end)g(of)g(the)h(line.)44 b(With)31 b(a)h(negativ)m(e)i(n)m(umeric)d(argu-)630 2885 y(men)m(t,)g(kill)g(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(from)f(the)g(cursor)g(to)h (the)g(b)s(eginning)e(of)i(the)g(curren)m(t)f(line.)150 3032 y Ft(backward-kill-line)25 b(\(C-x)30 b(Rubout\))630 3141 y Fu(Kill)40 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)h(from)e(the)h(cursor)g(to)g(the)g (b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f(line.)70 b(With)41 b(a)630 3251 y(negativ)m(e)47 b(n)m(umeric)e(argumen)m(t,)50 b(kill)c(forw)m(ard)e(from)h(the)g(cursor)g(to)h(the)f(end)f(of)i(the) 630 3361 y(curren)m(t)30 b(line.)150 3508 y Ft(unix-line-discard)c (\(C-u\))630 3617 y Fu(Kill)31 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)g(from)e(the)i(cursor)f (to)h(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)g(line.)150 3765 y Ft(kill-whole-line)c(\(\))630 3874 y Fu(Kill)37 b(all)g(c)m(haracters)h(on)f(the)f(curren)m(t)h(line,)h(no)f(matter)g (where)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is.)59 b(By)36 b(default,)630 3984 y(this)30 b(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 4131 y Ft(kill-word)d(\(M-d\)) 630 4241 y Fu(Kill)i(from)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f (curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord,)f(or)g(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)h (the)g(end)630 4350 y(of)h(the)f(next)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f Ft(forward-word)p Fu(.)150 4498 y Ft(backward-kill-word)25 b(\(M-DEL\))630 4607 y Fu(Kill)k(the)g(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)40 b(W)-8 b(ord)29 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h(the)g(same)g(as)g Ft(backward-word)p Fu(.)150 4754 y Ft(shell-kill-word)d(\(M-C-d\))630 4864 y Fu(Kill)k(from)f(p)s(oin)m(t)g(to)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f (curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord,)f(or)g(if)h(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(w)m(ords,)f(to)h (the)g(end)630 4974 y(of)h(the)f(next)h(w)m(ord.)40 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)g(as)f Ft (shell-forward-word)p Fu(.)150 5121 y Ft(shell-backward-kill-word)24 b(\(\))630 5230 y Fu(Kill)e(the)h(w)m(ord)e(b)s(ehind)g(p)s(oin)m(t.)38 b(W)-8 b(ord)22 b(b)s(oundaries)f(are)h(the)g(same)h(as)f Ft(shell-backward-)630 5340 y(word)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 132 138 TeXDict begin 132 137 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(132)150 299 y Ft (shell-transpose-words)25 b(\(M-C-t\))630 408 y Fu(Drag)33 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(past)g(the)h(w)m(ord)f (after)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(mo)m(ving)f(p)s(oin)m(t)f(past)g(that)630 518 y(w)m(ord)c(as)h(w)m(ell.)41 b(If)27 b(the)i(insertion)f(p)s(oin)m (t)h(is)f(at)h(the)g(end)e(of)i(the)f(line,)i(this)e(transp)s(oses)g (the)630 628 y(last)j(t)m(w)m(o)h(w)m(ords)d(on)i(the)f(line.)41 b(W)-8 b(ord)31 b(b)s(oundaries)e(are)h(the)h(same)f(as)h Ft(shell-forward-)630 737 y(word)e Fu(and)h Ft(shell-backward-word)p Fu(.)150 897 y Ft(unix-word-rubout)c(\(C-w\))630 1007 y Fu(Kill)32 b(the)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(using)f (white)h(space)g(as)g(a)g(w)m(ord)f(b)s(oundary)-8 b(.)43 b(The)31 b(killed)630 1116 y(text)g(is)g(sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)g(the)f (kill-ring.)150 1277 y Ft(unix-filename-rubout)25 b(\(\))630 1386 y Fu(Kill)37 b(the)f(w)m(ord)g(b)s(ehind)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)j(using)e (white)g(space)h(and)f(the)g(slash)g(c)m(haracter)i(as)f(the)630 1496 y(w)m(ord)30 b(b)s(oundaries.)39 b(The)30 b(killed)h(text)g(is)g (sa)m(v)m(ed)g(on)g(the)f(kill-ring.)150 1656 y Ft (delete-horizontal-space)24 b(\(\))630 1765 y Fu(Delete)33 b(all)e(spaces)g(and)e(tabs)i(around)e(p)s(oin)m(t.)41 b(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(is)f(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 1925 y Ft(kill-region)d(\(\))630 2035 y Fu(Kill)k(the)f(text)i(in)e(the)g (curren)m(t)h(region.)41 b(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)f(is)g(un) m(b)s(ound.)150 2195 y Ft(copy-region-as-kill)25 b(\(\))630 2305 y Fu(Cop)m(y)34 b(the)g(text)h(in)f(the)g(region)g(to)h(the)f (kill)h(bu\013er,)f(so)g(it)h(can)f(b)s(e)f(y)m(ank)m(ed)i(righ)m(t)f (a)m(w)m(a)m(y)-8 b(.)630 2414 y(By)31 b(default,)f(this)h(command)f (is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 2574 y Ft(copy-backward-word)25 b(\(\))630 2684 y Fu(Cop)m(y)38 b(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m (t)g(to)i(the)e(kill)h(bu\013er.)64 b(The)38 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(oundaries) f(are)i(the)630 2793 y(same)31 b(as)f Ft(backward-word)p Fu(.)38 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)f(command)g(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 2953 y Ft(copy-forward-word)26 b(\(\))630 3063 y Fu(Cop)m(y)31 b(the)g(w)m(ord)g(follo)m(wing)h(p)s(oin)m(t)f(to)h(the)f(kill)h (bu\013er.)42 b(The)30 b(w)m(ord)h(b)s(oundaries)e(are)j(the)630 3173 y(same)f(as)f Ft(forward-word)p Fu(.)38 b(By)30 b(default,)h(this)g(command)f(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound.)150 3333 y Ft(yank)f(\(C-y\))630 3442 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ank)31 b(the)f(top)h(of)g(the)f(kill)h(ring)f(in)m(to)i(the)e(bu\013er)g(at)h (p)s(oin)m(t.)150 3602 y Ft(yank-pop)d(\(M-y\))630 3712 y Fu(Rotate)36 b(the)f(kill-ring,)i(and)d(y)m(ank)h(the)f(new)g(top.)54 b(Y)-8 b(ou)35 b(can)g(only)f(do)h(this)f(if)h(the)g(prior)630 3822 y(command)30 b(is)h Ft(yank)e Fu(or)h Ft(yank-pop)p Fu(.)150 4021 y Fk(8.4.5)63 b(Sp)s(ecifying)42 b(Numeric)f(Argumen)m (ts)150 4194 y Ft(digit-argument)26 b(\()p Fj(M-0)p Ft(,)j Fj(M-1)p Ft(,)h(...)f Fj(M--)p Ft(\))630 4303 y Fu(Add)d(this)h(digit)g (to)h(the)f(argumen)m(t)g(already)h(accum)m(ulating,)h(or)e(start)h(a)f (new)f(argumen)m(t.)630 4413 y Fj(M--)j Fu(starts)i(a)g(negativ)m(e)i (argumen)m(t.)150 4573 y Ft(universal-argument)25 b(\(\))630 4682 y Fu(This)g(is)g(another)h(w)m(a)m(y)g(to)h(sp)s(ecify)e(an)g (argumen)m(t.)40 b(If)25 b(this)g(command)h(is)f(follo)m(w)m(ed)i(b)m (y)f(one)630 4792 y(or)k(more)f(digits,)i(optionally)g(with)e(a)h (leading)h(min)m(us)e(sign,)h(those)g(digits)g(de\014ne)f(the)h(ar-)630 4902 y(gumen)m(t.)41 b(If)28 b(the)i(command)f(is)g(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b) m(y)f(digits,)i(executing)f Ft(universal-argument)630 5011 y Fu(again)j(ends)e(the)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t,)i(but)e(is)h (otherwise)g(ignored.)45 b(As)32 b(a)g(sp)s(ecial)h(case,)630 5121 y(if)g(this)g(command)f(is)h(immediately)h(follo)m(w)m(ed)h(b)m(y) d(a)h(c)m(haracter)i(that)e(is)g(neither)g(a)g(digit)630 5230 y(nor)41 b(min)m(us)f(sign,)k(the)e(argumen)m(t)f(coun)m(t)h(for)f (the)h(next)f(command)g(is)g(m)m(ultiplied)h(b)m(y)630 5340 y(four.)54 b(The)35 b(argumen)m(t)g(coun)m(t)h(is)f(initially)h (one,)h(so)e(executing)i(this)e(function)f(the)i(\014rst)p eop end %%Page: 133 139 TeXDict begin 133 138 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(133)630 299 y(time)29 b(mak)m(es)h(the)e(argumen)m(t)i(coun)m(t)f(four,)f(a)h(second)g(time)g (mak)m(es)h(the)e(argumen)m(t)h(coun)m(t)630 408 y(sixteen,)i(and)f(so) h(on.)40 b(By)31 b(default,)g(this)f(is)g(not)h(b)s(ound)d(to)k(a)e(k)m (ey)-8 b(.)150 603 y Fk(8.4.6)63 b(Letting)40 b(Readline)h(T)m(yp)s(e)g (F)-10 b(or)42 b(Y)-10 b(ou)150 772 y Ft(complete)28 b(\(TAB\))630 882 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)c(to)f(p)s(erform)e(completion)j(on)f (the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)39 b(The)22 b(actual)i (completion)630 991 y(p)s(erformed)33 b(is)h(application-sp)s (eci\014c.)53 b(Bash)35 b(attempts)g(completion)g(treating)h(the)e (text)630 1101 y(as)39 b(a)h(v)-5 b(ariable)39 b(\(if)h(the)f(text)h(b) s(egins)e(with)h(`)p Ft($)p Fu('\),)j(username)c(\(if)i(the)f(text)h(b) s(egins)e(with)630 1210 y(`)p Ft(~)p Fu('\),)31 b(hostname)f(\(if)g (the)g(text)h(b)s(egins)e(with)h(`)p Ft(@)p Fu('\),)h(or)f(command)f (\(including)h(aliases)i(and)630 1320 y(functions\))j(in)f(turn.)53 b(If)34 b(none)g(of)h(these)h(pro)s(duces)d(a)i(matc)m(h,)i(\014lename) e(completion)h(is)630 1430 y(attempted.)150 1584 y Ft (possible-completions)25 b(\(M-?\))630 1694 y Fu(List)35 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(of)e(the)h(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p)s (oin)m(t.)54 b(When)34 b(displa)m(ying)h(com-)630 1803 y(pletions,)f(Readline)f(sets)f(the)h(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)e(of)i(columns)f (used)f(for)i(displa)m(y)f(to)h(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)33 b(of)630 1913 y Ft(completion-display-width)o Fu(,)g(the)j(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(of)g(the)f(en)m(vironmen)m(t)h(v)-5 b(ariable)38 b Ft(COLUMNS)p Fu(,)630 2022 y(or)30 b(the)h(screen)f(width,)g(in)g (that)h(order.)150 2177 y Ft(insert-completions)25 b(\(M-*\))630 2286 y Fu(Insert)30 b(all)h(completions)h(of)f(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)f (p)s(oin)m(t)h(that)g(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)i(b)s(een)e(generated)630 2396 y(b)m(y)g Ft(possible-completions)p Fu(.)150 2550 y Ft(menu-complete)d(\(\))630 2660 y Fu(Similar)d(to)g Ft(complete)p Fu(,)f(but)h(replaces)g(the)g(w)m(ord)g(to)g(b)s(e)f (completed)i(with)e(a)i(single)f(matc)m(h)630 2770 y(from)37 b(the)h(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)64 b(Rep)s(eated)39 b(execution)g(of)f Ft(menu-complete)630 2879 y Fu(steps)i(through)g (the)g(list)h(of)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions,)k(inserting)c(eac)m(h)i (matc)m(h)f(in)f(turn.)630 2989 y(A)m(t)e(the)f(end)f(of)h(the)g(list)g (of)g(completions,)i(the)e(b)s(ell)g(is)g(rung)f(\(sub)5 b(ject)36 b(to)i(the)f(setting)630 3098 y(of)f Ft(bell-style)p Fu(\))e(and)h(the)h(original)i(text)f(is)f(restored.)57 b(An)36 b(argumen)m(t)h(of)f Fr(n)f Fu(mo)m(v)m(es)i Fr(n)630 3208 y Fu(p)s(ositions)e(forw)m(ard)f(in)g(the)h(list)h(of)e (matc)m(hes;)39 b(a)c(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t)e(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f (used)g(to)630 3318 y(mo)m(v)m(e)40 b(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)g(the)g (list.)65 b(This)38 b(command)g(is)g(in)m(tended)g(to)h(b)s(e)f(b)s (ound)e(to)630 3427 y Ft(TAB)p Fu(,)30 b(but)f(is)i(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m (y)i(default.)150 3582 y Ft(menu-complete-backward)24 b(\(\))630 3691 y Fu(Iden)m(tical)36 b(to)g Ft(menu-complete)p Fu(,)d(but)h(mo)m(v)m(es)j(bac)m(kw)m(ard)e(through)f(the)i(list)f(of)g (p)s(ossible)630 3801 y(completions,)d(as)e(if)h Ft(menu-complete)26 b Fu(had)k(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)h(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(argumen)m(t.)150 3955 y Ft(delete-char-or-list)25 b(\(\))630 4065 y Fu(Deletes)41 b(the)e(c)m(haracter)h(under)e(the)h(cursor)f(if)h(not)g(at)g(the)h(b)s (eginning)e(or)h(end)f(of)h(the)630 4174 y(line)50 b(\(lik)m(e)h Ft(delete-char)p Fu(\).)96 b(If)49 b(at)h(the)g(end)f(of)h(the)f(line,) 55 b(b)s(eha)m(v)m(es)c(iden)m(tically)g(to)630 4284 y Ft(possible-completions)p Fu(.)35 b(This)30 b(command)g(is)g(un)m(b)s (ound)e(b)m(y)i(default.)150 4438 y Ft(complete-filename)c(\(M-/\))630 4548 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(\014lename)e(completion)i(on)e(the)h(text)g (b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t.)150 4702 y Ft(possible-filename-comple)o (tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(/\))630 4812 y Fu(List)f(the)g(p)s(ossible)f (completions)h(of)g(the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)h (it)f(as)g(a)f(\014lename.)150 4966 y Ft(complete-username)e(\(M-~\)) 630 5076 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore) e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(username.)150 5230 y Ft(possible-username-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(~\))630 5340 y Fu(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f (the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)f(a)g (username.)p eop end %%Page: 134 140 TeXDict begin 134 139 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(134)150 299 y Ft (complete-variable)26 b(\(M-$\))630 408 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i(b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i (it)f(as)f(a)h(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 589 y Ft (possible-variable-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b($\))630 699 y Fu(List)42 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)g(completions)h(of)f(the)g(text)h (b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)46 b(treating)d(it)f(as)g(a)h(shell)630 809 y(v)-5 b(ariable.)150 989 y Ft(complete-hostname)26 b(\(M-@\))630 1099 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)f(on)g(the)f(text)i (b)s(efore)e(p)s(oin)m(t,)g(treating)i(it)f(as)f(a)h(hostname.)150 1280 y Ft(possible-hostname-comple)o(tion)o(s)24 b(\(C-x)30 b(@\))630 1390 y Fu(List)25 b(the)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)g (the)g(text)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)f(as)f(a)h (hostname.)150 1570 y Ft(complete-command)h(\(M-!\))630 1680 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)32 b(completion)g(on)f(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)e(p) s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)h(it)g(as)f(a)g(command)g(name.)630 1790 y(Command)46 b(completion)i(attempts)g(to)f(matc)m(h)h(the)f(text) h(against)g(aliases,)53 b(reserv)m(ed)630 1899 y(w)m(ords,)36 b(shell)g(functions,)h(shell)e(builtins,)i(and)e(\014nally)g (executable)i(\014lenames,)g(in)e(that)630 2009 y(order.)150 2190 y Ft(possible-command-complet)o(ions)24 b(\(C-x)29 b(!\))630 2299 y Fu(List)d(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)h(of)f(the)h (text)g(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)h(treating)g(it)g(as)g(a)f(command)630 2409 y(name.)150 2590 y Ft(dynamic-complete-history)e(\(M-TAB\))630 2699 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)31 b(completion)h(on)e(the)g(text)h(b)s(efore)f(p) s(oin)m(t,)g(comparing)h(the)f(text)h(against)h(lines)630 2809 y(from)e(the)g(history)h(list)g(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completion)i (matc)m(hes.)150 2990 y Ft(dabbrev-expand)26 b(\(\))630 3099 y Fu(A)m(ttempt)i(men)m(u)e(completion)i(on)f(the)g(text)g(b)s (efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t,)i(comparing)f(the)g(text)h(against)630 3209 y(lines)j(from)e(the)i(history)f(list)h(for)g(p)s(ossible)e (completion)j(matc)m(hes.)150 3390 y Ft(complete-into-braces)25 b(\(M-{\))630 3500 y Fu(P)m(erform)f(\014lename)f(completion)i(and)f (insert)f(the)h(list)g(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(enclosed)630 3609 y(within)34 b(braces)h(so)f(the)h(list)g(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)37 b(to)e(the)g(shell)g(\(see)g(Section)h(3.5.1)g([Brace)g (Ex-)630 3719 y(pansion],)30 b(page)h(23\).)150 3939 y Fk(8.4.7)63 b(Keyb)s(oard)41 b(Macros)150 4122 y Ft(start-kbd-macro) 26 b(\(C-x)j(\(\))630 4232 y Fu(Begin)i(sa)m(ving)h(the)e(c)m (haracters)i(t)m(yp)s(ed)e(in)m(to)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(k)m(eyb)s(oard) g(macro.)150 4413 y Ft(end-kbd-macro)d(\(C-x)i(\)\))630 4522 y Fu(Stop)e(sa)m(ving)h(the)g(c)m(haracters)g(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(in)m (to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)g(k)m(eyb)s(oard)g(macro)h(and)f(sa)m(v)m(e)i (the)630 4632 y(de\014nition.)150 4813 y Ft(call-last-kbd-macro)c (\(C-x)k(e\))630 4922 y Fu(Re-execute)37 b(the)e(last)h(k)m(eyb)s(oard) f(macro)h(de\014ned,)f(b)m(y)h(making)f(the)g(c)m(haracters)i(in)e(the) 630 5032 y(macro)c(app)s(ear)f(as)g(if)h(t)m(yp)s(ed)f(at)h(the)f(k)m (eyb)s(oard.)150 5213 y Ft(print-last-kbd-macro)25 b(\(\))630 5322 y Fu(Prin)m(t)30 b(the)h(last)g(k)m(eb)s(oard)f(macro)h(de\014ned) e(in)i(a)f(format)h(suitable)g(for)f(the)h Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)p eop end %%Page: 135 141 TeXDict begin 135 140 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(135)150 299 y Fk(8.4.8)63 b(Some)41 b(Miscellaneous)i(Commands)150 478 y Ft(re-read-init-file)26 b(\(C-x)j(C-r\))630 587 y Fu(Read)22 b(in)g(the)g(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(of)f (the)g Fr(inputrc)27 b Fu(\014le,)d(and)d(incorp)s(orate)h(an)m(y)h (bindings)d(or)i(v)-5 b(ariable)630 697 y(assignmen)m(ts)31 b(found)e(there.)150 870 y Ft(abort)g(\(C-g\))630 979 y Fu(Ab)s(ort)d(the)h(curren)m(t)f(editing)h(command)f(and)g(ring)h (the)f(terminal's)h(b)s(ell)g(\(sub)5 b(ject)26 b(to)i(the)630 1089 y(setting)j(of)g Ft(bell-style)p Fu(\).)150 1262 y Ft(do-lowercase-version)25 b(\(M-A,)k(M-B,)g(M-)p Fj(x)p Ft(,)g(...)o(\))630 1372 y Fu(If)35 b(the)g(meta\014ed)g(c)m(haracter)i Fr(x)k Fu(is)35 b(upp)s(er)e(case,)k(run)d(the)h(command)g(that)g(is)g (b)s(ound)e(to)630 1481 y(the)g(corresp)s(onding)f(meta\014ed)h(lo)m(w) m(er)i(case)f(c)m(haracter.)50 b(The)32 b(b)s(eha)m(vior)h(is)g (unde\014ned)e(if)630 1591 y Fr(x)37 b Fu(is)30 b(already)h(lo)m(w)m (er)h(case.)150 1764 y Ft(prefix-meta)27 b(\(ESC\))630 1873 y Fu(Metafy)39 b(the)e(next)h(c)m(haracter)h(t)m(yp)s(ed.)62 b(This)37 b(is)g(for)h(k)m(eyb)s(oards)f(without)g(a)h(meta)g(k)m(ey)-8 b(.)630 1983 y(T)m(yping)30 b(`)p Ft(ESC)g(f)p Fu(')g(is)h(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(to)g(t)m(yping)g Fj(M-f)p Fu(.)150 2156 y Ft(undo)e(\(C-_)g(or)h(C-x)g(C-u\))630 2266 y Fu(Incremen)m(tal)h (undo,)f(separately)h(remem)m(b)s(ered)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(line.)150 2439 y Ft(revert-line)27 b(\(M-r\))630 2548 y Fu(Undo)33 b(all)h(c)m(hanges)g(made)f(to)h(this)f(line.)49 b(This)32 b(is)h(lik)m(e)i(executing)f(the)f Ft(undo)f Fu(command)630 2658 y(enough)e(times)h(to)g(get)h(bac)m(k)f(to)g(the)f(b)s(eginning.) 150 2831 y Ft(tilde-expand)d(\(M-&\))630 2940 y Fu(P)m(erform)j(tilde)h (expansion)g(on)f(the)g(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord.)150 3114 y Ft(set-mark)d(\(C-@\))630 3223 y Fu(Set)33 b(the)g(mark)f(to)i(the)f (p)s(oin)m(t.)48 b(If)32 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g (supplied,)f(the)h(mark)g(is)f(set)630 3333 y(to)f(that)g(p)s(osition.) 150 3506 y Ft(exchange-point-and-mark)24 b(\(C-x)29 b(C-x\))630 3615 y Fu(Sw)m(ap)i(the)g(p)s(oin)m(t)g(with)g(the)g(mark.)43 b(The)31 b(curren)m(t)g(cursor)f(p)s(osition)i(is)f(set)h(to)f(the)h (sa)m(v)m(ed)630 3725 y(p)s(osition,)f(and)e(the)i(old)g(cursor)e(p)s (osition)i(is)f(sa)m(v)m(ed)i(as)e(the)h(mark.)150 3898 y Ft(character-search)26 b(\(C-]\))630 4008 y Fu(A)f(c)m(haracter)h(is) f(read)g(and)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)g(the)f(next)g(o)s (ccurrence)g(of)g(that)g(c)m(haracter.)630 4117 y(A)30 b(negativ)m(e)j(coun)m(t)e(searc)m(hes)g(for)f(previous)g(o)s (ccurrences.)150 4290 y Ft(character-search-backwar)o(d)24 b(\(M-C-]\))630 4400 y Fu(A)45 b(c)m(haracter)h(is)f(read)g(and)f(p)s (oin)m(t)h(is)g(mo)m(v)m(ed)h(to)f(the)g(previous)f(o)s(ccurrence)h(of) g(that)630 4509 y(c)m(haracter.)d(A)31 b(negativ)m(e)h(coun)m(t)f (searc)m(hes)h(for)e(subsequen)m(t)f(o)s(ccurrences.)150 4682 y Ft(skip-csi-sequence)d(\(\))630 4792 y Fu(Read)i(enough)f(c)m (haracters)h(to)g(consume)f(a)h(m)m(ulti-k)m(ey)h(sequence)f(suc)m(h)f (as)g(those)h(de\014ned)630 4902 y(for)37 b(k)m(eys)h(lik)m(e)g(Home)g (and)f(End.)60 b(Suc)m(h)37 b(sequences)g(b)s(egin)g(with)g(a)h(Con)m (trol)g(Sequence)630 5011 y(Indicator)f(\(CSI\),)f(usually)h(ESC-[.)59 b(If)36 b(this)g(sequence)h(is)g(b)s(ound)d(to)k Ft("\\)p Fu(e[)p Ft(")p Fu(,)g(k)m(eys)f(pro-)630 5121 y(ducing)31 b(suc)m(h)h(sequences)g(will)h(ha)m(v)m(e)g(no)f(e\013ect)h(unless)e (explicitly)j(b)s(ound)c(to)i(a)h(readline)630 5230 y(command,)f (instead)g(of)g(inserting)g(stra)m(y)h(c)m(haracters)g(in)m(to)g(the)f (editing)h(bu\013er.)44 b(This)31 b(is)630 5340 y(un)m(b)s(ound)d(b)m (y)i(default,)h(but)f(usually)g(b)s(ound)e(to)j(ESC-[.)p eop end %%Page: 136 142 TeXDict begin 136 141 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(136)150 299 y Ft(insert-comment)26 b(\(M-#\))630 408 y Fu(Without)36 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t,)h (the)f(v)-5 b(alue)36 b(of)g(the)g Ft(comment-begin)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)36 b(is)g(in-)630 518 y(serted)c(at)g(the)g(b)s (eginning)f(of)h(the)f(curren)m(t)h(line.)45 b(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)h(is)g(supplied,)630 628 y(this)k(command)h(acts)g(as)g(a)g(toggle:)55 b(if)37 b(the)f(c)m(haracters)i(at)g(the)e(b)s(eginning)g(of)h(the)g(line)630 737 y(do)30 b(not)h(matc)m(h)h(the)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)f Ft(comment-begin)p Fu(,)e(the)i(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(is)g(inserted,)g (otherwise)g(the)630 847 y(c)m(haracters)42 b(in)d Ft(comment-begin)e Fu(are)j(deleted)h(from)f(the)g(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)g(line.)71 b(In)630 956 y(either)37 b(case,)j(the)e(line)f(is)g(accepted)i(as)e (if)g(a)g(newline)g(had)g(b)s(een)f(t)m(yp)s(ed.)60 b(The)37 b(default)630 1066 y(v)-5 b(alue)32 b(of)g Ft(comment-begin)c Fu(causes)k(this)f(command)h(to)g(mak)m(e)h(the)e(curren)m(t)h(line)g (a)g(shell)630 1176 y(commen)m(t.)40 b(If)26 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)f (argumen)m(t)h(causes)g(the)f(commen)m(t)i(c)m(haracter)g(to)f(b)s(e)f (remo)m(v)m(ed,)630 1285 y(the)31 b(line)f(will)h(b)s(e)f(executed)h(b) m(y)f(the)h(shell.)150 1443 y Ft(dump-functions)26 b(\(\))630 1553 y Fu(Prin)m(t)g(all)i(of)e(the)h(functions)f(and)g(their)g(k)m(ey) h(bindings)e(to)j(the)e(Readline)h(output)f(stream.)630 1663 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)g(supplied,)f(the)h (output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a)m(y)g(that)630 1772 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i(part)f(of)g(an)h Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c(b)m(y)k (default.)150 1931 y Ft(dump-variables)26 b(\(\))630 2040 y Fu(Prin)m(t)21 b(all)h(of)g(the)f(settable)i(v)-5 b(ariables)22 b(and)f(their)g(v)-5 b(alues)22 b(to)g(the)f(Readline)h (output)f(stream.)630 2150 y(If)31 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is) g(supplied,)f(the)h(output)f(is)h(formatted)g(in)f(suc)m(h)h(a)g(w)m(a) m(y)g(that)630 2259 y(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)e(made)i(part)f(of)g(an)h Fr(inputrc)k Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)h(un)m(b)s(ound)c (b)m(y)k(default.)150 2418 y Ft(dump-macros)c(\(\))630 2527 y Fu(Prin)m(t)34 b(all)g(of)g(the)g(Readline)g(k)m(ey)h(sequences) f(b)s(ound)e(to)i(macros)g(and)f(the)h(strings)g(they)630 2637 y(output.)53 b(If)35 b(a)g(n)m(umeric)f(argumen)m(t)i(is)e (supplied,)h(the)g(output)g(is)f(formatted)i(in)e(suc)m(h)h(a)630 2746 y(w)m(a)m(y)c(that)g(it)f(can)g(b)s(e)g(made)g(part)f(of)i(an)e Fr(inputrc)35 b Fu(\014le.)41 b(This)29 b(command)h(is)g(un)m(b)s(ound) d(b)m(y)630 2856 y(default.)150 3014 y Ft(glob-complete-word)e(\(M-g\)) 630 3124 y Fu(The)i(w)m(ord)h(b)s(efore)f(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)h (as)f(a)h(pattern)f(for)f(pathname)h(expansion,)g(with)g(an)630 3233 y(asterisk)d(implicitly)h(app)s(ended.)37 b(This)23 b(pattern)i(is)f(used)g(to)h(generate)h(a)e(list)h(of)g(matc)m(hing)630 3343 y(\014le)30 b(names)h(for)f(p)s(ossible)g(completions.)150 3501 y Ft(glob-expand-word)c(\(C-x)j(*\))630 3611 y Fu(The)40 b(w)m(ord)g(b)s(efore)g(p)s(oin)m(t)h(is)g(treated)g(as)g(a)g(pattern)g (for)f(pathname)g(expansion,)k(and)630 3720 y(the)c(list)g(of)f(matc)m (hing)i(\014le)e(names)g(is)h(inserted,)h(replacing)g(the)e(w)m(ord.)67 b(If)39 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)630 3830 y(argumen)m(t)31 b(is)f(supplied,)g (a)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')h(is)f(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g (expansion.)150 3988 y Ft(glob-list-expansions)25 b(\(C-x)k(g\))630 4098 y Fu(The)k(list)h(of)f(expansions)g(that)h(w)m(ould)f(ha)m(v)m(e)h (b)s(een)f(generated)h(b)m(y)f Ft(glob-expand-word)630 4208 y Fu(is)h(displa)m(y)m(ed,)h(and)e(the)h(line)g(is)f(redra)m(wn.) 50 b(If)33 b(a)h(n)m(umeric)g(argumen)m(t)g(is)f(supplied,)h(a)g(`)p Ft(*)p Fu(')630 4317 y(is)c(app)s(ended)f(b)s(efore)h(pathname)g (expansion.)150 4475 y Ft(display-shell-version)25 b(\(C-x)k(C-v\))630 4585 y Fu(Displa)m(y)j(v)m(ersion)e(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)h (curren)m(t)f(instance)h(of)f(Bash.)150 4743 y Ft(shell-expand-line)c (\(M-C-e\))630 4853 y Fu(Expand)34 b(the)h(line)h(as)g(the)f(shell)h (do)s(es.)55 b(This)34 b(p)s(erforms)g(alias)i(and)f(history)g (expansion)630 4963 y(as)f(w)m(ell)g(as)g(all)h(of)e(the)h(shell)g(w)m (ord)f(expansions)g(\(see)i(Section)f(3.5)h([Shell)e(Expansions],)630 5072 y(page)e(22\).)150 5230 y Ft(history-expand-line)25 b(\(M-^\))630 5340 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(expansion)f(on)g(the) h(curren)m(t)f(line.)p eop end %%Page: 137 143 TeXDict begin 137 142 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(137)150 299 y Ft(magic-space)27 b(\(\))630 408 y Fu(P)m(erform)c(history)g(expansion)g(on)g(the)g (curren)m(t)g(line)g(and)g(insert)g(a)g(space)h(\(see)g(Section)g(9.3) 630 518 y([History)31 b(In)m(teraction],)i(page)e(148\).)150 663 y Ft(alias-expand-line)26 b(\(\))630 773 y Fu(P)m(erform)i(alias)i (expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line)h(\(see)g(Section)g(6.6)h ([Aliases],)g(page)f(94\).)150 918 y Ft(history-and-alias-expand)o (-lin)o(e)24 b(\(\))630 1028 y Fu(P)m(erform)30 b(history)h(and)e (alias)j(expansion)e(on)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f(line.)150 1173 y Ft(insert-last-argument)25 b(\(M-.)k(or)h(M-_\))630 1283 y Fu(A)g(synon)m(ym)g(for)g Ft(yank-last-arg)p Fu(.)150 1428 y Ft(edit-and-execute-command)24 b(\(C-x)29 b(C-e\))630 1538 y Fu(In)m(v)m(ok)m(e)34 b(an)f(editor)g(on)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f (command)h(line,)h(and)e(execute)i(the)f(result)g(as)g(shell)630 1647 y(commands.)81 b(Bash)44 b(attempts)h(to)g(in)m(v)m(ok)m(e)h Ft($VISUAL)p Fu(,)f Ft($EDITOR)p Fu(,)h(and)d Ft(emacs)g Fu(as)h(the)630 1757 y(editor,)31 b(in)f(that)h(order.)150 1983 y Fs(8.5)68 b(Readline)47 b(vi)e(Mo)t(de)150 2143 y Fu(While)32 b(the)g(Readline)g(library)f(do)s(es)g(not)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h (a)f(full)f(set)h(of)g Ft(vi)f Fu(editing)h(functions,)f(it)h(do)s(es)g (con)m(tain)150 2252 y(enough)i(to)h(allo)m(w)g(simple)f(editing)h(of)f (the)g(line.)52 b(The)34 b(Readline)g Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)s(de)f(b)s(eha)m(v) m(es)i(as)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(in)150 2362 y(the)e Fm(posix)e Fu(standard.)275 2489 y(In)35 b(order)g(to)i(switc)m(h)f(in)m(teractiv) m(ely)j(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)d Ft(emacs)f Fu(and)g Ft(vi)g Fu(editing)h(mo)s(des,)h(use)f(the)g(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)150 2599 y(emacs)p Fu(')43 b(and)h(`)p Ft(set)30 b(-o)f(vi)p Fu(')44 b(commands)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)j (page)e(62\).)83 b(The)150 2709 y(Readline)31 b(default)g(is)f Ft(emacs)f Fu(mo)s(de.)275 2836 y(When)g(y)m(ou)i(en)m(ter)f(a)h(line)f (in)g Ft(vi)f Fu(mo)s(de,)h(y)m(ou)h(are)f(already)h(placed)f(in)g (`insertion')g(mo)s(de,)g(as)h(if)f(y)m(ou)150 2946 y(had)f(t)m(yp)s (ed)g(an)g(`)p Ft(i)p Fu('.)41 b(Pressing)29 b Ft(ESC)f Fu(switc)m(hes)i(y)m(ou)g(in)m(to)h(`command')e(mo)s(de,)h(where)e(y)m (ou)i(can)g(edit)g(the)150 3055 y(text)35 b(of)f(the)g(line)g(with)f (the)h(standard)f Ft(vi)g Fu(mo)m(v)m(emen)m(t)j(k)m(eys,)g(mo)m(v)m(e) f(to)f(previous)g(history)f(lines)h(with)150 3165 y(`)p Ft(k)p Fu(')d(and)e(subsequen)m(t)h(lines)h(with)f(`)p Ft(j)p Fu(',)g(and)g(so)h(forth.)150 3391 y Fs(8.6)68 b(Programmable)47 b(Completion)150 3551 y Fu(When)25 b(w)m(ord)g(completion)i(is)f(attempted)g(for)g(an)f(argumen)m(t)h(to)g (a)g(command)f(for)h(whic)m(h)f(a)h(completion)150 3660 y(sp)s(eci\014cation)40 b(\(a)h Fr(compsp)s(ec)6 b 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b(no)h(compsp)s(ec)g(is)150 4555 y(found)22 b(for)g(the)h(full)g (pathname,)h(an)f(attempt)h(is)f(made)g(to)g(\014nd)f(a)h(compsp)s(ec)f (for)h(the)g(p)s(ortion)f(follo)m(wing)150 4665 y(the)34 b(\014nal)g(slash.)53 b(If)34 b(those)g(searc)m(hes)i(do)e(not)g (result)h(in)f(a)g(compsp)s(ec,)h(an)m(y)g(compsp)s(ec)f(de\014ned)f (with)150 4774 y(the)k Ft(-D)g Fu(option)g(to)h Ft(complete)d Fu(is)i(used)g(as)g(the)g(default.)61 b(If)37 b(there)g(is)h(no)f (default)g(compsp)s(ec,)i(Bash)150 4884 y(attempts)e(alias)h(expansion) e(on)g(the)h(command)f(w)m(ord)g(as)h(a)f(\014nal)g(resort,)j(and)c (attempts)j(to)f(\014nd)e(a)150 4993 y(compsp)s(ec)30 b(for)g(the)h(command)f(w)m(ord)g(from)g(an)m(y)h(successful)f (expansion)275 5121 y(Once)k(a)g(compsp)s(ec)g(has)g(b)s(een)f(found,)h (it)h(is)f(used)f(to)i(generate)h(the)e(list)h(of)f(matc)m(hing)h(w)m (ords.)51 b(If)150 5230 y(a)37 b(compsp)s(ec)f(is)g(not)h(found,)f(the) h(default)f(Bash)h(completion)g(describ)s(ed)e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f (Section)g(8.4.6)150 5340 y([Commands)30 b(F)-8 b(or)31 b(Completion],)g(page)g(133\))h(is)f(p)s(erformed.)p eop end %%Page: 138 144 TeXDict begin 138 143 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(138)275 299 y(First,)31 b(the)g(actions)g(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(b)m(y)h(the)f(compsp)s(ec)h(are)g (used.)40 b(Only)30 b(matc)m(hes)i(whic)m(h)e(are)h(pre\014xed)150 408 y(b)m(y)h(the)f(w)m(ord)h(b)s(eing)f(completed)h(are)g(returned.)44 b(When)31 b(the)h Ft(-f)f Fu(or)h Ft(-d)f Fu(option)h(is)f(used)g(for)h (\014lename)150 518 y(or)e(directory)h(name)f(completion,)i(the)e (shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)31 b Ft(FIGNORE)d Fu(is)i(used)f(to)i(\014lter) g(the)f(matc)m(hes.)42 b(See)150 628 y(Section)31 b(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(73,)g(for)f(a)h(description)g(of)f Ft(FIGNORE)p Fu(.)275 769 y(An)m(y)22 b(completions)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f (b)m(y)g(a)h(\014lename)f(expansion)h(pattern)f(to)h(the)g Ft(-G)e Fu(option)i(are)g(generated)150 878 y(next.)41 b(The)29 b(w)m(ords)g(generated)h(b)m(y)g(the)g(pattern)f(need)h(not)f (matc)m(h)i(the)f(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)41 b(The)150 988 y Ft(GLOBIGNORE)29 b Fu(shell)i(v)-5 b(ariable)32 b(is)g(not)g(used)e(to)i(\014lter)g(the)g(matc)m(hes,)h(but)d(the)i Ft(FIGNORE)e Fu(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariable)150 1097 y(is)30 b(used.)275 1238 y(Next,)39 b(the)f(string)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)h(the) g(argumen)m(t)h(to)g(the)f Ft(-W)f Fu(option)i(is)f(considered.)60 b(The)37 b(string)150 1348 y(is)c(\014rst)e(split)i(using)f(the)h(c)m (haracters)h(in)e(the)h Ft(IFS)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)j(v)-5 b(ariable)33 b(as)g(delimiters.)48 b(Shell)32 b(quoting)h(is)150 1457 y(honored)f(within)h(the)g(string,)h(in)f(order)f(to)i(pro)m(vide) f(a)h(mec)m(hanism)f(for)g(the)g(w)m(ords)g(to)g(con)m(tain)i(shell)150 1567 y(metac)m(haracters)e(or)e(c)m(haracters)i(in)e(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Ft(IFS)p Fu(.)42 b(Eac)m(h)32 b(w)m(ord)e(is)h(then)g (expanded)f(using)h(brace)150 1677 y(expansion,)g(tilde)h(expansion,)f 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y(in)d(this)g(case)h(an)m(y)g (completion)h(not)e(matc)m(hing)h(the)g(pattern)f(will)h(b)s(e)e(remo)m (v)m(ed.)42 b(If)29 b(the)g Ft(nocasematch)150 4870 y Fu(shell)k(option)f(\(see)i(the)e(description)g(of)h Ft(shopt)e Fu(in)h(Section)h(4.3.2)h([The)e(Shopt)g(Builtin],)h(page)g (66\))h(is)150 4980 y(enabled,)d(the)f(matc)m(h)h(is)g(p)s(erformed)e (without)h(regard)g(to)h(the)g(case)g(of)g(alphab)s(etic)g(c)m (haracters.)275 5121 y(Finally)-8 b(,)42 b(an)m(y)c(pre\014x)g(and)f (su\016x)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(with)i(the)f Ft(-P)g Fu(and)g Ft(-S)f Fu(options)i(are)g(added)f(to)h(eac)m(h)150 5230 y(mem)m(b)s(er)31 b(of)g(the)h(completion)h(list,)f(and)f(the)h(result) f(is)h(returned)e(to)i(the)g(Readline)g(completion)h(co)s(de)150 5340 y(as)e(the)f(list)h(of)g(p)s(ossible)f(completions.)p eop end %%Page: 139 145 TeXDict begin 139 144 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(139)275 299 y(If)27 b(the)h(previously-applied)f(actions)i(do)f(not)g(generate)h(an)m(y)f (matc)m(hes,)i(and)d(the)h Ft(-o)h(dirnames)d Fu(op-)150 408 y(tion)j(w)m(as)f(supplied)f(to)i Ft(complete)d Fu(when)h(the)h (compsp)s(ec)g(w)m(as)g(de\014ned,)g(directory)g(name)h(completion)150 518 y(is)h(attempted.)275 653 y(If)35 b(the)g Ft(-o)30 b(plusdirs)j Fu(option)j(w)m(as)g(supplied)e(to)i Ft(complete)e Fu(when)g(the)i(compsp)s(ec)f(w)m(as)h(de\014ned,)150 763 y(directory)g(name)f(completion)i(is)e(attempted)h(and)f(an)m(y)h (matc)m(hes)g(are)g(added)f(to)h(the)f(results)g(of)h(the)150 873 y(other)31 b(actions.)275 1008 y(By)g(default,)i(if)e(a)h(compsp)s (ec)f(is)h(found,)f(whatev)m(er)h(it)g(generates)h(is)e(returned)g(to)h (the)g(completion)150 1117 y(co)s(de)21 b(as)g(the)g(full)g(set)g(of)g (p)s(ossible)f(completions.)39 b(The)20 b(default)h(Bash)g(completions) h(are)g(not)f(attempted,)150 1227 y(and)30 b(the)g(Readline)h(default)f (of)g(\014lename)h(completion)g(is)f(disabled.)41 b(If)29 b(the)i 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b(of)g(shell)f(builtin)h(commands.)37 b(Ma)m(y)21 b(also)h(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci\014ed)1590 3829 y(as)31 b Ft(-b)p Fu(.)1110 3990 y Ft(command)144 b Fu(Command)29 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-c)p Fu(.)1110 4152 y Ft(directory)1590 4261 y Fu(Directory)h (names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)g Ft(-d)p Fu(.)1110 4423 y Ft(disabled)96 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(disabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)1110 4584 y Ft(enabled)144 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(enabled)f(shell)g(builtins.)1110 4746 y Ft(export)192 b Fu(Names)34 b(of)f(exp)s(orted)f(shell)h(v)-5 b(ariables.)49 b(Ma)m(y)35 b(also)e(b)s(e)g(sp)s(eci-)1590 4855 y(\014ed)d(as)g Ft(-e)p Fu(.)1110 5017 y Ft(file)288 b Fu(File)32 b(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f (as)i Ft(-f)p Fu(.)1110 5178 y Ft(function)96 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(shell)f(functions.)1110 5340 y Ft(group)240 b Fu(Group)30 b(names.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g (as)g Ft(-g)p Fu(.)p eop end %%Page: 142 148 TeXDict begin 142 147 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(142)1110 299 y Ft(helptopic)1590 408 y Fu(Help)37 b(topics)g(as)g(accepted)h(b)m(y)e(the)h Ft(help)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)h(Sec-)1590 518 y(tion)31 b(4.2)g([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).)1110 689 y Ft(hostname)96 b Fu(Hostnames,)89 b(as)76 b(tak)m(en)h(from)f(the)g (\014le)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)e(b)m(y)1590 799 y(the)55 b Ft(HOSTFILE)e Fu(shell)j(v)-5 b(ariable)56 b(\(see)g(Section)g(5.2)h ([Bash)1590 908 y(V)-8 b(ariables],)32 b(page)f(73\).)1110 1080 y Ft(job)336 b Fu(Job)31 b(names,)h(if)g(job)f(con)m(trol)i(is)f (activ)m(e.)46 b(Ma)m(y)33 b(also)g(b)s(e)e(sp)s(eci-)1590 1189 y(\014ed)f(as)g Ft(-j)p Fu(.)1110 1361 y Ft(keyword)144 b Fu(Shell)30 b(reserv)m(ed)h(w)m(ords.)40 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i Ft(-k)p Fu(.)1110 1532 y Ft(running)144 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(running)d(jobs,)i(if)h(job)f (con)m(trol)h(is)g(activ)m(e.)1110 1703 y Ft(service)144 b Fu(Service)31 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)31 b(also)g(b)s(e)f(sp)s (eci\014ed)g(as)g Ft(-s)p Fu(.)1110 1874 y Ft(setopt)192 b Fu(V)-8 b(alid)39 b(argumen)m(ts)g(for)f(the)h Ft(-o)e Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)e Fu(builtin)1590 1984 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.3.1)g([The)e(Set)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(62\).) 1110 2155 y Ft(shopt)240 b Fu(Shell)40 b(option)g(names)g(as)g (accepted)i(b)m(y)e(the)g Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin)1590 2265 y(\(see)31 b(Section)h(4.2)f([Bash)g(Builtins],)g(page)g(51\).) 1110 2436 y Ft(signal)192 b Fu(Signal)31 b(names.)1110 2607 y Ft(stopped)144 b Fu(Names)31 b(of)g(stopp)s(ed)e(jobs,)h(if)g (job)g(con)m(trol)i(is)f(activ)m(e.)1110 2778 y Ft(user)288 b Fu(User)30 b(names.)41 b(Ma)m(y)32 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)f (as)i Ft(-u)p Fu(.)1110 2950 y Ft(variable)96 b Fu(Names)36 b(of)g(all)g(shell)g(v)-5 b(ariables.)56 b(Ma)m(y)37 b(also)f(b)s(e)f(sp)s(eci\014ed)g(as)1590 3059 y Ft(-v)p Fu(.)630 3230 y Ft(-C)30 b Fj(command)1110 3340 y Fr(command)35 b Fu(is)e(executed)g(in)e(a)i(subshell)e(en)m(vironmen)m(t,)i(and)f (its)g(output)g(is)1110 3450 y(used)e(as)g(the)h(p)s(ossible)f (completions.)630 3621 y Ft(-F)g Fj(function)1110 3730 y Fu(The)39 b(shell)g(function)g Fr(function)g Fu(is)g(executed)h(in)f (the)g(curren)m(t)g(shell)g(en)m(vi-)1110 3840 y(ronmen)m(t.)72 b(When)41 b(it)g(is)g(executed,)k($1)c(is)g(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g (command)1110 3950 y(whose)34 b(argumen)m(ts)h(are)g(b)s(eing)f (completed,)j($2)e(is)f(the)h(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(com-)1110 4059 y(pleted,)44 b(and)c($3)i(is)e(the)h(w)m(ord)g(preceding)f(the)h (w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)h(completed,)1110 4169 y(as)g(describ)s(ed)f(ab)s (o)m(v)m(e)i(\(see)g(Section)f(8.6)h([Programmable)g(Completion],)1110 4278 y(page)30 b(137\).)42 b(When)29 b(it)h(\014nishes,)e(the)h(p)s (ossible)g(completions)h(are)g(retriev)m(ed)1110 4388 y(from)g(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g(the)f Ft(COMPREPLY)e Fu(arra)m(y)j(v)-5 b(ariable.)630 4559 y Ft(-G)30 b Fj(globpat)1110 4669 y Fu(The)39 b(\014lename)h(expansion)g(pattern)g Fr(globpat)j Fu(is)d(expanded)f(to)h(generate)1110 4778 y(the)31 b(p)s(ossible)e(completions.)630 4950 y Ft(-P)h Fj(prefix)66 b Fr(pre\014x)39 b Fu(is)34 b(added)f(at)i(the)f(b)s (eginning)f(of)i(eac)m(h)g(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)1110 5059 y(all)c(other)g(options)g(ha)m(v)m(e)g(b)s(een)f(applied.)630 5230 y Ft(-S)g Fj(suffix)66 b Fr(su\016x)26 b Fu(is)20 b(app)s(ended)f(to)i(eac)m(h)h(p)s(ossible)e(completion)i(after)f(all)g (other)g(options)1110 5340 y(ha)m(v)m(e)32 b(b)s(een)d(applied.)p eop end %%Page: 143 149 TeXDict begin 143 148 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(143)630 299 y Ft(-W)30 b Fj(wordlist)1110 408 y Fu(The)24 b Fr(w)m(ordlist)k Fu(is)d(split)g(using)f(the)h(c)m(haracters)i(in)d(the)i Ft(IFS)e Fu(sp)s(ecial)h(v)-5 b(ariable)1110 518 y(as)36 b(delimiters,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)h(resultan)m(t)g(w)m(ord)e(is)h (expanded.)57 b(The)35 b(p)s(ossible)1110 628 y(completions)c(are)e (the)h(mem)m(b)s(ers)f(of)g(the)h(resultan)m(t)g(list)g(whic)m(h)f (matc)m(h)i(the)1110 737 y(w)m(ord)f(b)s(eing)g(completed.)630 909 y Ft(-X)g Fj(filterpat)1110 1019 y Fr(\014lterpat)d Fu(is)e(a)g(pattern)g(as)f(used)g(for)h(\014lename)g(expansion.)38 b(It)25 b(is)g(applied)f(to)1110 1128 y(the)30 b(list)f(of)h(p)s (ossible)f(completions)h(generated)h(b)m(y)e(the)g(preceding)h(options) 1110 1238 y(and)d(argumen)m(ts,)i(and)e(eac)m(h)i(completion)g(matc)m (hing)g Fr(\014lterpat)h Fu(is)e(remo)m(v)m(ed)1110 1347 y(from)i(the)h(list.)42 b(A)30 b(leading)i(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')e(in)g Fr(\014lterpat)j Fu(negates)f(the)f(pattern;)g(in)f(this) 1110 1457 y(case,)i(an)m(y)e(completion)i(not)f(matc)m(hing)g Fr(\014lterpat)i Fu(is)d(remo)m(v)m(ed.)630 1629 y(The)35 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)37 b(is)f(true)f(unless)h(an)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid)37 b(option)f(is)g(supplied,)g(an)g(option)h(other)630 1738 y(than)h Ft(-p)g Fu(or)g Ft(-r)f Fu(is)h(supplied)f(without)i(a)f Fr(name)44 b Fu(argumen)m(t,)c(an)e(attempt)i(is)e(made)g(to)630 1848 y(remo)m(v)m(e)32 b(a)e(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f(for)f(a) h Fr(name)k Fu(for)30 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(sp)s(eci\014cation)h(exists,) 630 1958 y(or)f(an)h(error)f(o)s(ccurs)g(adding)g(a)g(completion)i(sp)s (eci\014cation.)150 2129 y Ft(compopt)870 2270 y(compopt)46 b([-o)h Fj(option)p Ft(])f([-DEI])g([+o)h Fj(option)p Ft(])e([)p Fj(name)p Ft(])630 2411 y Fu(Mo)s(dify)33 b(completion)h(options)g(for)f(eac)m(h)h Fr(name)39 b Fu(according)34 b(to)g(the)f Fr(option)p Fu(s,)i(or)e(for)g(the)630 2520 y(curren)m(tly-executing)46 b(completion)f(if)f(no)f Fr(name)5 b Fu(s)44 b(are)h(supplied.)80 b(If)43 b(no)h Fr(option)p Fu(s)h(are)630 2630 y(giv)m(en,)30 b(displa)m(y)e(the)g (completion)h(options)g(for)e(eac)m(h)i Fr(name)34 b Fu(or)27 b(the)i(curren)m(t)e(completion.)630 2740 y(The)f(p)s(ossible) g(v)-5 b(alues)27 b(of)f Fr(option)h Fu(are)g(those)g(v)-5 b(alid)26 b(for)g(the)h Ft(complete)d Fu(builtin)i(describ)s(ed)630 2849 y(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)41 b(The)27 b Ft(-D)f Fu(option)i(indicates)g (that)g(other)f(supplied)f(options)i(should)e(apply)h(to)h(the)630 2959 y(\\default")33 b(command)f(completion;)i(that)f(is,)g(completion) g(attempted)g(on)f(a)g(command)630 3068 y(for)g(whic)m(h)g(no)g (completion)i(has)e(previously)g(b)s(een)g(de\014ned.)45 b(The)32 b Ft(-E)f Fu(option)i(indicates)630 3178 y(that)23 b(other)f(supplied)e(options)j(should)e(apply)g(to)i(\\empt)m(y")g (command)f(completion;)k(that)630 3287 y(is,)36 b(completion)g (attempted)g(on)e(a)h(blank)g(line.)54 b(The)34 b Ft(-I)g Fu(option)h(indicates)g(that)h(other)630 3397 y(supplied)23 b(options)i(should)f(apply)g(to)i(completion)g(on)e(the)h(initial)h (non-assignmen)m(t)f(w)m(ord)630 3507 y(on)37 b(the)f(line,)j(or)e (after)g(a)g(command)f(delimiter)i(suc)m(h)e(as)h(`)p Ft(;)p Fu(')g(or)f(`)p Ft(|)p Fu(',)j(whic)m(h)e(is)f(usually)630 3616 y(command)30 b(name)h(completion.)630 3757 y(If)k(m)m(ultiple)i (options)f(are)g(supplied,)g(the)g Ft(-D)g Fu(option)g(tak)m(es)h (precedence)g(o)m(v)m(er)g Ft(-E)p Fu(,)g(and)630 3867 y(b)s(oth)30 b(tak)m(e)i(precedence)e(o)m(v)m(er)i Ft(-I)630 4007 y Fu(The)23 b(return)g(v)-5 b(alue)25 b(is)f(true)g(unless)f(an)h (in)m(v)-5 b(alid)24 b(option)h(is)f(supplied,)g(an)g(attempt)h(is)f (made)630 4117 y(to)32 b(mo)s(dify)f(the)g(options)h(for)f(a)h Fr(name)k Fu(for)31 b(whic)m(h)g(no)g(completion)i(sp)s(eci\014cation)f (exists,)630 4226 y(or)e(an)h(output)f(error)g(o)s(ccurs.)150 4486 y Fs(8.8)68 b(A)44 b(Programmable)j(Completion)f(Example)150 4645 y Fu(The)37 b(most)g(common)g(w)m(a)m(y)i(to)e(obtain)h (additional)g(completion)g(functionalit)m(y)h(b)s(ey)m(ond)d(the)i (default)150 4755 y(actions)29 b Ft(complete)d Fu(and)i Ft(compgen)e Fu(pro)m(vide)i(is)h(to)f(use)g(a)h(shell)f(function)g (and)g(bind)e(it)j(to)g(a)g(particular)150 4864 y(command)h(using)g Ft(complete)e(-F)p Fu(.)275 5011 y(The)j(follo)m(wing)j(function)e(pro) m(vides)g(completions)i(for)e(the)g Ft(cd)g Fu(builtin.)46 b(It)32 b(is)h(a)f(reasonably)h(go)s(o)s(d)150 5121 y(example)41 b(of)g(what)f(shell)h(functions)f(m)m(ust)g(do)h(when)e(used)h(for)g (completion.)73 b(This)39 b(function)h(uses)150 5230 y(the)32 b(w)m(ord)f(passed)g(as)h Ft($2)f Fu(to)h(determine)g(the)f (directory)h(name)g(to)g(complete.)46 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(can)g(also)g(use)g(the)150 5340 y Ft(COMP_WORDS)c Fu(arra)m(y)i(v)-5 b(ariable;)32 b(the)e(curren)m(t)h(w)m(ord)f(is)g(indexed)g(b)m(y)g (the)h Ft(COMP_CWORD)c Fu(v)-5 b(ariable.)p eop end %%Page: 144 150 TeXDict begin 144 149 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(144)275 299 y(The)42 b(function)h(relies)h(on)e(the)i Ft(complete)c Fu(and)j Ft(compgen)e Fu(builtins)h(to)i(do)f(m)m(uc)m(h)g(of)g(the)h(w)m(ork,) 150 408 y(adding)25 b(only)h(the)g(things)g(that)g(the)g(Bash)g Ft(cd)f Fu(do)s(es)g(b)s(ey)m(ond)g(accepting)j(basic)e(directory)g (names:)38 b(tilde)150 518 y(expansion)22 b(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.2)g ([Tilde)g(Expansion],)g(page)g(24\),)i(searc)m(hing)e(directories)g(in) e Fr($CDP)-8 b(A)g(TH)p Fu(,)150 628 y(whic)m(h)21 b(is)h(describ)s(ed) e(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)j(\(see)f(Section)h(4.1)f([Bourne)g(Shell)f (Builtins],)j(page)e(44\),)j(and)c(basic)h(supp)s(ort)150 737 y(for)31 b(the)h Ft(cdable_vars)d Fu(shell)i(option)h(\(see)h (Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)d(Shopt)g(Builtin],)i(page)f(66\).)46 b Ft(_comp_)150 847 y(cd)30 b Fu(mo)s(di\014es)g(the)h(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(of)g Fr(IFS)36 b Fu(so)31 b(that)g(it)g(con)m(tains)h(only) f(a)g(newline)g(to)h(accommo)s(date)g(\014le)f(names)150 956 y(con)m(taining)i(spaces)g(and)e(tabs)h({)g Ft(compgen)e Fu(prin)m(ts)h(the)h(p)s(ossible)f(completions)i(it)g(generates)g(one)f (p)s(er)150 1066 y(line.)275 1230 y(P)m(ossible)24 b(completions)h(go)g (in)m(to)g(the)f Fr(COMPREPL)-8 b(Y)36 b Fu(arra)m(y)24 b(v)-5 b(ariable,)26 b(one)e(completion)i(p)s(er)c(arra)m(y)150 1340 y(elemen)m(t.)42 b(The)30 b(programmable)g(completion)i(system)e 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y(COMPREPLY=\()f($\(compgen)g(-d)i(--)g ("$cur"\))f(\))772 3696 y(IFS=$')g(\\t\\n')581 3806 y(#)h (CDPATH+directories)c(in)k(the)g(current)f(directory)f(if)j(not)e(in)i (CDPATH)581 3915 y(else)772 4025 y(IFS=$'\\n')772 4134 y(_skipdot=false)772 4244 y(#)f(preprocess)e(CDPATH)h(to)i(convert)d (null)i(directory)e(names)i(to)g(.)772 4354 y(_cdpath=${CDPATH/#:/.:}) 772 4463 y(_cdpath=${_cdpath//::/:.)o(:})772 4573 y (_cdpath=${_cdpath/\045:/:.})772 4682 y(for)g(i)g(in)g (${_cdpath//:/$'\\n'};)c(do)963 4792 y(if)k([[)g($i)g(-ef)g(.)h(]];)f (then)f(_skipdot=true;)e(fi)963 4902 y(k="${#COMPREPLY[@]}")963 5011 y(for)j(j)g(in)g($\()g(compgen)f(-d)h(--)h("$i/$cur")d(\);)i(do) 1154 5121 y(COMPREPLY[k++]=${j#$i/})375 b(#)48 b(cut)f(off)f(directory) 963 5230 y(done)772 5340 y(done)p eop end %%Page: 145 151 TeXDict begin 145 150 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(8:)41 b(Command)29 b(Line)i(Editing)2062 b(145)772 299 y Ft($_skipdot)45 b(||)i(COMPREPLY+=\()e($\(compgen)g(-d)i(--)g("$cur"\))f(\))772 408 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y(rest)h(of)f(the)h Ft(")p Fu(Bash)f(default)p Ft(")h Fu(completions)g({)g(p)s(ossible)f(completion)i(that)f(Bash)f(adds)g (to)h(the)g(default)150 3004 y(Readline)f(set.)40 b(These)28 b(include)f(things)g(lik)m(e)i(command)e(name)h(completion,)h(v)-5 b(ariable)28 b(completion)h(for)150 3113 y(w)m(ords)e(b)s(eginning)h (with)f(`)p Ft($)p Fu(')h(or)g(`)p Ft(${)p Fu(',)h(completions)g(con)m (taining)g(pathname)f(expansion)g(patterns)g(\(see)150 3223 y(Section)j(3.5.8)h([Filename)g(Expansion],)e(page)i(33\),)f(and)f (so)h(on.)275 3357 y(Once)39 b(installed)i(using)e Ft(complete)p Fu(,)h Ft(_comp_cd)d Fu(will)j(b)s(e)g(called)g(ev)m(ery)h(time)f(w)m (e)g(attempt)h(w)m(ord)150 3467 y(completion)32 b(for)e(a)h Ft(cd)e Fu(command.)275 3601 y(Man)m(y)34 b(more)g(examples)g({)g(an)g (extensiv)m(e)h(collection)i(of)c(completions)i(for)f(most)g(of)g(the)g (common)150 3711 y(GNU,)g(Unix,)h(and)d(Lin)m(ux)h(commands)g({)h(are)g (a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)36 b(as)e(part)f(of)h(the)f(bash)p 2943 3711 28 4 v 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y(are)35 b(copied)g(from)g(the)g (history)f(list)i(to)f(the)g(\014le)g(named)f(b)m(y)h Ft($HISTFILE)p Fu(.)51 b(If)35 b(the)g Ft(histappend)d Fu(shell)150 2532 y(option)26 b(is)g(set)g(\(see)h(Section)f(4.2)h ([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(51\),)h(the)e(lines)g(are)g(app)s(ended)e (to)i(the)g(history)150 2641 y(\014le,)36 b(otherwise)f(the)g(history)f (\014le)h(is)f(o)m(v)m(erwritten.)55 b(If)34 b Ft(HISTFILE)e Fu(is)j(unset,)g(or)g(if)f(the)h(history)f(\014le)h(is)150 2751 y(un)m(writable,)f(the)f(history)g(is)g(not)h(sa)m(v)m(ed.)49 b(After)34 b(sa)m(ving)g(the)f(history)-8 b(,)34 b(the)g(history)f (\014le)g(is)g(truncated)150 2860 y(to)g(con)m(tain)h(no)f(more)g(than) f Ft($HISTFILESIZE)d Fu(lines.)48 b(If)33 b Ft(HISTFILESIZE)c Fu(is)k(unset,)g(or)f(set)i(to)f(n)m(ull,)h(a)150 2970 y(non-n)m(umeric)c(v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(or)f(a)h(n)m(umeric)f(v)-5 b(alue)31 b(less)g(than)f(zero,)h(the)g(history)f(\014le)h(is)f(not)h (truncated.)275 3112 y(If)g(the)h Ft(HISTTIMEFORMAT)d 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b(and)f(displa)m(ys)g(or)g(edits)h(and)e(re-executes)j (them.)71 b(Both)40 b Fr(\014rst)i Fu(and)e Fr(last)j Fu(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)630 891 y(sp)s(eci\014ed)33 b(as)h(a)g(string)g(\(to) h(lo)s(cate)h(the)e(most)g(recen)m(t)h(command)f(b)s(eginning)f(with)g (that)630 1000 y(string\))28 b(or)g(as)h(a)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)f(\(an)h (index)g(in)m(to)h(the)f(history)g(list,)h(where)f(a)g(negativ)m(e)i(n) m(um)m(b)s(er)630 1110 y(is)g(used)g(as)h(an)f(o\013set)h(from)f(the)h (curren)m(t)f(command)g(n)m(um)m(b)s(er\).)630 1241 y(When)j(listing,)h (a)f Fr(\014rst)h Fu(or)f Fr(last)j Fu(of)d(0)g(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)g(-1)f(and)g(-0)g(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)34 b(to)g(the)630 1351 y(curren)m(t)k(command)h(\(usually)g(the)g Ft(fc)f Fu(command\);)43 b(otherwise)c(0)g(is)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)40 b(to)f(-1)630 1461 y(and)30 b(-0)h(is)f(in)m(v)-5 b(alid.)630 1592 y(If)33 b Fr(last)j Fu(is)e(not)f(sp)s(eci\014ed,)h (it)g(is)f(set)h(to)g Fr(\014rst)p Fu(.)49 b(If)33 b Fr(\014rst)i 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(ha)m(v)m(e)i(the)g(follo)m(wing)h(meanings:)630 4967 y Ft(-c)384 b Fu(Clear)23 b(the)g(history)g(list.)39 b(This)22 b(ma)m(y)i(b)s(e)e(com)m(bined)h(with)f(the)h(other)h (options)1110 5077 y(to)31 b(replace)g(the)g(history)f(list)h (completely)-8 b(.)630 5230 y Ft(-d)30 b Fj(offset)66 b Fu(Delete)38 b(the)f(history)f(en)m(try)h(at)f(p)s(osition)h Fr(o\013set)p Fu(.)59 b(If)36 b Fr(o\013set)j Fu(is)d(p)s(ositiv)m(e,)j (it)1110 5340 y(should)32 b(b)s(e)h(sp)s(eci\014ed)f(as)i(it)g(app)s (ears)e(when)g(the)i(history)f(is)g(displa)m(y)m(ed.)50 b(If)p eop end %%Page: 148 154 TeXDict begin 148 153 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(148)1110 299 y Fr(o\013set)26 b Fu(is)d(negativ)m(e,)k(it)c(is)g(in)m(terpreted) h(as)f(relativ)m(e)i(to)f(one)f(greater)h(than)f(the)1110 408 y(last)36 b(history)f(p)s(osition,)h(so)f(negativ)m(e)i(indices)e (coun)m(t)h(bac)m(k)f(from)g(the)g(end)1110 518 y(of)h(the)g(history)-8 b(,)37 b(and)e(an)h(index)f(of)h(`)p Ft(-1)p Fu(')f(refers)g(to)i(the)f (curren)m(t)f Ft(history)1110 628 y(-d)30 b Fu(command.)630 785 y Ft(-d)g Fj(start)p Ft(-)p Fj(end)1110 895 y Fu(Delete)23 b(the)d(history)h(en)m(tries)g(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)g(p)s(ositions)g Fr(start)i Fu(and)d Fr(end)p Fu(,)i(inclusiv)m(e.)1110 1004 y(P)m(ositiv)m(e)41 b(and)c(negativ)m(e)k(v)-5 b(alues)38 b(for)h Fr(start)h Fu(and)e Fr(end)j Fu(are)e(in)m(terpreted)g(as)1110 1114 y(describ)s(ed)29 b(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e.)630 1271 y Ft(-a)384 b Fu(App)s(end)28 b(the)i(new)f(history)g(lines)h(to)h(the)e(history)h (\014le.)41 b(These)29 b(are)h(history)1110 1381 y(lines)36 b(en)m(tered)g(since)f(the)h(b)s(eginning)f(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f (Bash)h(session,)h(but)1110 1490 y(not)31 b(already)g(app)s(ended)d(to) j(the)g(history)f(\014le.)630 1648 y Ft(-n)384 b Fu(App)s(end)32 b(the)i(history)f(lines)h(not)g(already)g(read)g(from)f(the)h(history)f (\014le)h(to)1110 1758 y(the)26 b(curren)m(t)f(history)g(list.)40 b(These)25 b(are)h(lines)g(app)s(ended)e(to)i(the)f(history)h(\014le) 1110 1867 y(since)31 b(the)f(b)s(eginning)g(of)g(the)h(curren)m(t)f (Bash)h(session.)630 2025 y Ft(-r)384 b Fu(Read)31 b(the)f(history)g (\014le)h(and)f(app)s(end)e(its)j(con)m(ten)m(ts)h(to)f(the)g(history)f (list.)630 2182 y Ft(-w)384 b Fu(W)-8 b(rite)32 b(out)e(the)h(curren)m (t)f(history)g(list)h(to)h(the)e(history)g(\014le.)630 2339 y Ft(-p)384 b Fu(P)m(erform)31 b(history)f(substitution)h(on)f (the)h Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s)31 b(and)f(displa)m(y)h(the)f(result)h(on)1110 2449 y(the)d(standard)f(output,)i(without)f(storing)g(the)g(results)g (in)g(the)g(history)g(list.)630 2606 y Ft(-s)384 b Fu(The)30 b Fr(arg)8 b Fu(s)30 b(are)h(added)f(to)h(the)f(end)g(of)h(the)f (history)h(list)g(as)f(a)h(single)g(en)m(try)-8 b(.)630 2764 y(When)26 b(an)m(y)h(of)f(the)g Ft(-w)p Fu(,)h Ft(-r)p Fu(,)g Ft(-a)p Fu(,)g(or)f Ft(-n)f Fu(options)i(is)f(used,)h(if)f Fr(\014lename)32 b Fu(is)26 b(giv)m(en,)i(then)e(it)h(is)630 2873 y(used)h(as)g(the)h(history)f(\014le.)40 b(If)28 b(not,)i(then)e(the)g(v)-5 b(alue)29 b(of)g(the)g Ft(HISTFILE)d Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)29 b(is)f(used.)150 3112 y Fs(9.3)68 b(History)46 b(Expansion)150 3272 y Fu(The)f(History)h(library)e(pro)m (vides)i(a)f(history)g(expansion)g(feature)h(that)g(is)f(similar)h(to)g (the)f(history)150 3381 y(expansion)g(pro)m(vided)f(b)m(y)h Ft(csh)p Fu(.)83 b(This)44 b(section)i(describ)s(es)e(the)h(syn)m(tax)h (used)e(to)i(manipulate)f(the)150 3491 y(history)30 b(information.)275 3624 y(History)h(expansions)f(in)m(tro)s(duce)g(w)m(ords)g(from)g(the)h (history)f(list)h(in)m(to)g(the)g(input)f(stream,)h(making)150 3734 y(it)g(easy)g(to)g(rep)s(eat)g(commands,)f(insert)g(the)h(argumen) m(ts)f(to)h(a)g(previous)f(command)g(in)m(to)i(the)e(curren)m(t)150 3844 y(input)f(line,)i(or)g(\014x)f(errors)f(in)h(previous)g(commands)g (quic)m(kly)-8 b(.)275 3977 y(History)24 b(expansion)f(is)h(p)s (erformed)e(immediately)j(after)f(a)g(complete)h(line)f(is)g(read,)h(b) s(efore)e(the)h(shell)150 4087 y(breaks)32 b(it)i(in)m(to)f(w)m(ords,)g (and)f(is)h(p)s(erformed)e(on)h(eac)m(h)i(line)f(individually)-8 b(.)48 b(Bash)33 b(attempts)g(to)h(inform)150 4196 y(the)d(history)f (expansion)g(functions)g(ab)s(out)g(quoting)h(still)g(in)f(e\013ect)i (from)e(previous)g(lines.)275 4330 y(History)37 b(expansion)f(tak)m(es) i(place)g(in)e(t)m(w)m(o)i(parts.)59 b(The)36 b(\014rst)g(is)h(to)g (determine)g(whic)m(h)f(line)h(from)150 4439 y(the)42 b(history)f(list)h(should)e(b)s(e)h(used)f(during)g(substitution.)74 b(The)40 b(second)i(is)f(to)h(select)h(p)s(ortions)e(of)150 4549 y(that)31 b(line)g(for)f(inclusion)h(in)m(to)g(the)g(curren)m(t)f (one.)42 b(The)30 b(line)h(selected)h(from)e(the)h(history)f(is)h (called)h(the)150 4659 y Fr(ev)m(en)m(t)p Fu(,)e(and)c(the)i(p)s (ortions)e(of)i(that)f(line)h(that)g(are)f(acted)i(up)s(on)c(are)j (called)g Fr(w)m(ords)p Fu(.)39 b(V)-8 b(arious)28 b Fr(mo)s(di\014ers)150 4768 y Fu(are)33 b(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)36 b(to)d(manipulate)h(the)f(selected)h(w)m(ords.)48 b(The)32 b(line)i(is)f(brok)m(en)f(in)m(to)i(w)m(ords)f(in)f(the)i(same)150 4878 y(fashion)23 b(that)g(Bash)g(do)s(es,)h(so)f(that)h(sev)m(eral)g (w)m(ords)e(surrounded)e(b)m(y)j(quotes)g(are)g(considered)g(one)g(w)m (ord.)150 4987 y(History)37 b(expansions)g(are)g(in)m(tro)s(duced)f(b)m (y)h(the)g(app)s(earance)g(of)g(the)g(history)f(expansion)h(c)m (haracter,)150 5097 y(whic)m(h)30 b(is)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')f(b)m(y)g (default.)275 5230 y(History)c(expansion)g(implemen)m(ts)h(shell-lik)m (e)h(quoting)f(con)m(v)m(en)m(tions:)40 b(a)27 b(bac)m(kslash)g(can)f (b)s(e)g(used)f(to)150 5340 y(remo)m(v)m(e)h(the)e(sp)s(ecial)g (handling)g(for)g(the)g(next)g(c)m(haracter;)k(single)d(quotes)g (enclose)g(v)m(erbatim)g(sequences)p eop end %%Page: 149 155 TeXDict begin 149 154 bop 150 -116 a Fu(Chapter)30 b(9:)41 b(Using)30 b(History)h(In)m(teractiv)m(ely)1925 b(149)150 299 y(of)29 b(c)m(haracters,)i(and)e(can)g(b)s(e)g(used)f(to)i(inhibit) f(history)g(expansion;)g(and)g(c)m(haracters)i(enclosed)e(within)150 408 y(double)h(quotes)i(ma)m(y)f(b)s(e)f(sub)5 b(ject)31 b(to)h(history)f(expansion,)g(since)g(bac)m(kslash)g(can)h(escap)s(e)f (the)g(history)150 518 y(expansion)e(c)m(haracter,)j(but)d(single)h (quotes)g(ma)m(y)h(not,)f(since)g(they)g(are)g(not)f(treated)i(sp)s (ecially)f(within)150 628 y(double)g(quotes.)275 765 y(When)41 b(using)g(the)h(shell,)i(only)e(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')g(and)e(`)p Ft(')p Fu(')i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)h(escap)s(e)g (the)g(history)f(expansion)150 875 y(c)m(haracter,)e(but)34 b(the)i(history)g(expansion)f(c)m(haracter)i(is)f(also)g(treated)h(as)e (quoted)h(if)g(it)g(immediately)150 984 y(precedes)30 b(the)h(closing)g(double)f(quote)h(in)f(a)h(double-quoted)g(string.)275 1122 y(Sev)m(eral)48 b(shell)g(options)h(settable)g(with)e(the)h Ft(shopt)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i(Section)f(4.3.2)i([The)e(Shopt)150 1232 y(Builtin],)24 b(page)e(66\))h(ma)m(y)e(b)s(e)g(used)g(to)h (tailor)g(the)g(b)s(eha)m(vior)f(of)h(history)f(expansion.)37 b(If)21 b(the)h Ft(histverify)150 1341 y Fu(shell)35 b(option)f(is)h(enabled,)g(and)f(Readline)h(is)f(b)s(eing)g(used,)h (history)g(substitutions)e(are)i(not)g(immedi-)150 1451 y(ately)i(passed)d(to)i(the)g(shell)f(parser.)55 b(Instead,)37 b(the)e(expanded)g(line)g(is)h(reloaded)g(in)m(to)g(the)f(Readline)150 1561 y(editing)29 b(bu\013er)f(for)h(further)e(mo)s(di\014cation.)41 b(If)28 b(Readline)h(is)g(b)s(eing)f(used,)h(and)f(the)h Ft(histreedit)d Fu(shell)150 1670 y(option)e(is)g(enabled,)h(a)g (failed)f(history)g(expansion)g(will)g(b)s(e)f(reloaded)h(in)m(to)h (the)f(Readline)g(editing)h(bu\013er)150 1780 y(for)31 b(correction.)43 b(The)30 b Ft(-p)g Fu(option)h(to)h(the)f Ft(history)e Fu(builtin)h(command)h(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)f(used)g(to)i(see)f (what)g(a)150 1889 y(history)25 b(expansion)g(will)g(do)g(b)s(efore)g (using)f(it.)40 b(The)24 b Ft(-s)h Fu(option)g(to)h(the)f Ft(history)e Fu(builtin)i(ma)m(y)g(b)s(e)g(used)150 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2082 y Ft(g)150 2192 y(a)432 b Fu(Cause)38 b(c)m(hanges)i(to)f(b)s(e)f (applied)h(o)m(v)m(er)h(the)f(en)m(tire)g(ev)m(en)m(t)h(line.)66 b(Used)39 b(in)f(conjunction)630 2301 y(with)30 b(`)p Ft(s)p Fu(',)h(as)f(in)h Ft(gs/)p Fj(old)p Ft(/)p Fj(new)p Ft(/)p Fu(,)c(or)j(with)h(`)p Ft(&)p Fu('.)150 2461 y Ft(G)432 b Fu(Apply)30 b(the)g(follo)m(wing)i(`)p Ft(s)p Fu(')f(or)f(`)p Ft(&)p Fu(')h(mo)s(di\014er)e(once)i(to)g(eac)m(h)h(w)m (ord)e(in)g(the)g(ev)m(en)m(t.)p eop end %%Page: 152 158 TeXDict begin 152 157 bop 3614 -116 a Fu(152)150 299 y Fp(10)80 b(Installing)52 b(Bash)150 534 y Fu(This)31 b(c)m(hapter)h(pro)m(vides)g(basic)g(instructions)f(for)g(installing)i (Bash)f(on)f(the)h(v)-5 b(arious)31 b(supp)s(orted)f(plat-)150 643 y(forms.)40 b(The)28 b(distribution)h(supp)s(orts)e(the)j Fm(gnu)f Fu(op)s(erating)h(systems,)f(nearly)h(ev)m(ery)g(v)m(ersion)f (of)h(Unix,)150 753 y(and)d(sev)m(eral)j(non-Unix)d(systems)h(suc)m(h)g (as)g(BeOS)g(and)f(In)m(terix.)40 b(Other)28 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y(v)m(ersion)25 b(of)f(Auto)s(conf.) 39 b(If)24 b(y)m(ou)h(do)f(this,)i(mak)m(e)f(sure)f(y)m(ou)h(are)f (using)g(Auto)s(conf)h(v)m(ersion)f(2.50)i(or)f(new)m(er.)275 1018 y(Y)-8 b(ou)29 b(can)f(remo)m(v)m(e)i(the)f(program)g(binaries)f (and)g(ob)5 b(ject)29 b(\014les)g(from)f(the)h(source)f(co)s(de)h (directory)g(b)m(y)150 1127 y(t)m(yping)j(`)p Ft(make)d(clean)p Fu('.)42 b(T)-8 b(o)32 b(also)g(remo)m(v)m(e)g(the)g(\014les)f(that)g Ft(configure)e Fu(created)j(\(so)g(y)m(ou)g(can)f(compile)150 1237 y(Bash)g(for)f(a)g(di\013eren)m(t)h(kind)f(of)g(computer\),)h(t)m (yp)s(e)g(`)p Ft(make)e(distclean)p Fu('.)150 1487 y Fs(10.2)68 b(Compilers)46 b(and)f(Options)150 1646 y Fu(Some)28 b(systems)h(require)f(un)m(usual)f(options)i(for)f (compilation)i(or)f(linking)f(that)h(the)g Ft(configure)d Fu(script)150 1756 y(do)s(es)32 b(not)g(kno)m(w)g(ab)s(out.)44 b(Y)-8 b(ou)33 b(can)f(giv)m(e)h Ft(configure)d Fu(initial)j(v)-5 b(alues)32 b(for)g(v)-5 b(ariables)32 b(b)m(y)g(setting)h(them)150 1865 y(in)k(the)g(en)m(vironmen)m(t.)62 b(Using)38 b(a)f (Bourne-compatible)i(shell,)g(y)m(ou)f(can)g(do)f(that)h(on)f(the)g (command)150 1975 y(line)31 b(lik)m(e)g(this:)390 2115 y Ft(CC=c89)46 b(CFLAGS=-O2)f(LIBS=-lposix)g(./configure)275 2255 y Fu(On)29 b(systems)h(that)h(ha)m(v)m(e)h(the)f Ft(env)e Fu(program,)h(y)m(ou)h(can)g(do)f(it)h(lik)m(e)h(this:)390 2396 y Ft(env)47 b(CPPFLAGS=-I/usr/local/in)o(clud)o(e)42 b(LDFLAGS=-s)j(./configure)275 2536 y Fu(The)29 b(con\014guration)i (pro)s(cess)f(uses)g(GCC)g(to)h(build)e(Bash)i(if)f(it)h(is)g(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable.)150 2786 y Fs(10.3)68 b(Compiling)46 b(F)-11 b(or)45 b(Multiple)g(Arc)l(hitectures)150 2945 y Fu(Y)-8 b(ou)27 b(can)g(compile)g(Bash)g(for)f(more)h(than)f(one)h(kind)f(of)g (computer)h(at)g(the)g(same)g(time,)h(b)m(y)e(placing)i(the)150 3055 y(ob)5 b(ject)31 b(\014les)f(for)g(eac)m(h)i(arc)m(hitecture)f(in) f(their)g(o)m(wn)h(directory)-8 b(.)41 b(T)-8 b(o)31 b(do)f(this,)g(y)m(ou)h(m)m(ust)f(use)g(a)g(v)m(ersion)150 3164 y(of)36 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4386 y(mand)38 b(Substitution],)k(page)e(31\),)j(and)38 b(preferred)g(to)i(the)g(Bourne)f(shell's)h Ft(``)e Fu(\(whic)m(h)i(is) f(also)330 4495 y(implemen)m(ted)31 b(for)f(bac)m(kw)m(ards)h (compatibilit)m(y\).)225 4631 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(has)f(pro)s(cess)g(substitution)g(\(see)h(Section)g(3.5.6)h([Pro)s (cess)f(Substitution],)f(page)h(32\).)225 4766 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)55 b(automatically)j(assigns)e(v)-5 b(ariables)55 b(that)h(pro)m(vide)f(information)h(ab)s(out)f(the)g(curren)m(t)330 4876 y(user)40 b(\()p Ft(UID)p Fu(,)i Ft(EUID)p Fu(,)g(and)e Ft(GROUPS)p Fu(\),)h(the)g(curren)m(t)f(host)g(\()p Ft(HOSTTYPE)p Fu(,)h Ft(OSTYPE)p Fu(,)h Ft(MACHTYPE)p Fu(,)f(and)330 4985 y Ft(HOSTNAME)p Fu(\),)55 b(and)c(the)g(instance)h(of)g(Bash)f (that)h(is)f(running)f(\()p Ft(BASH)p Fu(,)56 b Ft(BASH_VERSION)p Fu(,)e(and)330 5095 y Ft(BASH_VERSINFO)p Fu(\).)37 b(See)31 b(Section)g(5.2)h([Bash)e(V)-8 b(ariables],)33 b(page)e(73,)g(for)f (details.)225 5230 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)44 b Ft(IFS)f Fu(v)-5 b(ariable)45 b(is)f(used)f(to)i(split)f(only)g(the)g(results)g (of)h(expansion,)i(not)d(all)h(w)m(ords)f(\(see)330 5340 y(Section)29 b(3.5.7)h([W)-8 b(ord)29 b(Splitting],)h(page)f(32\).)41 b(This)28 b(closes)h(a)g(longstanding)g(shell)f(securit)m(y)h(hole.)p eop end %%Page: 163 169 TeXDict begin 163 168 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(163)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)36 b(\014lename)h(expansion)f(brac)m(k)m(et)i(expression)f(co) s(de)f(uses)g(`)p Ft(!)p Fu(')h(and)f(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')h(to)g(negate)h (the)f(set)g(of)330 408 y(c)m(haracters)32 b(b)s(et)m(w)m(een)f(the)f (brac)m(k)m(ets.)43 b(The)29 b(Bourne)i(shell)f(uses)g(only)h(`)p Ft(!)p Fu('.)225 536 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)38 b(implemen)m(ts)g(the)g (full)g(set)g(of)g Fm(posix)f Fu(\014lename)h(expansion)g(op)s (erators,)i(including)d Fr(c)m(har-)330 646 y(acter)i(classes)p Fu(,)j Fr(equiv)-5 b(alence)39 b(classes)p Fu(,)j(and)37 b 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b(Bash)h Ft(hash)f Fu(builtin)g(allo)m(ws)j(a)e(name)g(to)g(b)s(e)f(asso)s(ciated)j(with)d (an)h(arbitrary)f(\014lename,)330 874 y(ev)m(en)30 b(when)e(that)h (\014lename)g(cannot)h(b)s(e)e(found)g(b)m(y)h(searc)m(hing)g(the)g Ft($PATH)p Fu(,)g(using)f(`)p Ft(hash)h(-p)p Fu(')g(\(see)330 984 y(Section)i(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)h(44\).)225 1121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)27 b(includes)f(a)i Ft(help)d Fu(builtin)i(for)f(quic)m(k)h(reference)h(to)f(shell)g(facilities)i (\(see)f(Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)330 1230 y(Builtins],)j(page)g(51\).)225 1367 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(printf)g Fu(builtin)g(is)h(a)m(v)-5 b(ailable)45 b(to)f(displa)m(y)f(formatted)g(output)g(\(see)h(Section)g (4.2)g([Bash)330 1477 y(Builtins],)31 b(page)g(51\).)225 1614 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)26 b(Bash)h Ft(read)f Fu(builtin)g(\(see)i (Section)g(4.2)g([Bash)f(Builtins],)h(page)g(51\))g(will)f(read)g(a)g (line)g(ending)330 1724 y(in)i(`)p Ft(\\)p Fu(')h(with)f(the)g Ft(-r)g 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b(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(62\).)225 3477 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)31 b(`)p Ft(-x)p Fu(')g(\()p Ft(xtrace)p Fu(\))g(option)h(displa)m(ys)f(commands)h(other)f(than)h(simple)f (commands)g(when)g(p)s(er-)330 3587 y(forming)f(an)g(execution)i(trace) f(\(see)h(Section)f(4.3.1)h([The)e(Set)h(Builtin],)g(page)g(62\).)225 3724 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)28 b Ft(test)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)h(Section) f(4.1)h([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)h(page)g(44\))g(is)f(sligh)m(tly)h (di\013eren)m(t,)330 3833 y(as)23 b(it)g(implemen)m(ts)f(the)h Fm(posix)f Fu(algorithm,)j(whic)m(h)d(sp)s(eci\014es)g(the)h(b)s(eha)m (vior)f(based)g(on)h(the)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(er)330 3943 y(of)31 b(argumen)m(ts.)225 4080 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)31 b(includes)g(the)h Ft(caller)d Fu(builtin,)j(whic)m(h)f(displa)m(ys)g(the)g(con)m(text)i (of)f(an)m(y)g(activ)m(e)h(subroutine)330 4189 y(call)28 b(\(a)f(shell)f(function)h(or)f(a)h(script)f(executed)h(with)f(the)h Ft(.)f Fu(or)g Ft(source)f Fu(builtins\).)39 b(This)26 b(supp)s(orts)330 4299 y(the)31 b(bash)e(debugger.)225 4436 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)42 b Ft(trap)f Fu(builtin)h(\(see)i(Section) f(4.1)h([Bourne)e(Shell)g(Builtins],)47 b(page)c(44\))h(allo)m(ws)g(a)e Ft(DEBUG)330 4545 y Fu(pseudo-signal)c(sp)s(eci\014cation,)i(similar)e (to)g Ft(EXIT)p Fu(.)62 b(Commands)36 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h(with)g(a)h Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap)330 4655 y(are)k(executed)g(b)s(efore)f(ev)m(ery)h (simple)f(command,)j Ft(for)c Fu(command,)k Ft(case)c Fu(command,)k Ft(select)330 4765 y Fu(command,)35 b(ev)m(ery)g (arithmetic)g Ft(for)e Fu(command,)i(and)f(b)s(efore)g(the)g(\014rst)f (command)h(executes)h(in)330 4874 y(a)29 b(shell)g(function.)40 b(The)28 b Ft(DEBUG)g Fu(trap)g(is)h(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h(shell)g (functions)f(unless)g(the)h(function)330 4984 y(has)35 b(b)s(een)g(giv)m(en)i(the)f Ft(trace)e Fu(attribute)i(or)g(the)g Ft(functrace)d Fu(option)j(has)f(b)s(een)g(enabled)g(using)330 5093 y(the)28 b Ft(shopt)e Fu(builtin.)39 b(The)27 b Ft(extdebug)f Fu(shell)i(option)g(has)f(additional)h(e\013ects)h(on)f (the)g Ft(DEBUG)e Fu(trap.)330 5230 y(The)21 b Ft(trap)e Fu(builtin)i(\(see)h(Section)g(4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)j (page)e(44\))g(allo)m(ws)g(an)f Ft(ERR)f Fu(pseudo-)330 5340 y(signal)30 b(sp)s(eci\014cation,)h(similar)f(to)g Ft(EXIT)f Fu(and)g Ft(DEBUG)p Fu(.)39 b(Commands)28 b(sp)s(eci\014ed)h (with)g(an)g Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)p eop end %%Page: 165 171 TeXDict begin 165 170 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(165)330 299 y(are)40 b(executed)g(after)g (a)f(simple)h(command)f(fails,)j(with)d(a)h(few)f(exceptions.)68 b(The)39 b Ft(ERR)g Fu(trap)g(is)330 408 y(not)g(inherited)f(b)m(y)h (shell)g(functions)f(unless)g(the)h Ft(-o)29 b(errtrace)37 b Fu(option)i(to)g(the)g Ft(set)f Fu(builtin)g(is)330 518 y(enabled.)330 650 y(The)g Ft(trap)g Fu(builtin)h(\(see)g(Section)h (4.1)g([Bourne)f(Shell)g(Builtins],)i(page)f(44\))g(allo)m(ws)g(a)g Ft(RETURN)330 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y(suc)m(h)d(as)h(an)f Ft(if)g Fu(or)g Ft(while)f Fu(statemen)m(t.)225 4770 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(Bash)29 b(do)s(es)f(not)h (allo)m(w)h(un)m(balanced)f(quotes.)41 b(The)28 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g (will)g(silen)m(tly)i(insert)d(a)h(needed)330 4880 y(closing)g(quote)g (at)f Ft(EOF)f Fu(under)g(certain)h(circumstances.)41 b(This)27 b(can)h(b)s(e)g(the)g(cause)g(of)g(some)h(hard-)330 4989 y(to-\014nd)h(errors.)225 5121 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)45 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)f(uses)g(a)g(baro)s(que)g(memory)g(managemen)m(t)i(sc) m(heme)e(based)g(on)g(trapping)330 5230 y Ft(SIGSEGV)p Fu(.)57 b(If)35 b(the)i(shell)f(is)h(started)g(from)e(a)i(pro)s(cess)f (with)g Ft(SIGSEGV)e Fu(blo)s(c)m(k)m(ed)k(\(e.g.,)h(b)m(y)d(using)330 5340 y(the)31 b Ft(system\(\))d Fu(C)i(library)g(function)g(call\),)i (it)f(misb)s(eha)m(v)m(es)g(badly)-8 b(.)p eop end %%Page: 166 172 TeXDict begin 166 171 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(B:)i(Ma)5 b(jor)31 b(Di\013erences)g(F)-8 b(rom)31 b(The)f(Bourne)g(Shell)1258 b(166)225 299 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(In)30 b(a)i(questionable)g(attempt)g(at)g(securit)m(y)-8 b(,)33 b(the)e(SVR4.2)h(shell,)g(when)e(in)m(v)m(ok)m(ed)j(without)e (the)h Ft(-p)330 408 y Fu(option,)39 b(will)d(alter)i(its)e(real)h(and) f(e\013ectiv)m(e)j Fm(uid)d Fu(and)g Fm(gid)h Fu(if)f(they)h(are)f (less)h(than)f(some)h(magic)330 518 y(threshold)30 b(v)-5 b(alue,)31 b(commonly)g(100.)42 b(This)29 b(can)i(lead)g(to)g(unexp)s (ected)f(results.)225 653 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g (do)s(es)f(not)g(allo)m(w)i(users)e(to)h(trap)f Ft(SIGSEGV)p Fu(,)f Ft(SIGALRM)p Fu(,)f(or)j Ft(SIGCHLD)p Fu(.)225 787 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)34 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g(do)s(es)g(not)f(allo)m (w)j(the)d Ft(IFS)p Fu(,)h Ft(MAILCHECK)p Fu(,)f Ft(PATH)p Fu(,)h Ft(PS1)p Fu(,)g(or)f Ft(PS2)g Fu(v)-5 b(ariables)35 b(to)330 897 y(b)s(e)30 b(unset.)225 1031 y Fq(\017)60 b Fu(The)30 b(SVR4.2)h(shell)g(treats)g(`)p Ft(^)p Fu(')f(as)h(the)g (undo)s(cumen)m(ted)e(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)31 b(of)g(`)p Ft(|)p Fu('.)225 1166 y Fq(\017)60 b 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Fp(App)t(endix)52 b(C)81 b(GNU)54 b(F)-13 b(ree)53 b(Do)t(cumen)l(tation)e(License)1359 502 y Fu(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(1.3,)g(3)g(No)m(v)m(em)m(b)s(er)h(2008)390 635 y(Cop)m(yrigh)m(t)842 632 y(c)817 635 y Fq(\015)e Fu(2000,)j(2001,)f(2002,)g(2007,)h(2008)f (F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Soft)m(w)m(are)h(F)-8 b(oundation,)31 b(Inc.)390 745 y Ft(http://fsf.org/)390 964 y Fu(Ev)m(ery)m(one)g(is)g (p)s(ermitted)f(to)h(cop)m(y)g(and)f(distribute)g(v)m(erbatim)h(copies) 390 1074 y(of)g(this)f(license)h(do)s(cumen)m(t,)g(but)e(c)m(hanging)j (it)f(is)f(not)h(allo)m(w)m(ed.)199 1207 y(0.)61 b(PREAMBLE)330 1340 y(The)37 b(purp)s(ose)e(of)i(this)g(License)h(is)f(to)h(mak)m(e)g (a)g(man)m(ual,)h(textb)s(o)s(ok,)h(or)d(other)g(functional)h(and)330 1450 y(useful)29 b(do)s(cumen)m(t)h Fr(free)36 b Fu(in)29 b(the)i(sense)f(of)g(freedom:)41 b(to)31 b(assure)e(ev)m(ery)m(one)j (the)e(e\013ectiv)m(e)j(freedom)330 1559 y(to)f(cop)m(y)g(and)f (redistribute)g(it,)h(with)g(or)f(without)g(mo)s(difying)g(it,)i 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b(a)42 b(free)h(program)f(should)f(come)i(with)f(man)m(uals)330 2592 y(pro)m(viding)29 b(the)g(same)g(freedoms)f(that)i(the)f(soft)m(w) m(are)h(do)s(es.)40 b(But)29 b(this)f(License)i(is)f(not)g(limited)g (to)330 2702 y(soft)m(w)m(are)j(man)m(uals;)f(it)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(used)g (for)g(an)m(y)h(textual)h(w)m(ork,)f(regardless)g(of)g(sub)5 b(ject)30 b(matter)i(or)330 2812 y(whether)f(it)h(is)f(published)f(as)i (a)f(prin)m(ted)g(b)s(o)s(ok.)44 b(W)-8 b(e)32 b(recommend)f(this)h (License)g(principally)f(for)330 2921 y(w)m(orks)f(whose)h(purp)s(ose)d (is)j(instruction)f(or)g(reference.)199 3054 y(1.)61 b(APPLICABILITY)29 b(AND)j(DEFINITIONS)330 3187 y(This)39 b(License)i(applies)f(to)g(an)m(y)h(man)m(ual)f(or)g(other)g(w)m(ork,)i (in)e(an)m(y)g(medium,)i(that)e(con)m(tains)i(a)330 3297 y(notice)h(placed)f(b)m(y)f(the)h(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h(holder)e(sa)m(ying) h(it)g(can)g(b)s(e)f(distributed)f(under)g(the)i(terms)330 3407 y(of)c(this)f(License.)62 b(Suc)m(h)37 b(a)h(notice)h(gran)m(ts)f 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b(\\Secondary)g(Section")h(is) f(a)h(named)e(app)s(endix)f(or)i(a)h(fron)m(t-matter)g(section)g(of)f (the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)330 4440 y(that)c(deals)g(exclusiv)m(ely)h(with)e (the)g(relationship)h(of)f(the)h(publishers)d(or)i(authors)g(of)h(the)f (Do)s(cumen)m(t)330 4549 y(to)38 b(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)i(o)m(v)m (erall)g(sub)5 b(ject)37 b(\(or)h(to)g(related)g(matters\))g(and)f(con) m(tains)h(nothing)f(that)330 4659 y(could)j(fall)h(directly)g(within)f (that)h(o)m(v)m(erall)i(sub)5 b(ject.)70 b(\(Th)m(us,)42 b(if)e(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(is)f(in)g(part)h(a)330 4769 y(textb)s(o)s(ok)24 b(of)g(mathematics,)j(a)d(Secondary)f(Section) h(ma)m(y)g(not)g(explain)g(an)m(y)g(mathematics.\))40 b(The)330 4878 y(relationship)28 b(could)f(b)s(e)g(a)g(matter)i(of)e (historical)i(connection)f(with)f(the)h(sub)5 b(ject)27 b(or)g(with)g(related)330 4988 y(matters,)38 b(or)d(of)h(legal,)i (commercial,)h(philosophical,)f(ethical)f(or)e(p)s(olitical)i(p)s (osition)f(regarding)330 5097 y(them.)330 5230 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(other)g(material)h(on)f(the)g(co)m(v)m(ers)h(in)e(addition.)330 2345 y(Cop)m(ying)36 b(with)g(c)m(hanges)h(limited)g(to)g(the)g(co)m(v) m(ers,)i(as)d(long)h(as)g(they)f(preserv)m(e)g(the)h(title)g(of)g(the) 330 2454 y(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(and)e(satisfy)i(these)f(conditions,)j(can)d (b)s(e)g(treated)h(as)f(v)m(erbatim)h(cop)m(ying)g(in)f(other)330 2564 y(resp)s(ects.)330 2698 y(If)32 b(the)h(required)f(texts)i(for)e (either)h(co)m(v)m(er)i(are)e(to)s(o)g(v)m(oluminous)g(to)g(\014t)g (legibly)-8 b(,)35 b(y)m(ou)e(should)f(put)330 2807 y(the)h(\014rst)f (ones)h(listed)g(\(as)h(man)m(y)f(as)g(\014t)g(reasonably\))g(on)g(the) g(actual)h(co)m(v)m(er,)h(and)e(con)m(tin)m(ue)h(the)330 2917 y(rest)d(on)m(to)g(adjacen)m(t)h(pages.)330 3051 y(If)27 b(y)m(ou)g(publish)e(or)i(distribute)g(Opaque)f(copies)i(of)f (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)f(n)m(um)m(b)s(ering)f(more)i(than)e(100,)330 3160 y(y)m(ou)i(m)m(ust)g(either)h(include)e(a)i(mac)m(hine-readable)g (T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)28 b(cop)m(y)h(along)g(with)e(eac)m(h)i(Opaque) 330 3270 y(cop)m(y)-8 b(,)38 b(or)d(state)h(in)f(or)g(with)g(eac)m(h)h (Opaque)e(cop)m(y)i(a)g(computer-net)m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s(cation)h(from)d (whic)m(h)330 3380 y(the)24 b(general)i(net)m(w)m(ork-using)f(public)e (has)h(access)i(to)f(do)m(wnload)f(using)g(public-standard)f(net)m(w)m (ork)330 3489 y(proto)s(cols)40 b(a)f(complete)h(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)39 b(cop)m(y)g(of)g(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)i(free)d(of)g (added)f(material.)67 b(If)330 3599 y(y)m(ou)39 b(use)g(the)g(latter)h (option,)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)e(tak)m(e)j(reasonably)e(pruden)m(t)e (steps,)k(when)d(y)m(ou)h(b)s(egin)330 3708 y(distribution)f(of)g (Opaque)g(copies)h(in)e(quan)m(tit)m(y)-8 b(,)43 b(to)38 b(ensure)g(that)h(this)f(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)38 b(cop)m(y)h(will)330 3818 y(remain)30 b(th)m(us)g(accessible)i(at)f(the)f(stated)h(lo)s (cation)h(un)m(til)e(at)h(least)h(one)e(y)m(ear)h(after)g(the)f(last)h (time)330 3927 y(y)m(ou)37 b(distribute)f(an)h(Opaque)f(cop)m(y)i (\(directly)g(or)e(through)g(y)m(our)h(agen)m(ts)h(or)f(retailers\))h (of)f(that)330 4037 y(edition)31 b(to)g(the)g(public.)330 4171 y(It)k(is)f(requested,)i(but)e(not)h(required,)g(that)g(y)m(ou)g (con)m(tact)h(the)f(authors)f(of)h(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(w)m(ell)330 4281 y(b)s(efore)28 b(redistributing)g(an)m(y)h(large)h(n)m(um)m(b)s (er)d(of)i(copies,)h(to)f(giv)m(e)h(them)f(a)g(c)m(hance)h(to)f(pro)m (vide)g(y)m(ou)330 4390 y(with)h(an)g(up)s(dated)f(v)m(ersion)i(of)g (the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.)199 4524 y(4.)61 b(MODIFICA)-8 b(TIONS)330 4658 y(Y)g(ou)26 b(ma)m(y)g(cop)m(y)g(and)f(distribute)g(a) h(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)26 b(of)g(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(under) e(the)h(conditions)330 4768 y(of)c(sections)h(2)g(and)e(3)h(ab)s(o)m(v) m(e,)k(pro)m(vided)20 b(that)i(y)m(ou)f(release)i(the)e(Mo)s(di\014ed)f (V)-8 b(ersion)22 b(under)d(precisely)330 4877 y(this)29 b(License,)h(with)f(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)30 b(\014lling)f(the)g(role)h(of)f(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(th)m(us)f (licensing)330 4987 y(distribution)k(and)h(mo)s(di\014cation)g(of)h (the)f(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)35 b(to)g(who)s(ev)m(er)f(p)s (ossesses)f(a)i(cop)m(y)g(of)330 5096 y(it.)41 b(In)30 b(addition,)h(y)m(ou)f(m)m(ust)h(do)f(these)h(things)f(in)g(the)h(Mo)s (di\014ed)e(V)-8 b(ersion:)357 5230 y(A.)60 b(Use)33 b(in)f(the)h(Title)h(P)m(age)g(\(and)f(on)f(the)h(co)m(v)m(ers,)i(if)e (an)m(y\))g(a)g(title)h(distinct)f(from)g(that)g(of)g(the)510 5340 y(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)j(and)d(from)g(those)i(of)f(previous)f(v)m (ersions)h(\(whic)m(h)g(should,)g(if)g(there)g(w)m(ere)g(an)m(y)-8 b(,)p eop end %%Page: 170 176 TeXDict begin 170 175 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560 b(170)510 299 y(b)s(e)31 b(listed)h(in)f(the)g(History)h(section)g(of)g (the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t\).)45 b(Y)-8 b(ou)32 b(ma)m(y)g(use)f(the)g(same) h(title)h(as)510 408 y(a)e(previous)f(v)m(ersion)g(if)h(the)f(original) i(publisher)d(of)h(that)h(v)m(ersion)g(giv)m(es)h(p)s(ermission.)360 545 y(B.)61 b(List)31 b(on)f(the)h(Title)g(P)m(age,)i(as)d(authors,)h (one)g(or)f(more)h(p)s(ersons)e(or)h(en)m(tities)j(resp)s(onsible)c (for)510 655 y(authorship)c(of)h(the)h(mo)s(di\014cations)f(in)g(the)g (Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion,)28 b(together)g(with)d(at)i(least)h (\014v)m(e)510 765 y(of)c(the)g(principal)g(authors)f(of)i(the)f(Do)s (cumen)m(t)g(\(all)h(of)g(its)f(principal)g(authors,)h(if)f(it)g(has)g (few)m(er)510 874 y(than)30 b(\014v)m(e\),)h(unless)f(they)h(release)g (y)m(ou)g(from)f(this)g(requiremen)m(t.)359 1011 y(C.)60 b(State)32 b(on)e(the)h(Title)h(page)f(the)g(name)g(of)g(the)g (publisher)e(of)i(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion,)32 b(as)f(the)510 1121 y(publisher.)355 1258 y(D.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)31 b(all)g(the)g(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)h(notices)f(of)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t.) 363 1395 y(E.)60 b(Add)30 b(an)i(appropriate)f(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)i (notice)f(for)g(y)m(our)f(mo)s(di\014cations)g(adjacen)m(t)i(to)f(the)g (other)510 1504 y(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g(notices.)365 1641 y(F.)61 b(Include,)28 b(immediately)h(after)f(the)h(cop)m(yrigh)m(t)g (notices,)h(a)e(license)h(notice)g(giving)g(the)f(public)510 1751 y(p)s(ermission)23 b(to)j(use)e(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8 b(ersion)25 b(under)e(the)i(terms)f(of)h(this)f(License,)j(in)d(the)g (form)510 1861 y(sho)m(wn)30 b(in)g(the)g(Addendum)f(b)s(elo)m(w.)353 1998 y(G.)61 b(Preserv)m(e)23 b(in)g(that)g(license)h(notice)g(the)f (full)g(lists)g(of)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)23 b(Sections)h(and)e (required)g(Co)m(v)m(er)510 2107 y(T)-8 b(exts)31 b(giv)m(en)g(in)f (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t's)g(license)h(notice.)357 2244 y(H.)60 b(Include)30 b(an)g(unaltered)g(cop)m(y)h(of)g(this)f(License.) 392 2381 y(I.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)f(section)h(En)m(titled)g (\\History",)h(Preserv)m(e)f(its)f(Title,)i(and)d(add)h(to)h(it)f(an)g (item)510 2491 y(stating)d(at)g(least)g(the)g(title,)h(y)m(ear,)g(new)d (authors,)i(and)e(publisher)f(of)j(the)f(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion)510 2600 y(as)32 b(giv)m(en)g(on)f(the)h(Title)g(P)m(age.)45 b(If)31 b(there)h(is)f(no)g(section)i(En)m(titled)f(\\History")h(in)e (the)g(Do)s(cu-)510 2710 y(men)m(t,)37 b(create)f(one)f(stating)h(the)f (title,)i(y)m(ear,)g(authors,)f(and)e(publisher)f(of)i(the)g(Do)s (cumen)m(t)510 2819 y(as)h(giv)m(en)h(on)f(its)h(Title)g(P)m(age,)i (then)d(add)g(an)g(item)g(describing)g(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g(V)-8 b(ersion)37 b(as)510 2929 y(stated)31 b(in)f(the)h(previous)f(sen)m (tence.)378 3066 y(J.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)33 b(the)g(net)m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s (cation,)i(if)d(an)m(y)-8 b(,)34 b(giv)m(en)f(in)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m (t)h(for)g(public)e(access)j(to)510 3176 y(a)e(T)-8 b(ransparen)m(t)30 b(cop)m(y)i(of)g(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(and)f(lik)m(ewise)h(the)g(net) m(w)m(ork)g(lo)s(cations)g(giv)m(en)g(in)510 3285 y(the)g(Do)s(cumen)m (t)g(for)g(previous)f(v)m(ersions)h(it)g(w)m(as)g(based)f(on.)45 b(These)31 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)f(placed)h(in)g(the)510 3395 y(\\History")27 b(section.)40 b(Y)-8 b(ou)25 b(ma)m(y)h(omit)g(a)f(net) m(w)m(ork)h(lo)s(cation)g(for)f(a)h(w)m(ork)f(that)g(w)m(as)h (published)510 3504 y(at)36 b(least)h(four)e(y)m(ears)i(b)s(efore)e (the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t)h(itself,)h(or)d(if)h(the)g(original)h(publisher) d(of)i(the)510 3614 y(v)m(ersion)31 b(it)g(refers)f(to)h(giv)m(es)h(p)s (ermission.)354 3751 y(K.)60 b(F)-8 b(or)24 b(an)m(y)h(section)f(En)m (titled)h(\\Ac)m(kno)m(wledgemen)m(ts")i(or)d(\\Dedications",)k (Preserv)m(e)c(the)g(Title)510 3861 y(of)j(the)f(section,)j(and)d (preserv)m(e)h(in)f(the)h(section)g(all)h(the)e(substance)h(and)f(tone) h(of)f(eac)m(h)i(of)f(the)510 3970 y(con)m(tributor)k(ac)m(kno)m (wledgemen)m(ts)i(and/or)d(dedications)h(giv)m(en)h(therein.)368 4107 y(L.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)36 b(all)g(the)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(of)f(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t,)h(unaltered)f (in)f(their)g(text)i(and)510 4217 y(in)f(their)g(titles.)58 b(Section)37 b(n)m(um)m(b)s(ers)d(or)i(the)g(equiv)-5 b(alen)m(t)38 b(are)e(not)g(considered)g(part)g(of)g(the)510 4326 y(section)c(titles.)341 4463 y(M.)61 b(Delete)33 b(an)m(y)e(section)h(En)m(titled)f(\\Endorsemen)m(ts".)42 b(Suc)m(h)30 b(a)i(section)f(ma)m(y)h(not)f(b)s(e)f(included)510 4573 y(in)g(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)e(V)-8 b(ersion.)357 4710 y(N.)60 b(Do)29 b(not)g(retitle)h(an)m(y)e(existing)i(section)f (to)g(b)s(e)f(En)m(titled)h(\\Endorsemen)m(ts")g(or)f(to)h(con\015ict)g (in)510 4819 y(title)j(with)e(an)m(y)h(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)31 b(Section.)354 4956 y(O.)60 b(Preserv)m(e)31 b(an)m(y)g(W)-8 b(arran)m(t)m(y)32 b(Disclaimers.)330 5121 y(If)h(the)g(Mo)s(di\014ed)g (V)-8 b(ersion)34 b(includes)f(new)g(fron)m(t-matter)i(sections)f(or)f (app)s(endices)g(that)h(qualify)330 5230 y(as)28 b(Secondary)g (Sections)g(and)f(con)m(tain)j(no)d(material)j(copied)e(from)f(the)h (Do)s(cumen)m(t,)i(y)m(ou)e(ma)m(y)g(at)330 5340 y(y)m(our)k(option)h (designate)h(some)e(or)h(all)g(of)f(these)h(sections)h(as)e(in)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t.)48 b(T)-8 b(o)33 b(do)f(this,)h(add)f(their)p eop end %%Page: 171 177 TeXDict begin 171 176 bop 150 -116 a Fu(App)s(endix)29 b(C:)h(GNU)h(F)-8 b(ree)31 b(Do)s(cumen)m(tation)i(License)1560 b(171)330 299 y(titles)37 b(to)f(the)f(list)h(of)g(In)m(v)-5 b(arian)m(t)36 b(Sections)g(in)f(the)h(Mo)s(di\014ed)f(V)-8 b(ersion's)36 b(license)g(notice.)57 b(These)330 408 y(titles)32 b(m)m(ust)e(b)s(e)g(distinct)h(from)e(an)m(y)i(other)g (section)g(titles.)330 551 y(Y)-8 b(ou)43 b(ma)m(y)g(add)f(a)g(section) i(En)m(titled)f(\\Endorsemen)m(ts",)j(pro)m(vided)c(it)h(con)m(tains)g (nothing)g(but)330 661 y(endorsemen)m(ts)30 b(of)g(y)m(our)f(Mo)s (di\014ed)g(V)-8 b(ersion)31 b(b)m(y)e(v)-5 b(arious)30 b(parties|for)g(example,)g(statemen)m(ts)i(of)330 770 y(p)s(eer)27 b(review)g(or)g(that)h(the)f(text)i(has)d(b)s(een)h(appro) m(v)m(ed)g(b)m(y)g(an)h(organization)h(as)e(the)h(authoritativ)m(e)330 880 y(de\014nition)i(of)h(a)f(standard.)330 1022 y(Y)-8 b(ou)29 b(ma)m(y)g(add)e(a)i(passage)g(of)g(up)e(to)i(\014v)m(e)g(w)m (ords)e(as)i(a)g(F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)30 b(T)-8 b(ext,)30 b(and)e(a)g(passage)i(of)e(up)330 1132 y(to)g(25)g(w)m(ords)e (as)i(a)f(Bac)m(k-Co)m(v)m(er)j(T)-8 b(ext,)29 b(to)f(the)f(end)f(of)i (the)f(list)h(of)f(Co)m(v)m(er)h(T)-8 b(exts)27 b(in)g(the)h(Mo)s (di\014ed)330 1241 y(V)-8 b(ersion.)58 b(Only)35 b(one)h(passage)h(of)f (F)-8 b(ron)m(t-Co)m(v)m(er)38 b(T)-8 b(ext)36 b(and)g(one)g(of)g(Bac)m (k-Co)m(v)m(er)j(T)-8 b(ext)36 b(ma)m(y)h(b)s(e)330 1351 y(added)27 b(b)m(y)g(\(or)h(through)f(arrangemen)m(ts)h(made)g(b)m(y\)) g(an)m(y)g(one)f(en)m(tit)m(y)-8 b(.)42 b(If)27 b(the)h(Do)s(cumen)m(t) g(already)330 1461 y(includes)34 b(a)g(co)m(v)m(er)h(text)g(for)f(the)g (same)h(co)m(v)m(er,)h(previously)e(added)f(b)m(y)h(y)m(ou)g(or)g(b)m (y)g(arrangemen)m(t)330 1570 y(made)h(b)m(y)g(the)h(same)f(en)m(tit)m (y)i(y)m(ou)f(are)f(acting)i(on)e(b)s(ehalf)f(of,)j(y)m(ou)f(ma)m(y)g (not)f(add)g(another;)j(but)330 1680 y(y)m(ou)c(ma)m(y)h(replace)g(the) f(old)g(one,)i(on)e(explicit)h(p)s(ermission)e(from)g(the)i(previous)e (publisher)f(that)330 1789 y(added)e(the)g(old)h(one.)330 1932 y(The)25 b(author\(s\))h(and)f(publisher\(s\))f(of)i(the)f(Do)s (cumen)m(t)h(do)g(not)f(b)m(y)h(this)f(License)h(giv)m(e)h(p)s (ermission)330 2041 y(to)k(use)f(their)g(names)h(for)f(publicit)m(y)g (for)h(or)f(to)h(assert)g(or)f(imply)g(endorsemen)m(t)g(of)h(an)m(y)g (Mo)s(di\014ed)330 2151 y(V)-8 b(ersion.)199 2293 y(5.)61 b(COMBINING)31 b(DOCUMENTS)330 2436 y(Y)-8 b(ou)39 b(ma)m(y)g(com)m (bine)h(the)f(Do)s(cumen)m(t)g(with)g(other)f(do)s(cumen)m(ts)h (released)g(under)f(this)g(License,)330 2545 y(under)f(the)h(terms)g (de\014ned)f(in)h(section)h(4)g(ab)s(o)m(v)m(e)g(for)f(mo)s(di\014ed)f (v)m(ersions,)k(pro)m(vided)d(that)h(y)m(ou)330 2655 y(include)25 b(in)g(the)g(com)m(bination)i(all)f(of)g(the)f(In)m(v)-5 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