Tutorial | 進階
這篇教學內容涵蓋複製/貼上、節點編輯、手繪和貝茲曲線、路徑運用、布林運算、偏移、簡化和文字工具。
Use Ctrl+arrows, mouse wheel, or middle button drag to scroll the page down. For basics of object creation, selection, and transformation, see the Basic tutorial in Help⇒Tutorials.
剪貼技巧
After you copy some object(s) by Ctrl+C or cut by Ctrl+X, the regular Paste command (Ctrl+V) pastes the copied object(s) right under the mouse cursor or, if the cursor is outside the window, to the center of the document window. However, the object(s) in the clipboard still remember the original place from which they were copied, and you can paste back there by Paste In Place (Ctrl+Alt+V).
Another command, Paste Style (Shift+Ctrl+V), applies the style of the (first) object on the clipboard to the current selection. The “style” thus pasted includes all the fill, stroke, and font settings, but not the shape, size, or parameters specific to a shape type, such as the number of tips of a star.
Yet another set of paste commands, Paste Size, scales the selection to match the desired size attribute of the clipboard object(s). There are a number of commands for pasting size and are as follows: Paste Size, Paste Width, Paste Height, Paste Size Separately, Paste Width Separately, and Paste Height Separately.
Paste Size scales the whole selection to match the overall size of the clipboard object(s). Paste Width/Paste Height scale the whole selection horizontally/vertically so that it matches the width/height of the clipboard object(s). These commands honor the scale ratio lock on the Selector Tool controls bar (between W and H fields), so that when that lock is pressed, the other dimension of the selected object is scaled in the same proportion; otherwise the other dimension is unchanged. The commands containing “Separately” work similarly to the above described commands, except that they scale each selected object separately to make it match the size/width/height of the clipboard object(s).
剪貼簿是全系統範圍的 - 你可以在不同的 Inkscape 實例之間複製/貼上物件，也可以在 Inkscape 和其他應用程式之間 (此應用程式必須能處理剪貼簿上的 SVG 才可使用)。
手繪和規則路徑
製作一個任意形狀最簡單的方法是使用鉛筆 (手繪) 工具 (F6) 繪製：
If you want more regular shapes, use the Pen (Bezier) tool (Shift+F6):
With the Pen tool, each click creates a sharp node without any curve handles, so a series of clicks produces a sequence of straight line segments. click and drag creates a smooth Bezier node with two collinear opposite handles. Press Shift while dragging out a handle to rotate only one handle and fix the other. As usual, Ctrl limits the direction of either the current line segment or the Bezier handles to 15 degree increments. Pressing Enter finalizes the line, Esc cancels it. To cancel only the last segment of an unfinished line, press Backspace.
不論用手繪或貝茲曲線工具，目前選取的路徑於兩側端點會顯示方形的小錨點。這些錨點讓你可繼續這個路徑 (從其中一個錨點開始繪製) 或關閉它 (從其中一個錨點繪製到另一個)，而不是建立一個新的路徑。
編輯路徑
用形狀工具建立不同的形狀，筆和鉛筆工具建立的東西稱為路徑。路徑是直線線段和(或)貝茲曲線的串連，像任何其他 Inkscape 物件一樣會有任意填色和邊框屬性。但是不同的形狀、路徑可以藉由任意拖動它的節點(不僅預定義的控制點)或直接拖動路徑的線段來編輯。選取這個路徑並切換為節點工具 (F2)：
You will see a number of gray square nodes on the path. These nodes can be selected by click, Shift+click, or by dragging a rubberband - exactly like objects are selected by the Selector tool. You can also click a path segment to automatically select the adjacent nodes. Selected nodes become highlighted and show their node handles - one or two small circles connected to each selected node by straight lines. The ! key inverts node selection in the current subpath(s) (i.e. subpaths with at least one selected node); Alt+! inverts in the entire path.
Paths are edited by dragging their nodes, node handles, or directly dragging a path segment. (Try to drag some nodes, handles, and path segments of the above path.) Ctrl works as usual to restrict movement and rotation. The arrow keys, Tab, [, ], <, > keys with their modifiers all work just as they do in selector, but apply to nodes instead of objects. You can add nodes anywhere on a path by either double clicking or by Ctrl+Alt+click at the desired location.
You can delete nodes with Del or Ctrl+Alt+click. When deleting nodes it will try to retain the shape of the path, if you desire for the handles of the adjacent nodes to be retracted (not retaining the shape) you can delete with Ctrl+Del. Additionally, you can duplicate (Shift+D) selected nodes. The path can be broken (Shift+B) at the selected nodes, or if you select two endnodes on one path, you can join them (Shift+J).
A node can be made cusp (Shift+C), which means its two handles can move independently at any angle to each other; smooth (Shift+S), which means its handles are always on the same straight line (collinear); symmetric (Shift+Y), which is the same as smooth, but the handles also have the same length; and auto-smooth (Shift+A), a special node that automatically adjusts the handles of the node and surrounding auto-smooth nodes to maintain a smooth curve. When you switch the type of node, you can preserve the position of one of the two handles by hovering your mouse over it, so that only the other handle is rotated/scaled to match.
Also, you can retract a node's handle altogether by Ctrl+clicking on it. If two adjacent nodes have their handles retracted, the path segment between them is a straight line. To pull out the retracted node, Shift+drag away from the node.
子路徑和合併
一個路徑物件可能包含多個子路徑。子路徑是節點連接另一個節點的串連。(因此，如果路徑有多個子路徑，並不是所有的節點都連接在一起。) 下面左邊的三個路徑屬於單一複合路徑；於右邊相同的三個路徑是獨立的路徑物件：
注意那個複合路徑不同於群組。它是單一個物件，只是整個都可選取。如果你選取上面左邊的物件並切換為節點工具，你會看到節點顯示在全部三個子路徑上。在右邊的，你只能一次編輯一個路徑上的節點。
Inkscape can Combine paths into a compound path (Ctrl+K) and Break Apart a compound path into separate paths (Shift+Ctrl+K). Try these commands on the above examples. Since an object can only have one fill and stroke, a new compound path gets the style of the first (lowest in z-order) object being combined.
當你合併有填色的重疊路徑時，通常在路徑重疊地方的填色會消失：
這個是製作帶有孔洞的物件最簡單的方法。看下面的「布林運算」段落可了解更多強大的路徑指令。
轉換成路徑
Any shape or text object can be converted to path (Shift+Ctrl+C). This operation does not change the appearance of the object but removes all capabilities specific to its type (e.g. you can't round the corners of a rectangle or edit the text anymore); instead, you can now edit its nodes. Here are two stars - the left one is kept a shape and the right one is converted to path. Switch to node tool and compare their editability when selected:
Moreover, you can convert to a path (“outline”) the stroke of any object. Below, the first object is the original path (no fill, black stroke), while the second one is the result of the Stroke to Path command (black fill, no stroke):
布林運算
The commands in the Path menu let you combine two or more objects using boolean operations:
原始形狀
Union(Ctrl++)
減去 (Ctrl+-)下層減去上層
交集(Ctrl+*)
排除(Ctrl+^)
除法(Ctrl+/)
剪切(Ctrl+Alt+/)
The keyboard shortcuts for these commands allude to the arithmetic analogs of the boolean operations (union is addition, difference is subtraction, etc.). The Difference and Exclusion commands can only apply to two selected objects; others may process any number of objects at once. The result always receives the style of the bottom object.
The result of the Exclusion command looks similar to Combine (see above), but it is different in that Exclusion adds extra nodes where the original paths intersect. The difference between Division and Cut Path is that the former cuts the entire bottom object by the path of the top object, while the latter only cuts the bottom object's stroke and removes any fill (this is convenient for cutting fill-less strokes into pieces).
內縮和外擴
Inkscape can expand and contract shapes not only by scaling, but also by offsetting an object's path, i.e. by displacing it perpendicular to the path in each point. The corresponding commands are called Inset (Ctrl+() and Outset (Ctrl+)). Shown below is the original path (red) and a number of paths inset or outset from that original:
The plain Inset and Outset commands produce paths (converting the original object to path if it's not a path yet). Often, more convenient is the Dynamic Offset (Ctrl+J) which creates an object with a draggable handle (similar to a shape's handle) controlling the offset distance. Select the object below, switch to the node tool, and drag its handle to get an idea:
上述的動態偏移物件會記住原本路徑，所以當你一遍又一遍的改變偏移距離時它不會受到「損害」。當你不需要再做任何調整時，你可將偏移物件轉換回路徑。
還有更方便的連結偏移，類似於動態變化但是連結到另一個尚待編輯的路徑。一個來源路徑可有多個連結偏移。下面紅色的是來源路徑，它的連結偏移是黑色邊框且無填色，其他的是黑色填色而無邊框。
選取紅色物件並編輯它的節點；觀察連結偏移跟著怎樣變化。現在選取任一個偏移並拖動它的控制柄以調整偏移半徑。最後，注意移動或改變來源時所有連結偏移是如何跟著變動，而在不失去它們與來源的連結情形下你能夠如何獨自地移動或改變偏移物件。
簡化
The main use of the Simplify command (Ctrl+L) is reducing the number of nodes on a path while almost preserving its shape. This may be useful for paths created by the Pencil tool, since that tool sometimes creates more nodes than necessary. Below, the left shape is as created by the freehand tool, and the right one is a copy that was simplified. The original path has 28 nodes, while the simplified one has 17 (which means it is much easier to work with in node tool) and is smoother.
The amount of simplification (called the threshold) depends on the size of the selection. Therefore, if you select a path along with some larger object, it will be simplified more aggressively than if you select that path alone. Moreover, the Simplify command is accelerated. This means that if you press Ctrl+L several times in quick succession (so that the calls are within 0.5 sec from each other), the threshold is increased on each call. (If you do another Simplify after a pause, the threshold is back to its default value.) By making use of the acceleration, it is easy to apply the exact amount of simplification you need for each case.
Besides smoothing freehand strokes, Simplify can be used for various creative effects. Often, a shape which is rigid and geometric benefits from some amount of simplification that creates cool life-like generalizations of the original form - melting sharp corners and introducing very natural distortions, sometimes stylish and sometimes plain funny. Here's an example of a clipart shape that looks much nicer after Simplify:
原本的
輕微簡化
高度簡化
建立文字
Inkscape 可以製作長篇幅且複雜的文章。不過也可以極為方便地製作少許文字的物件，諸如標題、旗幟、標誌、圖表標籤和說明...等。這小節將介紹基本的 Inkscape 文字功能。
Creating a text object is as simple as switching to the Text tool (F8), clicking somewhere in the document, and typing your text. To change font family, style, size, and alignment, open the Text and Font dialog (Shift+Ctrl+T). That dialog also has a text entry tab where you can edit the selected text object - in some situations, it may be more convenient than editing it right on the canvas (in particular, that tab supports as-you-type spell checking).
像其他工具一樣，文字工具能選取擁有「文字物件」類型的物件，所以你可以點擊來選取以及將游標放置在任何現有的文字物件 (比如本段落)。
One of the most common operations in text design is adjusting spacing between letters and lines. As always, Inkscape provides keyboard shortcuts for this. When you are editing text, the Alt+< and Alt+> keys change the letter spacing in the current line of a text object, so that the total length of the line changes by 1 pixel at the current zoom (compare to Selector tool where the same keys do pixel-sized object scaling). As a rule, if the font size in a text object is larger than the default, it will likely benefit from squeezing letters a bit tighter than the default. Here's an example:
原本的
減少字母間距
Inspiration
Inspiration
作為標題時緊縮變化會看起來較好一點，但仍然不完美：字母間的距離會不一致，例如「a」和「t」離太遠而「t」和「i」又靠太近。這麼糟糕的字母縮排(在字型大時特別明顯)使用品質差的字型會比用品質好的字型還嚴重；儘管如此，在任何文字段落中使用任何字型，你可能會發現字距調整對於字母組合還是有好處的。
Inkscape makes these adjustments really easy. Just move your text editing cursor between the offending characters and use Alt+arrows to move the letters right of the cursor. Here is the same heading again, this time with manual adjustments for visually uniform letter positioning:
減少字母間距，手動縮排一些字母組合
Inspiration
In addition to shifting letters horizontally by Alt+Left or Alt+Right, you can also move them vertically by using Alt+Up or Alt+Down:
Inspiration
Of course you could just convert your text to path (Shift+Ctrl+C) and move the letters as regular path objects. However, it is much more convenient to keep text as text - it remains editable, you can try different fonts without removing the kerns and spacing, and it takes much less space in the saved file. The only disadvantage to the “text as text” approach is that you need to have the original font installed on any system where you want to open that SVG document.
Similar to letter spacing, you can also adjust line spacing in multi-line text objects. Try the Ctrl+Alt+< and Ctrl+Alt+> keys on any paragraph in this tutorial to space it in or out so that the overall height of the text object changes by 1 pixel at the current zoom. As in Selector, pressing Shift with any spacing or kerning shortcut produces 10 times greater effect than without Shift.
XML 編輯器
The ultimate power tool of Inkscape is the XML editor (Shift+Ctrl+X). It displays the entire XML tree of the document, always reflecting its current state. You can edit your drawing and watch the corresponding changes in the XML tree. Moreover, you can edit any text, element, or attribute nodes in the XML editor and see the result on your canvas. This is the best tool imaginable for learning SVG interactively, and it allows you to do tricks that would be impossible with regular editing tools.
結論
這篇教學僅展示了 Inkscape 所有功能的一小部份。我們希望你會喜歡。不要害怕實驗和分享你的創作。請造訪 www.inkscape.org 以取得更多資訊、最新版本和來自使用者及開發者討論區的幫助。
Bulia Byak; Jonathan Leighton; Josh Andler; Colin Marquardt; Maren Hachmann; Nicolas Dufour; Gellért Gyuris
Dong-Jun Wu — 2009
Esteban Capella — 2019