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+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+.. include:: <isonum.txt>
+
+.. _driverapi_pm_devices:
+
+==============================
+Device Power Management Basics
+==============================
+
+:Copyright: |copy| 2010-2011 Rafael J. Wysocki <rjw@sisk.pl>, Novell Inc.
+:Copyright: |copy| 2010 Alan Stern <stern@rowland.harvard.edu>
+:Copyright: |copy| 2016 Intel Corporation
+
+:Author: Rafael J. Wysocki <rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com>
+
+
+Most of the code in Linux is device drivers, so most of the Linux power
+management (PM) code is also driver-specific.  Most drivers will do very
+little; others, especially for platforms with small batteries (like cell
+phones), will do a lot.
+
+This writeup gives an overview of how drivers interact with system-wide
+power management goals, emphasizing the models and interfaces that are
+shared by everything that hooks up to the driver model core.  Read it as
+background for the domain-specific work you'd do with any specific driver.
+
+
+Two Models for Device Power Management
+======================================
+
+Drivers will use one or both of these models to put devices into low-power
+states:
+
+    System Sleep model:
+
+	Drivers can enter low-power states as part of entering system-wide
+	low-power states like "suspend" (also known as "suspend-to-RAM"), or
+	(mostly for systems with disks) "hibernation" (also known as
+	"suspend-to-disk").
+
+	This is something that device, bus, and class drivers collaborate on
+	by implementing various role-specific suspend and resume methods to
+	cleanly power down hardware and software subsystems, then reactivate
+	them without loss of data.
+
+	Some drivers can manage hardware wakeup events, which make the system
+	leave the low-power state.  This feature may be enabled or disabled
+	using the relevant :file:`/sys/devices/.../power/wakeup` file (for
+	Ethernet drivers the ioctl interface used by ethtool may also be used
+	for this purpose); enabling it may cost some power usage, but let the
+	whole system enter low-power states more often.
+
+    Runtime Power Management model:
+
+	Devices may also be put into low-power states while the system is
+	running, independently of other power management activity in principle.
+	However, devices are not generally independent of each other (for
+	example, a parent device cannot be suspended unless all of its child
+	devices have been suspended).  Moreover, depending on the bus type the
+	device is on, it may be necessary to carry out some bus-specific
+	operations on the device for this purpose.  Devices put into low power
+	states at run time may require special handling during system-wide power
+	transitions (suspend or hibernation).
+
+	For these reasons not only the device driver itself, but also the
+	appropriate subsystem (bus type, device type or device class) driver and
+	the PM core are involved in runtime power management.  As in the system
+	sleep power management case, they need to collaborate by implementing
+	various role-specific suspend and resume methods, so that the hardware
+	is cleanly powered down and reactivated without data or service loss.
+
+There's not a lot to be said about those low-power states except that they are
+very system-specific, and often device-specific.  Also, that if enough devices
+have been put into low-power states (at runtime), the effect may be very similar
+to entering some system-wide low-power state (system sleep) ... and that
+synergies exist, so that several drivers using runtime PM might put the system
+into a state where even deeper power saving options are available.
+
+Most suspended devices will have quiesced all I/O: no more DMA or IRQs (except
+for wakeup events), no more data read or written, and requests from upstream
+drivers are no longer accepted.  A given bus or platform may have different
+requirements though.
+
+Examples of hardware wakeup events include an alarm from a real time clock,
+network wake-on-LAN packets, keyboard or mouse activity, and media insertion
+or removal (for PCMCIA, MMC/SD, USB, and so on).
+
+Interfaces for Entering System Sleep States
+===========================================
+
+There are programming interfaces provided for subsystems (bus type, device type,
+device class) and device drivers to allow them to participate in the power
+management of devices they are concerned with.  These interfaces cover both
+system sleep and runtime power management.
+
+
+Device Power Management Operations
+----------------------------------
+
+Device power management operations, at the subsystem level as well as at the
+device driver level, are implemented by defining and populating objects of type
+struct dev_pm_ops defined in :file:`include/linux/pm.h`.  The roles of the
+methods included in it will be explained in what follows.  For now, it should be
+sufficient to remember that the last three methods are specific to runtime power
+management while the remaining ones are used during system-wide power
+transitions.
+
+There also is a deprecated "old" or "legacy" interface for power management
+operations available at least for some subsystems.  This approach does not use
+struct dev_pm_ops objects and it is suitable only for implementing system
+sleep power management methods in a limited way.  Therefore it is not described
+in this document, so please refer directly to the source code for more
+information about it.
+
+
+Subsystem-Level Methods
+-----------------------
+
+The core methods to suspend and resume devices reside in
+struct dev_pm_ops pointed to by the :c:member:`ops` member of
+struct dev_pm_domain, or by the :c:member:`pm` member of struct bus_type,
+struct device_type and struct class.  They are mostly of interest to the
+people writing infrastructure for platforms and buses, like PCI or USB, or
+device type and device class drivers.  They also are relevant to the writers of
+device drivers whose subsystems (PM domains, device types, device classes and
+bus types) don't provide all power management methods.
+
+Bus drivers implement these methods as appropriate for the hardware and the
+drivers using it; PCI works differently from USB, and so on.  Not many people
+write subsystem-level drivers; most driver code is a "device driver" that builds
+on top of bus-specific framework code.
+
+For more information on these driver calls, see the description later;
+they are called in phases for every device, respecting the parent-child
+sequencing in the driver model tree.
+
+
+:file:`/sys/devices/.../power/wakeup` files
+-------------------------------------------
+
+All device objects in the driver model contain fields that control the handling
+of system wakeup events (hardware signals that can force the system out of a
+sleep state).  These fields are initialized by bus or device driver code using
+:c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()` and :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_enable()`,
+defined in :file:`include/linux/pm_wakeup.h`.
+
+The :c:member:`power.can_wakeup` flag just records whether the device (and its
+driver) can physically support wakeup events.  The
+:c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()` routine affects this flag.  The
+:c:member:`power.wakeup` field is a pointer to an object of type
+struct wakeup_source used for controlling whether or not the device should use
+its system wakeup mechanism and for notifying the PM core of system wakeup
+events signaled by the device.  This object is only present for wakeup-capable
+devices (i.e. devices whose :c:member:`can_wakeup` flags are set) and is created
+(or removed) by :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()`.
+
+Whether or not a device is capable of issuing wakeup events is a hardware
+matter, and the kernel is responsible for keeping track of it.  By contrast,
+whether or not a wakeup-capable device should issue wakeup events is a policy
+decision, and it is managed by user space through a sysfs attribute: the
+:file:`power/wakeup` file.  User space can write the "enabled" or "disabled"
+strings to it to indicate whether or not, respectively, the device is supposed
+to signal system wakeup.  This file is only present if the
+:c:member:`power.wakeup` object exists for the given device and is created (or
+removed) along with that object, by :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_capable()`.
+Reads from the file will return the corresponding string.
+
+The initial value in the :file:`power/wakeup` file is "disabled" for the
+majority of devices; the major exceptions are power buttons, keyboards, and
+Ethernet adapters whose WoL (wake-on-LAN) feature has been set up with ethtool.
+It should also default to "enabled" for devices that don't generate wakeup
+requests on their own but merely forward wakeup requests from one bus to another
+(like PCI Express ports).
+
+The :c:func:`device_may_wakeup()` routine returns true only if the
+:c:member:`power.wakeup` object exists and the corresponding :file:`power/wakeup`
+file contains the "enabled" string.  This information is used by subsystems,
+like the PCI bus type code, to see whether or not to enable the devices' wakeup
+mechanisms.  If device wakeup mechanisms are enabled or disabled directly by
+drivers, they also should use :c:func:`device_may_wakeup()` to decide what to do
+during a system sleep transition.  Device drivers, however, are not expected to
+call :c:func:`device_set_wakeup_enable()` directly in any case.
+
+It ought to be noted that system wakeup is conceptually different from "remote
+wakeup" used by runtime power management, although it may be supported by the
+same physical mechanism.  Remote wakeup is a feature allowing devices in
+low-power states to trigger specific interrupts to signal conditions in which
+they should be put into the full-power state.  Those interrupts may or may not
+be used to signal system wakeup events, depending on the hardware design.  On
+some systems it is impossible to trigger them from system sleep states.  In any
+case, remote wakeup should always be enabled for runtime power management for
+all devices and drivers that support it.
+
+
+:file:`/sys/devices/.../power/control` files
+--------------------------------------------
+
+Each device in the driver model has a flag to control whether it is subject to
+runtime power management.  This flag, :c:member:`runtime_auto`, is initialized
+by the bus type (or generally subsystem) code using :c:func:`pm_runtime_allow()`
+or :c:func:`pm_runtime_forbid()`; the default is to allow runtime power
+management.
+
+The setting can be adjusted by user space by writing either "on" or "auto" to
+the device's :file:`power/control` sysfs file.  Writing "auto" calls
+:c:func:`pm_runtime_allow()`, setting the flag and allowing the device to be
+runtime power-managed by its driver.  Writing "on" calls
+:c:func:`pm_runtime_forbid()`, clearing the flag, returning the device to full
+power if it was in a low-power state, and preventing the
+device from being runtime power-managed.  User space can check the current value
+of the :c:member:`runtime_auto` flag by reading that file.
+
+The device's :c:member:`runtime_auto` flag has no effect on the handling of
+system-wide power transitions.  In particular, the device can (and in the
+majority of cases should and will) be put into a low-power state during a
+system-wide transition to a sleep state even though its :c:member:`runtime_auto`
+flag is clear.
+
+For more information about the runtime power management framework, refer to
+:file:`Documentation/power/runtime_pm.rst`.
+
+
+Calling Drivers to Enter and Leave System Sleep States
+======================================================
+
+When the system goes into a sleep state, each device's driver is asked to
+suspend the device by putting it into a state compatible with the target
+system state.  That's usually some version of "off", but the details are
+system-specific.  Also, wakeup-enabled devices will usually stay partly
+functional in order to wake the system.
+
+When the system leaves that low-power state, the device's driver is asked to
+resume it by returning it to full power.  The suspend and resume operations
+always go together, and both are multi-phase operations.
+
+For simple drivers, suspend might quiesce the device using class code
+and then turn its hardware as "off" as possible during suspend_noirq.  The
+matching resume calls would then completely reinitialize the hardware
+before reactivating its class I/O queues.
+
+More power-aware drivers might prepare the devices for triggering system wakeup
+events.
+
+
+Call Sequence Guarantees
+------------------------
+
+To ensure that bridges and similar links needing to talk to a device are
+available when the device is suspended or resumed, the device hierarchy is
+walked in a bottom-up order to suspend devices.  A top-down order is
+used to resume those devices.
+
+The ordering of the device hierarchy is defined by the order in which devices
+get registered:  a child can never be registered, probed or resumed before
+its parent; and can't be removed or suspended after that parent.
+
+The policy is that the device hierarchy should match hardware bus topology.
+[Or at least the control bus, for devices which use multiple busses.]
+In particular, this means that a device registration may fail if the parent of
+the device is suspending (i.e. has been chosen by the PM core as the next
+device to suspend) or has already suspended, as well as after all of the other
+devices have been suspended.  Device drivers must be prepared to cope with such
+situations.
+
+
+System Power Management Phases
+------------------------------
+
+Suspending or resuming the system is done in several phases.  Different phases
+are used for suspend-to-idle, shallow (standby), and deep ("suspend-to-RAM")
+sleep states and the hibernation state ("suspend-to-disk").  Each phase involves
+executing callbacks for every device before the next phase begins.  Not all
+buses or classes support all these callbacks and not all drivers use all the
+callbacks.  The various phases always run after tasks have been frozen and
+before they are unfrozen.  Furthermore, the ``*_noirq`` phases run at a time
+when IRQ handlers have been disabled (except for those marked with the
+IRQF_NO_SUSPEND flag).
+
+All phases use PM domain, bus, type, class or driver callbacks (that is, methods
+defined in ``dev->pm_domain->ops``, ``dev->bus->pm``, ``dev->type->pm``,
+``dev->class->pm`` or ``dev->driver->pm``).  These callbacks are regarded by the
+PM core as mutually exclusive.  Moreover, PM domain callbacks always take
+precedence over all of the other callbacks and, for example, type callbacks take
+precedence over bus, class and driver callbacks.  To be precise, the following
+rules are used to determine which callback to execute in the given phase:
+
+    1.	If ``dev->pm_domain`` is present, the PM core will choose the callback
+	provided by ``dev->pm_domain->ops`` for execution.
+
+    2.	Otherwise, if both ``dev->type`` and ``dev->type->pm`` are present, the
+	callback provided by ``dev->type->pm`` will be chosen for execution.
+
+    3.	Otherwise, if both ``dev->class`` and ``dev->class->pm`` are present,
+	the callback provided by ``dev->class->pm`` will be chosen for
+	execution.
+
+    4.	Otherwise, if both ``dev->bus`` and ``dev->bus->pm`` are present, the
+	callback provided by ``dev->bus->pm`` will be chosen for execution.
+
+This allows PM domains and device types to override callbacks provided by bus
+types or device classes if necessary.
+
+The PM domain, type, class and bus callbacks may in turn invoke device- or
+driver-specific methods stored in ``dev->driver->pm``, but they don't have to do
+that.
+
+If the subsystem callback chosen for execution is not present, the PM core will
+execute the corresponding method from the ``dev->driver->pm`` set instead if
+there is one.
+
+
+Entering System Suspend
+-----------------------
+
+When the system goes into the freeze, standby or memory sleep state,
+the phases are: ``prepare``, ``suspend``, ``suspend_late``, ``suspend_noirq``.
+
+    1.	The ``prepare`` phase is meant to prevent races by preventing new
+	devices from being registered; the PM core would never know that all the
+	children of a device had been suspended if new children could be
+	registered at will.  [By contrast, from the PM core's perspective,
+	devices may be unregistered at any time.]  Unlike the other
+	suspend-related phases, during the ``prepare`` phase the device
+	hierarchy is traversed top-down.
+
+	After the ``->prepare`` callback method returns, no new children may be
+	registered below the device.  The method may also prepare the device or
+	driver in some way for the upcoming system power transition, but it
+	should not put the device into a low-power state.  Moreover, if the
+	device supports runtime power management, the ``->prepare`` callback
+	method must not update its state in case it is necessary to resume it
+	from runtime suspend later on.
+
+	For devices supporting runtime power management, the return value of the
+	prepare callback can be used to indicate to the PM core that it may
+	safely leave the device in runtime suspend (if runtime-suspended
+	already), provided that all of the device's descendants are also left in
+	runtime suspend.  Namely, if the prepare callback returns a positive
+	number and that happens for all of the descendants of the device too,
+	and all of them (including the device itself) are runtime-suspended, the
+	PM core will skip the ``suspend``, ``suspend_late`` and
+	``suspend_noirq`` phases as well as all of the corresponding phases of
+	the subsequent device resume for all of these devices.	In that case,
+	the ``->complete`` callback will be the next one invoked after the
+	``->prepare`` callback and is entirely responsible for putting the
+	device into a consistent state as appropriate.
+
+	Note that this direct-complete procedure applies even if the device is
+	disabled for runtime PM; only the runtime-PM status matters.  It follows
+	that if a device has system-sleep callbacks but does not support runtime
+	PM, then its prepare callback must never return a positive value.  This
+	is because all such devices are initially set to runtime-suspended with
+	runtime PM disabled.
+
+	This feature also can be controlled by device drivers by using the
+	``DPM_FLAG_NO_DIRECT_COMPLETE`` and ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_PREPARE`` driver
+	power management flags.  [Typically, they are set at the time the driver
+	is probed against the device in question by passing them to the
+	:c:func:`dev_pm_set_driver_flags` helper function.]  If the first of
+	these flags is set, the PM core will not apply the direct-complete
+	procedure described above to the given device and, consequenty, to any
+	of its ancestors.  The second flag, when set, informs the middle layer
+	code (bus types, device types, PM domains, classes) that it should take
+	the return value of the ``->prepare`` callback provided by the driver
+	into account and it may only return a positive value from its own
+	``->prepare`` callback if the driver's one also has returned a positive
+	value.
+
+    2.	The ``->suspend`` methods should quiesce the device to stop it from
+	performing I/O.  They also may save the device registers and put it into
+	the appropriate low-power state, depending on the bus type the device is
+	on, and they may enable wakeup events.
+
+	However, for devices supporting runtime power management, the
+	``->suspend`` methods provided by subsystems (bus types and PM domains
+	in particular) must follow an additional rule regarding what can be done
+	to the devices before their drivers' ``->suspend`` methods are called.
+	Namely, they may resume the devices from runtime suspend by
+	calling :c:func:`pm_runtime_resume` for them, if that is necessary, but
+	they must not update the state of the devices in any other way at that
+	time (in case the drivers need to resume the devices from runtime
+	suspend in their ``->suspend`` methods).  In fact, the PM core prevents
+	subsystems or drivers from putting devices into runtime suspend at
+	these times by calling :c:func:`pm_runtime_get_noresume` before issuing
+	the ``->prepare`` callback (and calling :c:func:`pm_runtime_put` after
+	issuing the ``->complete`` callback).
+
+    3.	For a number of devices it is convenient to split suspend into the
+	"quiesce device" and "save device state" phases, in which cases
+	``suspend_late`` is meant to do the latter.  It is always executed after
+	runtime power management has been disabled for the device in question.
+
+    4.	The ``suspend_noirq`` phase occurs after IRQ handlers have been disabled,
+	which means that the driver's interrupt handler will not be called while
+	the callback method is running.  The ``->suspend_noirq`` methods should
+	save the values of the device's registers that weren't saved previously
+	and finally put the device into the appropriate low-power state.
+
+	The majority of subsystems and device drivers need not implement this
+	callback.  However, bus types allowing devices to share interrupt
+	vectors, like PCI, generally need it; otherwise a driver might encounter
+	an error during the suspend phase by fielding a shared interrupt
+	generated by some other device after its own device had been set to low
+	power.
+
+At the end of these phases, drivers should have stopped all I/O transactions
+(DMA, IRQs), saved enough state that they can re-initialize or restore previous
+state (as needed by the hardware), and placed the device into a low-power state.
+On many platforms they will gate off one or more clock sources; sometimes they
+will also switch off power supplies or reduce voltages.  [Drivers supporting
+runtime PM may already have performed some or all of these steps.]
+
+If :c:func:`device_may_wakeup()` returns ``true``, the device should be
+prepared for generating hardware wakeup signals to trigger a system wakeup event
+when the system is in the sleep state.  For example, :c:func:`enable_irq_wake()`
+might identify GPIO signals hooked up to a switch or other external hardware,
+and :c:func:`pci_enable_wake()` does something similar for the PCI PME signal.
+
+If any of these callbacks returns an error, the system won't enter the desired
+low-power state.  Instead, the PM core will unwind its actions by resuming all
+the devices that were suspended.
+
+
+Leaving System Suspend
+----------------------
+
+When resuming from freeze, standby or memory sleep, the phases are:
+``resume_noirq``, ``resume_early``, ``resume``, ``complete``.
+
+    1.	The ``->resume_noirq`` callback methods should perform any actions
+	needed before the driver's interrupt handlers are invoked.  This
+	generally means undoing the actions of the ``suspend_noirq`` phase.  If
+	the bus type permits devices to share interrupt vectors, like PCI, the
+	method should bring the device and its driver into a state in which the
+	driver can recognize if the device is the source of incoming interrupts,
+	if any, and handle them correctly.
+
+	For example, the PCI bus type's ``->pm.resume_noirq()`` puts the device
+	into the full-power state (D0 in the PCI terminology) and restores the
+	standard configuration registers of the device.  Then it calls the
+	device driver's ``->pm.resume_noirq()`` method to perform device-specific
+	actions.
+
+    2.	The ``->resume_early`` methods should prepare devices for the execution
+	of the resume methods.  This generally involves undoing the actions of
+	the preceding ``suspend_late`` phase.
+
+    3.	The ``->resume`` methods should bring the device back to its operating
+	state, so that it can perform normal I/O.  This generally involves
+	undoing the actions of the ``suspend`` phase.
+
+    4.	The ``complete`` phase should undo the actions of the ``prepare`` phase.
+        For this reason, unlike the other resume-related phases, during the
+        ``complete`` phase the device hierarchy is traversed bottom-up.
+
+	Note, however, that new children may be registered below the device as
+	soon as the ``->resume`` callbacks occur; it's not necessary to wait
+	until the ``complete`` phase runs.
+
+	Moreover, if the preceding ``->prepare`` callback returned a positive
+	number, the device may have been left in runtime suspend throughout the
+	whole system suspend and resume (its ``->suspend``, ``->suspend_late``,
+	``->suspend_noirq``, ``->resume_noirq``,
+	``->resume_early``, and ``->resume`` callbacks may have been
+	skipped).  In that case, the ``->complete`` callback is entirely
+	responsible for putting the device into a consistent state after system
+	suspend if necessary.  [For example, it may need to queue up a runtime
+	resume request for the device for this purpose.]  To check if that is
+	the case, the ``->complete`` callback can consult the device's
+	``power.direct_complete`` flag.  If that flag is set when the
+	``->complete`` callback is being run then the direct-complete mechanism
+	was used, and special actions may be required to make the device work
+	correctly afterward.
+
+At the end of these phases, drivers should be as functional as they were before
+suspending: I/O can be performed using DMA and IRQs, and the relevant clocks are
+gated on.
+
+However, the details here may again be platform-specific.  For example,
+some systems support multiple "run" states, and the mode in effect at
+the end of resume might not be the one which preceded suspension.
+That means availability of certain clocks or power supplies changed,
+which could easily affect how a driver works.
+
+Drivers need to be able to handle hardware which has been reset since all of the
+suspend methods were called, for example by complete reinitialization.
+This may be the hardest part, and the one most protected by NDA'd documents
+and chip errata.  It's simplest if the hardware state hasn't changed since
+the suspend was carried out, but that can only be guaranteed if the target
+system sleep entered was suspend-to-idle.  For the other system sleep states
+that may not be the case (and usually isn't for ACPI-defined system sleep
+states, like S3).
+
+Drivers must also be prepared to notice that the device has been removed
+while the system was powered down, whenever that's physically possible.
+PCMCIA, MMC, USB, Firewire, SCSI, and even IDE are common examples of busses
+where common Linux platforms will see such removal.  Details of how drivers
+will notice and handle such removals are currently bus-specific, and often
+involve a separate thread.
+
+These callbacks may return an error value, but the PM core will ignore such
+errors since there's nothing it can do about them other than printing them in
+the system log.
+
+
+Entering Hibernation
+--------------------
+
+Hibernating the system is more complicated than putting it into sleep states,
+because it involves creating and saving a system image.  Therefore there are
+more phases for hibernation, with a different set of callbacks.  These phases
+always run after tasks have been frozen and enough memory has been freed.
+
+The general procedure for hibernation is to quiesce all devices ("freeze"),
+create an image of the system memory while everything is stable, reactivate all
+devices ("thaw"), write the image to permanent storage, and finally shut down
+the system ("power off").  The phases used to accomplish this are: ``prepare``,
+``freeze``, ``freeze_late``, ``freeze_noirq``, ``thaw_noirq``, ``thaw_early``,
+``thaw``, ``complete``, ``prepare``, ``poweroff``, ``poweroff_late``,
+``poweroff_noirq``.
+
+    1.	The ``prepare`` phase is discussed in the "Entering System Suspend"
+	section above.
+
+    2.	The ``->freeze`` methods should quiesce the device so that it doesn't
+	generate IRQs or DMA, and they may need to save the values of device
+	registers.  However the device does not have to be put in a low-power
+	state, and to save time it's best not to do so.  Also, the device should
+	not be prepared to generate wakeup events.
+
+    3.	The ``freeze_late`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend_late`` phase
+	described earlier, except that the device should not be put into a
+	low-power state and should not be allowed to generate wakeup events.
+
+    4.	The ``freeze_noirq`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend_noirq`` phase
+	discussed earlier, except again that the device should not be put into
+	a low-power state and should not be allowed to generate wakeup events.
+
+At this point the system image is created.  All devices should be inactive and
+the contents of memory should remain undisturbed while this happens, so that the
+image forms an atomic snapshot of the system state.
+
+    5.	The ``thaw_noirq`` phase is analogous to the ``resume_noirq`` phase
+	discussed earlier.  The main difference is that its methods can assume
+	the device is in the same state as at the end of the ``freeze_noirq``
+	phase.
+
+    6.	The ``thaw_early`` phase is analogous to the ``resume_early`` phase
+	described above.  Its methods should undo the actions of the preceding
+	``freeze_late``, if necessary.
+
+    7.	The ``thaw`` phase is analogous to the ``resume`` phase discussed
+	earlier.  Its methods should bring the device back to an operating
+	state, so that it can be used for saving the image if necessary.
+
+    8.	The ``complete`` phase is discussed in the "Leaving System Suspend"
+	section above.
+
+At this point the system image is saved, and the devices then need to be
+prepared for the upcoming system shutdown.  This is much like suspending them
+before putting the system into the suspend-to-idle, shallow or deep sleep state,
+and the phases are similar.
+
+    9.	The ``prepare`` phase is discussed above.
+
+    10.	The ``poweroff`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend`` phase.
+
+    11.	The ``poweroff_late`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend_late`` phase.
+
+    12.	The ``poweroff_noirq`` phase is analogous to the ``suspend_noirq`` phase.
+
+The ``->poweroff``, ``->poweroff_late`` and ``->poweroff_noirq`` callbacks
+should do essentially the same things as the ``->suspend``, ``->suspend_late``
+and ``->suspend_noirq`` callbacks, respectively.  A notable difference is
+that they need not store the device register values, because the registers
+should already have been stored during the ``freeze``, ``freeze_late`` or
+``freeze_noirq`` phases.  Also, on many machines the firmware will power-down
+the entire system, so it is not necessary for the callback to put the device in
+a low-power state.
+
+
+Leaving Hibernation
+-------------------
+
+Resuming from hibernation is, again, more complicated than resuming from a sleep
+state in which the contents of main memory are preserved, because it requires
+a system image to be loaded into memory and the pre-hibernation memory contents
+to be restored before control can be passed back to the image kernel.
+
+Although in principle the image might be loaded into memory and the
+pre-hibernation memory contents restored by the boot loader, in practice this
+can't be done because boot loaders aren't smart enough and there is no
+established protocol for passing the necessary information.  So instead, the
+boot loader loads a fresh instance of the kernel, called "the restore kernel",
+into memory and passes control to it in the usual way.  Then the restore kernel
+reads the system image, restores the pre-hibernation memory contents, and passes
+control to the image kernel.  Thus two different kernel instances are involved
+in resuming from hibernation.  In fact, the restore kernel may be completely
+different from the image kernel: a different configuration and even a different
+version.  This has important consequences for device drivers and their
+subsystems.
+
+To be able to load the system image into memory, the restore kernel needs to
+include at least a subset of device drivers allowing it to access the storage
+medium containing the image, although it doesn't need to include all of the
+drivers present in the image kernel.  After the image has been loaded, the
+devices managed by the boot kernel need to be prepared for passing control back
+to the image kernel.  This is very similar to the initial steps involved in
+creating a system image, and it is accomplished in the same way, using
+``prepare``, ``freeze``, and ``freeze_noirq`` phases.  However, the devices
+affected by these phases are only those having drivers in the restore kernel;
+other devices will still be in whatever state the boot loader left them.
+
+Should the restoration of the pre-hibernation memory contents fail, the restore
+kernel would go through the "thawing" procedure described above, using the
+``thaw_noirq``, ``thaw_early``, ``thaw``, and ``complete`` phases, and then
+continue running normally.  This happens only rarely.  Most often the
+pre-hibernation memory contents are restored successfully and control is passed
+to the image kernel, which then becomes responsible for bringing the system back
+to the working state.
+
+To achieve this, the image kernel must restore the devices' pre-hibernation
+functionality.  The operation is much like waking up from a sleep state (with
+the memory contents preserved), although it involves different phases:
+``restore_noirq``, ``restore_early``, ``restore``, ``complete``.
+
+    1.	The ``restore_noirq`` phase is analogous to the ``resume_noirq`` phase.
+
+    2.	The ``restore_early`` phase is analogous to the ``resume_early`` phase.
+
+    3.	The ``restore`` phase is analogous to the ``resume`` phase.
+
+    4.	The ``complete`` phase is discussed above.
+
+The main difference from ``resume[_early|_noirq]`` is that
+``restore[_early|_noirq]`` must assume the device has been accessed and
+reconfigured by the boot loader or the restore kernel.  Consequently, the state
+of the device may be different from the state remembered from the ``freeze``,
+``freeze_late`` and ``freeze_noirq`` phases.  The device may even need to be
+reset and completely re-initialized.  In many cases this difference doesn't
+matter, so the ``->resume[_early|_noirq]`` and ``->restore[_early|_norq]``
+method pointers can be set to the same routines.  Nevertheless, different
+callback pointers are used in case there is a situation where it actually does
+matter.
+
+
+Power Management Notifiers
+==========================
+
+There are some operations that cannot be carried out by the power management
+callbacks discussed above, because the callbacks occur too late or too early.
+To handle these cases, subsystems and device drivers may register power
+management notifiers that are called before tasks are frozen and after they have
+been thawed.  Generally speaking, the PM notifiers are suitable for performing
+actions that either require user space to be available, or at least won't
+interfere with user space.
+
+For details refer to :doc:`notifiers`.
+
+
+Device Low-Power (suspend) States
+=================================
+
+Device low-power states aren't standard.  One device might only handle
+"on" and "off", while another might support a dozen different versions of
+"on" (how many engines are active?), plus a state that gets back to "on"
+faster than from a full "off".
+
+Some buses define rules about what different suspend states mean.  PCI
+gives one example: after the suspend sequence completes, a non-legacy
+PCI device may not perform DMA or issue IRQs, and any wakeup events it
+issues would be issued through the PME# bus signal.  Plus, there are
+several PCI-standard device states, some of which are optional.
+
+In contrast, integrated system-on-chip processors often use IRQs as the
+wakeup event sources (so drivers would call :c:func:`enable_irq_wake`) and
+might be able to treat DMA completion as a wakeup event (sometimes DMA can stay
+active too, it'd only be the CPU and some peripherals that sleep).
+
+Some details here may be platform-specific.  Systems may have devices that
+can be fully active in certain sleep states, such as an LCD display that's
+refreshed using DMA while most of the system is sleeping lightly ... and
+its frame buffer might even be updated by a DSP or other non-Linux CPU while
+the Linux control processor stays idle.
+
+Moreover, the specific actions taken may depend on the target system state.
+One target system state might allow a given device to be very operational;
+another might require a hard shut down with re-initialization on resume.
+And two different target systems might use the same device in different
+ways; the aforementioned LCD might be active in one product's "standby",
+but a different product using the same SOC might work differently.
+
+
+Device Power Management Domains
+===============================
+
+Sometimes devices share reference clocks or other power resources.  In those
+cases it generally is not possible to put devices into low-power states
+individually.  Instead, a set of devices sharing a power resource can be put
+into a low-power state together at the same time by turning off the shared
+power resource.  Of course, they also need to be put into the full-power state
+together, by turning the shared power resource on.  A set of devices with this
+property is often referred to as a power domain. A power domain may also be
+nested inside another power domain. The nested domain is referred to as the
+sub-domain of the parent domain.
+
+Support for power domains is provided through the :c:member:`pm_domain` field of
+struct device.  This field is a pointer to an object of type
+struct dev_pm_domain, defined in :file:`include/linux/pm.h`, providing a set
+of power management callbacks analogous to the subsystem-level and device driver
+callbacks that are executed for the given device during all power transitions,
+instead of the respective subsystem-level callbacks.  Specifically, if a
+device's :c:member:`pm_domain` pointer is not NULL, the ``->suspend()`` callback
+from the object pointed to by it will be executed instead of its subsystem's
+(e.g. bus type's) ``->suspend()`` callback and analogously for all of the
+remaining callbacks.  In other words, power management domain callbacks, if
+defined for the given device, always take precedence over the callbacks provided
+by the device's subsystem (e.g. bus type).
+
+The support for device power management domains is only relevant to platforms
+needing to use the same device driver power management callbacks in many
+different power domain configurations and wanting to avoid incorporating the
+support for power domains into subsystem-level callbacks, for example by
+modifying the platform bus type.  Other platforms need not implement it or take
+it into account in any way.
+
+Devices may be defined as IRQ-safe which indicates to the PM core that their
+runtime PM callbacks may be invoked with disabled interrupts (see
+:file:`Documentation/power/runtime_pm.rst` for more information).  If an
+IRQ-safe device belongs to a PM domain, the runtime PM of the domain will be
+disallowed, unless the domain itself is defined as IRQ-safe. However, it
+makes sense to define a PM domain as IRQ-safe only if all the devices in it
+are IRQ-safe. Moreover, if an IRQ-safe domain has a parent domain, the runtime
+PM of the parent is only allowed if the parent itself is IRQ-safe too with the
+additional restriction that all child domains of an IRQ-safe parent must also
+be IRQ-safe.
+
+
+Runtime Power Management
+========================
+
+Many devices are able to dynamically power down while the system is still
+running. This feature is useful for devices that are not being used, and
+can offer significant power savings on a running system.  These devices
+often support a range of runtime power states, which might use names such
+as "off", "sleep", "idle", "active", and so on.  Those states will in some
+cases (like PCI) be partially constrained by the bus the device uses, and will
+usually include hardware states that are also used in system sleep states.
+
+A system-wide power transition can be started while some devices are in low
+power states due to runtime power management.  The system sleep PM callbacks
+should recognize such situations and react to them appropriately, but the
+necessary actions are subsystem-specific.
+
+In some cases the decision may be made at the subsystem level while in other
+cases the device driver may be left to decide.  In some cases it may be
+desirable to leave a suspended device in that state during a system-wide power
+transition, but in other cases the device must be put back into the full-power
+state temporarily, for example so that its system wakeup capability can be
+disabled.  This all depends on the hardware and the design of the subsystem and
+device driver in question.
+
+If it is necessary to resume a device from runtime suspend during a system-wide
+transition into a sleep state, that can be done by calling
+:c:func:`pm_runtime_resume` from the ``->suspend`` callback (or the ``->freeze``
+or ``->poweroff`` callback for transitions related to hibernation) of either the
+device's driver or its subsystem (for example, a bus type or a PM domain).
+However, subsystems must not otherwise change the runtime status of devices
+from their ``->prepare`` and ``->suspend`` callbacks (or equivalent) *before*
+invoking device drivers' ``->suspend`` callbacks (or equivalent).
+
+.. _smart_suspend_flag:
+
+The ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` Driver Flag
+------------------------------------------
+
+Some bus types and PM domains have a policy to resume all devices from runtime
+suspend upfront in their ``->suspend`` callbacks, but that may not be really
+necessary if the device's driver can cope with runtime-suspended devices.
+The driver can indicate this by setting ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` in
+:c:member:`power.driver_flags` at probe time, with the assistance of the
+:c:func:`dev_pm_set_driver_flags` helper routine.
+
+Setting that flag causes the PM core and middle-layer code
+(bus types, PM domains etc.) to skip the ``->suspend_late`` and
+``->suspend_noirq`` callbacks provided by the driver if the device remains in
+runtime suspend throughout those phases of the system-wide suspend (and
+similarly for the "freeze" and "poweroff" parts of system hibernation).
+[Otherwise the same driver
+callback might be executed twice in a row for the same device, which would not
+be valid in general.]  If the middle-layer system-wide PM callbacks are present
+for the device then they are responsible for skipping these driver callbacks;
+if not then the PM core skips them.  The subsystem callback routines can
+determine whether they need to skip the driver callbacks by testing the return
+value from the :c:func:`dev_pm_skip_suspend` helper function.
+
+In addition, with ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` set, the driver's ``->thaw_noirq``
+and ``->thaw_early`` callbacks are skipped in hibernation if the device remained
+in runtime suspend throughout the preceding "freeze" transition.  Again, if the
+middle-layer callbacks are present for the device, they are responsible for
+doing this, otherwise the PM core takes care of it.
+
+
+The ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` Driver Flag
+--------------------------------------------
+
+During system-wide resume from a sleep state it's easiest to put devices into
+the full-power state, as explained in :file:`Documentation/power/runtime_pm.rst`.
+[Refer to that document for more information regarding this particular issue as
+well as for information on the device runtime power management framework in
+general.]  However, it often is desirable to leave devices in suspend after
+system transitions to the working state, especially if those devices had been in
+runtime suspend before the preceding system-wide suspend (or analogous)
+transition.
+
+To that end, device drivers can use the ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` flag to
+indicate to the PM core and middle-layer code that they allow their "noirq" and
+"early" resume callbacks to be skipped if the device can be left in suspend
+after system-wide PM transitions to the working state.  Whether or not that is
+the case generally depends on the state of the device before the given system
+suspend-resume cycle and on the type of the system transition under way.
+In particular, the "thaw" and "restore" transitions related to hibernation are
+not affected by ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` at all.  [All callbacks are
+issued during the "restore" transition regardless of the flag settings,
+and whether or not any driver callbacks
+are skipped during the "thaw" transition depends whether or not the
+``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` flag is set (see `above <smart_suspend_flag_>`_).
+In addition, a device is not allowed to remain in runtime suspend if any of its
+children will be returned to full power.]
+
+The ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` flag is taken into account in combination with
+the :c:member:`power.may_skip_resume` status bit set by the PM core during the
+"suspend" phase of suspend-type transitions.  If the driver or the middle layer
+has a reason to prevent the driver's "noirq" and "early" resume callbacks from
+being skipped during the subsequent system resume transition, it should
+clear :c:member:`power.may_skip_resume` in its ``->suspend``, ``->suspend_late``
+or ``->suspend_noirq`` callback.  [Note that the drivers setting
+``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` need to clear :c:member:`power.may_skip_resume` in
+their ``->suspend`` callback in case the other two are skipped.]
+
+Setting the :c:member:`power.may_skip_resume` status bit along with the
+``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` flag is necessary, but generally not sufficient,
+for the driver's "noirq" and "early" resume callbacks to be skipped.  Whether or
+not they should be skipped can be determined by evaluating the
+:c:func:`dev_pm_skip_resume` helper function.
+
+If that function returns ``true``, the driver's "noirq" and "early" resume
+callbacks should be skipped and the device's runtime PM status will be set to
+"suspended" by the PM core.  Otherwise, if the device was runtime-suspended
+during the preceding system-wide suspend transition and its
+``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` is set, its runtime PM status will be set to
+"active" by the PM core.  [Hence, the drivers that do not set
+``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` should not expect the runtime PM status of their
+devices to be changed from "suspended" to "active" by the PM core during
+system-wide resume-type transitions.]
+
+If the ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` flag is not set for a device, but
+``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` is set and the driver's "late" and "noirq" suspend
+callbacks are skipped, its system-wide "noirq" and "early" resume callbacks, if
+present, are invoked as usual and the device's runtime PM status is set to
+"active" by the PM core before enabling runtime PM for it.  In that case, the
+driver must be prepared to cope with the invocation of its system-wide resume
+callbacks back-to-back with its ``->runtime_suspend`` one (without the
+intervening ``->runtime_resume`` and system-wide suspend callbacks) and the
+final state of the device must reflect the "active" runtime PM status in that
+case.  [Note that this is not a problem at all if the driver's
+``->suspend_late`` callback pointer points to the same function as its
+``->runtime_suspend`` one and its ``->resume_early`` callback pointer points to
+the same function as the ``->runtime_resume`` one, while none of the other
+system-wide suspend-resume callbacks of the driver are present, for example.]
+
+Likewise, if ``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` is set for a device, its driver's
+system-wide "noirq" and "early" resume callbacks may be skipped while its "late"
+and "noirq" suspend callbacks may have been executed (in principle, regardless
+of whether or not ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` is set).  In that case, the driver
+needs to be able to cope with the invocation of its ``->runtime_resume``
+callback back-to-back with its "late" and "noirq" suspend ones.  [For instance,
+that is not a concern if the driver sets both ``DPM_FLAG_SMART_SUSPEND`` and
+``DPM_FLAG_MAY_SKIP_RESUME`` and uses the same pair of suspend/resume callback
+functions for runtime PM and system-wide suspend/resume.]