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If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this + - file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/. --> + + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd"[ + <!ENTITY % brandDTD SYSTEM "chrome://branding/locale/brand.dtd" > + %brandDTD; +]> + +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<title>Glossary</title> +<link rel="stylesheet" href="helpFileLayout.css" + type="text/css"/> +</head> +<body> + +<div class="boilerPlate">This glossary is provided for your information only, + and is not meant to be relied upon as a complete or authoritative description + of the terms defined below or of the privacy and/or security ramifications of + the technologies described.</div> + +<h1 id="glossary">Glossary</h1> + +<dl> + +<dt id="add-on">add-on</dt><dd>A piece of software that can be added to + &brandShortName; to change its appearance, behaviour, or to add new features. + It can also change the language shown in the user interface. See also + <a href="#extension">extension</a>, <a href="#language_pack">language + pack</a>, <a href="#plugin">plugin</a>, and <a href="#theme">theme</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="authentication">authentication</dt><dd>The use of a password, + certificate, personal identification number (PIN), or other information to + validate an identity over a computer network. See also + <a href="#password-based_authentication">password-based authentication</a>, + <a href="#certificate-based_authentication">certificate-based + authentication</a>, <a href="#client_authentication">client + authentication</a>, <a href="#server_authentication">server + authentication</a>, <a href="#secure_authentication">secure + authentication</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="bookmark">bookmark</dt><dd>A stored <a href="#web_page">web page</a> + address (<a href="#url">URL</a>) that you can go to easily by clicking a + bookmark icon in the <a href="#personal_toolbar">Personal Toolbar</a> or + choosing the bookmark's name from the Bookmarks menu.</dd> + +<dt id="ca">CA</dt><dd>See <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate + authority (CA)</a></dd> + +<dt id="ca_certificate">CA certificate</dt><dd>A certificate that + identifies a certificate authority. See also + <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a>, + <a href="#subordinate_ca">subordinate CA</a>, <a href="#root_ca">root + CA</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="cache">cache</dt><dd>A collection of web page copies stored + on your computer's hard disc or in its random-access memory (RAM). The + browser accumulates these copies as you browse the Web. When you click a link + or type a <a href="#url">URL</a> to fetch a particular web page for which the + cache already contains a copy, the browser compares the cached copy to the + original. If there have been no changes, the browser uses the cached copy + rather than refetching the original, saving processing and download + time.</dd> + +<dt id="caret_browsing">caret browsing</dt><dd>A &brandShortName; feature that + allows you to navigate through text in Web pages and email messages (or this + Help window) with a caret. Using your keyboard, you can navigate and select + text like you do in a text editor. You can turn caret browsing mode on or off + by pressing the <kbd>F7</kbd> key. Caret browsing mode can also be enabled or + disabled in Advanced Preferences - Keyboard Navigation.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate">certificate</dt><dd>The digital equivalent of an ID card. + A certificate specifies the name of an individual, company, or other entity + and certifies that a public key, which is included in the certificate, + belongs to that entity. When you digitally sign a message or other data, the + digital signature for that message is created with the aid of the private key + that corresponds to the public key in your certificate. A certificate is + issued and digitally signed by a <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate + authority (CA)</a>. A certificate's validity can be verified by checking + the CA's <a href="#digital_signature">digital signature</a>. Also called + digital ID, digital passport, public-key certificate, X.509 certificate, and + security certificate. See also <a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key + cryptography</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</dt><dd>A service + that issues a certificate after verifying the identity of the person or + entity the certificate is intended to identify. A CA also renews and revokes + certificates and generates a list of revoked certificates at regular + intervals. CAs can be independent vendors or a person or organisation using + certificate-issuing server software (such as &brandShortName; Certificate + Management System). See also <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>, + <a href="#crl">CRL (certificate revocation list)</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate_backup_password">certificate backup password</dt><dd>A + password that protects a certificate that you are backing up or have + previously backed up. Certificate Manager asks you to set this password when + you back up a certificate, and requests it when you attempt to restore a + certificate that has previously been backed up.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate-based_authentication">certificate-based + authentication</dt><dd>Verification of identity based on + <a href="#certificate">certificates</a> and public-key cryptography. + See also <a href="#password-based_authentication">password-based + authentication</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate_chain">certificate chain</dt><dd>A hierarchical series of + certificates signed by successive certificate authorities. A CA certificate + identifies a <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a> + and is used to sign certificates issued by that authority. A CA certificate + can in turn be signed by the CA certificate of a parent CA and so on up to a + <a href="#root_ca">root CA</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate_fingerprint">certificate fingerprint</dt><dd> + A unique number associated with a certificate. The number is not part of + the certificate itself but is produced by applying a mathematical function to + the contents of the certificate. If the contents of the certificate change, + even by a single character, the function produces a different number. + Certificate fingerprints can therefore be used to verify that certificates + have not been tampered with.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate_manager">Certificate + Manager</dt><dd>The part of the browser that allows you to view and manage + certificates. To view the main Certificate Manager window: Open the + <span class="mac">&brandShortName;</span> <span class="noMac">Edit</span> + menu, choose Preferences, click Privacy and Security, and then click Manage + Certificates.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate_renewal">certificate renewal</dt><dd>The process of + renewing a <a href="#certificate">certificate</a> that is about to + expire.</dd> + +<dt id="certificate_verification">certificate verification</dt><dd>When + <a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> verifies a + certificate, it confirms that the digital signature was created by a CA whose + own CA certificate is both on file with Certificate Manager and marked as + trusted for issuing that kind of certificate. It also confirms that the + certificate being verified has not itself been marked as untrusted. Finally, + if the <a href="#ocsp">OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol)</a> has been + activated, Certificate Manager also performs an online check. It does so by + looking up the certificate in a list of valid certificates maintained at a + <a href="#url">URL</a> that is specified either in the certificate itself or + in the browser's Validation preferences. If any of these checks fail, + Certificate Manager marks the certificate as unverified and won't + recognise the identity it certifies.</dd> + +<dt id="cipher">cipher</dt><dd>See + <a href="#cryptographic_algorithm">cryptographic algorithm</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="client">client</dt><dd>Software (such as browser software) that sends + requests to and receives information from a <a href="#server">server</a>, + which is usually running on a different computer. A computer on which client + software runs is also described as a client.</dd> + +<dt id="client_authentication">client authentication</dt><dd>The process of + identifying a <a href="#client">client</a> to a <a href="#server">server</a>, + for example with a name and password or with a + <a href="#client_ssl_certificate">client SSL certificate</a> and some + digitally signed data. See also <a href="#ssl">SSL (Secure + Sockets Layer)</a>, <a href="#server_authentication">server + authentication</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="client_ssl_certificate">client SSL certificate</dt><dd>A certificate + that a <a href="#client">client</a> (such as browser software) presents to a + <a href="#server">server</a> to authenticate the identity of the client + (or the identity of the person using the client) using the + <a href="#ssl">SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</a> protocol. See + also <a href="#client_authentication">client authentication</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="component_bar">Component Bar</dt><dd>The toolbar located at the bottom + left of any &brandShortName; window. The Component Bar allows you to switch + between &brandShortName; components by clicking icons for Browser, + Mail & Newsgroups, Composer, and so on.</dd> + +<dt id="cookie">cookie</dt><dd>A small bit of information stored on your + computer by some <a href="#website">web sites</a>. When you visit such a + web site, the web site asks your browser to place one or more cookies on your + hard disc. Later, when you return to the web site, your browser sends the + web site the cookies that belong to it. Cookies help web sites keep track of + information about you, such as the contents of your shopping cart. You can set + your cookie preferences to control how cookies are used and how much + information you are willing to let web sites store on them. See also + <a href="#third-party_cookie">third-party cookie</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="cookie_manager">Cookie Manager</dt><dd>The part of the browser + that you can use to control <a href="#cookie">cookies</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="cram_md5">CRAM-MD5</dt><dd>A + <a href="#cryptographic_algorithm">cryptographic algorithm</a> used for + <a href="#encrypted_password">password encryption</a> to achieve + <a href="#secure_authentication">secure authentication</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="crl">CRL (certificate revocation list)</dt><dd>A list of revoked + certificates that is generated and signed by a + <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a>. You can + download the latest CRL to your browser or to a server, then check against it + to make sure that certificates are still valid before permitting their use + for authentication.</dd> + +<dt id="cryptographic_algorithm">cryptographic algorithm</dt><dd>A set of + rules or directions used to perform cryptographic operations such as + <a href="#encryption">encryption</a> and + <a href="#decryption">decryption</a>. Sometimes called a + <em>cipher.</em></dd> + +<dt id="cryptography">cryptography</dt><dd>The art and practice of scrambling + (encrypting) and unscrambling (decrypting) information. For example, + cryptographic techniques are used to scramble an unscramble information + flowing between commercial web sites and your browser. See also + <a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="decryption">decryption</dt><dd>The process of unscrambling data that + has been encrypted. See also <a href="#encryption">encryption</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="digital_id">digital ID</dt><dd> + See <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="digital_signature">digital signature</dt><dd>A code created from both + the data to be signed and the private key of the signer. This code is unique + for each new piece of data. Even a single comma added to a message changes + the digital signature for that message. Successful validation of your digital + signature by appropriate software not only provides evidence that you + approved the transaction or message, but also provides evidence that the data + has not changed since you digitally signed it. A digital signature has + nothing to do with a handwritten signature, although it can sometimes be used + for similar legal purposes. See also + <a href="#nonrepudiation">nonrepudiation</a>, + <a href="#tamper_detection">tamper detection</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="distinguished_name">distinguished name (DN)</dt><dd>A specially + formatted name that uniquely identifies the subject of a + <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="do_not_track">Do Not Track</dt><dd>A mechanism that allows users + to inform <a href="#website">web sites</a> that they do not want to be + <a href="#user_tracking">tracked</a> by third-party web sites and + <a href="#web_application">web applications</a>. A user' tracking + preferences is included in the <a href="#http">HTTP</a> header and sent + to the web site. &brandShortName; supports sending <q>Do Not Track</q> + requests, but web sites are not obligated to honour those.</dd> + +<dt id="dual_key_pairs">dual key pairs</dt><dd>Two public-private key + pairs—four keys altogether—corresponding to two separate + certificates. The private key of one pair is used for signing operations, and + the public and private keys of the other pair are used for encryption and + decryption operations. Each pair corresponds to a separate + <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>. See also + <a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="eavesdropping">eavesdropping</dt><dd>Surreptitious interception of + information sent over a network by an entity for which the information is not + intended.</dd> + +<dt id="encrypted_password">encrypted password</dt><dd>Used for + <a href="#password-based_authentication">password-based authentication</a> + to achieve <a href="#secure_authentication">secure authentication</a>. + The user's password is encrypted before it is sent to the server + (e.g., by methods like <a href="#cram_md5">CRAM-MD5</a>) to prevent that + anyone eavesdropping on the connection from seeing it in clear text. This + mechanism is frequently used when no <a href="#secure_connection">secure + connection</a> method is available.</dd> + +<dt id="encryption">encryption</dt><dd>The process of scrambling information in + a way that disguises its meaning. For example, encrypted connections between + computers make it very difficult for third-parties to unscramble, or + <em>decrypt</em>, information flowing over the connection. Encrypted + information can be decrypted only by someone who possesses the appropriate + key. See also <a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key + cryptography</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="encryption_certificate">encryption certificate</dt><dd>A + <a href="#certificate">certificate</a> whose public key is used for + encryption only. Encryption certificates are not used for signing operations. + See also <a href="#dual_key_pairs">dual key pairs</a>, + <a href="#signing_certificate">signing certificate</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="encryption_key">encryption key</dt><dd>A private key used for + encryption only. An encryption key and its equivalent private key, plus a + <a href="#signing_key">signing key</a> and its equivalent public key, + constitute a <a href="#dual_key_pairs">dual key pairs</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="extension">extension</dt><dd>A type of <a href="#add-on">add-on</a> + that changes the behaviour of &brandShortName; or adds new features to + it.</dd> + +<dt id="feed">feed</dt><dd>A frequently updated source of references to web + pages, usually blog articles or news. Technically it is an XML document + available through a public well-known URL, comprising of several items inside, + each one containing some metadata (possibly including a summary) and an URL + to the full blog or news article. The XML document is regenerated at fixed + intervals, or whenever a new article is published to the web site. Web + applications can subscribe to the URL serving the feed and present the new + articles as they are updated in the underlying XML document. There are + specific XML formats for feeds, most common of which are + <a href="#rss">RSS</a> and Atom.</dd> + +<dt id="fingerprint">fingerprint (certificate)</dt><dd>See + <a href="#certificate_fingerprint">certificate fingerprint</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="fingerprinting">fingerprinting (browser)</dt><dd>A method of + <a href="#user_tracking">user tracking</a> by which a user is identified + based on browser characteristics like browser and operating system versions, + stated language preferences, or <a href="#plugin">plugins</a> installed.</dd> + +<dt id="fips_pubs_140-1">FIPS PUBS 140-1</dt><dd>Federal Information Processing + Standards Publications (FIPS PUBS) 140-1 is a US government standard for + implementations of cryptographic modules—that is, hardware or software + that encrypts and decrypts data or performs other cryptographic operations + (such as creating or verifying digital signatures). Many products sold to the + US government must comply with one or more of the FIPS standards.</dd> + +<dt id="foreign_cookie">foreign cookie</dt><dd>See + <a href="#third-party_cookie">third-party cookie</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="frame">frame</dt><dd>Frames are <a href="#web_page">web pages</a> + contained inside of an all-encompassing <q>meta</q> page.</dd> + +<dt id="ftp">FTP (File Transfer Protocol)</dt><dd>A + standard that allows users to transfer files from one computer to another + over a network. You can use your browser to fetch files using FTP.</dd> + +<dt id="geolocation_service">geolocation service</dt><dd>A web service for + <a href="#location_aware_browsing">location aware browsing</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="gssapi">GSSAPI (Generic Security Services Application Program + Interface)</dt><dd>See <a href="#kerberos">Kerberos</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="helper_application">helper application</dt><dd>Any application that is + used to open or view a file downloaded by the browser. A + <a href="#plugin">plugin</a> is a special kind of helper application that + installs itself into the Plugins directory of the main browser installation + directory and can typically be opened within the browser itself (internally). + Microsoft Word, Adobe Photoshop, and other external applications are + considered helper applications but not plugins, since they don't + install themselves into the browser directory, but can be opened from the + download dialogue box.</dd> + +<dt id="home_page">home page</dt><dd>The page your browser is set to display + every time you launch it or when you click the Home button. Also used to + refer to the main page for a web site, from which you can explore the rest of + the web site.</dd> + +<dt id="html">HTML (HyperText Markup Language)</dt><dd>The document format used + for web pages. The HTML standard defines tags, or codes, used to define the + text layout, fonts, style, images, and other elements that make up a web + page.</dd> + +<dt id="http">HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol)</dt><dd>The protocol used to + transfer <a href="#web_page">web pages</a> (HyperText documents) between + browsers and <a href="#server">servers</a> over the + <a href="#world_wide_web">World Wide Web</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="https">HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol Secure)</dt><dd>The secure + version of the HTTP protocol that uses <a href="#ssl">SSL</a> to ensure the + privacy of customer data (such as credit card information) while en route + over the <a href="#internet">Internet</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="imap">IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol)</dt><dd>A standard mail + server protocol that allows you to store all your messages and any changes to + them on the server rather than on your computer's hard disc. Using IMAP + rather than <a href="#pop">POP</a> saves disc space and allows you to access + your entire mailbox, including sent mail, drafts, and custom folders, from + any location. Using an IMAP server over a modem is generally faster than + using a POP mail server, since you initially download message headers only. + Not all <a href="#isp">ISPs</a> support IMAP.</dd> + +<dt id="implicit_consent">implicit consent</dt><dd>Also known as implied or + <q>opt-out</q> consent. Used to describe privacy settings that may allow + web sites to gather information about you (for example by means of + <a href="#cookie">cookies</a> and online forms) unless you explicitly choose + to withhold your consent by selecting an option on a page that the web site + provides for that purpose. Your consent may not be requested when the + information is actually gathered. See also <a href="#user_tracking">user + tracking</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="internet">Internet</dt><dd>A worldwide network of millions of computers + that communicate with each other using standard protocols such as + <a href="#tcp_ip">TCP/IP</a>. Originally developed for the US military in + 1969, the Internet grew to include educational and research institutions and, + in the late 1990s, millions of businesses, organisations, and individuals. + Today the Internet is used for email, browsing the + <a href="#world_wide_web">World Wide Web (WWW)</a>, instant messaging, + usegroups, and many other purposes.</dd> + +<dt id="ip_address">IP address (Internet protocol address)</dt><dd>The address + of a computer on a <a href="#tcp_ip">TCP/IP</a> network. Every computer on + the <a href="#internet">Internet</a> has an IP address. + <a href="#client">Clients</a> have either a permanent IP address or one that + is dynamically assigned to them each time they connect with the network. IP + addresses are written as four sets of numbers, like this: 204.171.64.2.</dd> + +<dt id="irc">IRC (Internet Relay Chat)</dt><dd>A protocol used to chat with + other people in real-time using an IRC <a href="#client">client</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="isp">ISP (Internet Service Provider)</dt><dd>A company/institution + that provides <a href="#internet">Internet</a> connections.</dd> + +<dt id="java">Java</dt><dd>A programming language developed by Sun + Microsystems. A single Java program can run on many different kinds of + computers, thus avoiding the need for programmers to create a separate + version of each program for each kind of computer. Your browser can + automatically download and run Java programs (also called applets).</dd> + +<dt id="javascript">JavaScript</dt><dd>A scripting language commonly used to + construct <a href="#web_page">web pages</a>. Programmers use JavaScript to + make web pages more interactive; for example, to display forms and buttons. + JavaScript can be used with <a href="#java">Java</a>, but is technically a + separate language. Java is not required for JavaScript to work + correctly.</dd> + +<dt id="key">key</dt><dd>A large number used by a + <a href="#cryptographic_algorithm">cryptographic algorithm</a> to encrypt or + decrypt data. A person's public key, for example, allows other people to + encrypt messages to that person. The encrypted messages must be decrypted + with the corresponding private key. See also + <a href="#public-key_cryptography">public-key cryptography</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="kerberos">Kerberos</dt><dd>A mechanism to use single-signon, + <a href="#smart_card">smart cards</a>, or other custom methods to + <a href="#authentication">authenticate</a> access without using + <a href="#password-based_authentication">passwords</a> for each individual + service. Used mostly in large enterprise/institutional networks where + authentication is provided by centralised services like + <a href="#ldap">LDAP</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="language_pack">language pack</dt><dd>A type of + <a href="#add-on">add-on</a> that adds a new language to the user interface + of &brandShortName;.</dd> + +<dt id="latex">LaTeX</dt><dd>A word processor and document markup language to + typeset documents, widely used in academia. In particular, it provides a + compact plain text syntax to write complex mathematical formulas.</dd> + +<dt id="ldap">LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)</dt><dd>A standard + protocol for accessing directory services, such as corporate address books, + across multiple platforms. You can set up your browser to access LDAP + directories from the Address Book. You can also set up Mail & Newsgroups + to use an LDAP directory for email address autocompletion.</dd> + +<dt id="location_aware_browsing">location aware browsing</dt><dd>A method to + determine a user's location to provide customised services for the + current position, or for the purpose of <a href="#user_tracking">user + tracking</a>. In addition to the <a href="#ip_address">IP address</a>, + provider-specific information like wireless access points are used to + determine longitude and latitude, altitude as well as speed and heading + (as available) for the requesting <a href="#website">web site</a>. + Provided by a <a href="#geolocation_service">geolocation service</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="location_bar">Location Bar</dt><dd>The field (and associated buttons) + near the top of a browser window where you can type a + <a href="#url">URL</a> or search terms.</dd> + +<dt id="malware">Malware</dt><dd>Short for <q><u>Mal</u>icious + Soft<u>ware</u></q> and a general term for a variety of software designed + to disrupt computer operation, gather sensitive information, or gain access + to your computer. They can be distributed by infected <a href="#web_page">web + pages</a> or as attachments to email messages. Examples include viruses, + worms, trojans, spyware, or adware. Malware may redistribute itself by + sending out email messages to infect other computers.</dd> + +<dt id="master_key">master key</dt><dd>A symmetric key used by + <a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> to encrypt + information. For example, <a href="#password_manager">Password Manager</a> + uses Certificate Manager and your master key to encrypt email passwords, + web site passwords, and other stored sensitive information. See also + <a href="#symmetric_encryption">symmetric encryption</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="master_password">master password</dt><dd>A password used by + Certificate Manager to protect the master key and/or private keys stored on a + <a href="#security_device">security device</a>. Certificate Manager needs to + access your private keys, for example, when you sign email messages or use + one of your own certificates to identify yourself to a web site. It needs to + access your master key when Password Manager or Form Manager reads or adds to + your personal information. You can set or change your master password from + the Master Passwords preferences panel. Each security device requires a + separate master password. See also <a href="#private_key">private key</a>, + <a href="#master_key">master key</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="mathml">MathML (Mathematical Markup Language)</dt><dd>The markup + language used to write mathematical notations in + <a href="#web_page">web pages</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="menu_bar">Menu Bar</dt><dd>The toolbar <span class="mac">at the top + of the screen</span><span class="noMac">near the top of any &brandShortName; + window</span> that includes the File, Edit, and View menus.</dd> + +<dt id="misrepresentation">misrepresentation</dt><dd>Presentation of an entity + as a person or organisation that it is not. For example, a web site might + pretend to be a furniture store when it is really just a web site that takes + credit card payments but never sends any goods. See also + <a href="#spoofing">spoofing</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="navigation_toolbar">Navigation Toolbar</dt><dd>The toolbar near the top + of the browser window that includes the Back and Forwards buttons.</dd> + +<dt id="nonrepudiation">nonrepudiation</dt><dd>The inability, of the sender of + a message, to deny having sent the message. A regular hand-written signature + provides one form of nonrepudiation. A + <a href="#digital_signature">digital signature</a> provides another.</dd> + +<dt id="notification_bar">notification bar</dt><dd>A bar that appears at the + top of the content area to inform you about something that needs your + attention, e.g. when the Password Manager can save a password for you, a + popup has been blocked or an additional plugin is required.</dd> + +<dt id="ntlm">NTLM (NT LAN Manager)</dt><dd>A protocol for + <a href="#authentication">authentication</a> in local networks that is + proprietary to Microsoft Windows. Used mostly in enterprise/institutional + networks.</dd> + +<dt id="object_signing">object signing</dt><dd>A technology that allows + software developers to sign Java code, JavaScript scripts, or any kind of + file, and that allows users to identify the signers and control access by + signed code to local system resources.</dd> + +<dt id="object-signing_certificate">object-signing certificate</dt><dd>A + certificate whose corresponding private key is used to sign objects such as + code files. See also <a href="#object_signing">object signing</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="ocsp">OCSP (Online Certificate Status Protocol)</dt><dd>A set of rules + that <a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> follows to + perform an online check of a certificate's validity each time the + certificate is used. This process involves checking the certificate against a + list of valid certificates maintained at a specified web site. Your computer + must be online for OCSP to work.</dd> + +<dt id="opml">OPML (Outline Processor Markup Language)</dt><dd>An XML format + used to list <a href="#feed">feed</a> collections. Although broader in its + specification, it is mainly used nowadays to export and import feed + collections between different feed aggregators or readers, like + &brandShortName;.</dd> + +<dt id="password-based_authentication">password-based + authentication</dt><dd>Confident identification by means of a name and + password. See also <a href="#authentication">authentication</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="password_manager">Password Manager</dt><dd>The part of the + browser that can help you remember some or all of your names and passwords by + storing them on your computer's hard disc, and entering them for you + automatically when you visit such web sites.</dd> + +<dt id="personal_toolbar">Personal Toolbar</dt><dd>The customisable toolbar + that appears just below the location bar by default in the browser. It + contains standard buttons such as Home, Bookmarks, and so on that you can add + or remove. You can also add buttons for your favourite bookmarks, or folders + containing groups of bookmarks.</dd> + +<dt id="phishing">Phishing</dt><dd>Phishing is a fraudulent business scheme in + which a party creates counterfeit web sites, hijacking brand names of banks, + e-retailers and credit card companies, trying to collect victims' + personal information.</dd> + +<dt id="pkcs_11">PKCS #11</dt><dd>The public-key cryptography standard that + governs security devices such as smart cards. See also + <a href="#security_device">security device</a>, <a href="#smart_card">smart + card</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="pkcs_11_module">PKCS #11 module</dt><dd>A program on your computer + that manages cryptographic services such as encryption and decryption using + the PKCS #11 standard. Also called <em>cryptographic modules</em>, + <em>cryptographic service providers</em>, or <em>security modules</em>, + PKCS #11 modules control either hardware or software devices. A PKCS #11 + module always controls one or more slots, which may be implemented as some + form of physical reader (for example, for reading smart cards) or in + software. Each slot for a PKCS #11 module can in turn contain a + <a href="#security_device">security device</a> (also called <em>token</em>), + which is the hardware or software device that provides cryptographic services + and stores certificates and keys. <a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate + Manager</a> provides two built-in PKCS #11 modules. You may install + additional modules on your computer to control smart card readers or other + hardware devices.</dd> + +<dt id="pki">PKI (public-key infrastructure)</dt><dd>The standards and services + that facilitate the use of public-key cryptography and certificates in a + networked environment.</dd> + +<dt id="plugin">plugin</dt><dd>A type of + <a href="#helper_application">helper application</a> that adds new + capabilities to your browser, such as the ability to play audio or video + clips. Unlike other kinds of helper applications, a plugin application + installs itself into the Plugins directory within the main browser + installation directory and typically can be opened within the browser itself + (internally). For example, an audio plugin lets you listen to audio files on + a <a href="#web_page">web page</a> or in an email message. Macromedia Flash + Player and Java are both examples of plugin applications.</dd> + +<dt id="pop">POP (Post Office Protocol)</dt><dd>A standard mail server protocol + that requires you to download new messages to your local + computer—although you can choose to leave copies on the server. With + POP, you can store all your messages, including sent mail, drafts, and custom + folders, on one computer only. By contrast, + <a href="#imap">IMAP</a> allows you to permanently store all your messages + and any changes to them on the server, where you can access them from any + computer. Most <a href="#isp">ISPs</a> currently support POP.</dd> + +<dt id="private_browsing">private browsing</dt><dd>Browsing in a session in + which no private data (like browsing history, <a href="#cookie">cookies</a>, + and <a href="#cache">cached</a> content) are retained beyond the duration of + the private session. Private browsing should not be confused with anonymous + browsing and does not prevent <a href="#user_tracking">user tracking</a> or + monitoring of web activity by an internet provider or employer.</dd> + +<dt id="private_key">private key</dt><dd>One of a pair of + <a href="#key">keys</a> used in public-key cryptography. The private key is + kept secret and is used to decrypt data that has been encrypted with the + corresponding public key.</dd> + +<dt id="proxy">proxy</dt><dd>An intermediary or <q>go-between</q> program that + acts as both a <a href="#server">server</a> and a + <a href="#client">client</a> for the purpose of making requests on behalf of + other clients.</dd> + +<dt id="public_key">public key</dt><dd> + One of a pair of <a href="#key">keys</a> used in public-key cryptography. + The public key is distributed freely and published as part of a + <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>. It is typically used to encrypt data + sent to the public key's owner, who then decrypts the data with the + corresponding private key.</dd> + +<dt id="public-key_cryptography">public-key cryptography</dt><dd>A set of + well-established techniques and standards that allow an entity (such as a + person, an organisation, or hardware such as a router) to verify its identity + electronically or to sign and encrypt electronic data. Two keys are involved: + a <a href="#public_key">public key</a> and a <a href="#private_key">private + key</a>. The public key is published as part of a + <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>, which associates that key with a + particular identity. The corresponding private key is kept secret. Data + encrypted with the public key can be decrypted only with the private key. + </dd> + +<dt id="root_ca">root CA</dt><dd>The + <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a> with a + self-signed certificate at the top of a + <a href="#certificate_chain">certificate chain</a>. See also + <a href="#subordinate_ca">subordinate CA</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="rss">RSS (Really Simple Syndication)</dt><dd>An <a href="#xml">XML</a> + data format for web <a href="#feed">feeds</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="safe_browsing">safe browsing</dt><dd>Protection against common threats + from <a href="#malware">Malware</a> and <a href="#phishing">Phishing</a> by + checking each <a href="#web_page">web page</a> against a list of reported + web sites. If the web page you are about to visit has been reported as + containing malicious content, &brandShortName; prevents it from loading + and shows a warning instead.</dd> + +<dt id="search_engine">search engine</dt><dd>A web-based program that allows + users to search for and retrieve specific information from the + <a href="#world_wide_web">World Wide Web (WWW)</a>. The search engine may + search the full text of web documents or a list of keywords, or use + librarians who review web documents and index them manually for retrieval. + Typically, the user types a word or phrase, also called a query, into a + search box, and the search engine displays links to relevant web pages.</dd> + +<dt id="secure_authentication">secure authentication</dt><dd>A type of + <a href="#authentication">authentication</a> which can be achieved by + <a href="#encrypted_password">encryption of the password</a> or by mechanisms + like <a href="#kerberos">Kerberos</a> and <a href="#ntlm">NTLM</a>. Not to + be confused with <a href="#secure_connection">secure connection</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="secure_connection">secure connection</dt><dd>A connection using + <a href="#ssl">SSL</a> or <a href="#tls">TLS</a>. All communication between + your computer and the server is <a href="#encryption">encrypted</a> so that + no third party eavesdropping on your connection can read it. Note that the + data is only encrypted during transmission between your client application + and the server, after that it is no longer encrypted. To prove its + authenticity to the client, the server needs to identify itself using a + <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>. A bad certificate can indicate + an attack on the server or the connection, thus it is important to heed + certificate warnings.</dd> + +<dt id="security_certificate">security certificate</dt><dd>See + <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="security_device">security device</dt><dd>Hardware or software that + provides cryptographic services such as encryption and decryption and can + store certificates and keys. A <a href="#smart_card">smart card</a> is one + example of a security device implemented in hardware. + <a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> contains its own + built-in security device, called the + <a href="#software_security_device">software security device</a>, that is + always available while the browser is running. Each security device is + protected by its own <a href="#master_password">master password</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="security_module">security module</dt><dd>See + <a href="#pkcs_11_module">PKCS #11 module</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="security_token">security token</dt><dd>See + <a href="#security_device">security device</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="server">server</dt><dd>Software (such as software that serves up web + pages) that receives requests from and sends information to a + <a href="#client">client</a>, which is usually running on a different + computer. A computer on which server software runs is also described as a + server.</dd> + +<dt id="server_authentication">server authentication</dt><dd>The process of + identifying a <a href="#server">server</a> to a <a href="#client">client</a> + by using a <a href="#server_ssl_certificate">server SSL certificate</a>. See + also <a href="#client_authentication">client authentication</a>, + <a href="#ssl">SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="server_ssl_certificate">server SSL certificate</dt><dd>A + certificate that a <a href="#server">server</a> presents to a + <a href="#client">client</a> to authenticate the server's identity using + the <a href="#ssl">SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</a> protocol.</dd> + +<dt id="signing_certificate">signing certificate</dt><dd>A certificate whose + corresponding <a href="#private_key">private key</a> is used to sign + transmitted data, so that the receiver can verify the identity of the sender. + Certificate authorities (CAs) often issue a signing certificate that will be + used to sign email messages at the same time as an + <a href="#encryption_certificate">encryption certificate</a> that will be + used to encrypt email messages. See also <a href="#dual_key_pairs">dual key + pairs</a>, <a href="#digital_signature">digital signature</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="signing_key">signing key</dt><dd>A private key used for signing only. + A signing key and its equivalent public key, together with an + <a href="#encryption_key">encryption key</a> and its equivalent private key, + constitute <a href="#dual_key_pairs">dual key pairs</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="slot">slot</dt><dd>A piece of hardware, or its equivalent in software, + that is controlled by a <a href="#pkcs_11_module">PKCS #11 module</a> and + designed to contain a <a href="#security_device">security device</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="smart_card">smart card</dt><dd>A small device, typically about the size + of a credit card, that contains a microprocessor and is capable of storing + cryptographic information (such as keys and certificates) and performing + cryptographic operations. Smart cards use the <a href="#pkcs_11">PKCS #11</a> + standard. A smart card is one kind of <a href="#security_device">security + device</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="smtp">SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)</dt><dd>A protocol that + sends email messages across the <a href="#internet">Internet</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="socks">SOCKS</dt><dd>A protocol that a <a href="#proxy">proxy</a> + server can use to accept requests from client users in an internal network + so that it can forward them across the <a href="#internet">Internet</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="software_security_device">software security device</dt><dd>The default + <a href="#security_device">security device</a> used by + <a href="#certificate_manager">Certificate Manager</a> to store private keys + associated with your certificates. In addition to private keys, the software + security device stores the master key used by + <a href="#password_manager">Password Manager</a> to encrypt email passwords, + web site passwords, and other sensitive information. See also + <a href="#private_key">private key</a> and <a href="#master_password">master + key</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="spoofing">spoofing</dt><dd>Pretending to be someone else. For example, + a person can pretend to have the email address <tt>jdoe@mozilla.com</tt>, or + a computer can identify itself as a web site called <tt>www.mozilla.com</tt> + when it is not. Spoofing is one form of + <a href="#misrepresentation">misrepresentation</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="ssl">SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)</dt><dd>A protocol that allows mutual + authentication between a <a href="#client">client</a> and a + <a href="#server">server</a> for the purpose of establishing an authenticated + and encrypted connection. SSL runs above <a href="#tcp_ip">TCP/IP</a> and + below <a href="#http">HTTP</a>, <a href="#ldap">LDAP</a>, + <a href="#imap">IMAP</a>, NNTP, and other high-level network protocols. + The new Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard called Transport + Layer Security (TLS) is based on SSL. See also + <a href="#authentication">authentication</a>, + <a href="#encryption">encryption</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="starttls">STARTTLS</dt><dd>An extension to common standard TCP + protocols (like SMTP, POP or IMAP) so the client can tell the server to + use <a href="#tls">TLS</a> on the same TCP port as for non-secure + connections.</dd> + +<dt id="status_bar">Status Bar</dt><dd>The toolbar that appears at the bottom + of any &brandShortName; window. It includes the + <a href="#component_bar">Component Bar</a> on the left and status icons on + the right.</dd> + +<dt id="subject">subject</dt><dd>The entity (such as a person, organisation, + or router) identified by a <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>. In + particular, the subject field of a certificate contains the certified + entity's <a href="#subject_name">subject name</a> and other + characteristics.</dd> + +<dt id="subject_name">subject name</dt><dd>A + <a href="#distinguished_name">distinguished name (DN)</a> that uniquely + describes the <a href="#subject">subject</a> of a + <a href="#certificate">certificate</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="subordinate_ca">subordinate CA</dt><dd>A + <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a> whose + certificate is signed by another subordinate CA or by the root CA. See also + <a href="#certificate_chain">certificate chain</a>, <a href="#root_ca">root + CA</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="symmetric_encryption">symmetric encryption</dt><dd>An encryption method + that uses a single cryptographic key to both encrypt and decrypt a given + message.</dd> + +<dt id="tamper_detection">tamper detection</dt><dd>A mechanism ensuring that + data received in electronic form has not been tampered with; that is, that + the data received corresponds entirely with the original version of the same + data.</dd> + +<dt id="tcp">TCP</dt><dd>See <a href="#tcp_ip">TCP/IP</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="tcp_ip">TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet + Protocol)</dt><dd>A Unix protocol used to connect computers running a variety + of operating systems. TCP/IP is an essential Internet protocol and has become + a global standard.</dd> + +<dt id="theme">theme</dt><dd>A type of <a href="#add-on">add-on</a> that changes + the appearance of &brandShortName;.</dd> + +<dt id="third-party_cookie">third-party cookie</dt><dd>A + <a href="#cookie">cookie</a> from one <a href="#website">web site</a> that + gets stored on your computer when you visit a different web site. Sometimes a + web site displays content that is hosted on another web site. That content can + be anything from an image to text or an advertisement. The second web site + that hosts such elements also has the ability to store a cookie in your + browser, even though you don't visit it directly. Also known as + <q>foreign cookie</q>.</dd> + +<dt id="tls">TLS</dt><dd>Transport Layer Security (TLS) is the new Internet + Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard based on SSL (Secure Sockets Layer). + See also <a href="#ssl">SSL</a> and + <a href="#encryption">encryption</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="token">token</dt><dd>See <a href="#security_device">security + device</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="tooltip">tooltip</dt><dd>A small box with text that appears when + you hover your mouse's cursor over certain items. It usually contains + information regarding the item being hovered over.</dd> + +<dt id="trust">trust</dt><dd>Confident reliance on a person or other entity. In + the context of <a href="#pki">PKI (public-key infrastructure)</a>, trust + usually refers to the relationship between the user of a certificate and the + <a href="#certificate_authority">certificate authority (CA)</a> that issued + the certificate. If you use Certificate Manager to specify that you trust a + CA, Certificate Manager trusts valid certificates issued by that CA unless + you specify otherwise in the settings for individual certificates. You use + the Authorities tab in Certificate Manager to specify the kinds of + certificates you do or don't trust specific CAs to issue.</dd> + +<dt id="url">URL (Uniform Resource Locator)</dt><dd>The standardised address + that tells your browser how to locate a file or other resource on the Web. + For example: <tt>http://www.mozilla.org.</tt> You can type URLs into the + browser's <a href="#location_bar">Location Bar</a> to access + <a href="#web_page">web pages</a>. URLs are also used in the links on web + pages that you can click to go to other web pages. Also known as an Internet + address or Web address.</dd> + +<dt id="user_tracking">user tracking</dt><dd>Methods that some + <a href="#website">web sites</a>, including advertisers and analytics + services, employ to determine patterns in how you browse the web (e.g., what + web sites you have visited, which preferences you have voiced using buttons + embedded by social networks, and your purchase history). This information is + mostly used to show you specifically targeted offers or advertisements for + products or services. Mechanisms for user tracking include + <a href="#cookie">cookies</a> and <a href="#fingerprinting">browser + fingerprinting</a>. See also <a href="#do_not_track">Do Not Track</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="web_application">web application</dt><dd>An application that is not + running on your computer but remotely on a <a href="#website">web site</a>. + Examples include web-mail systems or web-based systems where you enter + information into a form and receive a response as a <a href="#web_page">web + page</a>. An <i>offline</i> web application can work without a current + connection to the <a href="#internet">Internet</a> by saving the relevant + pages locally before running the application.</dd> + +<dt id="web_page">web page</dt><dd>A single document on the World Wide Web that + is specified by a unique address or <a href="#url">URL</a> and that may + contain text, hyperlinks, and graphics.</dd> + +<dt id="website">web site</dt><dd>A group of related web pages linked by + hyperlinks and managed by a single company, organisation, or individual. A + web site may include text, graphics, audio and video files, and links to + other web sites.</dd> + +<dt id="world_wide_web">World Wide Web (WWW)</dt><dd>Also known as the Web. A + portion of the <a href="#internet">Internet</a> that is made up of web pages + stored by web <a href="#server">servers</a> and displayed by + <a href="#client">clients</a> called web browsers (such as + &brandShortName;).</dd> + +<dt id="wpad">WPAD (Web Proxy AutoDiscovery)</dt><dd>A proposed Internet + protocol that allows a Web browser to automatically locate and interface + with <a href="#proxy">proxy</a> services in a network.</dd> + +<dt id="xml">XML (Extensible Markup Language)</dt><dd>An open standard for + describing data. Unlike <a href="#html">HTML</a>, XML allows the developer of + a web page to define special tags. For more information, see the online W3C + document + <a href="http://www.w3.org/XML/">Extensible Markup Language (XML)</a>.</dd> + +<dt id="xslt">XSLT (Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation)</dt><dd>A + language used to convert an XML document into another XML document or into + some other format.</dd> + +<dt id="xul">XUL (XML User Interface Language)</dt><dd>An XML markup language + for creating user interfaces in applications.</dd> + +</dl> + +</body> +</html> |