Tutorial | Základy
Tento návod sa týka základov používania Inkscape. Toto je regulárny dokument Inkscape, ktorý môžete prehliadať, upravovať, kopírovať z neho a ukladať zmeny.
The Basic Tutorial covers canvas navigation, managing documents, shape tool basics, selection techniques, transforming objects with selector, grouping, setting fill and stroke, alignment, and z-order. For more advanced topics, check out the other tutorials in the Help menu.
Posúvanie plátna
There are many ways to pan (scroll) the document canvas. Try Ctrl+arrow keys to scroll by keyboard. (Try this now to scroll this document down.) You can also drag the canvas by the middle mouse button. Or, you can use the scrollbars (press Ctrl+B to show or hide them). The wheel on your mouse also works for scrolling vertically; press Shift with the wheel to scroll horizontally.
Približovanie a odďaľovanie
The easiest way to zoom is by pressing - and + (or =) keys. You can also use Ctrl+middle click or Ctrl+right click to zoom in, Shift+middle click or Shift+right click to zoom out, or rotate the mouse wheel with Ctrl. Or, you can click in the zoom entry field (in the bottom right corner of the document window), type a precise zoom value in %, and press Enter. We also have the Zoom tool (in the toolbar on left) which lets you to zoom into an area by dragging around it.
Inkscape also keeps a history of the zoom levels you've used in this work session. Press the ` key to go back to the previous zoom, or Shift+` to go forward.
Nástroje Inkscape
Zvislý panel nástrojov naľavo zobrazuje nástroje Inkscape na kreslenie a úpravy. Vo vrchnej časti okna pod ponukou sa nachádza Panel príkazov s tlačidlami všeobecných príkazov a Panel ovládania nástrojov, ktorý nastavuje špecifické parametre každého nástroja. Stavový panel v dolnej časti okna zobrazuje počas toho ako pracujete užitočné rady a správy.
Many operations are available through keyboard shortcuts. Open Help⇒Keys and Mouse Reference to see the complete reference.
Vytváranie a spravovanie dokumentov
To create a new empty document, use File⇒New or press Ctrl+N. To create a new document from one of Inkscape's many templates, use File⇒New from Template… or press Ctrl+Alt+N
To open an existing SVG document, use File⇒Open (Ctrl+O). To save, use File⇒Save (Ctrl+S), or File⇒Save As (Shift+Ctrl+S) to save under a new name. (Inkscape may still be unstable, so remember to save often!)
Inkscape používa pre svoje súbory formát SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics). SVG je otvorený štandard, ktorý široko podporujú grafické aplikácie. SVG súbory sú založené na XML a je ich možné upravovať akýmkoľvek textovým alebo XML editorom (teda okrem Inkscape). Popri SVG Inkscape dokáže importovať a exportovať niekoľko ďalších formátov (EPS, PNG).
Inkscape opens a separate document window for each document. You can navigate among them using your window manager (e.g. by Alt+Tab), or you can use the Inkscape shortcut, Ctrl+Tab, which will cycle through all open document windows. (Create a new document now and switch between it and this document for practice.) Note: Inkscape treats these windows like tabs in a web browser, this means the Ctrl+Tab shortcut only works with documents running in the same process. If you open multiple files from a file browser or launch more than one Inkscape process from an icon it will not work.
Vytváranie tvarov
Je čas na nejaké pekné tvary! Kliknite na nástroj Obdĺžnik na paneli nástrojov (alebo stlačte F4) a potom kliknite a ťahajte, buď v novom dokumente alebo priamo tu:
Ako môžete vidieť, štandardné obdĺžniky sú modré s čiernym ťahom (obrysom) a čiastočne priesvitné. Nižšie uvidíme ako to zmeniť. Pomocou ďalších nástrojov tiež môžete vytvárať elipsy, hviezdy a špirály:
Tieto nástroje sa spoločne nazývajú nástroje tvarov. Každý tvar, ktorý vytvoríte, bude mať jeden alebo viac úchopov v tvare diamantu; skúste nimi ťahať, aby ste videli ako tvar reaguje. Panel Ovládanie pre nástroj tvar je ďalším spôsobom ako meniť tvar; toto ovládanie ovplyvňuje momentálne vybrané tvary (napr. tie, ktoré majú úchopy) a zároveň nastavujú štandardné hodnoty, ktoré sa použijú na novovytvorené tvary.
To undo your last action, press Ctrl+Z. (Or, if you change your mind again, you can redo the undone action by Shift+Ctrl+Z.)
Posúvanie, zmena veľkosti, otáčanie
Najčastejšie používaným nástrojom v Inkscape je nástroj Výber. Kliknite na najvrchnejšie tlačidlo (má na sebe symbol šípky) na paneli nástrojov alebo stlačte F1 alebo medzerník. Teraz môžete vybrať ktorýkoľvek objekt na plátne. Kliknite dolu na obdĺžnik.
Uvidíte okolo objektu úchopy v tvare šípok. Teraz môžete:
Move the object by dragging it. (Press Ctrl to restrict movement to horizontal and vertical.)
Scale the object by dragging any handle. (Press Ctrl to preserve the original height/width ratio.)
Teraz znova kliknite na obdĺžnik. Úchopy sa zmenia. Teraz môžete:
Rotate the object by dragging corner handles. (Press Ctrl to restrict rotation to 15 degree steps. Drag the cross mark to position the center of rotation.)
Skew (shear) the object by dragging non-corner handles. (Press Ctrl to restrict skewing to 15 degree steps.)
Kým používate nástroj Výber, môžete tiež nastaviť presné hodnoty súradníc (X a Y) a veľkosti (W a H) výberu pomocou číselných vstupných polí v Paneli ovládania (nad plátnom).
Transformácia pomocou klávesov
Jedna z vlastností Inkscape, ktorá ho odlišuje od väčšiny ostatných vektorových editorov, je dôraz na prístupnosť z klávesnice. Ťažko existuje nejaký príkaz alebo činnosť, ktorú nie je možné vykonať pomocou klávesnice a transformácie objektov nie sú výnimkou.
You can use the keyboard to move (arrow keys), scale (< and > keys), and rotate ([ and ] keys) objects. Default moves and scales are by 2 px; with Shift, you move by 10 times that. Ctrl+> and Ctrl+< scale up or down to 200% or 50% of the original, respectively. Default rotates are by 15 degrees; with Ctrl, you rotate by 90 degrees.
However, perhaps the most useful are pixel-sizetransformations, invoked by using Alt with the transform keys. For example, Alt+arrows will move the selection by 1 pixel at the current zoom (i.e. by 1 screen pixel, not to be confused with the px unit which is an SVG length unit independent of zoom). This means that if you zoom in, one Alt+arrow will result in a smaller absolute movement which will still look like one-pixel nudge on your screen. It is thus possible to position objects with arbitrary precision simply by zooming in or out as needed.
Similarly, Alt+> and Alt+< scale selection so that its visible size changes by one screen pixel, and Alt+[ and Alt+] rotate it so that its farthest-from-center point moves by one screen pixel.
Note: Linux users may not get the expected results with the Alt+arrow and a few other key combinations if their Window Manager catches those key events before they reach the inkscape application. One solution would be to change the WM's configuration accordingly.
Viacnásobný výber
You can select any number of objects simultaneously by Shift+clicking them. Or, you can drag around the objects you need to select; this is called rubberband selection. (Selector creates rubberband when dragging from an empty space; however, if you press Shift before starting to drag, Inkscape will always create the rubberband.) Practice by selecting all three of the shapes below:
Now, use rubberband (by drag or Shift+drag) to select the two ellipses but not the rectangle:
Každý jednotlivý objekt v rámci výberu zobrazuje indikátor výberu — štandardne obdĺžnikový rámec s prerušovaným okrajom. Tieto indikátory uľahčujú vidieť, čo je vybrané a čo nie. Napríklad ak vyberiete obe elipsy a obdĺžnik, bez indikátora by ste mali problém uhádnuť, či sú elipsy vybrané alebo nie.
Shift+clicking on a selected object excludes it from the selection. Select all three objects above, then use Shift+click to exclude both ellipses from the selection leaving only the rectangle selected.
Pressing Esc deselects any selected objects. Ctrl+A selects all objects in the current layer (if you did not create layers, this is the same as all objects in the document).
Zoskupovanie
Niekoľko objektov je možné skombinovať do skupiny. Skupina sa správa ako jediný objekt, keď ju ťaháte alebo transformujete. Tri objekty dolu sú nezávislé; rovnaké tri objekty napravo sú zoskupené. Skúste ťahať skupinu.
To create a group, you select one or more objects and press Ctrl+G. To ungroup one or more groups, select them and press Ctrl+U. Groups themselves may be grouped, just like any other objects; such recursive groups may go down to arbitrary depth. However, Ctrl+U only ungroups the topmost level of grouping in a selection; you'll need to press Ctrl+U repeatedly if you want to completely ungroup a deep group-in-group.
You don't necessarily have to ungroup, however, if you want to edit an object within a group. Just Ctrl+click that object and it will be selected and editable alone, or Shift+Ctrl+click several objects (inside or outside any groups) for multiple selection regardless of grouping. Try to move or transform the individual shapes in the group (above right) without ungrouping it, then deselect and select the group normally to see that it still remains grouped.
Výplň a ťah
Probably the simplest way to paint an object some color is to select an object, and click a swatch in the palette below the canvas to paint it (change its fill color). Alternatively, you can open the Swatches dialog from the View menu (or press Shift+Ctrl+W), select an object, and click a swatch to paint it (change its fill color).
More powerful is the Fill and Stroke dialog from the Object menu (or press Shift+Ctrl+F). Select the shape below and open the Fill and Stroke dialog.
Uvidíte, že dialóg má tri záložky: Výplň, Farba ťahu a Štýl ťahu. Záložka Výplň vám umožňuje upraviť výplň (vnútro) vybraného objektu či objektov. Pomocou tlačidiel hneď pod záložkou môžete vybrať typ výplne vrátane žiadnej výplne (tlačidlo s krížikom), jednoduchú farebnú výplň ako aj lineárne a radiálne farebné prechody. Pre tvar hore sa aktivuje tlačidlo Jednoduchá výplň.
Ďalej nižšie uvidíte niekoľko nástrojov pre výber farby, každý na vlastnej záložke: RGB, CMYK, HSL a Koleso. Snáď najpohodlnejší je nástroj Koleso, kde môžete otáčať trojuholníkom pre výber farby na kolese a potom vybrať odtieň tejto farby z trojuholníka. Všetky nástroje pre výber farby obsahujú posuvník pre výber hodnoty alfa (krytia) vybraných objektov.
Kedykoľvek vyberiete objekt, nástroj pre výber farby sa aktualizuje, aby zobrazil aktuálnu výplň a ťah (pri viacerých vybraných objektoch dialóg zobrazuje ich priemernú farbu). Hrajte sa s týmito vzorkami alebo si vytvorte vlastné:
Pomocou záložky Farba ťahu môžete odstrániť ťah (obrys) objektu alebo mu prideliť akúkoľvek farbu a priesvitnosť.
Na poslednej záložke, Štýl ťahu, môžete nastaviť šírku a iné parametre ťahu:
Nakoniec, namiesto jednoduchej farby môžete použiť pre výplne a ťahy farebné prechody:
When you switch from flat color to gradient, the newly created gradient uses the previous flat color, going from opaque to transparent. Switch to the Gradient tool (Ctrl+F1) to drag the gradient handles — the controls connected by lines that define the direction and length of the gradient. When any of the gradient handles is selected (highlighted blue), the Fill and Stroke dialog sets the color of that handle instead of the color of the entire selected object.
Yet another convenient way to change a color of an object is by using the Dropper tool (F7). Just click anywhere in the drawing with that tool, and the picked color will be assigned to the selected object's fill (Shift+click will assign stroke color).
Duplikácia, zarovnanie, rozloženie
One of the most common operations is duplicating an object (Ctrl+D). The duplicate is placed exactly above the original and is selected, so you can drag it away by mouse or by arrow keys. For practice, try to fill the line with copies of this black square:
Chances are, your copies of the square are placed more or less randomly. This is where the Align and Distribute dialog (Shift+Ctrl+A) is useful. Select all the squares (Shift+click or drag a rubberband), open the dialog and press the “Center on horizontal axis” button, then the “Make horizontal gaps between objects equal” button (read the button tooltips). The objects are now neatly aligned and distributed equispacedly. Here are some other alignment and distribution examples:
Vertikálne poradie
The term z-order refers to the stacking order of objects in a drawing, i.e. to which objects are on top and obscure others. The two commands in the Object menu, Raise to Top (the Home key) and Lower to Bottom (the End key), will move your selected objects to the very top or very bottom of the current layer's z-order. Two more commands, Raise (PgUp) and Lower (PgDn), will sink or emerge the selection one step only, i.e. move it past one non-selected object in z-order (only objects that overlap the selection count, based on their respective bounding boxes).
Precvičte si použitie týchto príkazov tým, že obrátite vertikálne poradie objektov dolu tak, že elipsa celkom vľavo bude navrchu a tá celkom vpravo bude naspodku:
A very useful selection shortcut is the Tab key. If nothing is selected, it selects the bottommost object; otherwise it selects the object above theselected object(s) in z-order. Shift+Tab works in reverse, starting from the topmost object and proceeding downwards. Since the objects you create are added to the top of the stack, pressing Shift+Tab with nothing selected will conveniently select the object you created last. Practice the Tab and Shift+Tab keys on the stack of ellipses above.
Výber pod a ťahanie výberu
Čo robiť ak je objekt, ktorý potrebujete, skrytý pod iným objektom? Objekt dolu môžete vidieť, ak je ten navrchu (čiastočne) priesvitný, ale kliknutím naň sa vyberie vrchný objekt, nie ten, ktorý potrebujete.
This is what Alt+click is for. First Alt+click selects the top object just like the regular click. However, the next Alt+click at the same point will select the object below the top one; the next one, the object still lower, etc. Thus, several Alt+clicks in a row will cycle, top-to-bottom, through the entire z-order stack of objects at the click point. When the bottom object is reached, next Alt+click will, naturally, again select the topmost object.
[If you are on Linux, you might find that Alt+click does not work properly. Instead, it might be moving the whole Inkscape window. This is because your window manager has reserved Alt+click for a different action. The way to fix this is to find the Window Behavior configuration for your window manager, and either turn it off, or map it to use the Meta key (aka Windows key), so Inkscape and other applications may use the Alt key freely.]
This is nice, but once you selected an under-the-surface object, what can you do with it? You can use keys to transform it, and you can drag the selection handles. However, dragging the object itself will reset the selection to the top object again (this is how click-and-drag is designed to work — it selects the (top) object under cursor first, then drags the selection). To tell Inkscape to drag whatis selected now without selecting anything else, use Alt+drag. This will move the current selection no matter where you drag your mouse.
Practice Alt+click and Alt+drag on the two brown shapes under the green transparent rectangle:
Výber podobných objektov
Inkscape can select other objects similar to the object currently selected. For example, if you want to select all the blue squares below first select one of the blue squares, and use Edit⇒Select Same⇒Fill Color from the menu. All the objects with a fill color the same shade of blue are now selected.
Okrem výberu na základe zhodnej farby výplne môžete vybrať viacero podobných objektov aj podľa farby či štýlu ťahu, výplne a ťahu a typu objektu.
Záver
This concludes the Basic tutorial. There's much more than that to Inkscape, but with the techniques described here, you will already be able to create simple yet useful graphics. For more complicated stuff, go through the Advanced and other tutorials in Help⇒Tutorials.
Bulia Byak; Jonathan Leighton; Ralf Stephan; Bryce Harrington; Alexandre Prokoudine; Colin Marquardt; Josh Andler; Nicolas Dufour; Gellért Gyuris
Ivan Masár — 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2015
Esteban Capella — 2019