Tutorial | Osnove
V tem vodiču vam bomo predstavili osnove uporabe Inkscapa. To je običajen dokument, ki ga lahko odprete, spreminjate in shranjujete.
The Basic Tutorial covers canvas navigation, managing documents, shape tool basics, selection techniques, transforming objects with selector, grouping, setting fill and stroke, alignment, and z-order. For more advanced topics, check out the other tutorials in the Help menu.
Gibanje po platnu
There are many ways to pan (scroll) the document canvas. Try Ctrl+arrow keys to scroll by keyboard. (Try this now to scroll this document down.) You can also drag the canvas by the middle mouse button. Or, you can use the scrollbars (press Ctrl+B to show or hide them). The wheel on your mouse also works for scrolling vertically; press Shift with the wheel to scroll horizontally.
Približevanje in oddaljevanje pogleda
The easiest way to zoom is by pressing - and + (or =) keys. You can also use Ctrl+middle click or Ctrl+right click to zoom in, Shift+middle click or Shift+right click to zoom out, or rotate the mouse wheel with Ctrl. Or, you can click in the zoom entry field (in the bottom right corner of the document window), type a precise zoom value in %, and press Enter. We also have the Zoom tool (in the toolbar on left) which lets you to zoom into an area by dragging around it.
Inkscape also keeps a history of the zoom levels you've used in this work session. Press the ` key to go back to the previous zoom, or Shift+` to go forward.
Orodja v Inkscapu
Navpična orodjarna na levi strani vsebuje orodja za risanje in urejanje. V gornjem delu zaslona, pod meniji najdete Vrstico ukazov s splošnimi funkcijami, in Vrstico orodja, ki prikazuje možnosti posameznega orodja. Vrstica stanja na dnu okna med delom prikazuje uporabne nasvete in sporočila.
Many operations are available through keyboard shortcuts. Open Help⇒Keys and Mouse Reference to see the complete reference.
Ustvarjanje in urejanje dokumentov
To create a new empty document, use File⇒New or press Ctrl+N. To create a new document from one of Inkscape's many templates, use File⇒New from Template… or press Ctrl+Alt+N
To open an existing SVG document, use File⇒Open (Ctrl+O). To save, use File⇒Save (Ctrl+S), or File⇒Save As (Shift+Ctrl+S) to save under a new name. (Inkscape may still be unstable, so remember to save often!)
Inkscape za zapis datotek uporablja obliko SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics - raztegljiva vektorska grafika). SVG je odprt in široko podprt standard. SVG datoteke temeljijo na XML jeziku in jih lahko odpremo tudi s katerimkoli urejevalnikom besedil. Razen SVG zna Inkscape uvažati in izvažati tudi v različne druge zapise (EPS, PNG).
Inkscape opens a separate document window for each document. You can navigate among them using your window manager (e.g. by Alt+Tab), or you can use the Inkscape shortcut, Ctrl+Tab, which will cycle through all open document windows. (Create a new document now and switch between it and this document for practice.) Note: Inkscape treats these windows like tabs in a web browser, this means the Ctrl+Tab shortcut only works with documents running in the same process. If you open multiple files from a file browser or launch more than one Inkscape process from an icon it will not work.
Risanje likov
Čas za risanje! Iz orodjarne izberite orodje za pravokotnike (ali pritisnite F4) in povlecite po platnu. To lahko storite kar tu ali pa v novem dokumentu:
As you can see, default rectangles come up blue, with a black stroke (outline), and fully opaque. We'll see how to change that below. With other tools, you can also create ellipses, stars, and spirals:
To so orodja za like. Vsak lik, ki ga narišete, ima vsaj eno ročico v obliki romboida; poskusite jih premikati, da vidite, kako se lik odziva. V zgornji orodjarni je nekaj nastavitev za vsako orodje. Tudi tu lahko prilagajate obliko. Te nastavitve spremenijo trenutno izbran lik (tisti z ročicami) in se shranijo za bodoče novoustvarjene like.
To undo your last action, press Ctrl+Z. (Or, if you change your mind again, you can redo the undone action by Shift+Ctrl+Z.)
Premikanje, raztezanje, vrtenje
Najpogosteje uporabljano orodje v Inkscapu je Izbirnik. Kliknite na najvišji gumb v orodjarni, tisti s puščico (ali pritisnite F1 ali preslednico). Sedaj lahko izberete katerikoli predmet na platnu. Kliknite na spodnji pravokotnik.
Okrog predmeta se pojavi osem ročic v obliki puščic. Sedaj lahko:
Move the object by dragging it. (Press Ctrl to restrict movement to horizontal and vertical.)
Scale the object by dragging any handle. (Press Ctrl to preserve the original height/width ratio.)
Ponovno kliknite na pravokotnik. Ročice se spremenijo. Sedaj lahko:
Rotate the object by dragging corner handles. (Press Ctrl to restrict rotation to 15 degree steps. Drag the cross mark to position the center of rotation.)
Skew (shear) the object by dragging non-corner handles. (Press Ctrl to restrict skewing to 15 degree steps.)
Ko delate z izbirnikom, lahko uporabljate tudi vnosna polja v vrstici za orodja (nad platnom). Z njmi lahko natančno določite koordinate in velikosti izbranih predmetov.
Urejanje s tipkovnico
Inkscape je v primerjavi z drugimi programi za vektorsko risanje poseben, saj daje velik poudarek delu s tipkovnico. Skorajda vsako dejanje lahko opravite s kombinacijo tipk. Tudi preoblikovanja predmetov niso izjema.
You can use the keyboard to move (arrow keys), scale (< and > keys), and rotate ([ and ] keys) objects. Default moves and scales are by 2 px; with Shift, you move by 10 times that. Ctrl+> and Ctrl+< scale up or down to 200% or 50% of the original, respectively. Default rotates are by 15 degrees; with Ctrl, you rotate by 90 degrees.
However, perhaps the most useful are pixel-sizetransformations, invoked by using Alt with the transform keys. For example, Alt+arrows will move the selection by 1 pixel at the current zoom (i.e. by 1 screen pixel, not to be confused with the px unit which is an SVG length unit independent of zoom). This means that if you zoom in, one Alt+arrow will result in a smaller absolute movement which will still look like one-pixel nudge on your screen. It is thus possible to position objects with arbitrary precision simply by zooming in or out as needed.
Similarly, Alt+> and Alt+< scale selection so that its visible size changes by one screen pixel, and Alt+[ and Alt+] rotate it so that its farthest-from-center point moves by one screen pixel.
Note: Linux users may not get the expected results with the Alt+arrow and a few other key combinations if their Window Manager catches those key events before they reach the inkscape application. One solution would be to change the WM's configuration accordingly.
Širše izbiranje
You can select any number of objects simultaneously by Shift+clicking them. Or, you can drag around the objects you need to select; this is called rubberband selection. (Selector creates rubberband when dragging from an empty space; however, if you press Shift before starting to drag, Inkscape will always create the rubberband.) Practice by selecting all three of the shapes below:
Now, use rubberband (by drag or Shift+drag) to select the two ellipses but not the rectangle:
Vsak od izbranih predmetov pokaže oznako izbire, majhen romboid v zgornjem levem kotu. Ta oznaka vam olajša pregled nad tem, kaj je izbrano in kaj ne. Če bi, na primer, izbrali obe elipsi in pravokotnik, brez teh oznak ne bi mogli ugotoviti ali sta elipsi izbrani.
Shift+clicking on a selected object excludes it from the selection. Select all three objects above, then use Shift+click to exclude both ellipses from the selection leaving only the rectangle selected.
Pressing Esc deselects any selected objects. Ctrl+A selects all objects in the current layer (if you did not create layers, this is the same as all objects in the document).
Združevanje
Več predmetov lahko združite v skupino. Skupina se nato obnaša kot enoten predmet, če jo premikate ali preoblikujete. Spodnji levi trije predmeti so neodvisni; enaki trije predmeti na desni, pa so združeni. Poskusite premakniti skupino.
To create a group, you select one or more objects and press Ctrl+G. To ungroup one or more groups, select them and press Ctrl+U. Groups themselves may be grouped, just like any other objects; such recursive groups may go down to arbitrary depth. However, Ctrl+U only ungroups the topmost level of grouping in a selection; you'll need to press Ctrl+U repeatedly if you want to completely ungroup a deep group-in-group.
You don't necessarily have to ungroup, however, if you want to edit an object within a group. Just Ctrl+click that object and it will be selected and editable alone, or Shift+Ctrl+click several objects (inside or outside any groups) for multiple selection regardless of grouping. Try to move or transform the individual shapes in the group (above right) without ungrouping it, then deselect and select the group normally to see that it still remains grouped.
Polnjenje in obroba
Probably the simplest way to paint an object some color is to select an object, and click a swatch in the palette below the canvas to paint it (change its fill color). Alternatively, you can open the Swatches dialog from the View menu (or press Shift+Ctrl+W), select an object, and click a swatch to paint it (change its fill color).
More powerful is the Fill and Stroke dialog from the Object menu (or press Shift+Ctrl+F). Select the shape below and open the Fill and Stroke dialog.
Pogovorno okno ima tri zavihke: Polnilo, Barva črte in Slog črte. V prvem lahko nastavite barvo (notranjost) izbranega lika. Z gumbi pod zavihkom lahko izberete prazno (gumb z X-om), čisto barvo, ravne ali krožne prelive, polnjenje z vzorcem. Za zgornji lik bo izbran gumb za čisto barvo.
Niže spodaj lahko vidite izbirnik barve - ali natančeje, zbirko raznih izbirnikov, vsakega v svojem zavihku: RGB, HSV, CMYK, Barvni krog. Najbolj udoben je barvni krog, kjer z vrtenjem trikotnika določite odtenek, nato pa še motnost tega odtenka. Vsi izbirniki imajo tudi drsnik za motnost predmetov.
Kadarkoli izberete predmet se izbirnik barve nastavi na njegovo barvo polnila in obrobe (če izberete več predmetov, se nastavi na povprečne barve). Malce se igrajte z naslednjimi primeri ali naredite svojega:
V zavihku za barvo črte lahko odstranite obrobo predmeta ali pa mu določite barvo in prosojnost:
Zadnji zavihek, Slog črte, vam omogoči nastavitev debeline črte in njene oblike:
Namesto čistih barv lahko za oboje, obris in polnilo uporabite tudi prelive:
When you switch from flat color to gradient, the newly created gradient uses the previous flat color, going from opaque to transparent. Switch to the Gradient tool (Ctrl+F1) to drag the gradient handles — the controls connected by lines that define the direction and length of the gradient. When any of the gradient handles is selected (highlighted blue), the Fill and Stroke dialog sets the color of that handle instead of the color of the entire selected object.
Yet another convenient way to change a color of an object is by using the Dropper tool (F7). Just click anywhere in the drawing with that tool, and the picked color will be assigned to the selected object's fill (Shift+click will assign stroke color).
Podvojevanje, poravnavanje, razporeditev
One of the most common operations is duplicating an object (Ctrl+D). The duplicate is placed exactly above the original and is selected, so you can drag it away by mouse or by arrow keys. For practice, try to fill the line with copies of this black square:
Chances are, your copies of the square are placed more or less randomly. This is where the Align and Distribute dialog (Shift+Ctrl+A) is useful. Select all the squares (Shift+click or drag a rubberband), open the dialog and press the “Center on horizontal axis” button, then the “Make horizontal gaps between objects equal” button (read the button tooltips). The objects are now neatly aligned and distributed equispacedly. Here are some other alignment and distribution examples:
Prekrivanje
The term z-order refers to the stacking order of objects in a drawing, i.e. to which objects are on top and obscure others. The two commands in the Object menu, Raise to Top (the Home key) and Lower to Bottom (the End key), will move your selected objects to the very top or very bottom of the current layer's z-order. Two more commands, Raise (PgUp) and Lower (PgDn), will sink or emerge the selection one step only, i.e. move it past one non-selected object in z-order (only objects that overlap the selection count, based on their respective bounding boxes).
Vadite te ukaze tako, da popolnoma spremenite urejenost spodnjih predmetov - naj bo skrajno leva elipsa na vrhu in skrajno desna na dnu:
A very useful selection shortcut is the Tab key. If nothing is selected, it selects the bottommost object; otherwise it selects the object above theselected object(s) in z-order. Shift+Tab works in reverse, starting from the topmost object and proceeding downwards. Since the objects you create are added to the top of the stack, pressing Shift+Tab with nothing selected will conveniently select the object you created last. Practice the Tab and Shift+Tab keys on the stack of ellipses above.
Izbiranje pod in premikanje izbire
Kaj pa če je predmet, ki ga potrebujete, skrit za drugimi predmeti? Še vedno ga lahko vidite, če so zgornji predmeti (delno) prosojni, klik nanje pa bo vendarle izbral zgornji predmet, ne pa tistega, ki ga želite.
This is what Alt+click is for. First Alt+click selects the top object just like the regular click. However, the next Alt+click at the same point will select the object below the top one; the next one, the object still lower, etc. Thus, several Alt+clicks in a row will cycle, top-to-bottom, through the entire z-order stack of objects at the click point. When the bottom object is reached, next Alt+click will, naturally, again select the topmost object.
[If you are on Linux, you might find that Alt+click does not work properly. Instead, it might be moving the whole Inkscape window. This is because your window manager has reserved Alt+click for a different action. The way to fix this is to find the Window Behavior configuration for your window manager, and either turn it off, or map it to use the Meta key (aka Windows key), so Inkscape and other applications may use the Alt key freely.]
This is nice, but once you selected an under-the-surface object, what can you do with it? You can use keys to transform it, and you can drag the selection handles. However, dragging the object itself will reset the selection to the top object again (this is how click-and-drag is designed to work — it selects the (top) object under cursor first, then drags the selection). To tell Inkscape to drag whatis selected now without selecting anything else, use Alt+drag. This will move the current selection no matter where you drag your mouse.
Practice Alt+click and Alt+drag on the two brown shapes under the green transparent rectangle:
Selecting similar objects
Inkscape can select other objects similar to the object currently selected. For example, if you want to select all the blue squares below first select one of the blue squares, and use Edit⇒Select Same⇒Fill Color from the menu. All the objects with a fill color the same shade of blue are now selected.
In addition to selecting by fill color, you can select multiple similar objects by stroke color, stroke style, fill & stroke, and object type.
Zaključek
This concludes the Basic tutorial. There's much more than that to Inkscape, but with the techniques described here, you will already be able to create simple yet useful graphics. For more complicated stuff, go through the Advanced and other tutorials in Help⇒Tutorials.
Bulia Byak; Jonathan Leighton; Ralf Stephan; Bryce Harrington; Alexandre Prokoudine; Colin Marquardt; Josh Andler; Nicolas Dufour; Gellért Gyuris
Boštjan Špetič — 2004, 2005; Martin Srebotnjak — 2007
Esteban Capella — 2019