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+/* Boost.Flyweight example of a composite design.
+ *
+ * Copyright 2006-2014 Joaquin M Lopez Munoz.
+ * Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
+ * (See accompanying file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at
+ * http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
+ *
+ * See http://www.boost.org/libs/flyweight for library home page.
+ */
+
+#include <boost/flyweight.hpp>
+#include <boost/functional/hash.hpp>
+#include <boost/tokenizer.hpp>
+#include <boost/variant.hpp>
+#include <boost/variant/apply_visitor.hpp>
+#include <boost/variant/recursive_wrapper.hpp>
+#include <iostream>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+using namespace boost::flyweights;
+
+/* A node of a lisp-like list can be modeled as a boost::variant of
+ * 1. A string (primitive node)
+ * 2. A vector of nodes (embedded list)
+ * To save space, 2 is stored as a vector of flyweights.
+ * As is usual with recursive data structures, a node can be thought
+ * of also as a list. To close the flyweight circle, the final
+ * type list is a flyweight wrapper, so that the final structure can
+ * be described as follows in BNF-like style:
+ *
+ * list ::= flyweight<list_impl>
+ * list_impl ::= std::string | std::vector<list>
+ */
+
+struct list_elems;
+
+typedef boost::variant<
+ std::string,
+ boost::recursive_wrapper<list_elems>
+> list_impl;
+
+struct list_elems:std::vector<flyweight<list_impl> >{};
+
+typedef flyweight<list_impl> list;
+
+/* list_impl must be hashable to be used by flyweight: If a
+ * node is a std::string, its hash resolves to that of the string;
+ * if it is a vector of flyweight nodes, we combine their corresponding
+ * hash values. As hashing a flyweight does not involve actually hashing
+ * its pointed-to value, the resulting computation does not recursively
+ * descend down the entire data structure.
+ */
+
+struct list_hasher:boost::static_visitor<std::size_t>
+{
+ std::size_t operator()(const std::string& str)const
+ {
+ boost::hash<std::string> h;
+ return h(str);
+ }
+
+ std::size_t operator()(const list_elems& elms)const
+ {
+ std::size_t res=0;
+ for(list_elems::const_iterator it=elms.begin(),it_end=elms.end();
+ it!=it_end;++it){
+ boost::hash_combine(res,*it);
+ }
+ return res;
+ }
+};
+
+#if defined(BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP)
+namespace boost{
+#endif
+
+std::size_t hash_value(const list_impl& limpl)
+{
+ return boost::apply_visitor(list_hasher(),limpl);
+}
+
+#if defined(BOOST_NO_ARGUMENT_DEPENDENT_LOOKUP)
+} /* namespace boost */
+#endif
+
+/* basic pretty printer with indentation according to the nesting level */
+
+struct list_pretty_printer:boost::static_visitor<>
+{
+ list_pretty_printer():nest(0){}
+
+ void operator()(const std::string& str)
+ {
+ indent();
+ std::cout<<str<<"\n";
+ }
+
+ void operator()(const boost::recursive_wrapper<list_elems>& elmsw)
+ {
+ indent();
+ std::cout<<"(\n";
+ ++nest;
+ const list_elems& elms=elmsw.get();
+ for(list_elems::const_iterator it=elms.begin(),it_end=elms.end();
+ it!=it_end;++it){
+ boost::apply_visitor(*this,it->get());
+ }
+ --nest;
+ indent();
+ std::cout<<")\n";
+ }
+
+private:
+ void indent()const
+ {
+ for(int i=nest;i--;)std::cout<<" ";
+ }
+
+ int nest;
+};
+
+void pretty_print(const list& l)
+{
+ list_pretty_printer pp;
+ boost::apply_visitor(pp,l.get());
+}
+
+/* list parser */
+
+template<typename InputIterator>
+list parse_list(InputIterator& first,InputIterator last,int nest)
+{
+ list_elems elms;
+ while(first!=last){
+ std::string str=*first++;
+ if(str=="("){
+ elms.push_back(parse_list(first,last,nest+1));
+ }
+ else if(str==")"){
+ if(nest==0)throw std::runtime_error("unmatched )");
+ return list(elms);
+ }
+ else{
+ elms.push_back(list(str));
+ }
+ }
+ if(nest!=0)throw std::runtime_error("unmatched (");
+ return list(elms);
+}
+
+list parse_list(const std::string str)
+{
+ typedef boost::tokenizer<boost::char_separator<char> > tokenizer;
+ tokenizer tok(str,boost::char_separator<char>(" ","()"));
+ tokenizer::iterator begin=tok.begin();
+ return parse_list(begin,tok.end(),0);
+}
+
+int main()
+{
+ std::cout<<"enter list: ";
+ std::string str;
+ std::getline(std::cin,str);
+ try{
+ pretty_print(parse_list(str));
+ }
+ catch(const std::exception& e){
+ std::cout<<"error: "<<e.what()<<"\n";
+ }
+
+ return 0;
+}