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authorDaniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>2024-04-27 10:05:51 +0000
committerDaniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>2024-04-27 10:05:51 +0000
commit5d1646d90e1f2cceb9f0828f4b28318cd0ec7744 (patch)
treea94efe259b9009378be6d90eb30d2b019d95c194 /Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods
parentInitial commit. (diff)
downloadlinux-5d1646d90e1f2cceb9f0828f4b28318cd0ec7744.tar.xz
linux-5d1646d90e1f2cceb9f0828f4b28318cd0ec7744.zip
Adding upstream version 5.10.209.upstream/5.10.209upstream
Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Diffstat (limited to 'Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods')
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/ExpRCUFlow.svg830
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/ExpSchedFlow.svg830
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.rst521
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel0.svg275
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel1.svg275
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel2.svg287
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel3.svg323
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel4.svg323
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel5.svg335
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel6.svg335
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel7.svg347
-rw-r--r--Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Funnel8.svg311
12 files changed, 4992 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/ExpRCUFlow.svg b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/ExpRCUFlow.svg
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diff --git a/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.rst b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72f0f6fbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/RCU/Design/Expedited-Grace-Periods/Expedited-Grace-Periods.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,521 @@
+=================================================
+A Tour Through TREE_RCU's Expedited Grace Periods
+=================================================
+
+Introduction
+============
+
+This document describes RCU's expedited grace periods.
+Unlike RCU's normal grace periods, which accept long latencies to attain
+high efficiency and minimal disturbance, expedited grace periods accept
+lower efficiency and significant disturbance to attain shorter latencies.
+
+There are two flavors of RCU (RCU-preempt and RCU-sched), with an earlier
+third RCU-bh flavor having been implemented in terms of the other two.
+Each of the two implementations is covered in its own section.
+
+Expedited Grace Period Design
+=============================
+
+The expedited RCU grace periods cannot be accused of being subtle,
+given that they for all intents and purposes hammer every CPU that
+has not yet provided a quiescent state for the current expedited
+grace period.
+The one saving grace is that the hammer has grown a bit smaller
+over time: The old call to ``try_stop_cpus()`` has been
+replaced with a set of calls to ``smp_call_function_single()``,
+each of which results in an IPI to the target CPU.
+The corresponding handler function checks the CPU's state, motivating
+a faster quiescent state where possible, and triggering a report
+of that quiescent state.
+As always for RCU, once everything has spent some time in a quiescent
+state, the expedited grace period has completed.
+
+The details of the ``smp_call_function_single()`` handler's
+operation depend on the RCU flavor, as described in the following
+sections.
+
+RCU-preempt Expedited Grace Periods
+===================================
+
+``CONFIG_PREEMPT=y`` kernels implement RCU-preempt.
+The overall flow of the handling of a given CPU by an RCU-preempt
+expedited grace period is shown in the following diagram:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: ExpRCUFlow.svg
+
+The solid arrows denote direct action, for example, a function call.
+The dotted arrows denote indirect action, for example, an IPI
+or a state that is reached after some time.
+
+If a given CPU is offline or idle, ``synchronize_rcu_expedited()``
+will ignore it because idle and offline CPUs are already residing
+in quiescent states.
+Otherwise, the expedited grace period will use
+``smp_call_function_single()`` to send the CPU an IPI, which
+is handled by ``rcu_exp_handler()``.
+
+However, because this is preemptible RCU, ``rcu_exp_handler()``
+can check to see if the CPU is currently running in an RCU read-side
+critical section.
+If not, the handler can immediately report a quiescent state.
+Otherwise, it sets flags so that the outermost ``rcu_read_unlock()``
+invocation will provide the needed quiescent-state report.
+This flag-setting avoids the previous forced preemption of all
+CPUs that might have RCU read-side critical sections.
+In addition, this flag-setting is done so as to avoid increasing
+the overhead of the common-case fastpath through the scheduler.
+
+Again because this is preemptible RCU, an RCU read-side critical section
+can be preempted.
+When that happens, RCU will enqueue the task, which will the continue to
+block the current expedited grace period until it resumes and finds its
+outermost ``rcu_read_unlock()``.
+The CPU will report a quiescent state just after enqueuing the task because
+the CPU is no longer blocking the grace period.
+It is instead the preempted task doing the blocking.
+The list of blocked tasks is managed by ``rcu_preempt_ctxt_queue()``,
+which is called from ``rcu_preempt_note_context_switch()``, which
+in turn is called from ``rcu_note_context_switch()``, which in
+turn is called from the scheduler.
+
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Quick Quiz**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Why not just have the expedited grace period check the state of all |
+| the CPUs? After all, that would avoid all those real-time-unfriendly |
+| IPIs. |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Answer**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Because we want the RCU read-side critical sections to run fast, |
+| which means no memory barriers. Therefore, it is not possible to |
+| safely check the state from some other CPU. And even if it was |
+| possible to safely check the state, it would still be necessary to |
+| IPI the CPU to safely interact with the upcoming |
+| ``rcu_read_unlock()`` invocation, which means that the remote state |
+| testing would not help the worst-case latency that real-time |
+| applications care about. |
+| |
+| One way to prevent your real-time application from getting hit with |
+| these IPIs is to build your kernel with ``CONFIG_NO_HZ_FULL=y``. RCU |
+| would then perceive the CPU running your application as being idle, |
+| and it would be able to safely detect that state without needing to |
+| IPI the CPU. |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+Please note that this is just the overall flow: Additional complications
+can arise due to races with CPUs going idle or offline, among other
+things.
+
+RCU-sched Expedited Grace Periods
+---------------------------------
+
+``CONFIG_PREEMPT=n`` kernels implement RCU-sched. The overall flow of
+the handling of a given CPU by an RCU-sched expedited grace period is
+shown in the following diagram:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: ExpSchedFlow.svg
+
+As with RCU-preempt, RCU-sched's ``synchronize_rcu_expedited()`` ignores
+offline and idle CPUs, again because they are in remotely detectable
+quiescent states. However, because the ``rcu_read_lock_sched()`` and
+``rcu_read_unlock_sched()`` leave no trace of their invocation, in
+general it is not possible to tell whether or not the current CPU is in
+an RCU read-side critical section. The best that RCU-sched's
+``rcu_exp_handler()`` can do is to check for idle, on the off-chance
+that the CPU went idle while the IPI was in flight. If the CPU is idle,
+then ``rcu_exp_handler()`` reports the quiescent state.
+
+Otherwise, the handler forces a future context switch by setting the
+NEED_RESCHED flag of the current task's thread flag and the CPU preempt
+counter. At the time of the context switch, the CPU reports the
+quiescent state. Should the CPU go offline first, it will report the
+quiescent state at that time.
+
+Expedited Grace Period and CPU Hotplug
+--------------------------------------
+
+The expedited nature of expedited grace periods require a much tighter
+interaction with CPU hotplug operations than is required for normal
+grace periods. In addition, attempting to IPI offline CPUs will result
+in splats, but failing to IPI online CPUs can result in too-short grace
+periods. Neither option is acceptable in production kernels.
+
+The interaction between expedited grace periods and CPU hotplug
+operations is carried out at several levels:
+
+#. The number of CPUs that have ever been online is tracked by the
+ ``rcu_state`` structure's ``->ncpus`` field. The ``rcu_state``
+ structure's ``->ncpus_snap`` field tracks the number of CPUs that
+ have ever been online at the beginning of an RCU expedited grace
+ period. Note that this number never decreases, at least in the
+ absence of a time machine.
+#. The identities of the CPUs that have ever been online is tracked by
+ the ``rcu_node`` structure's ``->expmaskinitnext`` field. The
+ ``rcu_node`` structure's ``->expmaskinit`` field tracks the
+ identities of the CPUs that were online at least once at the
+ beginning of the most recent RCU expedited grace period. The
+ ``rcu_state`` structure's ``->ncpus`` and ``->ncpus_snap`` fields are
+ used to detect when new CPUs have come online for the first time,
+ that is, when the ``rcu_node`` structure's ``->expmaskinitnext``
+ field has changed since the beginning of the last RCU expedited grace
+ period, which triggers an update of each ``rcu_node`` structure's
+ ``->expmaskinit`` field from its ``->expmaskinitnext`` field.
+#. Each ``rcu_node`` structure's ``->expmaskinit`` field is used to
+ initialize that structure's ``->expmask`` at the beginning of each
+ RCU expedited grace period. This means that only those CPUs that have
+ been online at least once will be considered for a given grace
+ period.
+#. Any CPU that goes offline will clear its bit in its leaf ``rcu_node``
+ structure's ``->qsmaskinitnext`` field, so any CPU with that bit
+ clear can safely be ignored. However, it is possible for a CPU coming
+ online or going offline to have this bit set for some time while
+ ``cpu_online`` returns ``false``.
+#. For each non-idle CPU that RCU believes is currently online, the
+ grace period invokes ``smp_call_function_single()``. If this
+ succeeds, the CPU was fully online. Failure indicates that the CPU is
+ in the process of coming online or going offline, in which case it is
+ necessary to wait for a short time period and try again. The purpose
+ of this wait (or series of waits, as the case may be) is to permit a
+ concurrent CPU-hotplug operation to complete.
+#. In the case of RCU-sched, one of the last acts of an outgoing CPU is
+ to invoke ``rcu_report_dead()``, which reports a quiescent state for
+ that CPU. However, this is likely paranoia-induced redundancy.
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Quick Quiz**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Why all the dancing around with multiple counters and masks tracking |
+| CPUs that were once online? Why not just have a single set of masks |
+| tracking the currently online CPUs and be done with it? |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Answer**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Maintaining single set of masks tracking the online CPUs *sounds* |
+| easier, at least until you try working out all the race conditions |
+| between grace-period initialization and CPU-hotplug operations. For |
+| example, suppose initialization is progressing down the tree while a |
+| CPU-offline operation is progressing up the tree. This situation can |
+| result in bits set at the top of the tree that have no counterparts |
+| at the bottom of the tree. Those bits will never be cleared, which |
+| will result in grace-period hangs. In short, that way lies madness, |
+| to say nothing of a great many bugs, hangs, and deadlocks. |
+| In contrast, the current multi-mask multi-counter scheme ensures that |
+| grace-period initialization will always see consistent masks up and |
+| down the tree, which brings significant simplifications over the |
+| single-mask method. |
+| |
+| This is an instance of `deferring work in order to avoid |
+| synchronization <http://www.cs.columbia.edu/~library/TR-repository/re |
+| ports/reports-1992/cucs-039-92.ps.gz>`__. |
+| Lazily recording CPU-hotplug events at the beginning of the next |
+| grace period greatly simplifies maintenance of the CPU-tracking |
+| bitmasks in the ``rcu_node`` tree. |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+Expedited Grace Period Refinements
+----------------------------------
+
+Idle-CPU Checks
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Each expedited grace period checks for idle CPUs when initially forming
+the mask of CPUs to be IPIed and again just before IPIing a CPU (both
+checks are carried out by ``sync_rcu_exp_select_cpus()``). If the CPU is
+idle at any time between those two times, the CPU will not be IPIed.
+Instead, the task pushing the grace period forward will include the idle
+CPUs in the mask passed to ``rcu_report_exp_cpu_mult()``.
+
+For RCU-sched, there is an additional check: If the IPI has interrupted
+the idle loop, then ``rcu_exp_handler()`` invokes
+``rcu_report_exp_rdp()`` to report the corresponding quiescent state.
+
+For RCU-preempt, there is no specific check for idle in the IPI handler
+(``rcu_exp_handler()``), but because RCU read-side critical sections are
+not permitted within the idle loop, if ``rcu_exp_handler()`` sees that
+the CPU is within RCU read-side critical section, the CPU cannot
+possibly be idle. Otherwise, ``rcu_exp_handler()`` invokes
+``rcu_report_exp_rdp()`` to report the corresponding quiescent state,
+regardless of whether or not that quiescent state was due to the CPU
+being idle.
+
+In summary, RCU expedited grace periods check for idle when building the
+bitmask of CPUs that must be IPIed, just before sending each IPI, and
+(either explicitly or implicitly) within the IPI handler.
+
+Batching via Sequence Counter
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+If each grace-period request was carried out separately, expedited grace
+periods would have abysmal scalability and problematic high-load
+characteristics. Because each grace-period operation can serve an
+unlimited number of updates, it is important to *batch* requests, so
+that a single expedited grace-period operation will cover all requests
+in the corresponding batch.
+
+This batching is controlled by a sequence counter named
+``->expedited_sequence`` in the ``rcu_state`` structure. This counter
+has an odd value when there is an expedited grace period in progress and
+an even value otherwise, so that dividing the counter value by two gives
+the number of completed grace periods. During any given update request,
+the counter must transition from even to odd and then back to even, thus
+indicating that a grace period has elapsed. Therefore, if the initial
+value of the counter is ``s``, the updater must wait until the counter
+reaches at least the value ``(s+3)&~0x1``. This counter is managed by
+the following access functions:
+
+#. ``rcu_exp_gp_seq_start()``, which marks the start of an expedited
+ grace period.
+#. ``rcu_exp_gp_seq_end()``, which marks the end of an expedited grace
+ period.
+#. ``rcu_exp_gp_seq_snap()``, which obtains a snapshot of the counter.
+#. ``rcu_exp_gp_seq_done()``, which returns ``true`` if a full expedited
+ grace period has elapsed since the corresponding call to
+ ``rcu_exp_gp_seq_snap()``.
+
+Again, only one request in a given batch need actually carry out a
+grace-period operation, which means there must be an efficient way to
+identify which of many concurrent reqeusts will initiate the grace
+period, and that there be an efficient way for the remaining requests to
+wait for that grace period to complete. However, that is the topic of
+the next section.
+
+Funnel Locking and Wait/Wakeup
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The natural way to sort out which of a batch of updaters will initiate
+the expedited grace period is to use the ``rcu_node`` combining tree, as
+implemented by the ``exp_funnel_lock()`` function. The first updater
+corresponding to a given grace period arriving at a given ``rcu_node``
+structure records its desired grace-period sequence number in the
+``->exp_seq_rq`` field and moves up to the next level in the tree.
+Otherwise, if the ``->exp_seq_rq`` field already contains the sequence
+number for the desired grace period or some later one, the updater
+blocks on one of four wait queues in the ``->exp_wq[]`` array, using the
+second-from-bottom and third-from bottom bits as an index. An
+``->exp_lock`` field in the ``rcu_node`` structure synchronizes access
+to these fields.
+
+An empty ``rcu_node`` tree is shown in the following diagram, with the
+white cells representing the ``->exp_seq_rq`` field and the red cells
+representing the elements of the ``->exp_wq[]`` array.
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel0.svg
+
+The next diagram shows the situation after the arrival of Task A and
+Task B at the leftmost and rightmost leaf ``rcu_node`` structures,
+respectively. The current value of the ``rcu_state`` structure's
+``->expedited_sequence`` field is zero, so adding three and clearing the
+bottom bit results in the value two, which both tasks record in the
+``->exp_seq_rq`` field of their respective ``rcu_node`` structures:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel1.svg
+
+Each of Tasks A and B will move up to the root ``rcu_node`` structure.
+Suppose that Task A wins, recording its desired grace-period sequence
+number and resulting in the state shown below:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel2.svg
+
+Task A now advances to initiate a new grace period, while Task B moves
+up to the root ``rcu_node`` structure, and, seeing that its desired
+sequence number is already recorded, blocks on ``->exp_wq[1]``.
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Quick Quiz**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Why ``->exp_wq[1]``? Given that the value of these tasks' desired |
+| sequence number is two, so shouldn't they instead block on |
+| ``->exp_wq[2]``? |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Answer**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| No. |
+| Recall that the bottom bit of the desired sequence number indicates |
+| whether or not a grace period is currently in progress. It is |
+| therefore necessary to shift the sequence number right one bit |
+| position to obtain the number of the grace period. This results in |
+| ``->exp_wq[1]``. |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+If Tasks C and D also arrive at this point, they will compute the same
+desired grace-period sequence number, and see that both leaf
+``rcu_node`` structures already have that value recorded. They will
+therefore block on their respective ``rcu_node`` structures'
+``->exp_wq[1]`` fields, as shown below:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel3.svg
+
+Task A now acquires the ``rcu_state`` structure's ``->exp_mutex`` and
+initiates the grace period, which increments ``->expedited_sequence``.
+Therefore, if Tasks E and F arrive, they will compute a desired sequence
+number of 4 and will record this value as shown below:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel4.svg
+
+Tasks E and F will propagate up the ``rcu_node`` combining tree, with
+Task F blocking on the root ``rcu_node`` structure and Task E wait for
+Task A to finish so that it can start the next grace period. The
+resulting state is as shown below:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel5.svg
+
+Once the grace period completes, Task A starts waking up the tasks
+waiting for this grace period to complete, increments the
+``->expedited_sequence``, acquires the ``->exp_wake_mutex`` and then
+releases the ``->exp_mutex``. This results in the following state:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel6.svg
+
+Task E can then acquire ``->exp_mutex`` and increment
+``->expedited_sequence`` to the value three. If new tasks G and H arrive
+and moves up the combining tree at the same time, the state will be as
+follows:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel7.svg
+
+Note that three of the root ``rcu_node`` structure's waitqueues are now
+occupied. However, at some point, Task A will wake up the tasks blocked
+on the ``->exp_wq`` waitqueues, resulting in the following state:
+
+.. kernel-figure:: Funnel8.svg
+
+Execution will continue with Tasks E and H completing their grace
+periods and carrying out their wakeups.
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Quick Quiz**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| What happens if Task A takes so long to do its wakeups that Task E's |
+| grace period completes? |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Answer**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Then Task E will block on the ``->exp_wake_mutex``, which will also |
+| prevent it from releasing ``->exp_mutex``, which in turn will prevent |
+| the next grace period from starting. This last is important in |
+| preventing overflow of the ``->exp_wq[]`` array. |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+Use of Workqueues
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+In earlier implementations, the task requesting the expedited grace
+period also drove it to completion. This straightforward approach had
+the disadvantage of needing to account for POSIX signals sent to user
+tasks, so more recent implemementations use the Linux kernel's
+`workqueues <https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/core-api/workqueue.rst>`__.
+
+The requesting task still does counter snapshotting and funnel-lock
+processing, but the task reaching the top of the funnel lock does a
+``schedule_work()`` (from ``_synchronize_rcu_expedited()`` so that a
+workqueue kthread does the actual grace-period processing. Because
+workqueue kthreads do not accept POSIX signals, grace-period-wait
+processing need not allow for POSIX signals. In addition, this approach
+allows wakeups for the previous expedited grace period to be overlapped
+with processing for the next expedited grace period. Because there are
+only four sets of waitqueues, it is necessary to ensure that the
+previous grace period's wakeups complete before the next grace period's
+wakeups start. This is handled by having the ``->exp_mutex`` guard
+expedited grace-period processing and the ``->exp_wake_mutex`` guard
+wakeups. The key point is that the ``->exp_mutex`` is not released until
+the first wakeup is complete, which means that the ``->exp_wake_mutex``
+has already been acquired at that point. This approach ensures that the
+previous grace period's wakeups can be carried out while the current
+grace period is in process, but that these wakeups will complete before
+the next grace period starts. This means that only three waitqueues are
+required, guaranteeing that the four that are provided are sufficient.
+
+Stall Warnings
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+Expediting grace periods does nothing to speed things up when RCU
+readers take too long, and therefore expedited grace periods check for
+stalls just as normal grace periods do.
+
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Quick Quiz**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| But why not just let the normal grace-period machinery detect the |
+| stalls, given that a given reader must block both normal and |
+| expedited grace periods? |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| **Answer**: |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+| Because it is quite possible that at a given time there is no normal |
+| grace period in progress, in which case the normal grace period |
+| cannot emit a stall warning. |
++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
+
+The ``synchronize_sched_expedited_wait()`` function loops waiting for
+the expedited grace period to end, but with a timeout set to the current
+RCU CPU stall-warning time. If this time is exceeded, any CPUs or
+``rcu_node`` structures blocking the current grace period are printed.
+Each stall warning results in another pass through the loop, but the
+second and subsequent passes use longer stall times.
+
+Mid-boot operation
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+The use of workqueues has the advantage that the expedited grace-period
+code need not worry about POSIX signals. Unfortunately, it has the
+corresponding disadvantage that workqueues cannot be used until they are
+initialized, which does not happen until some time after the scheduler
+spawns the first task. Given that there are parts of the kernel that
+really do want to execute grace periods during this mid-boot “dead
+zone”, expedited grace periods must do something else during thie time.
+
+What they do is to fall back to the old practice of requiring that the
+requesting task drive the expedited grace period, as was the case before
+the use of workqueues. However, the requesting task is only required to
+drive the grace period during the mid-boot dead zone. Before mid-boot, a
+synchronous grace period is a no-op. Some time after mid-boot,
+workqueues are used.
+
+Non-expedited non-SRCU synchronous grace periods must also operate
+normally during mid-boot. This is handled by causing non-expedited grace
+periods to take the expedited code path during mid-boot.
+
+The current code assumes that there are no POSIX signals during the
+mid-boot dead zone. However, if an overwhelming need for POSIX signals
+somehow arises, appropriate adjustments can be made to the expedited
+stall-warning code. One such adjustment would reinstate the
+pre-workqueue stall-warning checks, but only during the mid-boot dead
+zone.
+
+With this refinement, synchronous grace periods can now be used from
+task context pretty much any time during the life of the kernel. That
+is, aside from some points in the suspend, hibernate, or shutdown code
+path.
+
+Summary
+~~~~~~~
+
+Expedited grace periods use a sequence-number approach to promote
+batching, so that a single grace-period operation can serve numerous
+requests. A funnel lock is used to efficiently identify the one task out
+of a concurrent group that will request the grace period. All members of
+the group will block on waitqueues provided in the ``rcu_node``
+structure. The actual grace-period processing is carried out by a
+workqueue.
+
+CPU-hotplug operations are noted lazily in order to prevent the need for
+tight synchronization between expedited grace periods and CPU-hotplug
+operations. The dyntick-idle counters are used to avoid sending IPIs to
+idle CPUs, at least in the common case. RCU-preempt and RCU-sched use
+different IPI handlers and different code to respond to the state
+changes carried out by those handlers, but otherwise use common code.
+
+Quiescent states are tracked using the ``rcu_node`` tree, and once all
+necessary quiescent states have been reported, all tasks waiting on this
+expedited grace period are awakened. A pair of mutexes are used to allow
+one grace period's wakeups to proceed concurrently with the next grace
+period's processing.
+
+This combination of mechanisms allows expedited grace periods to run
+reasonably efficiently. However, for non-time-critical tasks, normal
+grace periods should be used instead because their longer duration
+permits much higher degrees of batching, and thus much lower per-request
+overheads.
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