Adding upstream version 8.32.upstream/8.32upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 2537 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/tail.c b/src/tail.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c88723
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/tail.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2537 @@
+/* tail -- output the last part of file(s)
+   Copyright (C) 1989-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+   it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+   the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+   (at your option) any later version.
+
+   This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+   but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+   MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+   GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+   You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+   along with this program.  If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.  */
+
+/* Can display any amount of data, unlike the Unix version, which uses
+   a fixed size buffer and therefore can only deliver a limited number
+   of lines.
+
+   Original version by Paul Rubin <phr@ocf.berkeley.edu>.
+   Extensions by David MacKenzie <djm@gnu.ai.mit.edu>.
+   tail -f for multiple files by Ian Lance Taylor <ian@airs.com>.
+   inotify back-end by Giuseppe Scrivano <gscrivano@gnu.org>.  */
+
+#include <config.h>
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <getopt.h>
+#include <sys/select.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#ifdef _AIX
+# include <poll.h>
+#endif
+
+#include "system.h"
+#include "argmatch.h"
+#include "cl-strtod.h"
+#include "die.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "fcntl--.h"
+#include "isapipe.h"
+#include "posixver.h"
+#include "quote.h"
+#include "safe-read.h"
+#include "stat-size.h"
+#include "stat-time.h"
+#include "xbinary-io.h"
+#include "xdectoint.h"
+#include "xnanosleep.h"
+#include "xstrtol.h"
+#include "xstrtod.h"
+
+#if HAVE_INOTIFY
+# include "hash.h"
+# include <sys/inotify.h>
+#endif
+
+/* Linux can optimize the handling of local files.  */
+#if defined __linux__ || defined __ANDROID__
+# include "fs.h"
+# include "fs-is-local.h"
+# if HAVE_SYS_STATFS_H
+#  include <sys/statfs.h>
+# elif HAVE_SYS_VFS_H
+#  include <sys/vfs.h>
+# endif
+#endif
+
+/* The official name of this program (e.g., no 'g' prefix).  */
+#define PROGRAM_NAME "tail"
+
+#define AUTHORS \
+  proper_name ("Paul Rubin"), \
+  proper_name ("David MacKenzie"), \
+  proper_name ("Ian Lance Taylor"), \
+  proper_name ("Jim Meyering")
+
+/* Number of items to tail.  */
+#define DEFAULT_N_LINES 10
+
+/* Special values for dump_remainder's N_BYTES parameter.  */
+#define COPY_TO_EOF UINTMAX_MAX
+#define COPY_A_BUFFER (UINTMAX_MAX - 1)
+
+/* FIXME: make Follow_name the default?  */
+#define DEFAULT_FOLLOW_MODE Follow_descriptor
+
+enum Follow_mode
+{
+  /* Follow the name of each file: if the file is renamed, try to reopen
+     that name and track the end of the new file if/when it's recreated.
+     This is useful for tracking logs that are occasionally rotated.  */
+  Follow_name = 1,
+
+  /* Follow each descriptor obtained upon opening a file.
+     That means we'll continue to follow the end of a file even after
+     it has been renamed or unlinked.  */
+  Follow_descriptor = 2
+};
+
+/* The types of files for which tail works.  */
+#define IS_TAILABLE_FILE_TYPE(Mode) \
+  (S_ISREG (Mode) || S_ISFIFO (Mode) || S_ISSOCK (Mode) || S_ISCHR (Mode))
+
+static char const *const follow_mode_string[] =
+{
+  "descriptor", "name", NULL
+};
+
+static enum Follow_mode const follow_mode_map[] =
+{
+  Follow_descriptor, Follow_name,
+};
+
+struct File_spec
+{
+  /* The actual file name, or "-" for stdin.  */
+  char *name;
+
+  /* Attributes of the file the last time we checked.  */
+  off_t size;
+  struct timespec mtime;
+  dev_t dev;
+  ino_t ino;
+  mode_t mode;
+
+  /* The specified name initially referred to a directory or some other
+     type for which tail isn't meaningful.  Unlike for a permission problem
+     (tailable, below) once this is set, the name is not checked ever again.  */
+  bool ignore;
+
+  /* See the description of fremote.  */
+  bool remote;
+
+  /* A file is tailable if it exists, is readable, and is of type
+     IS_TAILABLE_FILE_TYPE.  */
+  bool tailable;
+
+  /* File descriptor on which the file is open; -1 if it's not open.  */
+  int fd;
+
+  /* The value of errno seen last time we checked this file.  */
+  int errnum;
+
+  /* 1 if O_NONBLOCK is clear, 0 if set, -1 if not known.  */
+  int blocking;
+
+#if HAVE_INOTIFY
+  /* The watch descriptor used by inotify.  */
+  int wd;
+
+  /* The parent directory watch descriptor.  It is used only
+   * when Follow_name is used.  */
+  int parent_wd;
+
+  /* Offset in NAME of the basename part.  */
+  size_t basename_start;
+#endif
+
+  /* See description of DEFAULT_MAX_N_... below.  */
+  uintmax_t n_unchanged_stats;
+};
+
+/* Keep trying to open a file even if it is inaccessible when tail starts
+   or if it becomes inaccessible later -- useful only with -f.  */
+static bool reopen_inaccessible_files;
+
+/* If true, interpret the numeric argument as the number of lines.
+   Otherwise, interpret it as the number of bytes.  */
+static bool count_lines;
+
+/* Whether we follow the name of each file or the file descriptor
+   that is initially associated with each name.  */
+static enum Follow_mode follow_mode = Follow_descriptor;
+
+/* If true, read from the ends of all specified files until killed.  */
+static bool forever;
+
+/* If true, monitor output so we exit if pipe reader terminates.  */
+static bool monitor_output;
+
+/* If true, count from start of file instead of end.  */
+static bool from_start;
+
+/* If true, print filename headers.  */
+static bool print_headers;
+
+/* Character to split lines by. */
+static char line_end;
+
+/* When to print the filename banners.  */
+enum header_mode
+{
+  multiple_files, always, never
+};
+
+/* When tailing a file by name, if there have been this many consecutive
+   iterations for which the file has not changed, then open/fstat
+   the file to determine if that file name is still associated with the
+   same device/inode-number pair as before.  This option is meaningful only
+   when following by name.  --max-unchanged-stats=N  */
+#define DEFAULT_MAX_N_UNCHANGED_STATS_BETWEEN_OPENS 5
+static uintmax_t max_n_unchanged_stats_between_opens =
+  DEFAULT_MAX_N_UNCHANGED_STATS_BETWEEN_OPENS;
+
+/* The process ID of the process (presumably on the current host)
+   that is writing to all followed files.  */
+static pid_t pid;
+
+/* True if we have ever read standard input.  */
+static bool have_read_stdin;
+
+/* If nonzero, skip the is-regular-file test used to determine whether
+   to use the lseek optimization.  Instead, use the more general (and
+   more expensive) code unconditionally. Intended solely for testing.  */
+static bool presume_input_pipe;
+
+/* If nonzero then don't use inotify even if available.  */
+static bool disable_inotify;
+
+/* For long options that have no equivalent short option, use a
+   non-character as a pseudo short option, starting with CHAR_MAX + 1.  */
+enum
+{
+  RETRY_OPTION = CHAR_MAX + 1,
+  MAX_UNCHANGED_STATS_OPTION,
+  PID_OPTION,
+  PRESUME_INPUT_PIPE_OPTION,
+  LONG_FOLLOW_OPTION,
+  DISABLE_INOTIFY_OPTION
+};
+
+static struct option const long_options[] =
+{
+  {"bytes", required_argument, NULL, 'c'},
+  {"follow", optional_argument, NULL, LONG_FOLLOW_OPTION},
+  {"lines", required_argument, NULL, 'n'},
+  {"max-unchanged-stats", required_argument, NULL, MAX_UNCHANGED_STATS_OPTION},
+  {"-disable-inotify", no_argument, NULL,
+   DISABLE_INOTIFY_OPTION}, /* do not document */
+  {"pid", required_argument, NULL, PID_OPTION},
+  {"-presume-input-pipe", no_argument, NULL,
+   PRESUME_INPUT_PIPE_OPTION}, /* do not document */
+  {"quiet", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
+  {"retry", no_argument, NULL, RETRY_OPTION},
+  {"silent", no_argument, NULL, 'q'},
+  {"sleep-interval", required_argument, NULL, 's'},
+  {"verbose", no_argument, NULL, 'v'},
+  {"zero-terminated", no_argument, NULL, 'z'},
+  {GETOPT_HELP_OPTION_DECL},
+  {GETOPT_VERSION_OPTION_DECL},
+  {NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
+};
+
+void
+usage (int status)
+{
+  if (status != EXIT_SUCCESS)
+    emit_try_help ();
+  else
+    {
+      printf (_("\
+Usage: %s [OPTION]... [FILE]...\n\
+"),
+              program_name);
+      printf (_("\
+Print the last %d lines of each FILE to standard output.\n\
+With more than one FILE, precede each with a header giving the file name.\n\
+"), DEFAULT_N_LINES);
+
+      emit_stdin_note ();
+      emit_mandatory_arg_note ();
+
+     fputs (_("\
+  -c, --bytes=[+]NUM       output the last NUM bytes; or use -c +NUM to\n\
+                             output starting with byte NUM of each file\n\
+"), stdout);
+     fputs (_("\
+  -f, --follow[={name|descriptor}]\n\
+                           output appended data as the file grows;\n\
+                             an absent option argument means 'descriptor'\n\
+  -F                       same as --follow=name --retry\n\
+"), stdout);
+     printf (_("\
+  -n, --lines=[+]NUM       output the last NUM lines, instead of the last %d;\n\
+                             or use -n +NUM to output starting with line NUM\n\
+      --max-unchanged-stats=N\n\
+                           with --follow=name, reopen a FILE which has not\n\
+                             changed size after N (default %d) iterations\n\
+                             to see if it has been unlinked or renamed\n\
+                             (this is the usual case of rotated log files);\n\
+                             with inotify, this option is rarely useful\n\
+"),
+             DEFAULT_N_LINES,
+             DEFAULT_MAX_N_UNCHANGED_STATS_BETWEEN_OPENS
+             );
+     fputs (_("\
+      --pid=PID            with -f, terminate after process ID, PID dies\n\
+  -q, --quiet, --silent    never output headers giving file names\n\
+      --retry              keep trying to open a file if it is inaccessible\n\
+"), stdout);
+     fputs (_("\
+  -s, --sleep-interval=N   with -f, sleep for approximately N seconds\n\
+                             (default 1.0) between iterations;\n\
+                             with inotify and --pid=P, check process P at\n\
+                             least once every N seconds\n\
+  -v, --verbose            always output headers giving file names\n\
+"), stdout);
+     fputs (_("\
+  -z, --zero-terminated    line delimiter is NUL, not newline\n\
+"), stdout);
+     fputs (HELP_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
+     fputs (VERSION_OPTION_DESCRIPTION, stdout);
+     fputs (_("\
+\n\
+NUM may have a multiplier suffix:\n\
+b 512, kB 1000, K 1024, MB 1000*1000, M 1024*1024,\n\
+GB 1000*1000*1000, G 1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y.\n\
+Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on.\n\
+\n\
+"), stdout);
+     fputs (_("\
+With --follow (-f), tail defaults to following the file descriptor, which\n\
+means that even if a tail'ed file is renamed, tail will continue to track\n\
+its end.  This default behavior is not desirable when you really want to\n\
+track the actual name of the file, not the file descriptor (e.g., log\n\
+rotation).  Use --follow=name in that case.  That causes tail to track the\n\
+named file in a way that accommodates renaming, removal and creation.\n\
+"), stdout);
+      emit_ancillary_info (PROGRAM_NAME);
+    }
+  exit (status);
+}
+
+/* Ensure exit, either with SIGPIPE or EXIT_FAILURE status.  */
+static void ATTRIBUTE_NORETURN
+die_pipe (void)
+{
+  raise (SIGPIPE);
+  exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+/* If the output has gone away, then terminate
+   as we would if we had written to this output.  */
+static void
+check_output_alive (void)
+{
+  if (! monitor_output)
+    return;
+
+#ifdef _AIX
+  /* select on AIX was seen to give a readable event immediately.  */
+  struct pollfd pfd;
+  pfd.fd = STDOUT_FILENO;
+  pfd.events = POLLERR;
+
+  if (poll (&pfd, 1, 0) >= 0 && (pfd.revents & POLLERR))
+    die_pipe ();
+#else
+  struct timeval delay;
+  delay.tv_sec = delay.tv_usec = 0;
+
+  fd_set rfd;
+  FD_ZERO (&rfd);
+  FD_SET (STDOUT_FILENO, &rfd);
+
+  /* readable event on STDOUT is equivalent to POLLERR,
+     and implies an error condition on output like broken pipe.  */
+  if (select (STDOUT_FILENO + 1, &rfd, NULL, NULL, &delay) == 1)
+    die_pipe ();
+#endif
+}
+
+static bool
+valid_file_spec (struct File_spec const *f)
+{
+  /* Exactly one of the following subexpressions must be true. */
+  return ((f->fd == -1) ^ (f->errnum == 0));
+}
+
+static char const *
+pretty_name (struct File_spec const *f)
+{
+  return (STREQ (f->name, "-") ? _("standard input") : f->name);
+}
+
+/* Record a file F with descriptor FD, size SIZE, status ST, and
+   blocking status BLOCKING.  */
+
+static void
+record_open_fd (struct File_spec *f, int fd,
+                off_t size, struct stat const *st,
+                int blocking)
+{
+  f->fd = fd;
+  f->size = size;
+  f->mtime = get_stat_mtime (st);
+  f->dev = st->st_dev;
+  f->ino = st->st_ino;
+  f->mode = st->st_mode;
+  f->blocking = blocking;
+  f->n_unchanged_stats = 0;
+  f->ignore = false;
+}
+
+/* Close the file with descriptor FD and name FILENAME.  */
+
+static void
+close_fd (int fd, const char *filename)
+{
+  if (fd != -1 && fd != STDIN_FILENO && close (fd))
+    {
+      error (0, errno, _("closing %s (fd=%d)"), quoteaf (filename), fd);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+write_header (const char *pretty_filename)
+{
+  static bool first_file = true;
+
+  printf ("%s==> %s <==\n", (first_file ? "" : "\n"), pretty_filename);
+  first_file = false;
+}
+
+/* Write N_BYTES from BUFFER to stdout.
+   Exit immediately on error with a single diagnostic.  */
+
+static void
+xwrite_stdout (char const *buffer, size_t n_bytes)
+{
+  if (n_bytes > 0 && fwrite (buffer, 1, n_bytes, stdout) < n_bytes)
+    {
+      clearerr (stdout); /* To avoid redundant close_stdout diagnostic.  */
+      die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("error writing %s"),
+           quoteaf ("standard output"));
+    }
+}
+
+/* Read and output N_BYTES of file PRETTY_FILENAME starting at the current
+   position in FD.  If N_BYTES is COPY_TO_EOF, then copy until end of file.
+   If N_BYTES is COPY_A_BUFFER, then copy at most one buffer's worth.
+   Return the number of bytes read from the file.  */
+
+static uintmax_t
+dump_remainder (bool want_header, const char *pretty_filename, int fd,
+                uintmax_t n_bytes)
+{
+  uintmax_t n_written;
+  uintmax_t n_remaining = n_bytes;
+
+  n_written = 0;
+  while (1)
+    {
+      char buffer[BUFSIZ];
+      size_t n = MIN (n_remaining, BUFSIZ);
+      size_t bytes_read = safe_read (fd, buffer, n);
+      if (bytes_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+        {
+          if (errno != EAGAIN)
+            die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("error reading %s"),
+                 quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+          break;
+        }
+      if (bytes_read == 0)
+        break;
+      if (want_header)
+        {
+          write_header (pretty_filename);
+          want_header = false;
+        }
+      xwrite_stdout (buffer, bytes_read);
+      n_written += bytes_read;
+      if (n_bytes != COPY_TO_EOF)
+        {
+          n_remaining -= bytes_read;
+          if (n_remaining == 0 || n_bytes == COPY_A_BUFFER)
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+  return n_written;
+}
+
+/* Call lseek with the specified arguments, where file descriptor FD
+   corresponds to the file, FILENAME.
+   Give a diagnostic and exit nonzero if lseek fails.
+   Otherwise, return the resulting offset.  */
+
+static off_t
+xlseek (int fd, off_t offset, int whence, char const *filename)
+{
+  off_t new_offset = lseek (fd, offset, whence);
+  char buf[INT_BUFSIZE_BOUND (offset)];
+  char *s;
+
+  if (0 <= new_offset)
+    return new_offset;
+
+  s = offtostr (offset, buf);
+  switch (whence)
+    {
+    case SEEK_SET:
+      error (0, errno, _("%s: cannot seek to offset %s"),
+             quotef (filename), s);
+      break;
+    case SEEK_CUR:
+      error (0, errno, _("%s: cannot seek to relative offset %s"),
+             quotef (filename), s);
+      break;
+    case SEEK_END:
+      error (0, errno, _("%s: cannot seek to end-relative offset %s"),
+             quotef (filename), s);
+      break;
+    default:
+      abort ();
+    }
+
+  exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+
+/* Print the last N_LINES lines from the end of file FD.
+   Go backward through the file, reading 'BUFSIZ' bytes at a time (except
+   probably the first), until we hit the start of the file or have
+   read NUMBER newlines.
+   START_POS is the starting position of the read pointer for the file
+   associated with FD (may be nonzero).
+   END_POS is the file offset of EOF (one larger than offset of last byte).
+   Return true if successful.  */
+
+static bool
+file_lines (const char *pretty_filename, int fd, uintmax_t n_lines,
+            off_t start_pos, off_t end_pos, uintmax_t *read_pos)
+{
+  char buffer[BUFSIZ];
+  size_t bytes_read;
+  off_t pos = end_pos;
+
+  if (n_lines == 0)
+    return true;
+
+  /* Set 'bytes_read' to the size of the last, probably partial, buffer;
+     0 < 'bytes_read' <= 'BUFSIZ'.  */
+  bytes_read = (pos - start_pos) % BUFSIZ;
+  if (bytes_read == 0)
+    bytes_read = BUFSIZ;
+  /* Make 'pos' a multiple of 'BUFSIZ' (0 if the file is short), so that all
+     reads will be on block boundaries, which might increase efficiency.  */
+  pos -= bytes_read;
+  xlseek (fd, pos, SEEK_SET, pretty_filename);
+  bytes_read = safe_read (fd, buffer, bytes_read);
+  if (bytes_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+    {
+      error (0, errno, _("error reading %s"), quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+      return false;
+    }
+  *read_pos = pos + bytes_read;
+
+  /* Count the incomplete line on files that don't end with a newline.  */
+  if (bytes_read && buffer[bytes_read - 1] != line_end)
+    --n_lines;
+
+  do
+    {
+      /* Scan backward, counting the newlines in this bufferfull.  */
+
+      size_t n = bytes_read;
+      while (n)
+        {
+          char const *nl;
+          nl = memrchr (buffer, line_end, n);
+          if (nl == NULL)
+            break;
+          n = nl - buffer;
+          if (n_lines-- == 0)
+            {
+              /* If this newline isn't the last character in the buffer,
+                 output the part that is after it.  */
+              if (n != bytes_read - 1)
+                xwrite_stdout (nl + 1, bytes_read - (n + 1));
+              *read_pos += dump_remainder (false, pretty_filename, fd,
+                                           end_pos - (pos + bytes_read));
+              return true;
+            }
+        }
+
+      /* Not enough newlines in that bufferfull.  */
+      if (pos == start_pos)
+        {
+          /* Not enough lines in the file; print everything from
+             start_pos to the end.  */
+          xlseek (fd, start_pos, SEEK_SET, pretty_filename);
+          *read_pos = start_pos + dump_remainder (false, pretty_filename, fd,
+                                                  end_pos);
+          return true;
+        }
+      pos -= BUFSIZ;
+      xlseek (fd, pos, SEEK_SET, pretty_filename);
+
+      bytes_read = safe_read (fd, buffer, BUFSIZ);
+      if (bytes_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+        {
+          error (0, errno, _("error reading %s"), quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+          return false;
+        }
+
+      *read_pos = pos + bytes_read;
+    }
+  while (bytes_read > 0);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+/* Print the last N_LINES lines from the end of the standard input,
+   open for reading as pipe FD.
+   Buffer the text as a linked list of LBUFFERs, adding them as needed.
+   Return true if successful.  */
+
+static bool
+pipe_lines (const char *pretty_filename, int fd, uintmax_t n_lines,
+            uintmax_t *read_pos)
+{
+  struct linebuffer
+  {
+    char buffer[BUFSIZ];
+    size_t nbytes;
+    size_t nlines;
+    struct linebuffer *next;
+  };
+  typedef struct linebuffer LBUFFER;
+  LBUFFER *first, *last, *tmp;
+  size_t total_lines = 0;	/* Total number of newlines in all buffers.  */
+  bool ok = true;
+  size_t n_read;		/* Size in bytes of most recent read */
+
+  first = last = xmalloc (sizeof (LBUFFER));
+  first->nbytes = first->nlines = 0;
+  first->next = NULL;
+  tmp = xmalloc (sizeof (LBUFFER));
+
+  /* Input is always read into a fresh buffer.  */
+  while (1)
+    {
+      n_read = safe_read (fd, tmp->buffer, BUFSIZ);
+      if (n_read == 0 || n_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+        break;
+      tmp->nbytes = n_read;
+      *read_pos += n_read;
+      tmp->nlines = 0;
+      tmp->next = NULL;
+
+      /* Count the number of newlines just read.  */
+      {
+        char const *buffer_end = tmp->buffer + n_read;
+        char const *p = tmp->buffer;
+        while ((p = memchr (p, line_end, buffer_end - p)))
+          {
+            ++p;
+            ++tmp->nlines;
+          }
+      }
+      total_lines += tmp->nlines;
+
+      /* If there is enough room in the last buffer read, just append the new
+         one to it.  This is because when reading from a pipe, 'n_read' can
+         often be very small.  */
+      if (tmp->nbytes + last->nbytes < BUFSIZ)
+        {
+          memcpy (&last->buffer[last->nbytes], tmp->buffer, tmp->nbytes);
+          last->nbytes += tmp->nbytes;
+          last->nlines += tmp->nlines;
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          /* If there's not enough room, link the new buffer onto the end of
+             the list, then either free up the oldest buffer for the next
+             read if that would leave enough lines, or else malloc a new one.
+             Some compaction mechanism is possible but probably not
+             worthwhile.  */
+          last = last->next = tmp;
+          if (total_lines - first->nlines > n_lines)
+            {
+              tmp = first;
+              total_lines -= first->nlines;
+              first = first->next;
+            }
+          else
+            tmp = xmalloc (sizeof (LBUFFER));
+        }
+    }
+
+  free (tmp);
+
+  if (n_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+    {
+      error (0, errno, _("error reading %s"), quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+      ok = false;
+      goto free_lbuffers;
+    }
+
+  /* If the file is empty, then bail out.  */
+  if (last->nbytes == 0)
+    goto free_lbuffers;
+
+  /* This prevents a core dump when the pipe contains no newlines.  */
+  if (n_lines == 0)
+    goto free_lbuffers;
+
+  /* Count the incomplete line on files that don't end with a newline.  */
+  if (last->buffer[last->nbytes - 1] != line_end)
+    {
+      ++last->nlines;
+      ++total_lines;
+    }
+
+  /* Run through the list, printing lines.  First, skip over unneeded
+     buffers.  */
+  for (tmp = first; total_lines - tmp->nlines > n_lines; tmp = tmp->next)
+    total_lines -= tmp->nlines;
+
+  /* Find the correct beginning, then print the rest of the file.  */
+  {
+    char const *beg = tmp->buffer;
+    char const *buffer_end = tmp->buffer + tmp->nbytes;
+    if (total_lines > n_lines)
+      {
+        /* Skip 'total_lines' - 'n_lines' newlines.  We made sure that
+           'total_lines' - 'n_lines' <= 'tmp->nlines'.  */
+        size_t j;
+        for (j = total_lines - n_lines; j; --j)
+          {
+            beg = memchr (beg, line_end, buffer_end - beg);
+            assert (beg);
+            ++beg;
+          }
+      }
+
+    xwrite_stdout (beg, buffer_end - beg);
+  }
+
+  for (tmp = tmp->next; tmp; tmp = tmp->next)
+    xwrite_stdout (tmp->buffer, tmp->nbytes);
+
+free_lbuffers:
+  while (first)
+    {
+      tmp = first->next;
+      free (first);
+      first = tmp;
+    }
+  return ok;
+}
+
+/* Print the last N_BYTES characters from the end of pipe FD.
+   This is a stripped down version of pipe_lines.
+   Return true if successful.  */
+
+static bool
+pipe_bytes (const char *pretty_filename, int fd, uintmax_t n_bytes,
+            uintmax_t *read_pos)
+{
+  struct charbuffer
+  {
+    char buffer[BUFSIZ];
+    size_t nbytes;
+    struct charbuffer *next;
+  };
+  typedef struct charbuffer CBUFFER;
+  CBUFFER *first, *last, *tmp;
+  size_t i;			/* Index into buffers.  */
+  size_t total_bytes = 0;	/* Total characters in all buffers.  */
+  bool ok = true;
+  size_t n_read;
+
+  first = last = xmalloc (sizeof (CBUFFER));
+  first->nbytes = 0;
+  first->next = NULL;
+  tmp = xmalloc (sizeof (CBUFFER));
+
+  /* Input is always read into a fresh buffer.  */
+  while (1)
+    {
+      n_read = safe_read (fd, tmp->buffer, BUFSIZ);
+      if (n_read == 0 || n_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+        break;
+      *read_pos += n_read;
+      tmp->nbytes = n_read;
+      tmp->next = NULL;
+
+      total_bytes += tmp->nbytes;
+      /* If there is enough room in the last buffer read, just append the new
+         one to it.  This is because when reading from a pipe, 'nbytes' can
+         often be very small.  */
+      if (tmp->nbytes + last->nbytes < BUFSIZ)
+        {
+          memcpy (&last->buffer[last->nbytes], tmp->buffer, tmp->nbytes);
+          last->nbytes += tmp->nbytes;
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          /* If there's not enough room, link the new buffer onto the end of
+             the list, then either free up the oldest buffer for the next
+             read if that would leave enough characters, or else malloc a new
+             one.  Some compaction mechanism is possible but probably not
+             worthwhile.  */
+          last = last->next = tmp;
+          if (total_bytes - first->nbytes > n_bytes)
+            {
+              tmp = first;
+              total_bytes -= first->nbytes;
+              first = first->next;
+            }
+          else
+            {
+              tmp = xmalloc (sizeof (CBUFFER));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+  free (tmp);
+
+  if (n_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+    {
+      error (0, errno, _("error reading %s"), quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+      ok = false;
+      goto free_cbuffers;
+    }
+
+  /* Run through the list, printing characters.  First, skip over unneeded
+     buffers.  */
+  for (tmp = first; total_bytes - tmp->nbytes > n_bytes; tmp = tmp->next)
+    total_bytes -= tmp->nbytes;
+
+  /* Find the correct beginning, then print the rest of the file.
+     We made sure that 'total_bytes' - 'n_bytes' <= 'tmp->nbytes'.  */
+  if (total_bytes > n_bytes)
+    i = total_bytes - n_bytes;
+  else
+    i = 0;
+  xwrite_stdout (&tmp->buffer[i], tmp->nbytes - i);
+
+  for (tmp = tmp->next; tmp; tmp = tmp->next)
+    xwrite_stdout (tmp->buffer, tmp->nbytes);
+
+free_cbuffers:
+  while (first)
+    {
+      tmp = first->next;
+      free (first);
+      first = tmp;
+    }
+  return ok;
+}
+
+/* Skip N_BYTES characters from the start of pipe FD, and print
+   any extra characters that were read beyond that.
+   Return 1 on error, 0 if ok, -1 if EOF.  */
+
+static int
+start_bytes (const char *pretty_filename, int fd, uintmax_t n_bytes,
+             uintmax_t *read_pos)
+{
+  char buffer[BUFSIZ];
+
+  while (0 < n_bytes)
+    {
+      size_t bytes_read = safe_read (fd, buffer, BUFSIZ);
+      if (bytes_read == 0)
+        return -1;
+      if (bytes_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+        {
+          error (0, errno, _("error reading %s"), quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+          return 1;
+        }
+      *read_pos += bytes_read;
+      if (bytes_read <= n_bytes)
+        n_bytes -= bytes_read;
+      else
+        {
+          size_t n_remaining = bytes_read - n_bytes;
+          if (n_remaining)
+            xwrite_stdout (&buffer[n_bytes], n_remaining);
+          break;
+        }
+    }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Skip N_LINES lines at the start of file or pipe FD, and print
+   any extra characters that were read beyond that.
+   Return 1 on error, 0 if ok, -1 if EOF.  */
+
+static int
+start_lines (const char *pretty_filename, int fd, uintmax_t n_lines,
+             uintmax_t *read_pos)
+{
+  if (n_lines == 0)
+    return 0;
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      char buffer[BUFSIZ];
+      size_t bytes_read = safe_read (fd, buffer, BUFSIZ);
+      if (bytes_read == 0) /* EOF */
+        return -1;
+      if (bytes_read == SAFE_READ_ERROR) /* error */
+        {
+          error (0, errno, _("error reading %s"), quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+          return 1;
+        }
+
+      char *buffer_end = buffer + bytes_read;
+
+      *read_pos += bytes_read;
+
+      char *p = buffer;
+      while ((p = memchr (p, line_end, buffer_end - p)))
+        {
+          ++p;
+          if (--n_lines == 0)
+            {
+              if (p < buffer_end)
+                xwrite_stdout (p, buffer_end - p);
+              return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/* Return false when FD is open on a file residing on a local file system.
+   If fstatfs fails, give a diagnostic and return true.
+   If fstatfs cannot be called, return true.  */
+static bool
+fremote (int fd, const char *name)
+{
+  bool remote = true;           /* be conservative (poll by default).  */
+
+#if HAVE_FSTATFS && HAVE_STRUCT_STATFS_F_TYPE \
+ && (defined __linux__ || defined __ANDROID__)
+  struct statfs buf;
+  int err = fstatfs (fd, &buf);
+  if (err != 0)
+    {
+      /* On at least linux-2.6.38, fstatfs fails with ENOSYS when FD
+         is open on a pipe.  Treat that like a remote file.  */
+      if (errno != ENOSYS)
+        error (0, errno, _("cannot determine location of %s. "
+                           "reverting to polling"), quoteaf (name));
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      switch (is_local_fs_type (buf.f_type))
+        {
+        case 0:
+          break;
+        case -1:
+          /* Treat unrecognized file systems as "remote", so caller polls.
+             Note README-release has instructions for syncing the internal
+             list with the latest Linux kernel file system constants.  */
+          break;
+        case 1:
+          remote = false;
+          break;
+        default:
+          assert (!"unexpected return value from is_local_fs_type");
+        }
+    }
+#endif
+
+  return remote;
+}
+
+/* open/fstat F->name and handle changes.  */
+static void
+recheck (struct File_spec *f, bool blocking)
+{
+  struct stat new_stats;
+  bool ok = true;
+  bool is_stdin = (STREQ (f->name, "-"));
+  bool was_tailable = f->tailable;
+  int prev_errnum = f->errnum;
+  bool new_file;
+  int fd = (is_stdin
+            ? STDIN_FILENO
+            : open (f->name, O_RDONLY | (blocking ? 0 : O_NONBLOCK)));
+
+  assert (valid_file_spec (f));
+
+  /* If the open fails because the file doesn't exist,
+     then mark the file as not tailable.  */
+  f->tailable = !(reopen_inaccessible_files && fd == -1);
+
+  if (! disable_inotify && ! lstat (f->name, &new_stats)
+      && S_ISLNK (new_stats.st_mode))
+    {
+      /* Diagnose the edge case where a regular file is changed
+         to a symlink.  We avoid inotify with symlinks since
+         it's awkward to match between symlink name and target.  */
+      ok = false;
+      f->errnum = -1;
+      f->ignore = true;
+
+      error (0, 0, _("%s has been replaced with an untailable symbolic link"),
+             quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+    }
+  else if (fd == -1 || fstat (fd, &new_stats) < 0)
+    {
+      ok = false;
+      f->errnum = errno;
+      if (!f->tailable)
+        {
+          if (was_tailable)
+            {
+              /* FIXME-maybe: detect the case in which the file first becomes
+                 unreadable (perms), and later becomes readable again and can
+                 be seen to be the same file (dev/ino).  Otherwise, tail prints
+                 the entire contents of the file when it becomes readable.  */
+              error (0, f->errnum, _("%s has become inaccessible"),
+                     quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+            }
+          else
+            {
+              /* say nothing... it's still not tailable */
+            }
+        }
+      else if (prev_errnum != errno)
+        error (0, errno, "%s", quotef (pretty_name (f)));
+    }
+  else if (!IS_TAILABLE_FILE_TYPE (new_stats.st_mode))
+    {
+      ok = false;
+      f->errnum = -1;
+      f->tailable = false;
+      f->ignore = ! (reopen_inaccessible_files && follow_mode == Follow_name);
+      if (was_tailable || prev_errnum != f->errnum)
+        error (0, 0, _("%s has been replaced with an untailable file%s"),
+               quoteaf (pretty_name (f)),
+               f->ignore ? _("; giving up on this name") : "");
+    }
+  else if ((f->remote = fremote (fd, pretty_name (f))) && ! disable_inotify)
+    {
+      ok = false;
+      f->errnum = -1;
+      error (0, 0, _("%s has been replaced with an untailable remote file"),
+             quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+      f->ignore = true;
+      f->remote = true;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      f->errnum = 0;
+    }
+
+  new_file = false;
+  if (!ok)
+    {
+      close_fd (fd, pretty_name (f));
+      close_fd (f->fd, pretty_name (f));
+      f->fd = -1;
+    }
+  else if (prev_errnum && prev_errnum != ENOENT)
+    {
+      new_file = true;
+      assert (f->fd == -1);
+      error (0, 0, _("%s has become accessible"), quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+    }
+  else if (f->fd == -1)
+    {
+      /* A new file even when inodes haven't changed as <dev,inode>
+         pairs can be reused, and we know the file was missing
+         on the previous iteration.  Note this also means the file
+         is redisplayed in --follow=name mode if renamed away from
+         and back to a monitored name.  */
+      new_file = true;
+
+      error (0, 0,
+             _("%s has appeared;  following new file"),
+             quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+    }
+  else if (f->ino != new_stats.st_ino || f->dev != new_stats.st_dev)
+    {
+      /* File has been replaced (e.g., via log rotation) --
+        tail the new one.  */
+      new_file = true;
+
+      error (0, 0,
+             _("%s has been replaced;  following new file"),
+             quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+
+      /* Close the old one.  */
+      close_fd (f->fd, pretty_name (f));
+
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      /* No changes detected, so close new fd.  */
+      close_fd (fd, pretty_name (f));
+    }
+
+  /* FIXME: When a log is rotated, daemons tend to log to the
+     old file descriptor until the new file is present and
+     the daemon is sent a signal.  Therefore tail may miss entries
+     being written to the old file.  Perhaps we should keep
+     the older file open and continue to monitor it until
+     data is written to a new file.  */
+  if (new_file)
+    {
+      /* Start at the beginning of the file.  */
+      record_open_fd (f, fd, 0, &new_stats, (is_stdin ? -1 : blocking));
+      xlseek (fd, 0, SEEK_SET, pretty_name (f));
+    }
+}
+
+/* Return true if any of the N_FILES files in F are live, i.e., have
+   open file descriptors, or should be checked again (see --retry).
+   When following descriptors, checking should only continue when any
+   of the files is not yet ignored.  */
+
+static bool
+any_live_files (const struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files)
+{
+  /* In inotify mode, ignore may be set for files
+     which may later be replaced with new files.
+     So always consider files live in -F mode.  */
+  if (reopen_inaccessible_files && follow_mode == Follow_name)
+    return true;
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    {
+      if (0 <= f[i].fd)
+        return true;
+      else
+        {
+          if (! f[i].ignore && reopen_inaccessible_files)
+            return true;
+        }
+    }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+/* Tail N_FILES files forever, or until killed.
+   The pertinent information for each file is stored in an entry of F.
+   Loop over each of them, doing an fstat to see if they have changed size,
+   and an occasional open/fstat to see if any dev/ino pair has changed.
+   If none of them have changed size in one iteration, sleep for a
+   while and try again.  Continue until the user interrupts us.  */
+
+static void
+tail_forever (struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files, double sleep_interval)
+{
+  /* Use blocking I/O as an optimization, when it's easy.  */
+  bool blocking = (pid == 0 && follow_mode == Follow_descriptor
+                   && n_files == 1 && f[0].fd != -1 && ! S_ISREG (f[0].mode));
+  size_t last;
+  bool writer_is_dead = false;
+
+  last = n_files - 1;
+
+  while (1)
+    {
+      size_t i;
+      bool any_input = false;
+
+      for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+        {
+          int fd;
+          char const *name;
+          mode_t mode;
+          struct stat stats;
+          uintmax_t bytes_read;
+
+          if (f[i].ignore)
+            continue;
+
+          if (f[i].fd < 0)
+            {
+              recheck (&f[i], blocking);
+              continue;
+            }
+
+          fd = f[i].fd;
+          name = pretty_name (&f[i]);
+          mode = f[i].mode;
+
+          if (f[i].blocking != blocking)
+            {
+              int old_flags = fcntl (fd, F_GETFL);
+              int new_flags = old_flags | (blocking ? 0 : O_NONBLOCK);
+              if (old_flags < 0
+                  || (new_flags != old_flags
+                      && fcntl (fd, F_SETFL, new_flags) == -1))
+                {
+                  /* Don't update f[i].blocking if fcntl fails.  */
+                  if (S_ISREG (f[i].mode) && errno == EPERM)
+                    {
+                      /* This happens when using tail -f on a file with
+                         the append-only attribute.  */
+                    }
+                  else
+                    die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno,
+                         _("%s: cannot change nonblocking mode"),
+                         quotef (name));
+                }
+              else
+                f[i].blocking = blocking;
+            }
+
+          if (!f[i].blocking)
+            {
+              if (fstat (fd, &stats) != 0)
+                {
+                  f[i].fd = -1;
+                  f[i].errnum = errno;
+                  error (0, errno, "%s", quotef (name));
+                  close (fd); /* ignore failure */
+                  continue;
+                }
+
+              if (f[i].mode == stats.st_mode
+                  && (! S_ISREG (stats.st_mode) || f[i].size == stats.st_size)
+                  && timespec_cmp (f[i].mtime, get_stat_mtime (&stats)) == 0)
+                {
+                  if ((max_n_unchanged_stats_between_opens
+                       <= f[i].n_unchanged_stats++)
+                      && follow_mode == Follow_name)
+                    {
+                      recheck (&f[i], f[i].blocking);
+                      f[i].n_unchanged_stats = 0;
+                    }
+                  continue;
+                }
+
+              /* This file has changed.  Print out what we can, and
+                 then keep looping.  */
+
+              f[i].mtime = get_stat_mtime (&stats);
+              f[i].mode = stats.st_mode;
+
+              /* reset counter */
+              f[i].n_unchanged_stats = 0;
+
+              /* XXX: This is only a heuristic, as the file may have also
+                 been truncated and written to if st_size >= size
+                 (in which case we ignore new data <= size).  */
+              if (S_ISREG (mode) && stats.st_size < f[i].size)
+                {
+                  error (0, 0, _("%s: file truncated"), quotef (name));
+                  /* Assume the file was truncated to 0,
+                     and therefore output all "new" data.  */
+                  xlseek (fd, 0, SEEK_SET, name);
+                  f[i].size = 0;
+                }
+
+              if (i != last)
+                {
+                  if (print_headers)
+                    write_header (name);
+                  last = i;
+                }
+            }
+
+          /* Don't read more than st_size on networked file systems
+             because it was seen on glusterfs at least, that st_size
+             may be smaller than the data read on a _subsequent_ stat call.  */
+          uintmax_t bytes_to_read;
+          if (f[i].blocking)
+            bytes_to_read = COPY_A_BUFFER;
+          else if (S_ISREG (mode) && f[i].remote)
+            bytes_to_read = stats.st_size - f[i].size;
+          else
+            bytes_to_read = COPY_TO_EOF;
+
+          bytes_read = dump_remainder (false, name, fd, bytes_to_read);
+
+          any_input |= (bytes_read != 0);
+          f[i].size += bytes_read;
+        }
+
+      if (! any_live_files (f, n_files))
+        {
+          error (0, 0, _("no files remaining"));
+          break;
+        }
+
+      if ((!any_input || blocking) && fflush (stdout) != 0)
+        die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
+
+      check_output_alive ();
+
+      /* If nothing was read, sleep and/or check for dead writers.  */
+      if (!any_input)
+        {
+          if (writer_is_dead)
+            break;
+
+          /* Once the writer is dead, read the files once more to
+             avoid a race condition.  */
+          writer_is_dead = (pid != 0
+                            && kill (pid, 0) != 0
+                            /* Handle the case in which you cannot send a
+                               signal to the writer, so kill fails and sets
+                               errno to EPERM.  */
+                            && errno != EPERM);
+
+          if (!writer_is_dead && xnanosleep (sleep_interval))
+            die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("cannot read realtime clock"));
+
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#if HAVE_INOTIFY
+
+/* Return true if any of the N_FILES files in F is remote, i.e., has
+   an open file descriptor and is on a network file system.  */
+
+static bool
+any_remote_file (const struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files)
+{
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    if (0 <= f[i].fd && f[i].remote)
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+/* Return true if any of the N_FILES files in F is non remote, i.e., has
+   an open file descriptor and is not on a network file system.  */
+
+static bool
+any_non_remote_file (const struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files)
+{
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    if (0 <= f[i].fd && ! f[i].remote)
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+/* Return true if any of the N_FILES files in F is a symlink.
+   Note we don't worry about the edge case where "-" exists,
+   since that will have the same consequences for inotify,
+   which is the only context this function is currently used.  */
+
+static bool
+any_symlinks (const struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files)
+{
+  struct stat st;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    if (lstat (f[i].name, &st) == 0 && S_ISLNK (st.st_mode))
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+/* Return true if any of the N_FILES files in F is not
+   a regular file or fifo.  This is used to avoid adding inotify
+   watches on a device file for example, which inotify
+   will accept, but not give any events for.  */
+
+static bool
+any_non_regular_fifo (const struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files)
+{
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    if (0 <= f[i].fd && ! S_ISREG (f[i].mode) && ! S_ISFIFO (f[i].mode))
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+/* Return true if any of the N_FILES files in F represents
+   stdin and is tailable.  */
+
+static bool
+tailable_stdin (const struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files)
+{
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    if (!f[i].ignore && STREQ (f[i].name, "-"))
+      return true;
+  return false;
+}
+
+static size_t
+wd_hasher (const void *entry, size_t tabsize)
+{
+  const struct File_spec *spec = entry;
+  return spec->wd % tabsize;
+}
+
+static bool
+wd_comparator (const void *e1, const void *e2)
+{
+  const struct File_spec *spec1 = e1;
+  const struct File_spec *spec2 = e2;
+  return spec1->wd == spec2->wd;
+}
+
+/* Output (new) data for FSPEC->fd.
+   PREV_FSPEC records the last File_spec for which we output.  */
+static void
+check_fspec (struct File_spec *fspec, struct File_spec **prev_fspec)
+{
+  struct stat stats;
+  char const *name;
+
+  if (fspec->fd == -1)
+    return;
+
+  name = pretty_name (fspec);
+
+  if (fstat (fspec->fd, &stats) != 0)
+    {
+      fspec->errnum = errno;
+      close_fd (fspec->fd, name);
+      fspec->fd = -1;
+      return;
+    }
+
+  /* XXX: This is only a heuristic, as the file may have also
+     been truncated and written to if st_size >= size
+     (in which case we ignore new data <= size).
+     Though in the inotify case it's more likely we'll get
+     separate events for truncate() and write().  */
+  if (S_ISREG (fspec->mode) && stats.st_size < fspec->size)
+    {
+      error (0, 0, _("%s: file truncated"), quotef (name));
+      xlseek (fspec->fd, 0, SEEK_SET, name);
+      fspec->size = 0;
+    }
+  else if (S_ISREG (fspec->mode) && stats.st_size == fspec->size
+           && timespec_cmp (fspec->mtime, get_stat_mtime (&stats)) == 0)
+    return;
+
+  bool want_header = print_headers && (fspec != *prev_fspec);
+
+  uintmax_t bytes_read = dump_remainder (want_header, name, fspec->fd,
+                                         COPY_TO_EOF);
+  fspec->size += bytes_read;
+
+  if (bytes_read)
+    {
+      *prev_fspec = fspec;
+      if (fflush (stdout) != 0)
+        die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
+    }
+}
+
+/* Attempt to tail N_FILES files forever, or until killed.
+   Check modifications using the inotify events system.
+   Return false on error, or true to revert to polling.  */
+static bool
+tail_forever_inotify (int wd, struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files,
+                      double sleep_interval)
+{
+# if TAIL_TEST_SLEEP
+  /* Delay between open() and inotify_add_watch()
+     to help trigger different cases.  */
+  xnanosleep (1000000);
+# endif
+  unsigned int max_realloc = 3;
+
+  /* Map an inotify watch descriptor to the name of the file it's watching.  */
+  Hash_table *wd_to_name;
+
+  bool found_watchable_file = false;
+  bool tailed_but_unwatchable = false;
+  bool found_unwatchable_dir = false;
+  bool no_inotify_resources = false;
+  bool writer_is_dead = false;
+  struct File_spec *prev_fspec;
+  size_t evlen = 0;
+  char *evbuf;
+  size_t evbuf_off = 0;
+  size_t len = 0;
+
+  wd_to_name = hash_initialize (n_files, NULL, wd_hasher, wd_comparator, NULL);
+  if (! wd_to_name)
+    xalloc_die ();
+
+  /* The events mask used with inotify on files (not directories).  */
+  uint32_t inotify_wd_mask = IN_MODIFY;
+  /* TODO: Perhaps monitor these events in Follow_descriptor mode also,
+     to tag reported file names with "deleted", "moved" etc.  */
+  if (follow_mode == Follow_name)
+    inotify_wd_mask |= (IN_ATTRIB | IN_DELETE_SELF | IN_MOVE_SELF);
+
+  /* Add an inotify watch for each watched file.  If -F is specified then watch
+     its parent directory too, in this way when they re-appear we can add them
+     again to the watch list.  */
+  size_t i;
+  for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    {
+      if (!f[i].ignore)
+        {
+          size_t fnlen = strlen (f[i].name);
+          if (evlen < fnlen)
+            evlen = fnlen;
+
+          f[i].wd = -1;
+
+          if (follow_mode == Follow_name)
+            {
+              size_t dirlen = dir_len (f[i].name);
+              char prev = f[i].name[dirlen];
+              f[i].basename_start = last_component (f[i].name) - f[i].name;
+
+              f[i].name[dirlen] = '\0';
+
+               /* It's fine to add the same directory more than once.
+                  In that case the same watch descriptor is returned.  */
+              f[i].parent_wd = inotify_add_watch (wd, dirlen ? f[i].name : ".",
+                                                  (IN_CREATE | IN_DELETE
+                                                   | IN_MOVED_TO | IN_ATTRIB
+                                                   | IN_DELETE_SELF));
+
+              f[i].name[dirlen] = prev;
+
+              if (f[i].parent_wd < 0)
+                {
+                  if (errno != ENOSPC) /* suppress confusing error.  */
+                    error (0, errno, _("cannot watch parent directory of %s"),
+                           quoteaf (f[i].name));
+                  else
+                    error (0, 0, _("inotify resources exhausted"));
+                  found_unwatchable_dir = true;
+                  /* We revert to polling below.  Note invalid uses
+                     of the inotify API will still be diagnosed.  */
+                  break;
+                }
+            }
+
+          f[i].wd = inotify_add_watch (wd, f[i].name, inotify_wd_mask);
+
+          if (f[i].wd < 0)
+            {
+              if (f[i].fd != -1)  /* already tailed.  */
+                tailed_but_unwatchable = true;
+              if (errno == ENOSPC || errno == ENOMEM)
+                {
+                  no_inotify_resources = true;
+                  error (0, 0, _("inotify resources exhausted"));
+                  break;
+                }
+              else if (errno != f[i].errnum)
+                error (0, errno, _("cannot watch %s"), quoteaf (f[i].name));
+              continue;
+            }
+
+          if (hash_insert (wd_to_name, &(f[i])) == NULL)
+            xalloc_die ();
+
+          found_watchable_file = true;
+        }
+    }
+
+  /* Linux kernel 2.6.24 at least has a bug where eventually, ENOSPC is always
+     returned by inotify_add_watch.  In any case we should revert to polling
+     when there are no inotify resources.  Also a specified directory may not
+     be currently present or accessible, so revert to polling.  Also an already
+     tailed but unwatchable due rename/unlink race, should also revert.  */
+  if (no_inotify_resources || found_unwatchable_dir
+      || (follow_mode == Follow_descriptor && tailed_but_unwatchable))
+    {
+      hash_free (wd_to_name);
+
+      errno = 0;
+      return true;
+    }
+  if (follow_mode == Follow_descriptor && !found_watchable_file)
+    return false;
+
+  prev_fspec = &(f[n_files - 1]);
+
+  /* Check files again.  New files or data can be available since last time we
+     checked and before they are watched by inotify.  */
+  for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    {
+      if (! f[i].ignore)
+        {
+          /* check for new files.  */
+          if (follow_mode == Follow_name)
+            recheck (&(f[i]), false);
+          else if (f[i].fd != -1)
+            {
+              /* If the file was replaced in the small window since we tailed,
+                 then assume the watch is on the wrong item (different to
+                 that we've already produced output for), and so revert to
+                 polling the original descriptor.  */
+              struct stat stats;
+
+              if (stat (f[i].name, &stats) == 0
+                  && (f[i].dev != stats.st_dev || f[i].ino != stats.st_ino))
+                {
+                  error (0, errno, _("%s was replaced"),
+                         quoteaf (pretty_name (&(f[i]))));
+                  hash_free (wd_to_name);
+
+                  errno = 0;
+                  return true;
+                }
+            }
+
+          /* check for new data.  */
+          check_fspec (&f[i], &prev_fspec);
+        }
+    }
+
+  evlen += sizeof (struct inotify_event) + 1;
+  evbuf = xmalloc (evlen);
+
+  /* Wait for inotify events and handle them.  Events on directories
+     ensure that watched files can be re-added when following by name.
+     This loop blocks on the 'safe_read' call until a new event is notified.
+     But when --pid=P is specified, tail usually waits via the select.  */
+  while (1)
+    {
+      struct File_spec *fspec;
+      struct inotify_event *ev;
+      void *void_ev;
+
+      /* When following by name without --retry, and the last file has
+         been unlinked or renamed-away, diagnose it and return.  */
+      if (follow_mode == Follow_name
+          && ! reopen_inaccessible_files
+          && hash_get_n_entries (wd_to_name) == 0)
+        {
+          error (0, 0, _("no files remaining"));
+          return false;
+        }
+
+      /* When watching a PID, ensure that a read from WD will not block
+         indefinitely.  */
+      while (len <= evbuf_off)
+        {
+          struct timeval delay; /* how long to wait for file changes.  */
+
+          if (pid)
+            {
+              if (writer_is_dead)
+                exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
+
+              writer_is_dead = (kill (pid, 0) != 0 && errno != EPERM);
+
+              if (writer_is_dead)
+                delay.tv_sec = delay.tv_usec = 0;
+              else
+                {
+                  delay.tv_sec = (time_t) sleep_interval;
+                  delay.tv_usec = 1000000 * (sleep_interval - delay.tv_sec);
+                }
+            }
+
+           fd_set rfd;
+           FD_ZERO (&rfd);
+           FD_SET (wd, &rfd);
+           if (monitor_output)
+             FD_SET (STDOUT_FILENO, &rfd);
+
+           int file_change = select (MAX (wd, STDOUT_FILENO) + 1,
+                                     &rfd, NULL, NULL, pid ? &delay: NULL);
+
+           if (file_change == 0)
+             continue;
+           else if (file_change == -1)
+             die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno,
+                  _("error waiting for inotify and output events"));
+           else if (FD_ISSET (STDOUT_FILENO, &rfd))
+             {
+               /* readable event on STDOUT is equivalent to POLLERR,
+                  and implies an error on output like broken pipe.  */
+               die_pipe ();
+             }
+           else
+             break;
+        }
+
+      if (len <= evbuf_off)
+        {
+          len = safe_read (wd, evbuf, evlen);
+          evbuf_off = 0;
+
+          /* For kernels prior to 2.6.21, read returns 0 when the buffer
+             is too small.  */
+          if ((len == 0 || (len == SAFE_READ_ERROR && errno == EINVAL))
+              && max_realloc--)
+            {
+              len = 0;
+              evlen *= 2;
+              evbuf = xrealloc (evbuf, evlen);
+              continue;
+            }
+
+          if (len == 0 || len == SAFE_READ_ERROR)
+            die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("error reading inotify event"));
+        }
+
+      void_ev = evbuf + evbuf_off;
+      ev = void_ev;
+      evbuf_off += sizeof (*ev) + ev->len;
+
+      /* If a directory is deleted, IN_DELETE_SELF is emitted
+         with ev->name of length 0.
+         We need to catch it, otherwise it would wait forever,
+         as wd for directory becomes inactive. Revert to polling now.   */
+      if ((ev->mask & IN_DELETE_SELF) && ! ev->len)
+        {
+          for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+            {
+              if (ev->wd == f[i].parent_wd)
+                {
+                  hash_free (wd_to_name);
+                  error (0, 0,
+                      _("directory containing watched file was removed"));
+                  errno = 0;  /* we've already diagnosed enough errno detail. */
+                  return true;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+      if (ev->len) /* event on ev->name in watched directory.  */
+        {
+          size_t j;
+          for (j = 0; j < n_files; j++)
+            {
+              /* With N=hundreds of frequently-changing files, this O(N^2)
+                 process might be a problem.  FIXME: use a hash table?  */
+              if (f[j].parent_wd == ev->wd
+                  && STREQ (ev->name, f[j].name + f[j].basename_start))
+                break;
+            }
+
+          /* It is not a watched file.  */
+          if (j == n_files)
+            continue;
+
+          fspec = &(f[j]);
+
+          int new_wd = -1;
+          bool deleting = !! (ev->mask & IN_DELETE);
+
+          if (! deleting)
+            {
+              /* Adding the same inode again will look up any existing wd.  */
+              new_wd = inotify_add_watch (wd, f[j].name, inotify_wd_mask);
+            }
+
+          if (! deleting && new_wd < 0)
+            {
+              if (errno == ENOSPC || errno == ENOMEM)
+                {
+                  error (0, 0, _("inotify resources exhausted"));
+                  hash_free (wd_to_name);
+                  errno = 0;
+                  return true; /* revert to polling.  */
+                }
+              else
+                {
+                  /* Can get ENOENT for a dangling symlink for example.  */
+                  error (0, errno, _("cannot watch %s"), quoteaf (f[j].name));
+                }
+              /* We'll continue below after removing the existing watch.  */
+            }
+
+          /* This will be false if only attributes of file change.  */
+          bool new_watch;
+          new_watch = (! deleting) && (fspec->wd < 0 || new_wd != fspec->wd);
+
+          if (new_watch)
+            {
+              if (0 <= fspec->wd)
+                {
+                  inotify_rm_watch (wd, fspec->wd);
+                  hash_delete (wd_to_name, fspec);
+                }
+
+              fspec->wd = new_wd;
+
+              if (new_wd == -1)
+                continue;
+
+              /* If the file was moved then inotify will use the source file wd
+                for the destination file.  Make sure the key is not present in
+                the table.  */
+              struct File_spec *prev = hash_delete (wd_to_name, fspec);
+              if (prev && prev != fspec)
+                {
+                  if (follow_mode == Follow_name)
+                    recheck (prev, false);
+                  prev->wd = -1;
+                  close_fd (prev->fd, pretty_name (prev));
+                }
+
+              if (hash_insert (wd_to_name, fspec) == NULL)
+                xalloc_die ();
+            }
+
+          if (follow_mode == Follow_name)
+            recheck (fspec, false);
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          struct File_spec key;
+          key.wd = ev->wd;
+          fspec = hash_lookup (wd_to_name, &key);
+        }
+
+      if (! fspec)
+        continue;
+
+      if (ev->mask & (IN_ATTRIB | IN_DELETE | IN_DELETE_SELF | IN_MOVE_SELF))
+        {
+          /* Note for IN_MOVE_SELF (the file we're watching has
+             been clobbered via a rename) we leave the watch
+             in place since it may still be part of the set
+             of watched names.  */
+          if (ev->mask & IN_DELETE_SELF)
+            {
+              inotify_rm_watch (wd, fspec->wd);
+              hash_delete (wd_to_name, fspec);
+            }
+
+          /* Note we get IN_ATTRIB for unlink() as st_nlink decrements.
+             The usual path is a close() done in recheck() triggers
+             an IN_DELETE_SELF event as the inode is removed.
+             However sometimes open() will succeed as even though
+             st_nlink is decremented, the dentry (cache) is not updated.
+             Thus we depend on the IN_DELETE event on the directory
+             to trigger processing for the removed file.  */
+
+          recheck (fspec, false);
+
+          continue;
+        }
+      check_fspec (fspec, &prev_fspec);
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Output the last N_BYTES bytes of file FILENAME open for reading in FD.
+   Return true if successful.  */
+
+static bool
+tail_bytes (const char *pretty_filename, int fd, uintmax_t n_bytes,
+            uintmax_t *read_pos)
+{
+  struct stat stats;
+
+  if (fstat (fd, &stats))
+    {
+      error (0, errno, _("cannot fstat %s"), quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (from_start)
+    {
+      if (! presume_input_pipe && n_bytes <= OFF_T_MAX
+          && ((S_ISREG (stats.st_mode)
+               && xlseek (fd, n_bytes, SEEK_CUR, pretty_filename) >= 0)
+              || lseek (fd, n_bytes, SEEK_CUR) != -1))
+        *read_pos += n_bytes;
+      else
+        {
+          int t = start_bytes (pretty_filename, fd, n_bytes, read_pos);
+          if (t)
+            return t < 0;
+        }
+      n_bytes = COPY_TO_EOF;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      off_t end_pos = -1;
+      off_t current_pos = -1;
+
+      if (! presume_input_pipe && n_bytes <= OFF_T_MAX)
+        {
+          if (usable_st_size (&stats))
+            end_pos = stats.st_size;
+          else if ((current_pos = lseek (fd, -n_bytes, SEEK_END)) != -1)
+            end_pos = current_pos + n_bytes;
+        }
+      if (end_pos <= (off_t) ST_BLKSIZE (stats))
+        return pipe_bytes (pretty_filename, fd, n_bytes, read_pos);
+      if (current_pos == -1)
+        current_pos = xlseek (fd, 0, SEEK_CUR, pretty_filename);
+      if (current_pos < end_pos)
+        {
+          off_t bytes_remaining = end_pos - current_pos;
+
+          if (n_bytes < bytes_remaining)
+            {
+              current_pos = end_pos - n_bytes;
+              xlseek (fd, current_pos, SEEK_SET, pretty_filename);
+            }
+        }
+      *read_pos = current_pos;
+    }
+
+  *read_pos += dump_remainder (false, pretty_filename, fd, n_bytes);
+  return true;
+}
+
+/* Output the last N_LINES lines of file FILENAME open for reading in FD.
+   Return true if successful.  */
+
+static bool
+tail_lines (const char *pretty_filename, int fd, uintmax_t n_lines,
+            uintmax_t *read_pos)
+{
+  struct stat stats;
+
+  if (fstat (fd, &stats))
+    {
+      error (0, errno, _("cannot fstat %s"), quoteaf (pretty_filename));
+      return false;
+    }
+
+  if (from_start)
+    {
+      int t = start_lines (pretty_filename, fd, n_lines, read_pos);
+      if (t)
+        return t < 0;
+      *read_pos += dump_remainder (false, pretty_filename, fd, COPY_TO_EOF);
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      off_t start_pos = -1;
+      off_t end_pos;
+
+      /* Use file_lines only if FD refers to a regular file for
+         which lseek (... SEEK_END) works.  */
+      if ( ! presume_input_pipe
+           && S_ISREG (stats.st_mode)
+           && (start_pos = lseek (fd, 0, SEEK_CUR)) != -1
+           && start_pos < (end_pos = lseek (fd, 0, SEEK_END)))
+        {
+          *read_pos = end_pos;
+          if (end_pos != 0
+              && ! file_lines (pretty_filename, fd, n_lines,
+                               start_pos, end_pos, read_pos))
+            return false;
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          /* Under very unlikely circumstances, it is possible to reach
+             this point after positioning the file pointer to end of file
+             via the 'lseek (...SEEK_END)' above.  In that case, reposition
+             the file pointer back to start_pos before calling pipe_lines.  */
+          if (start_pos != -1)
+            xlseek (fd, start_pos, SEEK_SET, pretty_filename);
+
+          return pipe_lines (pretty_filename, fd, n_lines, read_pos);
+        }
+    }
+  return true;
+}
+
+/* Display the last N_UNITS units of file FILENAME, open for reading
+   via FD.  Set *READ_POS to the position of the input stream pointer.
+   *READ_POS is usually the number of bytes read and corresponds to an
+   offset from the beginning of a file.  However, it may be larger than
+   OFF_T_MAX (as for an input pipe), and may also be larger than the
+   number of bytes read (when an input pointer is initially not at
+   beginning of file), and may be far greater than the number of bytes
+   actually read for an input file that is seekable.
+   Return true if successful.  */
+
+static bool
+tail (const char *filename, int fd, uintmax_t n_units,
+      uintmax_t *read_pos)
+{
+  *read_pos = 0;
+  if (count_lines)
+    return tail_lines (filename, fd, n_units, read_pos);
+  else
+    return tail_bytes (filename, fd, n_units, read_pos);
+}
+
+/* Display the last N_UNITS units of the file described by F.
+   Return true if successful.  */
+
+static bool
+tail_file (struct File_spec *f, uintmax_t n_units)
+{
+  int fd;
+  bool ok;
+
+  bool is_stdin = (STREQ (f->name, "-"));
+
+  if (is_stdin)
+    {
+      have_read_stdin = true;
+      fd = STDIN_FILENO;
+      xset_binary_mode (STDIN_FILENO, O_BINARY);
+    }
+  else
+    fd = open (f->name, O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
+
+  f->tailable = !(reopen_inaccessible_files && fd == -1);
+
+  if (fd == -1)
+    {
+      if (forever)
+        {
+          f->fd = -1;
+          f->errnum = errno;
+          f->ignore = ! reopen_inaccessible_files;
+          f->ino = 0;
+          f->dev = 0;
+        }
+      error (0, errno, _("cannot open %s for reading"),
+             quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+      ok = false;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      uintmax_t read_pos;
+
+      if (print_headers)
+        write_header (pretty_name (f));
+      ok = tail (pretty_name (f), fd, n_units, &read_pos);
+      if (forever)
+        {
+          struct stat stats;
+
+#if TAIL_TEST_SLEEP
+          /* Before the tail function provided 'read_pos', there was
+             a race condition described in the URL below.  This sleep
+             call made the window big enough to exercise the problem.  */
+          xnanosleep (1);
+#endif
+          f->errnum = ok - 1;
+          if (fstat (fd, &stats) < 0)
+            {
+              ok = false;
+              f->errnum = errno;
+              error (0, errno, _("error reading %s"),
+                     quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+            }
+          else if (!IS_TAILABLE_FILE_TYPE (stats.st_mode))
+            {
+              ok = false;
+              f->errnum = -1;
+              f->tailable = false;
+              f->ignore = ! reopen_inaccessible_files;
+              error (0, 0, _("%s: cannot follow end of this type of file%s"),
+                     quotef (pretty_name (f)),
+                     f->ignore ? _("; giving up on this name") : "");
+            }
+
+          if (!ok)
+            {
+              f->ignore = ! reopen_inaccessible_files;
+              close_fd (fd, pretty_name (f));
+              f->fd = -1;
+            }
+          else
+            {
+              /* Note: we must use read_pos here, not stats.st_size,
+                 to avoid a race condition described by Ken Raeburn:
+       https://lists.gnu.org/r/bug-textutils/2003-05/msg00007.html */
+              record_open_fd (f, fd, read_pos, &stats, (is_stdin ? -1 : 1));
+              f->remote = fremote (fd, pretty_name (f));
+            }
+        }
+      else
+        {
+          if (!is_stdin && close (fd))
+            {
+              error (0, errno, _("error reading %s"),
+                     quoteaf (pretty_name (f)));
+              ok = false;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+  return ok;
+}
+
+/* If obsolete usage is allowed, and the command line arguments are of
+   the obsolete form and the option string is well-formed, set
+   *N_UNITS, the globals COUNT_LINES, FOREVER, and FROM_START, and
+   return true.  If the command line arguments are obviously incorrect
+   (e.g., because obsolete usage is not allowed and the arguments are
+   incorrect for non-obsolete usage), report an error and exit.
+   Otherwise, return false and don't modify any parameter or global
+   variable.  */
+
+static bool
+parse_obsolete_option (int argc, char * const *argv, uintmax_t *n_units)
+{
+  const char *p;
+  const char *n_string;
+  const char *n_string_end;
+  int default_count = DEFAULT_N_LINES;
+  bool t_from_start;
+  bool t_count_lines = true;
+  bool t_forever = false;
+
+  /* With the obsolete form, there is one option string and at most
+     one file argument.  Watch out for "-" and "--", though.  */
+  if (! (argc == 2
+         || (argc == 3 && ! (argv[2][0] == '-' && argv[2][1]))
+         || (3 <= argc && argc <= 4 && STREQ (argv[2], "--"))))
+    return false;
+
+  int posix_ver = posix2_version ();
+  bool obsolete_usage = posix_ver < 200112;
+  bool traditional_usage = obsolete_usage || 200809 <= posix_ver;
+  p = argv[1];
+
+  switch (*p++)
+    {
+    default:
+      return false;
+
+    case '+':
+      /* Leading "+" is a file name in the standard form.  */
+      if (!traditional_usage)
+        return false;
+
+      t_from_start = true;
+      break;
+
+    case '-':
+      /* In the non-obsolete form, "-" is standard input and "-c"
+         requires an option-argument.  The obsolete multidigit options
+         are supported as a GNU extension even when conforming to
+         POSIX 1003.1-2001 or later, so don't complain about them.  */
+      if (!obsolete_usage && !p[p[0] == 'c'])
+        return false;
+
+      t_from_start = false;
+      break;
+    }
+
+  n_string = p;
+  while (ISDIGIT (*p))
+    p++;
+  n_string_end = p;
+
+  switch (*p)
+    {
+    case 'b': default_count *= 512; FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 'c': t_count_lines = false; FALLTHROUGH;
+    case 'l': p++; break;
+    }
+
+  if (*p == 'f')
+    {
+      t_forever = true;
+      ++p;
+    }
+
+  if (*p)
+    return false;
+
+  if (n_string == n_string_end)
+    *n_units = default_count;
+  else if ((xstrtoumax (n_string, NULL, 10, n_units, "b")
+            & ~LONGINT_INVALID_SUFFIX_CHAR)
+           != LONGINT_OK)
+    {
+      die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, "%s: %s", _("invalid number"),
+           quote (argv[1]));
+    }
+
+  /* Set globals.  */
+  from_start = t_from_start;
+  count_lines = t_count_lines;
+  forever = t_forever;
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+static void
+parse_options (int argc, char **argv,
+               uintmax_t *n_units, enum header_mode *header_mode,
+               double *sleep_interval)
+{
+  int c;
+
+  while ((c = getopt_long (argc, argv, "c:n:fFqs:vz0123456789",
+                           long_options, NULL))
+         != -1)
+    {
+      switch (c)
+        {
+        case 'F':
+          forever = true;
+          follow_mode = Follow_name;
+          reopen_inaccessible_files = true;
+          break;
+
+        case 'c':
+        case 'n':
+          count_lines = (c == 'n');
+          if (*optarg == '+')
+            from_start = true;
+          else if (*optarg == '-')
+            ++optarg;
+
+          *n_units = xdectoumax (optarg, 0, UINTMAX_MAX, "bkKmMGTPEZY0",
+                                 count_lines
+                                 ? _("invalid number of lines")
+                                 : _("invalid number of bytes"), 0);
+          break;
+
+        case 'f':
+        case LONG_FOLLOW_OPTION:
+          forever = true;
+          if (optarg == NULL)
+            follow_mode = DEFAULT_FOLLOW_MODE;
+          else
+            follow_mode = XARGMATCH ("--follow", optarg,
+                                     follow_mode_string, follow_mode_map);
+          break;
+
+        case RETRY_OPTION:
+          reopen_inaccessible_files = true;
+          break;
+
+        case MAX_UNCHANGED_STATS_OPTION:
+          /* --max-unchanged-stats=N */
+          max_n_unchanged_stats_between_opens =
+            xdectoumax (optarg, 0, UINTMAX_MAX, "",
+              _("invalid maximum number of unchanged stats between opens"), 0);
+          break;
+
+        case DISABLE_INOTIFY_OPTION:
+          disable_inotify = true;
+          break;
+
+        case PID_OPTION:
+          pid = xdectoumax (optarg, 0, PID_T_MAX, "", _("invalid PID"), 0);
+          break;
+
+        case PRESUME_INPUT_PIPE_OPTION:
+          presume_input_pipe = true;
+          break;
+
+        case 'q':
+          *header_mode = never;
+          break;
+
+        case 's':
+          {
+            double s;
+            if (! (xstrtod (optarg, NULL, &s, cl_strtod) && 0 <= s))
+              die (EXIT_FAILURE, 0,
+                   _("invalid number of seconds: %s"), quote (optarg));
+            *sleep_interval = s;
+          }
+          break;
+
+        case 'v':
+          *header_mode = always;
+          break;
+
+        case 'z':
+          line_end = '\0';
+          break;
+
+        case_GETOPT_HELP_CHAR;
+
+        case_GETOPT_VERSION_CHAR (PROGRAM_NAME, AUTHORS);
+
+        case '0': case '1': case '2': case '3': case '4':
+        case '5': case '6': case '7': case '8': case '9':
+          die (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("option used in invalid context -- %c"), c);
+
+        default:
+          usage (EXIT_FAILURE);
+        }
+    }
+
+  if (reopen_inaccessible_files)
+    {
+      if (!forever)
+        {
+          reopen_inaccessible_files = false;
+          error (0, 0, _("warning: --retry ignored; --retry is useful"
+                         " only when following"));
+        }
+      else if (follow_mode == Follow_descriptor)
+        error (0, 0, _("warning: --retry only effective for the initial open"));
+    }
+
+  if (pid && !forever)
+    error (0, 0,
+           _("warning: PID ignored; --pid=PID is useful only when following"));
+  else if (pid && kill (pid, 0) != 0 && errno == ENOSYS)
+    {
+      error (0, 0, _("warning: --pid=PID is not supported on this system"));
+      pid = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+/* Mark as '.ignore'd each member of F that corresponds to a
+   pipe or fifo, and return the number of non-ignored members.  */
+static size_t
+ignore_fifo_and_pipe (struct File_spec *f, size_t n_files)
+{
+  /* When there is no FILE operand and stdin is a pipe or FIFO
+     POSIX requires that tail ignore the -f option.
+     Since we allow multiple FILE operands, we extend that to say: with -f,
+     ignore any "-" operand that corresponds to a pipe or FIFO.  */
+  size_t n_viable = 0;
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    {
+      bool is_a_fifo_or_pipe =
+        (STREQ (f[i].name, "-")
+         && !f[i].ignore
+         && 0 <= f[i].fd
+         && (S_ISFIFO (f[i].mode)
+             || (HAVE_FIFO_PIPES != 1 && isapipe (f[i].fd))));
+      if (is_a_fifo_or_pipe)
+        {
+          f[i].fd = -1;
+          f[i].ignore = true;
+        }
+      else
+        ++n_viable;
+    }
+
+  return n_viable;
+}
+
+int
+main (int argc, char **argv)
+{
+  enum header_mode header_mode = multiple_files;
+  bool ok = true;
+  /* If from_start, the number of items to skip before printing; otherwise,
+     the number of items at the end of the file to print.  Although the type
+     is signed, the value is never negative.  */
+  uintmax_t n_units = DEFAULT_N_LINES;
+  size_t n_files;
+  char **file;
+  struct File_spec *F;
+  size_t i;
+  bool obsolete_option;
+
+  /* The number of seconds to sleep between iterations.
+     During one iteration, every file name or descriptor is checked to
+     see if it has changed.  */
+  double sleep_interval = 1.0;
+
+  initialize_main (&argc, &argv);
+  set_program_name (argv[0]);
+  setlocale (LC_ALL, "");
+  bindtextdomain (PACKAGE, LOCALEDIR);
+  textdomain (PACKAGE);
+
+  atexit (close_stdout);
+
+  have_read_stdin = false;
+
+  count_lines = true;
+  forever = from_start = print_headers = false;
+  line_end = '\n';
+  obsolete_option = parse_obsolete_option (argc, argv, &n_units);
+  argc -= obsolete_option;
+  argv += obsolete_option;
+  parse_options (argc, argv, &n_units, &header_mode, &sleep_interval);
+
+  /* To start printing with item N_UNITS from the start of the file, skip
+     N_UNITS - 1 items.  'tail -n +0' is actually meaningless, but for Unix
+     compatibility it's treated the same as 'tail -n +1'.  */
+  if (from_start)
+    {
+      if (n_units)
+        --n_units;
+    }
+
+  IF_LINT (assert (0 <= argc));
+
+  if (optind < argc)
+    {
+      n_files = argc - optind;
+      file = argv + optind;
+    }
+  else
+    {
+      static char *dummy_stdin = (char *) "-";
+      n_files = 1;
+      file = &dummy_stdin;
+    }
+
+  {
+    bool found_hyphen = false;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+      if (STREQ (file[i], "-"))
+        found_hyphen = true;
+
+    /* When following by name, there must be a name.  */
+    if (found_hyphen && follow_mode == Follow_name)
+      die (EXIT_FAILURE, 0, _("cannot follow %s by name"), quoteaf ("-"));
+
+    /* When following forever, and not using simple blocking, warn if
+       any file is '-' as the stats() used to check for input are ineffective.
+       This is only a warning, since tail's output (before a failing seek,
+       and that from any non-stdin files) might still be useful.  */
+    if (forever && found_hyphen)
+      {
+        struct stat in_stat;
+        bool blocking_stdin;
+        blocking_stdin = (pid == 0 && follow_mode == Follow_descriptor
+                          && n_files == 1 && ! fstat (STDIN_FILENO, &in_stat)
+                          && ! S_ISREG (in_stat.st_mode));
+
+        if (! blocking_stdin && isatty (STDIN_FILENO))
+          error (0, 0, _("warning: following standard input"
+                         " indefinitely is ineffective"));
+      }
+  }
+
+  /* Don't read anything if we'll never output anything.  */
+  if (! n_units && ! forever && ! from_start)
+    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+
+  F = xnmalloc (n_files, sizeof *F);
+  for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    F[i].name = file[i];
+
+  if (header_mode == always
+      || (header_mode == multiple_files && n_files > 1))
+    print_headers = true;
+
+  xset_binary_mode (STDOUT_FILENO, O_BINARY);
+
+  for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+    ok &= tail_file (&F[i], n_units);
+
+  if (forever && ignore_fifo_and_pipe (F, n_files))
+    {
+      /* If stdout is a fifo or pipe, then monitor it
+         so that we exit if the reader goes away.
+         Note select() on a regular file is always readable.  */
+      struct stat out_stat;
+      if (fstat (STDOUT_FILENO, &out_stat) < 0)
+        die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("standard output"));
+      monitor_output = (S_ISFIFO (out_stat.st_mode)
+                        || (HAVE_FIFO_PIPES != 1 && isapipe (STDOUT_FILENO)));
+
+#if HAVE_INOTIFY
+      /* tailable_stdin() checks if the user specifies stdin via  "-",
+         or implicitly by providing no arguments. If so, we won't use inotify.
+         Technically, on systems with a working /dev/stdin, we *could*,
+         but would it be worth it?  Verifying that it's a real device
+         and hooked up to stdin is not trivial, while reverting to
+         non-inotify-based tail_forever is easy and portable.
+
+         any_remote_file() checks if the user has specified any
+         files that reside on remote file systems.  inotify is not used
+         in this case because it would miss any updates to the file
+         that were not initiated from the local system.
+
+         any_non_remote_file() checks if the user has specified any
+         files that don't reside on remote file systems.  inotify is not used
+         if there are no open files, as we can't determine if those file
+         will be on a remote file system.
+
+         any_symlinks() checks if the user has specified any symbolic links.
+         inotify is not used in this case because it returns updated _targets_
+         which would not match the specified names.  If we tried to always
+         use the target names, then we would miss changes to the symlink itself.
+
+         ok is false when one of the files specified could not be opened for
+         reading.  In this case and when following by descriptor,
+         tail_forever_inotify() cannot be used (in its current implementation).
+
+         FIXME: inotify doesn't give any notification when a new
+         (remote) file or directory is mounted on top a watched file.
+         When follow_mode == Follow_name we would ideally like to detect that.
+         Note if there is a change to the original file then we'll
+         recheck it and follow the new file, or ignore it if the
+         file has changed to being remote.
+
+         FIXME: when using inotify, and a directory for a watched file
+         is recreated, then we don't recheck any new file when
+         follow_mode == Follow_name.
+
+         FIXME-maybe: inotify has a watch descriptor per inode, and hence with
+         our current hash implementation will only --follow data for one
+         of the names when multiple hardlinked files are specified, or
+         for one name when a name is specified multiple times.  */
+      if (!disable_inotify && (tailable_stdin (F, n_files)
+                               || any_remote_file (F, n_files)
+                               || ! any_non_remote_file (F, n_files)
+                               || any_symlinks (F, n_files)
+                               || any_non_regular_fifo (F, n_files)
+                               || (!ok && follow_mode == Follow_descriptor)))
+        disable_inotify = true;
+
+      if (!disable_inotify)
+        {
+          int wd = inotify_init ();
+          if (0 <= wd)
+            {
+              /* Flush any output from tail_file, now, since
+                 tail_forever_inotify flushes only after writing,
+                 not before reading.  */
+              if (fflush (stdout) != 0)
+                die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, _("write error"));
+
+              if (! tail_forever_inotify (wd, F, n_files, sleep_interval))
+                return EXIT_FAILURE;
+            }
+          error (0, errno, _("inotify cannot be used, reverting to polling"));
+
+          /* Free resources as this process can be long lived,
+            and we may have exhausted system resources above.  */
+
+          for (i = 0; i < n_files; i++)
+            {
+              /* It's OK to remove the same watch multiple times,
+                ignoring the EINVAL from redundant calls.  */
+              if (F[i].wd != -1)
+                inotify_rm_watch (wd, F[i].wd);
+              if (F[i].parent_wd != -1)
+                inotify_rm_watch (wd, F[i].parent_wd);
+            }
+        }
+#endif
+      disable_inotify = true;
+      tail_forever (F, n_files, sleep_interval);
+    }
+
+  IF_LINT (free (F));
+
+  if (have_read_stdin && close (STDIN_FILENO) < 0)
+    die (EXIT_FAILURE, errno, "-");
+  return ok ? EXIT_SUCCESS : EXIT_FAILURE;
+}