Adding upstream version 2.4.57+dfsg.upstream/2.4.57+dfsgupstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 10322 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/libraries/liblmdb/mdb.c b/libraries/liblmdb/mdb.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b70a6a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libraries/liblmdb/mdb.c
@@ -0,0 +1,10322 @@
+/** @file mdb.c
+ *	@brief Lightning memory-mapped database library
+ *
+ *	A Btree-based database management library modeled loosely on the
+ *	BerkeleyDB API, but much simplified.
+ */
+/*
+ * Copyright 2011-2020 Howard Chu, Symas Corp.
+ * All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted only as authorized by the OpenLDAP
+ * Public License.
+ *
+ * A copy of this license is available in the file LICENSE in the
+ * top-level directory of the distribution or, alternatively, at
+ * <http://www.OpenLDAP.org/license.html>.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from btree.c written by Martin Hedenfalk.
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2009, 2010 Martin Hedenfalk <martin@bzero.se>
+ *
+ * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
+ * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+ * copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+ * WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+ * ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+ * WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+ * ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+ * OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
+#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+#if defined(__WIN64__)
+#define _FILE_OFFSET_BITS	64
+#endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#include <malloc.h>
+#include <windows.h>
+#include <wchar.h>				/* get wcscpy() */
+
+/** getpid() returns int; MinGW defines pid_t but MinGW64 typedefs it
+ *  as int64 which is wrong. MSVC doesn't define it at all, so just
+ *  don't use it.
+ */
+#define MDB_PID_T	int
+#define MDB_THR_T	DWORD
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+# include <sys/param.h>
+#else
+# define LITTLE_ENDIAN	1234
+# define BIG_ENDIAN	4321
+# define BYTE_ORDER	LITTLE_ENDIAN
+# ifndef SSIZE_MAX
+#  define SSIZE_MAX	INT_MAX
+# endif
+#endif
+#else
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#define MDB_PID_T	pid_t
+#define MDB_THR_T	pthread_t
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_FILE_H
+#include <sys/file.h>
+#endif
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__mips) && defined(__linux)
+/* MIPS has cache coherency issues, requires explicit cache control */
+#include <asm/cachectl.h>
+extern int cacheflush(char *addr, int nbytes, int cache);
+#define CACHEFLUSH(addr, bytes, cache)	cacheflush(addr, bytes, cache)
+#else
+#define CACHEFLUSH(addr, bytes, cache)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__linux) && !defined(MDB_FDATASYNC_WORKS)
+/** fdatasync is broken on ext3/ext4fs on older kernels, see
+ *	description in #mdb_env_open2 comments. You can safely
+ *	define MDB_FDATASYNC_WORKS if this code will only be run
+ *	on kernels 3.6 and newer.
+ */
+#define	BROKEN_FDATASYNC
+#endif
+
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <inttypes.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <time.h>
+
+#ifdef _MSC_VER
+#include <io.h>
+typedef SSIZE_T	ssize_t;
+#else
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__sun) || defined(ANDROID)
+/* Most platforms have posix_memalign, older may only have memalign */
+#define HAVE_MEMALIGN	1
+#include <malloc.h>
+/* On Solaris, we need the POSIX sigwait function */
+#if defined (__sun)
+# define _POSIX_PTHREAD_SEMANTICS	1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if !(defined(BYTE_ORDER) || defined(__BYTE_ORDER))
+#include <netinet/in.h>
+#include <resolv.h>	/* defines BYTE_ORDER on HPUX and Solaris */
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) && defined(__FreeBSD_version) && __FreeBSD_version >= 1100110
+# define MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX	1
+# define MDB_USE_ROBUST	1
+#elif defined(__APPLE__) || defined (BSD) || defined(__FreeBSD_kernel__)
+# define MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM	1
+# define MDB_FDATASYNC		fsync
+#elif defined(ANDROID)
+# define MDB_FDATASYNC		fsync
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM
+# define MDB_USE_HASH		1
+#include <semaphore.h>
+#else
+#define MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX	1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) + defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM) \
+	+ defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) != 1
+# error "Ambiguous shared-lock implementation"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_VALGRIND
+#include <valgrind/memcheck.h>
+#define VGMEMP_CREATE(h,r,z)    VALGRIND_CREATE_MEMPOOL(h,r,z)
+#define VGMEMP_ALLOC(h,a,s) VALGRIND_MEMPOOL_ALLOC(h,a,s)
+#define VGMEMP_FREE(h,a) VALGRIND_MEMPOOL_FREE(h,a)
+#define VGMEMP_DESTROY(h)	VALGRIND_DESTROY_MEMPOOL(h)
+#define VGMEMP_DEFINED(a,s)	VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_DEFINED(a,s)
+#else
+#define VGMEMP_CREATE(h,r,z)
+#define VGMEMP_ALLOC(h,a,s)
+#define VGMEMP_FREE(h,a)
+#define VGMEMP_DESTROY(h)
+#define VGMEMP_DEFINED(a,s)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef BYTE_ORDER
+# if (defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) || defined(_BIG_ENDIAN)) && !(defined(_LITTLE_ENDIAN) && defined(_BIG_ENDIAN))
+/* Solaris just defines one or the other */
+#  define LITTLE_ENDIAN	1234
+#  define BIG_ENDIAN	4321
+#  ifdef _LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#   define BYTE_ORDER  LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#  else
+#   define BYTE_ORDER  BIG_ENDIAN
+#  endif
+# else
+#  define BYTE_ORDER   __BYTE_ORDER
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#define LITTLE_ENDIAN	__LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#endif
+#ifndef BIG_ENDIAN
+#define BIG_ENDIAN	__BIG_ENDIAN
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__i386) || defined(__x86_64) || defined(_M_IX86)
+#define MISALIGNED_OK	1
+#endif
+
+#include "lmdb.h"
+#include "midl.h"
+
+#if (BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN) == (BYTE_ORDER == BIG_ENDIAN)
+# error "Unknown or unsupported endianness (BYTE_ORDER)"
+#elif (-6 & 5) || CHAR_BIT != 8 || UINT_MAX < 0xffffffff || ULONG_MAX % 0xFFFF
+# error "Two's complement, reasonably sized integer types, please"
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+/** Put infrequently used env functions in separate section */
+# ifdef __APPLE__
+#  define	ESECT	__attribute__ ((section("__TEXT,text_env")))
+# else
+#  define	ESECT	__attribute__ ((section("text_env")))
+# endif
+#else
+#define ESECT
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define CALL_CONV WINAPI
+#else
+#define CALL_CONV
+#endif
+
+/** @defgroup internal	LMDB Internals
+ *	@{
+ */
+/** @defgroup compat	Compatibility Macros
+ *	A bunch of macros to minimize the amount of platform-specific ifdefs
+ *	needed throughout the rest of the code. When the features this library
+ *	needs are similar enough to POSIX to be hidden in a one-or-two line
+ *	replacement, this macro approach is used.
+ *	@{
+ */
+
+	/** Features under development */
+#ifndef MDB_DEVEL
+#define MDB_DEVEL 0
+#endif
+
+	/** Wrapper around __func__, which is a C99 feature */
+#if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L
+# define mdb_func_	__func__
+#elif __GNUC__ >= 2 || _MSC_VER >= 1300
+# define mdb_func_	__FUNCTION__
+#else
+/* If a debug message says <mdb_unknown>(), update the #if statements above */
+# define mdb_func_	"<mdb_unknown>"
+#endif
+
+/* Internal error codes, not exposed outside liblmdb */
+#define	MDB_NO_ROOT		(MDB_LAST_ERRCODE + 10)
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define MDB_OWNERDEAD	((int) WAIT_ABANDONED)
+#elif defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) && defined(EOWNERDEAD)
+#define MDB_OWNERDEAD	EOWNERDEAD	/**< #LOCK_MUTEX0() result if dead owner */
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __GLIBC__
+#define	GLIBC_VER	((__GLIBC__ << 16 )| __GLIBC_MINOR__)
+#endif
+/** Some platforms define the EOWNERDEAD error code
+ * even though they don't support Robust Mutexes.
+ * Compile with -DMDB_USE_ROBUST=0, or use some other
+ * mechanism like -DMDB_USE_POSIX_SEM instead of
+ * -DMDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX.
+ * (Posix semaphores are not robust.)
+ */
+#ifndef MDB_USE_ROBUST
+/* Android currently lacks Robust Mutex support. So does glibc < 2.4. */
+# if defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) && (defined(ANDROID) || \
+	(defined(__GLIBC__) && GLIBC_VER < 0x020004))
+#  define MDB_USE_ROBUST	0
+# else
+#  define MDB_USE_ROBUST	1
+# endif
+#endif /* !MDB_USE_ROBUST */
+
+#if defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) && (MDB_USE_ROBUST)
+/* glibc < 2.12 only provided _np API */
+#  if (defined(__GLIBC__) && GLIBC_VER < 0x02000c) || \
+	(defined(PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NP) && !defined(PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST))
+#   define PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST	PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST_NP
+#   define pthread_mutexattr_setrobust(attr, flag)	pthread_mutexattr_setrobust_np(attr, flag)
+#   define pthread_mutex_consistent(mutex)	pthread_mutex_consistent_np(mutex)
+#  endif
+#endif /* MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX && MDB_USE_ROBUST */
+
+#if defined(MDB_OWNERDEAD) && (MDB_USE_ROBUST)
+#define MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED	1
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#define MDB_USE_HASH	1
+#define MDB_PIDLOCK	0
+#define THREAD_RET	DWORD
+#define pthread_t	HANDLE
+#define pthread_mutex_t	HANDLE
+#define pthread_cond_t	HANDLE
+typedef HANDLE mdb_mutex_t, mdb_mutexref_t;
+#define pthread_key_t	DWORD
+#define pthread_self()	GetCurrentThreadId()
+#define pthread_key_create(x,y)	\
+	((*(x) = TlsAlloc()) == TLS_OUT_OF_INDEXES ? ErrCode() : 0)
+#define pthread_key_delete(x)	TlsFree(x)
+#define pthread_getspecific(x)	TlsGetValue(x)
+#define pthread_setspecific(x,y)	(TlsSetValue(x,y) ? 0 : ErrCode())
+#define pthread_mutex_unlock(x)	ReleaseMutex(*x)
+#define pthread_mutex_lock(x)	WaitForSingleObject(*x, INFINITE)
+#define pthread_cond_signal(x)	SetEvent(*x)
+#define pthread_cond_wait(cond,mutex)	do{SignalObjectAndWait(*mutex, *cond, INFINITE, FALSE); WaitForSingleObject(*mutex, INFINITE);}while(0)
+#define THREAD_CREATE(thr,start,arg) \
+	(((thr) = CreateThread(NULL, 0, start, arg, 0, NULL)) ? 0 : ErrCode())
+#define THREAD_FINISH(thr) \
+	(WaitForSingleObject(thr, INFINITE) ? ErrCode() : 0)
+#define LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex)		WaitForSingleObject(mutex, INFINITE)
+#define UNLOCK_MUTEX(mutex)		ReleaseMutex(mutex)
+#define mdb_mutex_consistent(mutex)	0
+#define getpid()	GetCurrentProcessId()
+#define	MDB_FDATASYNC(fd)	(!FlushFileBuffers(fd))
+#define	MDB_MSYNC(addr,len,flags)	(!FlushViewOfFile(addr,len))
+#define	ErrCode()	GetLastError()
+#define GET_PAGESIZE(x) {SYSTEM_INFO si; GetSystemInfo(&si); (x) = si.dwPageSize;}
+#define	close(fd)	(CloseHandle(fd) ? 0 : -1)
+#define	munmap(ptr,len)	UnmapViewOfFile(ptr)
+#ifdef PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION
+#define MDB_PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION
+#else
+#define MDB_PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION 0x1000
+#endif
+#define	Z	"I"
+#else
+#define THREAD_RET	void *
+#define THREAD_CREATE(thr,start,arg)	pthread_create(&thr,NULL,start,arg)
+#define THREAD_FINISH(thr)	pthread_join(thr,NULL)
+#define	Z	"z"			/**< printf format modifier for size_t */
+
+	/** For MDB_LOCK_FORMAT: True if readers take a pid lock in the lockfile */
+#define MDB_PIDLOCK			1
+
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM
+
+typedef sem_t *mdb_mutex_t, *mdb_mutexref_t;
+#define LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex)		mdb_sem_wait(mutex)
+#define UNLOCK_MUTEX(mutex)		sem_post(mutex)
+
+static int
+mdb_sem_wait(sem_t *sem)
+{
+   int rc;
+   while ((rc = sem_wait(sem)) && (rc = errno) == EINTR) ;
+   return rc;
+}
+
+#else	/* MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX: */
+	/** Shared mutex/semaphore as the original is stored.
+	 *
+	 *	Not for copies.  Instead it can be assigned to an #mdb_mutexref_t.
+	 *	When mdb_mutexref_t is a pointer and mdb_mutex_t is not, then it
+	 *	is array[size 1] so it can be assigned to the pointer.
+	 */
+typedef pthread_mutex_t mdb_mutex_t[1];
+	/** Reference to an #mdb_mutex_t */
+typedef pthread_mutex_t *mdb_mutexref_t;
+	/** Lock the reader or writer mutex.
+	 *	Returns 0 or a code to give #mdb_mutex_failed(), as in #LOCK_MUTEX().
+	 */
+#define LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex)	pthread_mutex_lock(mutex)
+	/** Unlock the reader or writer mutex.
+	 */
+#define UNLOCK_MUTEX(mutex)	pthread_mutex_unlock(mutex)
+	/** Mark mutex-protected data as repaired, after death of previous owner.
+	 */
+#define mdb_mutex_consistent(mutex)	pthread_mutex_consistent(mutex)
+#endif	/* MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM */
+
+	/** Get the error code for the last failed system function.
+	 */
+#define	ErrCode()	errno
+
+	/** An abstraction for a file handle.
+	 *	On POSIX systems file handles are small integers. On Windows
+	 *	they're opaque pointers.
+	 */
+#define	HANDLE	int
+
+	/**	A value for an invalid file handle.
+	 *	Mainly used to initialize file variables and signify that they are
+	 *	unused.
+	 */
+#define INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE	(-1)
+
+	/** Get the size of a memory page for the system.
+	 *	This is the basic size that the platform's memory manager uses, and is
+	 *	fundamental to the use of memory-mapped files.
+	 */
+#define	GET_PAGESIZE(x)	((x) = sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE))
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+#define MNAME_LEN	32
+#else
+#define MNAME_LEN	(sizeof(pthread_mutex_t))
+#endif
+
+/** @} */
+
+#ifdef MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED
+	/** Lock mutex, handle any error, set rc = result.
+	 *	Return 0 on success, nonzero (not rc) on error.
+	 */
+#define LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, mutex) \
+	(((rc) = LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex)) && \
+	 ((rc) = mdb_mutex_failed(env, mutex, rc)))
+static int mdb_mutex_failed(MDB_env *env, mdb_mutexref_t mutex, int rc);
+#else
+#define LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, mutex) ((rc) = LOCK_MUTEX0(mutex))
+#define mdb_mutex_failed(env, mutex, rc) (rc)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+/**	A flag for opening a file and requesting synchronous data writes.
+ *	This is only used when writing a meta page. It's not strictly needed;
+ *	we could just do a normal write and then immediately perform a flush.
+ *	But if this flag is available it saves us an extra system call.
+ *
+ *	@note If O_DSYNC is undefined but exists in /usr/include,
+ * preferably set some compiler flag to get the definition.
+ */
+#ifndef MDB_DSYNC
+# ifdef O_DSYNC
+# define MDB_DSYNC	O_DSYNC
+# else
+# define MDB_DSYNC	O_SYNC
+# endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/** Function for flushing the data of a file. Define this to fsync
+ *	if fdatasync() is not supported.
+ */
+#ifndef MDB_FDATASYNC
+# define MDB_FDATASYNC	fdatasync
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MDB_MSYNC
+# define MDB_MSYNC(addr,len,flags)	msync(addr,len,flags)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MS_SYNC
+#define	MS_SYNC	1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef MS_ASYNC
+#define	MS_ASYNC	0
+#endif
+
+	/** A page number in the database.
+	 *	Note that 64 bit page numbers are overkill, since pages themselves
+	 *	already represent 12-13 bits of addressable memory, and the OS will
+	 *	always limit applications to a maximum of 63 bits of address space.
+	 *
+	 *	@note In the #MDB_node structure, we only store 48 bits of this value,
+	 *	which thus limits us to only 60 bits of addressable data.
+	 */
+typedef MDB_ID	pgno_t;
+
+	/** A transaction ID.
+	 *	See struct MDB_txn.mt_txnid for details.
+	 */
+typedef MDB_ID	txnid_t;
+
+/** @defgroup debug	Debug Macros
+ *	@{
+ */
+#ifndef MDB_DEBUG
+	/**	Enable debug output.  Needs variable argument macros (a C99 feature).
+	 *	Set this to 1 for copious tracing. Set to 2 to add dumps of all IDLs
+	 *	read from and written to the database (used for free space management).
+	 */
+#define MDB_DEBUG 0
+#endif
+
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+static int mdb_debug;
+static txnid_t mdb_debug_start;
+
+	/**	Print a debug message with printf formatting.
+	 *	Requires double parenthesis around 2 or more args.
+	 */
+# define DPRINTF(args) ((void) ((mdb_debug) && DPRINTF0 args))
+# define DPRINTF0(fmt, ...) \
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d " fmt "\n", mdb_func_, __LINE__, __VA_ARGS__)
+#else
+# define DPRINTF(args)	((void) 0)
+#endif
+	/**	Print a debug string.
+	 *	The string is printed literally, with no format processing.
+	 */
+#define DPUTS(arg)	DPRINTF(("%s", arg))
+	/** Debuging output value of a cursor DBI: Negative in a sub-cursor. */
+#define DDBI(mc) \
+	(((mc)->mc_flags & C_SUB) ? -(int)(mc)->mc_dbi : (int)(mc)->mc_dbi)
+/** @} */
+
+	/**	@brief The maximum size of a database page.
+	 *
+	 *	It is 32k or 64k, since value-PAGEBASE must fit in
+	 *	#MDB_page.%mp_upper.
+	 *
+	 *	LMDB will use database pages < OS pages if needed.
+	 *	That causes more I/O in write transactions: The OS must
+	 *	know (read) the whole page before writing a partial page.
+	 *
+	 *	Note that we don't currently support Huge pages. On Linux,
+	 *	regular data files cannot use Huge pages, and in general
+	 *	Huge pages aren't actually pageable. We rely on the OS
+	 *	demand-pager to read our data and page it out when memory
+	 *	pressure from other processes is high. So until OSs have
+	 *	actual paging support for Huge pages, they're not viable.
+	 */
+#define MAX_PAGESIZE	 (PAGEBASE ? 0x10000 : 0x8000)
+
+	/** The minimum number of keys required in a database page.
+	 *	Setting this to a larger value will place a smaller bound on the
+	 *	maximum size of a data item. Data items larger than this size will
+	 *	be pushed into overflow pages instead of being stored directly in
+	 *	the B-tree node. This value used to default to 4. With a page size
+	 *	of 4096 bytes that meant that any item larger than 1024 bytes would
+	 *	go into an overflow page. That also meant that on average 2-3KB of
+	 *	each overflow page was wasted space. The value cannot be lower than
+	 *	2 because then there would no longer be a tree structure. With this
+	 *	value, items larger than 2KB will go into overflow pages, and on
+	 *	average only 1KB will be wasted.
+	 */
+#define MDB_MINKEYS	 2
+
+	/**	A stamp that identifies a file as an LMDB file.
+	 *	There's nothing special about this value other than that it is easily
+	 *	recognizable, and it will reflect any byte order mismatches.
+	 */
+#define MDB_MAGIC	 0xBEEFC0DE
+
+	/**	The version number for a database's datafile format. */
+#define MDB_DATA_VERSION	 ((MDB_DEVEL) ? 999 : 1)
+	/**	The version number for a database's lockfile format. */
+#define MDB_LOCK_VERSION	 1
+
+	/**	@brief The max size of a key we can write, or 0 for computed max.
+	 *
+	 *	This macro should normally be left alone or set to 0.
+	 *	Note that a database with big keys or dupsort data cannot be
+	 *	reliably modified by a liblmdb which uses a smaller max.
+	 *	The default is 511 for backwards compat, or 0 when #MDB_DEVEL.
+	 *
+	 *	Other values are allowed, for backwards compat.  However:
+	 *	A value bigger than the computed max can break if you do not
+	 *	know what you are doing, and liblmdb <= 0.9.10 can break when
+	 *	modifying a DB with keys/dupsort data bigger than its max.
+	 *
+	 *	Data items in an #MDB_DUPSORT database are also limited to
+	 *	this size, since they're actually keys of a sub-DB.  Keys and
+	 *	#MDB_DUPSORT data items must fit on a node in a regular page.
+	 */
+#ifndef MDB_MAXKEYSIZE
+#define MDB_MAXKEYSIZE	 ((MDB_DEVEL) ? 0 : 511)
+#endif
+
+	/**	The maximum size of a key we can write to the environment. */
+#if MDB_MAXKEYSIZE
+#define ENV_MAXKEY(env)	(MDB_MAXKEYSIZE)
+#else
+#define ENV_MAXKEY(env)	((env)->me_maxkey)
+#endif
+
+	/**	@brief The maximum size of a data item.
+	 *
+	 *	We only store a 32 bit value for node sizes.
+	 */
+#define MAXDATASIZE	0xffffffffUL
+
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+	/**	Key size which fits in a #DKBUF.
+	 *	@ingroup debug
+	 */
+#define DKBUF_MAXKEYSIZE ((MDB_MAXKEYSIZE) > 0 ? (MDB_MAXKEYSIZE) : 511)
+	/**	A key buffer.
+	 *	@ingroup debug
+	 *	This is used for printing a hex dump of a key's contents.
+	 */
+#define DKBUF	char kbuf[DKBUF_MAXKEYSIZE*2+1]
+	/**	Display a key in hex.
+	 *	@ingroup debug
+	 *	Invoke a function to display a key in hex.
+	 */
+#define	DKEY(x)	mdb_dkey(x, kbuf)
+#else
+#define	DKBUF
+#define DKEY(x)	0
+#endif
+
+	/** An invalid page number.
+	 *	Mainly used to denote an empty tree.
+	 */
+#define P_INVALID	 (~(pgno_t)0)
+
+	/** Test if the flags \b f are set in a flag word \b w. */
+#define F_ISSET(w, f)	 (((w) & (f)) == (f))
+
+	/** Round \b n up to an even number. */
+#define EVEN(n)		(((n) + 1U) & -2) /* sign-extending -2 to match n+1U */
+
+	/**	Used for offsets within a single page.
+	 *	Since memory pages are typically 4 or 8KB in size, 12-13 bits,
+	 *	this is plenty.
+	 */
+typedef uint16_t	 indx_t;
+
+	/**	Default size of memory map.
+	 *	This is certainly too small for any actual applications. Apps should always set
+	 *	the size explicitly using #mdb_env_set_mapsize().
+	 */
+#define DEFAULT_MAPSIZE	1048576
+
+/**	@defgroup readers	Reader Lock Table
+ *	Readers don't acquire any locks for their data access. Instead, they
+ *	simply record their transaction ID in the reader table. The reader
+ *	mutex is needed just to find an empty slot in the reader table. The
+ *	slot's address is saved in thread-specific data so that subsequent read
+ *	transactions started by the same thread need no further locking to proceed.
+ *
+ *	If #MDB_NOTLS is set, the slot address is not saved in thread-specific data.
+ *
+ *	No reader table is used if the database is on a read-only filesystem, or
+ *	if #MDB_NOLOCK is set.
+ *
+ *	Since the database uses multi-version concurrency control, readers don't
+ *	actually need any locking. This table is used to keep track of which
+ *	readers are using data from which old transactions, so that we'll know
+ *	when a particular old transaction is no longer in use. Old transactions
+ *	that have discarded any data pages can then have those pages reclaimed
+ *	for use by a later write transaction.
+ *
+ *	The lock table is constructed such that reader slots are aligned with the
+ *	processor's cache line size. Any slot is only ever used by one thread.
+ *	This alignment guarantees that there will be no contention or cache
+ *	thrashing as threads update their own slot info, and also eliminates
+ *	any need for locking when accessing a slot.
+ *
+ *	A writer thread will scan every slot in the table to determine the oldest
+ *	outstanding reader transaction. Any freed pages older than this will be
+ *	reclaimed by the writer. The writer doesn't use any locks when scanning
+ *	this table. This means that there's no guarantee that the writer will
+ *	see the most up-to-date reader info, but that's not required for correct
+ *	operation - all we need is to know the upper bound on the oldest reader,
+ *	we don't care at all about the newest reader. So the only consequence of
+ *	reading stale information here is that old pages might hang around a
+ *	while longer before being reclaimed. That's actually good anyway, because
+ *	the longer we delay reclaiming old pages, the more likely it is that a
+ *	string of contiguous pages can be found after coalescing old pages from
+ *	many old transactions together.
+ *	@{
+ */
+	/**	Number of slots in the reader table.
+	 *	This value was chosen somewhat arbitrarily. 126 readers plus a
+	 *	couple mutexes fit exactly into 8KB on my development machine.
+	 *	Applications should set the table size using #mdb_env_set_maxreaders().
+	 */
+#define DEFAULT_READERS	126
+
+	/**	The size of a CPU cache line in bytes. We want our lock structures
+	 *	aligned to this size to avoid false cache line sharing in the
+	 *	lock table.
+	 *	This value works for most CPUs. For Itanium this should be 128.
+	 */
+#ifndef CACHELINE
+#define CACHELINE	64
+#endif
+
+	/**	The information we store in a single slot of the reader table.
+	 *	In addition to a transaction ID, we also record the process and
+	 *	thread ID that owns a slot, so that we can detect stale information,
+	 *	e.g. threads or processes that went away without cleaning up.
+	 *	@note We currently don't check for stale records. We simply re-init
+	 *	the table when we know that we're the only process opening the
+	 *	lock file.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_rxbody {
+	/**	Current Transaction ID when this transaction began, or (txnid_t)-1.
+	 *	Multiple readers that start at the same time will probably have the
+	 *	same ID here. Again, it's not important to exclude them from
+	 *	anything; all we need to know is which version of the DB they
+	 *	started from so we can avoid overwriting any data used in that
+	 *	particular version.
+	 */
+	volatile txnid_t		mrb_txnid;
+	/** The process ID of the process owning this reader txn. */
+	volatile MDB_PID_T	mrb_pid;
+	/** The thread ID of the thread owning this txn. */
+	volatile MDB_THR_T	mrb_tid;
+} MDB_rxbody;
+
+	/** The actual reader record, with cacheline padding. */
+typedef struct MDB_reader {
+	union {
+		MDB_rxbody mrx;
+		/** shorthand for mrb_txnid */
+#define	mr_txnid	mru.mrx.mrb_txnid
+#define	mr_pid	mru.mrx.mrb_pid
+#define	mr_tid	mru.mrx.mrb_tid
+		/** cache line alignment */
+		char pad[(sizeof(MDB_rxbody)+CACHELINE-1) & ~(CACHELINE-1)];
+	} mru;
+} MDB_reader;
+
+	/** The header for the reader table.
+	 *	The table resides in a memory-mapped file. (This is a different file
+	 *	than is used for the main database.)
+	 *
+	 *	For POSIX the actual mutexes reside in the shared memory of this
+	 *	mapped file. On Windows, mutexes are named objects allocated by the
+	 *	kernel; we store the mutex names in this mapped file so that other
+	 *	processes can grab them. This same approach is also used on
+	 *	MacOSX/Darwin (using named semaphores) since MacOSX doesn't support
+	 *	process-shared POSIX mutexes. For these cases where a named object
+	 *	is used, the object name is derived from a 64 bit FNV hash of the
+	 *	environment pathname. As such, naming collisions are extremely
+	 *	unlikely. If a collision occurs, the results are unpredictable.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_txbody {
+		/** Stamp identifying this as an LMDB file. It must be set
+		 *	to #MDB_MAGIC. */
+	uint32_t	mtb_magic;
+		/** Format of this lock file. Must be set to #MDB_LOCK_FORMAT. */
+	uint32_t	mtb_format;
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+	char	mtb_rmname[MNAME_LEN];
+#else
+		/** Mutex protecting access to this table.
+		 *	This is the reader table lock used with LOCK_MUTEX().
+		 */
+	mdb_mutex_t	mtb_rmutex;
+#endif
+		/**	The ID of the last transaction committed to the database.
+		 *	This is recorded here only for convenience; the value can always
+		 *	be determined by reading the main database meta pages.
+		 */
+	volatile txnid_t		mtb_txnid;
+		/** The number of slots that have been used in the reader table.
+		 *	This always records the maximum count, it is not decremented
+		 *	when readers release their slots.
+		 */
+	volatile unsigned	mtb_numreaders;
+} MDB_txbody;
+
+	/** The actual reader table definition. */
+typedef struct MDB_txninfo {
+	union {
+		MDB_txbody mtb;
+#define mti_magic	mt1.mtb.mtb_magic
+#define mti_format	mt1.mtb.mtb_format
+#define mti_rmutex	mt1.mtb.mtb_rmutex
+#define mti_rmname	mt1.mtb.mtb_rmname
+#define mti_txnid	mt1.mtb.mtb_txnid
+#define mti_numreaders	mt1.mtb.mtb_numreaders
+		char pad[(sizeof(MDB_txbody)+CACHELINE-1) & ~(CACHELINE-1)];
+	} mt1;
+	union {
+#if defined(_WIN32) || defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+		char mt2_wmname[MNAME_LEN];
+#define	mti_wmname	mt2.mt2_wmname
+#else
+		mdb_mutex_t	mt2_wmutex;
+#define mti_wmutex	mt2.mt2_wmutex
+#endif
+		char pad[(MNAME_LEN+CACHELINE-1) & ~(CACHELINE-1)];
+	} mt2;
+	MDB_reader	mti_readers[1];
+} MDB_txninfo;
+
+	/** Lockfile format signature: version, features and field layout */
+#define MDB_LOCK_FORMAT \
+	((uint32_t) \
+	 ((MDB_LOCK_VERSION) \
+	  /* Flags which describe functionality */ \
+	  + (((MDB_PIDLOCK) != 0) << 16)))
+/** @} */
+
+/** Common header for all page types. The page type depends on #mp_flags.
+ *
+ * #P_BRANCH and #P_LEAF pages have unsorted '#MDB_node's at the end, with
+ * sorted #mp_ptrs[] entries referring to them. Exception: #P_LEAF2 pages
+ * omit mp_ptrs and pack sorted #MDB_DUPFIXED values after the page header.
+ *
+ * #P_OVERFLOW records occupy one or more contiguous pages where only the
+ * first has a page header. They hold the real data of #F_BIGDATA nodes.
+ *
+ * #P_SUBP sub-pages are small leaf "pages" with duplicate data.
+ * A node with flag #F_DUPDATA but not #F_SUBDATA contains a sub-page.
+ * (Duplicate data can also go in sub-databases, which use normal pages.)
+ *
+ * #P_META pages contain #MDB_meta, the start point of an LMDB snapshot.
+ *
+ * Each non-metapage up to #MDB_meta.%mm_last_pg is reachable exactly once
+ * in the snapshot: Either used by a database or listed in a freeDB record.
+ */
+typedef struct MDB_page {
+#define	mp_pgno	mp_p.p_pgno
+#define	mp_next	mp_p.p_next
+	union {
+		pgno_t		p_pgno;	/**< page number */
+		struct MDB_page *p_next; /**< for in-memory list of freed pages */
+	} mp_p;
+	uint16_t	mp_pad;			/**< key size if this is a LEAF2 page */
+/**	@defgroup mdb_page	Page Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ *	Flags for the page headers.
+ *	@{
+ */
+#define	P_BRANCH	 0x01		/**< branch page */
+#define	P_LEAF		 0x02		/**< leaf page */
+#define	P_OVERFLOW	 0x04		/**< overflow page */
+#define	P_META		 0x08		/**< meta page */
+#define	P_DIRTY		 0x10		/**< dirty page, also set for #P_SUBP pages */
+#define	P_LEAF2		 0x20		/**< for #MDB_DUPFIXED records */
+#define	P_SUBP		 0x40		/**< for #MDB_DUPSORT sub-pages */
+#define	P_LOOSE		 0x4000		/**< page was dirtied then freed, can be reused */
+#define	P_KEEP		 0x8000		/**< leave this page alone during spill */
+/** @} */
+	uint16_t	mp_flags;		/**< @ref mdb_page */
+#define mp_lower	mp_pb.pb.pb_lower
+#define mp_upper	mp_pb.pb.pb_upper
+#define mp_pages	mp_pb.pb_pages
+	union {
+		struct {
+			indx_t		pb_lower;		/**< lower bound of free space */
+			indx_t		pb_upper;		/**< upper bound of free space */
+		} pb;
+		uint32_t	pb_pages;	/**< number of overflow pages */
+	} mp_pb;
+	indx_t		mp_ptrs[1];		/**< dynamic size */
+} MDB_page;
+
+	/** Size of the page header, excluding dynamic data at the end */
+#define PAGEHDRSZ	 ((unsigned) offsetof(MDB_page, mp_ptrs))
+
+	/** Address of first usable data byte in a page, after the header */
+#define METADATA(p)	 ((void *)((char *)(p) + PAGEHDRSZ))
+
+	/** ITS#7713, change PAGEBASE to handle 65536 byte pages */
+#define	PAGEBASE	((MDB_DEVEL) ? PAGEHDRSZ : 0)
+
+	/** Number of nodes on a page */
+#define NUMKEYS(p)	 (((p)->mp_lower - (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE)) >> 1)
+
+	/** The amount of space remaining in the page */
+#define SIZELEFT(p)	 (indx_t)((p)->mp_upper - (p)->mp_lower)
+
+	/** The percentage of space used in the page, in tenths of a percent. */
+#define PAGEFILL(env, p) (1000L * ((env)->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ - SIZELEFT(p)) / \
+				((env)->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ))
+	/** The minimum page fill factor, in tenths of a percent.
+	 *	Pages emptier than this are candidates for merging.
+	 */
+#define FILL_THRESHOLD	 250
+
+	/** Test if a page is a leaf page */
+#define IS_LEAF(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_LEAF)
+	/** Test if a page is a LEAF2 page */
+#define IS_LEAF2(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_LEAF2)
+	/** Test if a page is a branch page */
+#define IS_BRANCH(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_BRANCH)
+	/** Test if a page is an overflow page */
+#define IS_OVERFLOW(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_OVERFLOW)
+	/** Test if a page is a sub page */
+#define IS_SUBP(p)	 F_ISSET((p)->mp_flags, P_SUBP)
+
+	/** The number of overflow pages needed to store the given size. */
+#define OVPAGES(size, psize)	((PAGEHDRSZ-1 + (size)) / (psize) + 1)
+
+	/** Link in #MDB_txn.%mt_loose_pgs list.
+	 *  Kept outside the page header, which is needed when reusing the page.
+	 */
+#define NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(p)		(*(MDB_page **)((p) + 2))
+
+	/** Header for a single key/data pair within a page.
+	 * Used in pages of type #P_BRANCH and #P_LEAF without #P_LEAF2.
+	 * We guarantee 2-byte alignment for 'MDB_node's.
+	 *
+	 * #mn_lo and #mn_hi are used for data size on leaf nodes, and for child
+	 * pgno on branch nodes.  On 64 bit platforms, #mn_flags is also used
+	 * for pgno.  (Branch nodes have no flags).  Lo and hi are in host byte
+	 * order in case some accesses can be optimized to 32-bit word access.
+	 *
+	 * Leaf node flags describe node contents.  #F_BIGDATA says the node's
+	 * data part is the page number of an overflow page with actual data.
+	 * #F_DUPDATA and #F_SUBDATA can be combined giving duplicate data in
+	 * a sub-page/sub-database, and named databases (just #F_SUBDATA).
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_node {
+	/** part of data size or pgno
+	 *	@{ */
+#if BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
+	unsigned short	mn_lo, mn_hi;
+#else
+	unsigned short	mn_hi, mn_lo;
+#endif
+	/** @} */
+/** @defgroup mdb_node Node Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ *	Flags for node headers.
+ *	@{
+ */
+#define F_BIGDATA	 0x01			/**< data put on overflow page */
+#define F_SUBDATA	 0x02			/**< data is a sub-database */
+#define F_DUPDATA	 0x04			/**< data has duplicates */
+
+/** valid flags for #mdb_node_add() */
+#define	NODE_ADD_FLAGS	(F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA|MDB_RESERVE|MDB_APPEND)
+
+/** @} */
+	unsigned short	mn_flags;		/**< @ref mdb_node */
+	unsigned short	mn_ksize;		/**< key size */
+	char		mn_data[1];			/**< key and data are appended here */
+} MDB_node;
+
+	/** Size of the node header, excluding dynamic data at the end */
+#define NODESIZE	 offsetof(MDB_node, mn_data)
+
+	/** Bit position of top word in page number, for shifting mn_flags */
+#define PGNO_TOPWORD ((pgno_t)-1 > 0xffffffffu ? 32 : 0)
+
+	/** Size of a node in a branch page with a given key.
+	 *	This is just the node header plus the key, there is no data.
+	 */
+#define INDXSIZE(k)	 (NODESIZE + ((k) == NULL ? 0 : (k)->mv_size))
+
+	/** Size of a node in a leaf page with a given key and data.
+	 *	This is node header plus key plus data size.
+	 */
+#define LEAFSIZE(k, d)	 (NODESIZE + (k)->mv_size + (d)->mv_size)
+
+	/** Address of node \b i in page \b p */
+#define NODEPTR(p, i)	 ((MDB_node *)((char *)(p) + (p)->mp_ptrs[i] + PAGEBASE))
+
+	/** Address of the key for the node */
+#define NODEKEY(node)	 (void *)((node)->mn_data)
+
+	/** Address of the data for a node */
+#define NODEDATA(node)	 (void *)((char *)(node)->mn_data + (node)->mn_ksize)
+
+	/** Get the page number pointed to by a branch node */
+#define NODEPGNO(node) \
+	((node)->mn_lo | ((pgno_t) (node)->mn_hi << 16) | \
+	 (PGNO_TOPWORD ? ((pgno_t) (node)->mn_flags << PGNO_TOPWORD) : 0))
+	/** Set the page number in a branch node */
+#define SETPGNO(node,pgno)	do { \
+	(node)->mn_lo = (pgno) & 0xffff; (node)->mn_hi = (pgno) >> 16; \
+	if (PGNO_TOPWORD) (node)->mn_flags = (pgno) >> PGNO_TOPWORD; } while(0)
+
+	/** Get the size of the data in a leaf node */
+#define NODEDSZ(node)	 ((node)->mn_lo | ((unsigned)(node)->mn_hi << 16))
+	/** Set the size of the data for a leaf node */
+#define SETDSZ(node,size)	do { \
+	(node)->mn_lo = (size) & 0xffff; (node)->mn_hi = (size) >> 16;} while(0)
+	/** The size of a key in a node */
+#define NODEKSZ(node)	 ((node)->mn_ksize)
+
+	/** Copy a page number from src to dst */
+#ifdef MISALIGNED_OK
+#define COPY_PGNO(dst,src)	dst = src
+#else
+#if SIZE_MAX > 4294967295UL
+#define COPY_PGNO(dst,src)	do { \
+	unsigned short *s, *d;	\
+	s = (unsigned short *)&(src);	\
+	d = (unsigned short *)&(dst);	\
+	*d++ = *s++;	\
+	*d++ = *s++;	\
+	*d++ = *s++;	\
+	*d = *s;	\
+} while (0)
+#else
+#define COPY_PGNO(dst,src)	do { \
+	unsigned short *s, *d;	\
+	s = (unsigned short *)&(src);	\
+	d = (unsigned short *)&(dst);	\
+	*d++ = *s++;	\
+	*d = *s;	\
+} while (0)
+#endif
+#endif
+	/** The address of a key in a LEAF2 page.
+	 *	LEAF2 pages are used for #MDB_DUPFIXED sorted-duplicate sub-DBs.
+	 *	There are no node headers, keys are stored contiguously.
+	 */
+#define LEAF2KEY(p, i, ks)	((char *)(p) + PAGEHDRSZ + ((i)*(ks)))
+
+	/** Set the \b node's key into \b keyptr, if requested. */
+#define MDB_GET_KEY(node, keyptr)	{ if ((keyptr) != NULL) { \
+	(keyptr)->mv_size = NODEKSZ(node); (keyptr)->mv_data = NODEKEY(node); } }
+
+	/** Set the \b node's key into \b key. */
+#define MDB_GET_KEY2(node, key)	{ key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(node); key.mv_data = NODEKEY(node); }
+
+	/** Information about a single database in the environment. */
+typedef struct MDB_db {
+	uint32_t	md_pad;		/**< also ksize for LEAF2 pages */
+	uint16_t	md_flags;	/**< @ref mdb_dbi_open */
+	uint16_t	md_depth;	/**< depth of this tree */
+	pgno_t		md_branch_pages;	/**< number of internal pages */
+	pgno_t		md_leaf_pages;		/**< number of leaf pages */
+	pgno_t		md_overflow_pages;	/**< number of overflow pages */
+	size_t		md_entries;		/**< number of data items */
+	pgno_t		md_root;		/**< the root page of this tree */
+} MDB_db;
+
+#define MDB_VALID	0x8000		/**< DB handle is valid, for me_dbflags */
+#define PERSISTENT_FLAGS	(0xffff & ~(MDB_VALID))
+	/** #mdb_dbi_open() flags */
+#define VALID_FLAGS	(MDB_REVERSEKEY|MDB_DUPSORT|MDB_INTEGERKEY|MDB_DUPFIXED|\
+	MDB_INTEGERDUP|MDB_REVERSEDUP|MDB_CREATE)
+
+	/** Handle for the DB used to track free pages. */
+#define	FREE_DBI	0
+	/** Handle for the default DB. */
+#define	MAIN_DBI	1
+	/** Number of DBs in metapage (free and main) - also hardcoded elsewhere */
+#define CORE_DBS	2
+
+	/** Number of meta pages - also hardcoded elsewhere */
+#define NUM_METAS	2
+
+	/** Meta page content.
+	 *	A meta page is the start point for accessing a database snapshot.
+	 *	Pages 0-1 are meta pages. Transaction N writes meta page #(N % 2).
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_meta {
+		/** Stamp identifying this as an LMDB file. It must be set
+		 *	to #MDB_MAGIC. */
+	uint32_t	mm_magic;
+		/** Version number of this file. Must be set to #MDB_DATA_VERSION. */
+	uint32_t	mm_version;
+	void		*mm_address;		/**< address for fixed mapping */
+	size_t		mm_mapsize;			/**< size of mmap region */
+	MDB_db		mm_dbs[CORE_DBS];	/**< first is free space, 2nd is main db */
+	/** The size of pages used in this DB */
+#define	mm_psize	mm_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_pad
+	/** Any persistent environment flags. @ref mdb_env */
+#define	mm_flags	mm_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_flags
+	/** Last used page in the datafile.
+	 *	Actually the file may be shorter if the freeDB lists the final pages.
+	 */
+	pgno_t		mm_last_pg;
+	volatile txnid_t	mm_txnid;	/**< txnid that committed this page */
+} MDB_meta;
+
+	/** Buffer for a stack-allocated meta page.
+	 *	The members define size and alignment, and silence type
+	 *	aliasing warnings.  They are not used directly; that could
+	 *	mean incorrectly using several union members in parallel.
+	 */
+typedef union MDB_metabuf {
+	MDB_page	mb_page;
+	struct {
+		char		mm_pad[PAGEHDRSZ];
+		MDB_meta	mm_meta;
+	} mb_metabuf;
+} MDB_metabuf;
+
+	/** Auxiliary DB info.
+	 *	The information here is mostly static/read-only. There is
+	 *	only a single copy of this record in the environment.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_dbx {
+	MDB_val		md_name;		/**< name of the database */
+	MDB_cmp_func	*md_cmp;	/**< function for comparing keys */
+	MDB_cmp_func	*md_dcmp;	/**< function for comparing data items */
+	MDB_rel_func	*md_rel;	/**< user relocate function */
+	void		*md_relctx;		/**< user-provided context for md_rel */
+} MDB_dbx;
+
+	/** A database transaction.
+	 *	Every operation requires a transaction handle.
+	 */
+struct MDB_txn {
+	MDB_txn		*mt_parent;		/**< parent of a nested txn */
+	/** Nested txn under this txn, set together with flag #MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD */
+	MDB_txn		*mt_child;
+	pgno_t		mt_next_pgno;	/**< next unallocated page */
+	/** The ID of this transaction. IDs are integers incrementing from 1.
+	 *	Only committed write transactions increment the ID. If a transaction
+	 *	aborts, the ID may be re-used by the next writer.
+	 */
+	txnid_t		mt_txnid;
+	MDB_env		*mt_env;		/**< the DB environment */
+	/** The list of pages that became unused during this transaction.
+	 */
+	MDB_IDL		mt_free_pgs;
+	/** The list of loose pages that became unused and may be reused
+	 *	in this transaction, linked through #NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(page).
+	 */
+	MDB_page	*mt_loose_pgs;
+	/** Number of loose pages (#mt_loose_pgs) */
+	int			mt_loose_count;
+	/** The sorted list of dirty pages we temporarily wrote to disk
+	 *	because the dirty list was full. page numbers in here are
+	 *	shifted left by 1, deleted slots have the LSB set.
+	 */
+	MDB_IDL		mt_spill_pgs;
+	union {
+		/** For write txns: Modified pages. Sorted when not MDB_WRITEMAP. */
+		MDB_ID2L	dirty_list;
+		/** For read txns: This thread/txn's reader table slot, or NULL. */
+		MDB_reader	*reader;
+	} mt_u;
+	/** Array of records for each DB known in the environment. */
+	MDB_dbx		*mt_dbxs;
+	/** Array of MDB_db records for each known DB */
+	MDB_db		*mt_dbs;
+	/** Array of sequence numbers for each DB handle */
+	unsigned int	*mt_dbiseqs;
+/** @defgroup mt_dbflag	Transaction DB Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ * @{
+ */
+#define DB_DIRTY	0x01		/**< DB was written in this txn */
+#define DB_STALE	0x02		/**< Named-DB record is older than txnID */
+#define DB_NEW		0x04		/**< Named-DB handle opened in this txn */
+#define DB_VALID	0x08		/**< DB handle is valid, see also #MDB_VALID */
+#define DB_USRVALID	0x10		/**< As #DB_VALID, but not set for #FREE_DBI */
+#define DB_DUPDATA	0x20		/**< DB is #MDB_DUPSORT data */
+/** @} */
+	/** In write txns, array of cursors for each DB */
+	MDB_cursor	**mt_cursors;
+	/** Array of flags for each DB */
+	unsigned char	*mt_dbflags;
+	/**	Number of DB records in use, or 0 when the txn is finished.
+	 *	This number only ever increments until the txn finishes; we
+	 *	don't decrement it when individual DB handles are closed.
+	 */
+	MDB_dbi		mt_numdbs;
+
+/** @defgroup mdb_txn	Transaction Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ *	@{
+ */
+	/** #mdb_txn_begin() flags */
+#define MDB_TXN_BEGIN_FLAGS	MDB_RDONLY
+#define MDB_TXN_RDONLY		MDB_RDONLY	/**< read-only transaction */
+	/* internal txn flags */
+#define MDB_TXN_WRITEMAP	MDB_WRITEMAP	/**< copy of #MDB_env flag in writers */
+#define MDB_TXN_FINISHED	0x01		/**< txn is finished or never began */
+#define MDB_TXN_ERROR		0x02		/**< txn is unusable after an error */
+#define MDB_TXN_DIRTY		0x04		/**< must write, even if dirty list is empty */
+#define MDB_TXN_SPILLS		0x08		/**< txn or a parent has spilled pages */
+#define MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD	0x10		/**< txn has an #MDB_txn.%mt_child */
+	/** most operations on the txn are currently illegal */
+#define MDB_TXN_BLOCKED		(MDB_TXN_FINISHED|MDB_TXN_ERROR|MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD)
+/** @} */
+	unsigned int	mt_flags;		/**< @ref mdb_txn */
+	/** #dirty_list room: Array size - \#dirty pages visible to this txn.
+	 *	Includes ancestor txns' dirty pages not hidden by other txns'
+	 *	dirty/spilled pages. Thus commit(nested txn) has room to merge
+	 *	dirty_list into mt_parent after freeing hidden mt_parent pages.
+	 */
+	unsigned int	mt_dirty_room;
+};
+
+/** Enough space for 2^32 nodes with minimum of 2 keys per node. I.e., plenty.
+ * At 4 keys per node, enough for 2^64 nodes, so there's probably no need to
+ * raise this on a 64 bit machine.
+ */
+#define CURSOR_STACK		 32
+
+struct MDB_xcursor;
+
+	/** Cursors are used for all DB operations.
+	 *	A cursor holds a path of (page pointer, key index) from the DB
+	 *	root to a position in the DB, plus other state. #MDB_DUPSORT
+	 *	cursors include an xcursor to the current data item. Write txns
+	 *	track their cursors and keep them up to date when data moves.
+	 *	Exception: An xcursor's pointer to a #P_SUBP page can be stale.
+	 *	(A node with #F_DUPDATA but no #F_SUBDATA contains a subpage).
+	 */
+struct MDB_cursor {
+	/** Next cursor on this DB in this txn */
+	MDB_cursor	*mc_next;
+	/** Backup of the original cursor if this cursor is a shadow */
+	MDB_cursor	*mc_backup;
+	/** Context used for databases with #MDB_DUPSORT, otherwise NULL */
+	struct MDB_xcursor	*mc_xcursor;
+	/** The transaction that owns this cursor */
+	MDB_txn		*mc_txn;
+	/** The database handle this cursor operates on */
+	MDB_dbi		mc_dbi;
+	/** The database record for this cursor */
+	MDB_db		*mc_db;
+	/** The database auxiliary record for this cursor */
+	MDB_dbx		*mc_dbx;
+	/** The @ref mt_dbflag for this database */
+	unsigned char	*mc_dbflag;
+	unsigned short 	mc_snum;	/**< number of pushed pages */
+	unsigned short	mc_top;		/**< index of top page, normally mc_snum-1 */
+/** @defgroup mdb_cursor	Cursor Flags
+ *	@ingroup internal
+ *	Cursor state flags.
+ *	@{
+ */
+#define C_INITIALIZED	0x01	/**< cursor has been initialized and is valid */
+#define C_EOF	0x02			/**< No more data */
+#define C_SUB	0x04			/**< Cursor is a sub-cursor */
+#define C_DEL	0x08			/**< last op was a cursor_del */
+#define C_UNTRACK	0x40		/**< Un-track cursor when closing */
+/** @} */
+	unsigned int	mc_flags;	/**< @ref mdb_cursor */
+	MDB_page	*mc_pg[CURSOR_STACK];	/**< stack of pushed pages */
+	indx_t		mc_ki[CURSOR_STACK];	/**< stack of page indices */
+};
+
+	/** Context for sorted-dup records.
+	 *	We could have gone to a fully recursive design, with arbitrarily
+	 *	deep nesting of sub-databases. But for now we only handle these
+	 *	levels - main DB, optional sub-DB, sorted-duplicate DB.
+	 */
+typedef struct MDB_xcursor {
+	/** A sub-cursor for traversing the Dup DB */
+	MDB_cursor mx_cursor;
+	/** The database record for this Dup DB */
+	MDB_db	mx_db;
+	/**	The auxiliary DB record for this Dup DB */
+	MDB_dbx	mx_dbx;
+	/** The @ref mt_dbflag for this Dup DB */
+	unsigned char mx_dbflag;
+} MDB_xcursor;
+
+	/** Check if there is an inited xcursor */
+#define XCURSOR_INITED(mc) \
+	((mc)->mc_xcursor && ((mc)->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+
+	/** Update the xcursor's sub-page pointer, if any, in \b mc.  Needed
+	 *	when the node which contains the sub-page may have moved.  Called
+	 *	with leaf page \b mp = mc->mc_pg[\b top].
+	 */
+#define XCURSOR_REFRESH(mc, top, mp) do { \
+	MDB_page *xr_pg = (mp); \
+	MDB_node *xr_node; \
+	if (!XCURSOR_INITED(mc) || (mc)->mc_ki[top] >= NUMKEYS(xr_pg)) break; \
+	xr_node = NODEPTR(xr_pg, (mc)->mc_ki[top]); \
+	if ((xr_node->mn_flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) == F_DUPDATA) \
+		(mc)->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = NODEDATA(xr_node); \
+} while (0)
+
+	/** State of FreeDB old pages, stored in the MDB_env */
+typedef struct MDB_pgstate {
+	pgno_t		*mf_pghead;	/**< Reclaimed freeDB pages, or NULL before use */
+	txnid_t		mf_pglast;	/**< ID of last used record, or 0 if !mf_pghead */
+} MDB_pgstate;
+
+	/** The database environment. */
+struct MDB_env {
+	HANDLE		me_fd;		/**< The main data file */
+	HANDLE		me_lfd;		/**< The lock file */
+	HANDLE		me_mfd;		/**< For writing and syncing the meta pages */
+	/** Failed to update the meta page. Probably an I/O error. */
+#define	MDB_FATAL_ERROR	0x80000000U
+	/** Some fields are initialized. */
+#define	MDB_ENV_ACTIVE	0x20000000U
+	/** me_txkey is set */
+#define	MDB_ENV_TXKEY	0x10000000U
+	/** fdatasync is unreliable */
+#define	MDB_FSYNCONLY	0x08000000U
+	uint32_t 	me_flags;		/**< @ref mdb_env */
+	unsigned int	me_psize;	/**< DB page size, inited from me_os_psize */
+	unsigned int	me_os_psize;	/**< OS page size, from #GET_PAGESIZE */
+	unsigned int	me_maxreaders;	/**< size of the reader table */
+	/** Max #MDB_txninfo.%mti_numreaders of interest to #mdb_env_close() */
+	volatile int	me_close_readers;
+	MDB_dbi		me_numdbs;		/**< number of DBs opened */
+	MDB_dbi		me_maxdbs;		/**< size of the DB table */
+	MDB_PID_T	me_pid;		/**< process ID of this env */
+	char		*me_path;		/**< path to the DB files */
+	char		*me_map;		/**< the memory map of the data file */
+	MDB_txninfo	*me_txns;		/**< the memory map of the lock file or NULL */
+	MDB_meta	*me_metas[NUM_METAS];	/**< pointers to the two meta pages */
+	void		*me_pbuf;		/**< scratch area for DUPSORT put() */
+	MDB_txn		*me_txn;		/**< current write transaction */
+	MDB_txn		*me_txn0;		/**< prealloc'd write transaction */
+	size_t		me_mapsize;		/**< size of the data memory map */
+	off_t		me_size;		/**< current file size */
+	pgno_t		me_maxpg;		/**< me_mapsize / me_psize */
+	MDB_dbx		*me_dbxs;		/**< array of static DB info */
+	uint16_t	*me_dbflags;	/**< array of flags from MDB_db.md_flags */
+	unsigned int	*me_dbiseqs;	/**< array of dbi sequence numbers */
+	pthread_key_t	me_txkey;	/**< thread-key for readers */
+	txnid_t		me_pgoldest;	/**< ID of oldest reader last time we looked */
+	MDB_pgstate	me_pgstate;		/**< state of old pages from freeDB */
+#	define		me_pglast	me_pgstate.mf_pglast
+#	define		me_pghead	me_pgstate.mf_pghead
+	MDB_page	*me_dpages;		/**< list of malloc'd blocks for re-use */
+	/** IDL of pages that became unused in a write txn */
+	MDB_IDL		me_free_pgs;
+	/** ID2L of pages written during a write txn. Length MDB_IDL_UM_SIZE. */
+	MDB_ID2L	me_dirty_list;
+	/** Max number of freelist items that can fit in a single overflow page */
+	int			me_maxfree_1pg;
+	/** Max size of a node on a page */
+	unsigned int	me_nodemax;
+#if !(MDB_MAXKEYSIZE)
+	unsigned int	me_maxkey;	/**< max size of a key */
+#endif
+	int		me_live_reader;		/**< have liveness lock in reader table */
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	int		me_pidquery;		/**< Used in OpenProcess */
+#endif
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX	/* Posix mutexes reside in shared mem */
+#	define		me_rmutex	me_txns->mti_rmutex /**< Shared reader lock */
+#	define		me_wmutex	me_txns->mti_wmutex /**< Shared writer lock */
+#else
+	mdb_mutex_t	me_rmutex;
+	mdb_mutex_t	me_wmutex;
+#endif
+	void		*me_userctx;	 /**< User-settable context */
+	MDB_assert_func *me_assert_func; /**< Callback for assertion failures */
+};
+
+	/** Nested transaction */
+typedef struct MDB_ntxn {
+	MDB_txn		mnt_txn;		/**< the transaction */
+	MDB_pgstate	mnt_pgstate;	/**< parent transaction's saved freestate */
+} MDB_ntxn;
+
+	/** max number of pages to commit in one writev() call */
+#define MDB_COMMIT_PAGES	 64
+#if defined(IOV_MAX) && IOV_MAX < MDB_COMMIT_PAGES
+#undef MDB_COMMIT_PAGES
+#define MDB_COMMIT_PAGES	IOV_MAX
+#endif
+
+	/** max bytes to write in one call */
+#define MAX_WRITE		(0x40000000U >> (sizeof(ssize_t) == 4))
+
+	/** Check \b txn and \b dbi arguments to a function */
+#define TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, validity) \
+	((txn) && (dbi)<(txn)->mt_numdbs && ((txn)->mt_dbflags[dbi] & (validity)))
+
+	/** Check for misused \b dbi handles */
+#define TXN_DBI_CHANGED(txn, dbi) \
+	((txn)->mt_dbiseqs[dbi] != (txn)->mt_env->me_dbiseqs[dbi])
+
+static int  mdb_page_alloc(MDB_cursor *mc, int num, MDB_page **mp);
+static int  mdb_page_new(MDB_cursor *mc, uint32_t flags, int num, MDB_page **mp);
+static int  mdb_page_touch(MDB_cursor *mc);
+
+#define MDB_END_NAMES {"committed", "empty-commit", "abort", "reset", \
+	"reset-tmp", "fail-begin", "fail-beginchild"}
+enum {
+	/* mdb_txn_end operation number, for logging */
+	MDB_END_COMMITTED, MDB_END_EMPTY_COMMIT, MDB_END_ABORT, MDB_END_RESET,
+	MDB_END_RESET_TMP, MDB_END_FAIL_BEGIN, MDB_END_FAIL_BEGINCHILD
+};
+#define MDB_END_OPMASK	0x0F	/**< mask for #mdb_txn_end() operation number */
+#define MDB_END_UPDATE	0x10	/**< update env state (DBIs) */
+#define MDB_END_FREE	0x20	/**< free txn unless it is #MDB_env.%me_txn0 */
+#define MDB_END_SLOT MDB_NOTLS	/**< release any reader slot if #MDB_NOTLS */
+static void mdb_txn_end(MDB_txn *txn, unsigned mode);
+
+static int  mdb_page_get(MDB_cursor *mc, pgno_t pgno, MDB_page **mp, int *lvl);
+static int  mdb_page_search_root(MDB_cursor *mc,
+			    MDB_val *key, int modify);
+#define MDB_PS_MODIFY	1
+#define MDB_PS_ROOTONLY	2
+#define MDB_PS_FIRST	4
+#define MDB_PS_LAST		8
+static int  mdb_page_search(MDB_cursor *mc,
+			    MDB_val *key, int flags);
+static int	mdb_page_merge(MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst);
+
+#define MDB_SPLIT_REPLACE	MDB_APPENDDUP	/**< newkey is not new */
+static int	mdb_page_split(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *newkey, MDB_val *newdata,
+				pgno_t newpgno, unsigned int nflags);
+
+static int  mdb_env_read_header(MDB_env *env, MDB_meta *meta);
+static MDB_meta *mdb_env_pick_meta(const MDB_env *env);
+static int  mdb_env_write_meta(MDB_txn *txn);
+#if defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX) && !defined(MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED) /* Drop unused excl arg */
+# define mdb_env_close0(env, excl) mdb_env_close1(env)
+#endif
+static void mdb_env_close0(MDB_env *env, int excl);
+
+static MDB_node *mdb_node_search(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, int *exactp);
+static int  mdb_node_add(MDB_cursor *mc, indx_t indx,
+			    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, pgno_t pgno, unsigned int flags);
+static void mdb_node_del(MDB_cursor *mc, int ksize);
+static void mdb_node_shrink(MDB_page *mp, indx_t indx);
+static int	mdb_node_move(MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst, int fromleft);
+static int  mdb_node_read(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_node *leaf, MDB_val *data);
+static size_t	mdb_leaf_size(MDB_env *env, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+static size_t	mdb_branch_size(MDB_env *env, MDB_val *key);
+
+static int	mdb_rebalance(MDB_cursor *mc);
+static int	mdb_update_key(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key);
+
+static void	mdb_cursor_pop(MDB_cursor *mc);
+static int	mdb_cursor_push(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_page *mp);
+
+static int	mdb_cursor_del0(MDB_cursor *mc);
+static int	mdb_del0(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, unsigned flags);
+static int	mdb_cursor_sibling(MDB_cursor *mc, int move_right);
+static int	mdb_cursor_next(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op);
+static int	mdb_cursor_prev(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op);
+static int	mdb_cursor_set(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op,
+				int *exactp);
+static int	mdb_cursor_first(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+static int	mdb_cursor_last(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+
+static void	mdb_cursor_init(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_xcursor *mx);
+static void	mdb_xcursor_init0(MDB_cursor *mc);
+static void	mdb_xcursor_init1(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_node *node);
+static void	mdb_xcursor_init2(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_xcursor *src_mx, int force);
+
+static int	mdb_drop0(MDB_cursor *mc, int subs);
+static void mdb_default_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi);
+static int mdb_reader_check0(MDB_env *env, int rlocked, int *dead);
+
+/** @cond */
+static MDB_cmp_func	mdb_cmp_memn, mdb_cmp_memnr, mdb_cmp_int, mdb_cmp_cint, mdb_cmp_long;
+/** @endcond */
+
+/** Compare two items pointing at size_t's of unknown alignment. */
+#ifdef MISALIGNED_OK
+# define mdb_cmp_clong mdb_cmp_long
+#else
+# define mdb_cmp_clong mdb_cmp_cint
+#endif
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+static SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR mdb_null_sd;
+static SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES mdb_all_sa;
+static int mdb_sec_inited;
+
+struct MDB_name;
+static int utf8_to_utf16(const char *src, struct MDB_name *dst, int xtra);
+#endif
+
+/** Return the library version info. */
+char * ESECT
+mdb_version(int *major, int *minor, int *patch)
+{
+	if (major) *major = MDB_VERSION_MAJOR;
+	if (minor) *minor = MDB_VERSION_MINOR;
+	if (patch) *patch = MDB_VERSION_PATCH;
+	return MDB_VERSION_STRING;
+}
+
+/** Table of descriptions for LMDB @ref errors */
+static char *const mdb_errstr[] = {
+	"MDB_KEYEXIST: Key/data pair already exists",
+	"MDB_NOTFOUND: No matching key/data pair found",
+	"MDB_PAGE_NOTFOUND: Requested page not found",
+	"MDB_CORRUPTED: Located page was wrong type",
+	"MDB_PANIC: Update of meta page failed or environment had fatal error",
+	"MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH: Database environment version mismatch",
+	"MDB_INVALID: File is not an LMDB file",
+	"MDB_MAP_FULL: Environment mapsize limit reached",
+	"MDB_DBS_FULL: Environment maxdbs limit reached",
+	"MDB_READERS_FULL: Environment maxreaders limit reached",
+	"MDB_TLS_FULL: Thread-local storage keys full - too many environments open",
+	"MDB_TXN_FULL: Transaction has too many dirty pages - transaction too big",
+	"MDB_CURSOR_FULL: Internal error - cursor stack limit reached",
+	"MDB_PAGE_FULL: Internal error - page has no more space",
+	"MDB_MAP_RESIZED: Database contents grew beyond environment mapsize",
+	"MDB_INCOMPATIBLE: Operation and DB incompatible, or DB flags changed",
+	"MDB_BAD_RSLOT: Invalid reuse of reader locktable slot",
+	"MDB_BAD_TXN: Transaction must abort, has a child, or is invalid",
+	"MDB_BAD_VALSIZE: Unsupported size of key/DB name/data, or wrong DUPFIXED size",
+	"MDB_BAD_DBI: The specified DBI handle was closed/changed unexpectedly",
+};
+
+char *
+mdb_strerror(int err)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	/** HACK: pad 4KB on stack over the buf. Return system msgs in buf.
+	 *	This works as long as no function between the call to mdb_strerror
+	 *	and the actual use of the message uses more than 4K of stack.
+	 */
+#define MSGSIZE	1024
+#define PADSIZE	4096
+	char buf[MSGSIZE+PADSIZE], *ptr = buf;
+#endif
+	int i;
+	if (!err)
+		return ("Successful return: 0");
+
+	if (err >= MDB_KEYEXIST && err <= MDB_LAST_ERRCODE) {
+		i = err - MDB_KEYEXIST;
+		return mdb_errstr[i];
+	}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	/* These are the C-runtime error codes we use. The comment indicates
+	 * their numeric value, and the Win32 error they would correspond to
+	 * if the error actually came from a Win32 API. A major mess, we should
+	 * have used LMDB-specific error codes for everything.
+	 */
+	switch(err) {
+	case ENOENT:	/* 2, FILE_NOT_FOUND */
+	case EIO:		/* 5, ACCESS_DENIED */
+	case ENOMEM:	/* 12, INVALID_ACCESS */
+	case EACCES:	/* 13, INVALID_DATA */
+	case EBUSY:		/* 16, CURRENT_DIRECTORY */
+	case EINVAL:	/* 22, BAD_COMMAND */
+	case ENOSPC:	/* 28, OUT_OF_PAPER */
+		return strerror(err);
+	default:
+		;
+	}
+	buf[0] = 0;
+	FormatMessageA(FORMAT_MESSAGE_FROM_SYSTEM |
+		FORMAT_MESSAGE_IGNORE_INSERTS,
+		NULL, err, 0, ptr, MSGSIZE, (va_list *)buf+MSGSIZE);
+	return ptr;
+#else
+	return strerror(err);
+#endif
+}
+
+/** assert(3) variant in cursor context */
+#define mdb_cassert(mc, expr)	mdb_assert0((mc)->mc_txn->mt_env, expr, #expr)
+/** assert(3) variant in transaction context */
+#define mdb_tassert(txn, expr)	mdb_assert0((txn)->mt_env, expr, #expr)
+/** assert(3) variant in environment context */
+#define mdb_eassert(env, expr)	mdb_assert0(env, expr, #expr)
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+# define mdb_assert0(env, expr, expr_txt) ((expr) ? (void)0 : \
+		mdb_assert_fail(env, expr_txt, mdb_func_, __FILE__, __LINE__))
+
+static void ESECT
+mdb_assert_fail(MDB_env *env, const char *expr_txt,
+	const char *func, const char *file, int line)
+{
+	char buf[400];
+	sprintf(buf, "%.100s:%d: Assertion '%.200s' failed in %.40s()",
+		file, line, expr_txt, func);
+	if (env->me_assert_func)
+		env->me_assert_func(env, buf);
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", buf);
+	abort();
+}
+#else
+# define mdb_assert0(env, expr, expr_txt) ((void) 0)
+#endif /* NDEBUG */
+
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+/** Return the page number of \b mp which may be sub-page, for debug output */
+static pgno_t
+mdb_dbg_pgno(MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	pgno_t ret;
+	COPY_PGNO(ret, mp->mp_pgno);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+/** Display a key in hexadecimal and return the address of the result.
+ * @param[in] key the key to display
+ * @param[in] buf the buffer to write into. Should always be #DKBUF.
+ * @return The key in hexadecimal form.
+ */
+char *
+mdb_dkey(MDB_val *key, char *buf)
+{
+	char *ptr = buf;
+	unsigned char *c = key->mv_data;
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	if (!key)
+		return "";
+
+	if (key->mv_size > DKBUF_MAXKEYSIZE)
+		return "MDB_MAXKEYSIZE";
+	/* may want to make this a dynamic check: if the key is mostly
+	 * printable characters, print it as-is instead of converting to hex.
+	 */
+#if 1
+	buf[0] = '\0';
+	for (i=0; i<key->mv_size; i++)
+		ptr += sprintf(ptr, "%02x", *c++);
+#else
+	sprintf(buf, "%.*s", key->mv_size, key->mv_data);
+#endif
+	return buf;
+}
+
+static const char *
+mdb_leafnode_type(MDB_node *n)
+{
+	static char *const tp[2][2] = {{"", ": DB"}, {": sub-page", ": sub-DB"}};
+	return F_ISSET(n->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA) ? ": overflow page" :
+		tp[F_ISSET(n->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)][F_ISSET(n->mn_flags, F_SUBDATA)];
+}
+
+/** Display all the keys in the page. */
+void
+mdb_page_list(MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	pgno_t pgno = mdb_dbg_pgno(mp);
+	const char *type, *state = (mp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) ? ", dirty" : "";
+	MDB_node *node;
+	unsigned int i, nkeys, nsize, total = 0;
+	MDB_val key;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	switch (mp->mp_flags & (P_BRANCH|P_LEAF|P_LEAF2|P_META|P_OVERFLOW|P_SUBP)) {
+	case P_BRANCH:              type = "Branch page";		break;
+	case P_LEAF:                type = "Leaf page";			break;
+	case P_LEAF|P_SUBP:         type = "Sub-page";			break;
+	case P_LEAF|P_LEAF2:        type = "LEAF2 page";		break;
+	case P_LEAF|P_LEAF2|P_SUBP: type = "LEAF2 sub-page";	break;
+	case P_OVERFLOW:
+		fprintf(stderr, "Overflow page %"Z"u pages %u%s\n",
+			pgno, mp->mp_pages, state);
+		return;
+	case P_META:
+		fprintf(stderr, "Meta-page %"Z"u txnid %"Z"u\n",
+			pgno, ((MDB_meta *)METADATA(mp))->mm_txnid);
+		return;
+	default:
+		fprintf(stderr, "Bad page %"Z"u flags 0x%X\n", pgno, mp->mp_flags);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s %"Z"u numkeys %d%s\n", type, pgno, nkeys, state);
+
+	for (i=0; i<nkeys; i++) {
+		if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {	/* LEAF2 pages have no mp_ptrs[] or node headers */
+			key.mv_size = nsize = mp->mp_pad;
+			key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, i, nsize);
+			total += nsize;
+			fprintf(stderr, "key %d: nsize %d, %s\n", i, nsize, DKEY(&key));
+			continue;
+		}
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+		key.mv_size = node->mn_ksize;
+		key.mv_data = node->mn_data;
+		nsize = NODESIZE + key.mv_size;
+		if (IS_BRANCH(mp)) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "key %d: page %"Z"u, %s\n", i, NODEPGNO(node),
+				DKEY(&key));
+			total += nsize;
+		} else {
+			if (F_ISSET(node->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA))
+				nsize += sizeof(pgno_t);
+			else
+				nsize += NODEDSZ(node);
+			total += nsize;
+			nsize += sizeof(indx_t);
+			fprintf(stderr, "key %d: nsize %d, %s%s\n",
+				i, nsize, DKEY(&key), mdb_leafnode_type(node));
+		}
+		total = EVEN(total);
+	}
+	fprintf(stderr, "Total: header %d + contents %d + unused %d\n",
+		IS_LEAF2(mp) ? PAGEHDRSZ : PAGEBASE + mp->mp_lower, total, SIZELEFT(mp));
+}
+
+void
+mdb_cursor_chk(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	unsigned int i;
+	MDB_node *node;
+	MDB_page *mp;
+
+	if (!mc->mc_snum || !(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) return;
+	for (i=0; i<mc->mc_top; i++) {
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[i];
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[i]);
+		if (NODEPGNO(node) != mc->mc_pg[i+1]->mp_pgno)
+			printf("oops!\n");
+	}
+	if (mc->mc_ki[i] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[i]))
+		printf("ack!\n");
+	if (XCURSOR_INITED(mc)) {
+		node = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+		if (((node->mn_flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) == F_DUPDATA) &&
+			mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] != NODEDATA(node)) {
+			printf("blah!\n");
+		}
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+#if (MDB_DEBUG) > 2
+/** Count all the pages in each DB and in the freelist
+ *  and make sure it matches the actual number of pages
+ *  being used.
+ *  All named DBs must be open for a correct count.
+ */
+static void mdb_audit(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_val key, data;
+	MDB_ID freecount, count;
+	MDB_dbi i;
+	int rc;
+
+	freecount = 0;
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, FREE_DBI, NULL);
+	while ((rc = mdb_cursor_get(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_NEXT)) == 0)
+		freecount += *(MDB_ID *)data.mv_data;
+	mdb_tassert(txn, rc == MDB_NOTFOUND);
+
+	count = 0;
+	for (i = 0; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+		MDB_xcursor mx;
+		if (!(txn->mt_dbflags[i] & DB_VALID))
+			continue;
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, i, &mx);
+		if (txn->mt_dbs[i].md_root == P_INVALID)
+			continue;
+		count += txn->mt_dbs[i].md_branch_pages +
+			txn->mt_dbs[i].md_leaf_pages +
+			txn->mt_dbs[i].md_overflow_pages;
+		if (txn->mt_dbs[i].md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+			rc = mdb_page_search(&mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+			for (; rc == MDB_SUCCESS; rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(&mc, 1)) {
+				unsigned j;
+				MDB_page *mp;
+				mp = mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top];
+				for (j=0; j<NUMKEYS(mp); j++) {
+					MDB_node *leaf = NODEPTR(mp, j);
+					if (leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+						MDB_db db;
+						memcpy(&db, NODEDATA(leaf), sizeof(db));
+						count += db.md_branch_pages + db.md_leaf_pages +
+							db.md_overflow_pages;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			mdb_tassert(txn, rc == MDB_NOTFOUND);
+		}
+	}
+	if (freecount + count + NUM_METAS != txn->mt_next_pgno) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "audit: %"Z"u freecount: %"Z"u count: %"Z"u total: %"Z"u next_pgno: %"Z"u\n",
+			txn->mt_txnid, freecount, count+NUM_METAS,
+			freecount+count+NUM_METAS, txn->mt_next_pgno);
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+int
+mdb_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	return txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_cmp(a, b);
+}
+
+int
+mdb_dcmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	MDB_cmp_func *dcmp = txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_dcmp;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+	if (dcmp == mdb_cmp_int && a->mv_size == sizeof(size_t))
+		dcmp = mdb_cmp_clong;
+#endif
+	return dcmp(a, b);
+}
+
+/** Allocate memory for a page.
+ * Re-use old malloc'd pages first for singletons, otherwise just malloc.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ */
+static MDB_page *
+mdb_page_malloc(MDB_txn *txn, unsigned num)
+{
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_page *ret = env->me_dpages;
+	size_t psize = env->me_psize, sz = psize, off;
+	/* For ! #MDB_NOMEMINIT, psize counts how much to init.
+	 * For a single page alloc, we init everything after the page header.
+	 * For multi-page, we init the final page; if the caller needed that
+	 * many pages they will be filling in at least up to the last page.
+	 */
+	if (num == 1) {
+		if (ret) {
+			VGMEMP_ALLOC(env, ret, sz);
+			VGMEMP_DEFINED(ret, sizeof(ret->mp_next));
+			env->me_dpages = ret->mp_next;
+			return ret;
+		}
+		psize -= off = PAGEHDRSZ;
+	} else {
+		sz *= num;
+		off = sz - psize;
+	}
+	if ((ret = malloc(sz)) != NULL) {
+		VGMEMP_ALLOC(env, ret, sz);
+		if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_NOMEMINIT)) {
+			memset((char *)ret + off, 0, psize);
+			ret->mp_pad = 0;
+		}
+	} else {
+		txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+/** Free a single page.
+ * Saves single pages to a list, for future reuse.
+ * (This is not used for multi-page overflow pages.)
+ */
+static void
+mdb_page_free(MDB_env *env, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	mp->mp_next = env->me_dpages;
+	VGMEMP_FREE(env, mp);
+	env->me_dpages = mp;
+}
+
+/** Free a dirty page */
+static void
+mdb_dpage_free(MDB_env *env, MDB_page *dp)
+{
+	if (!IS_OVERFLOW(dp) || dp->mp_pages == 1) {
+		mdb_page_free(env, dp);
+	} else {
+		/* large pages just get freed directly */
+		VGMEMP_FREE(env, dp);
+		free(dp);
+	}
+}
+
+/**	Return all dirty pages to dpage list */
+static void
+mdb_dlist_free(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_ID2L dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+	unsigned i, n = dl[0].mid;
+
+	for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
+		mdb_dpage_free(env, dl[i].mptr);
+	}
+	dl[0].mid = 0;
+}
+
+/** Loosen or free a single page.
+ * Saves single pages to a list for future reuse
+ * in this same txn. It has been pulled from the freeDB
+ * and already resides on the dirty list, but has been
+ * deleted. Use these pages first before pulling again
+ * from the freeDB.
+ *
+ * If the page wasn't dirtied in this txn, just add it
+ * to this txn's free list.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_loose(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	int loose = 0;
+	pgno_t pgno = mp->mp_pgno;
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+
+	if ((mp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) && mc->mc_dbi != FREE_DBI) {
+		if (txn->mt_parent) {
+			MDB_ID2 *dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+			/* If txn has a parent, make sure the page is in our
+			 * dirty list.
+			 */
+			if (dl[0].mid) {
+				unsigned x = mdb_mid2l_search(dl, pgno);
+				if (x <= dl[0].mid && dl[x].mid == pgno) {
+					if (mp != dl[x].mptr) { /* bad cursor? */
+						mc->mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+						txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+						return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+					}
+					/* ok, it's ours */
+					loose = 1;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			/* no parent txn, so it's just ours */
+			loose = 1;
+		}
+	}
+	if (loose) {
+		DPRINTF(("loosen db %d page %"Z"u", DDBI(mc),
+			mp->mp_pgno));
+		NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(mp) = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = mp;
+		txn->mt_loose_count++;
+		mp->mp_flags |= P_LOOSE;
+	} else {
+		int rc = mdb_midl_append(&txn->mt_free_pgs, pgno);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Set or clear P_KEEP in dirty, non-overflow, non-sub pages watched by txn.
+ * @param[in] mc A cursor handle for the current operation.
+ * @param[in] pflags Flags of the pages to update:
+ * P_DIRTY to set P_KEEP, P_DIRTY|P_KEEP to clear it.
+ * @param[in] all No shortcuts. Needed except after a full #mdb_page_flush().
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_pages_xkeep(MDB_cursor *mc, unsigned pflags, int all)
+{
+	enum { Mask = P_SUBP|P_DIRTY|P_LOOSE|P_KEEP };
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	MDB_cursor *m3, *m0 = mc;
+	MDB_xcursor *mx;
+	MDB_page *dp, *mp;
+	MDB_node *leaf;
+	unsigned i, j;
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS, level;
+
+	/* Mark pages seen by cursors */
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_UNTRACK)
+		mc = NULL;				/* will find mc in mt_cursors */
+	for (i = txn->mt_numdbs;; mc = txn->mt_cursors[--i]) {
+		for (; mc; mc=mc->mc_next) {
+			if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+				continue;
+			for (m3 = mc;; m3 = &mx->mx_cursor) {
+				mp = NULL;
+				for (j=0; j<m3->mc_snum; j++) {
+					mp = m3->mc_pg[j];
+					if ((mp->mp_flags & Mask) == pflags)
+						mp->mp_flags ^= P_KEEP;
+				}
+				mx = m3->mc_xcursor;
+				/* Proceed to mx if it is at a sub-database */
+				if (! (mx && (mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)))
+					break;
+				if (! (mp && (mp->mp_flags & P_LEAF)))
+					break;
+				leaf = NODEPTR(mp, m3->mc_ki[j-1]);
+				if (!(leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA))
+					break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (i == 0)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	if (all) {
+		/* Mark dirty root pages */
+		for (i=0; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+			if (txn->mt_dbflags[i] & DB_DIRTY) {
+				pgno_t pgno = txn->mt_dbs[i].md_root;
+				if (pgno == P_INVALID)
+					continue;
+				if ((rc = mdb_page_get(m0, pgno, &dp, &level)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+					break;
+				if ((dp->mp_flags & Mask) == pflags && level <= 1)
+					dp->mp_flags ^= P_KEEP;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+static int mdb_page_flush(MDB_txn *txn, int keep);
+
+/**	Spill pages from the dirty list back to disk.
+ * This is intended to prevent running into #MDB_TXN_FULL situations,
+ * but note that they may still occur in a few cases:
+ *	1) our estimate of the txn size could be too small. Currently this
+ *	 seems unlikely, except with a large number of #MDB_MULTIPLE items.
+ *	2) child txns may run out of space if their parents dirtied a
+ *	 lot of pages and never spilled them. TODO: we probably should do
+ *	 a preemptive spill during #mdb_txn_begin() of a child txn, if
+ *	 the parent's dirty_room is below a given threshold.
+ *
+ * Otherwise, if not using nested txns, it is expected that apps will
+ * not run into #MDB_TXN_FULL any more. The pages are flushed to disk
+ * the same way as for a txn commit, e.g. their P_DIRTY flag is cleared.
+ * If the txn never references them again, they can be left alone.
+ * If the txn only reads them, they can be used without any fuss.
+ * If the txn writes them again, they can be dirtied immediately without
+ * going thru all of the work of #mdb_page_touch(). Such references are
+ * handled by #mdb_page_unspill().
+ *
+ * Also note, we never spill DB root pages, nor pages of active cursors,
+ * because we'll need these back again soon anyway. And in nested txns,
+ * we can't spill a page in a child txn if it was already spilled in a
+ * parent txn. That would alter the parent txns' data even though
+ * the child hasn't committed yet, and we'd have no way to undo it if
+ * the child aborted.
+ *
+ * @param[in] m0 cursor A cursor handle identifying the transaction and
+ *	database for which we are checking space.
+ * @param[in] key For a put operation, the key being stored.
+ * @param[in] data For a put operation, the data being stored.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_spill(MDB_cursor *m0, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn = m0->mc_txn;
+	MDB_page *dp;
+	MDB_ID2L dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+	unsigned int i, j, need;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (m0->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	/* Estimate how much space this op will take */
+	i = m0->mc_db->md_depth;
+	/* Named DBs also dirty the main DB */
+	if (m0->mc_dbi >= CORE_DBS)
+		i += txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_depth;
+	/* For puts, roughly factor in the key+data size */
+	if (key)
+		i += (LEAFSIZE(key, data) + txn->mt_env->me_psize) / txn->mt_env->me_psize;
+	i += i;	/* double it for good measure */
+	need = i;
+
+	if (txn->mt_dirty_room > i)
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	if (!txn->mt_spill_pgs) {
+		txn->mt_spill_pgs = mdb_midl_alloc(MDB_IDL_UM_MAX);
+		if (!txn->mt_spill_pgs)
+			return ENOMEM;
+	} else {
+		/* purge deleted slots */
+		MDB_IDL sl = txn->mt_spill_pgs;
+		unsigned int num = sl[0];
+		j=0;
+		for (i=1; i<=num; i++) {
+			if (!(sl[i] & 1))
+				sl[++j] = sl[i];
+		}
+		sl[0] = j;
+	}
+
+	/* Preserve pages which may soon be dirtied again */
+	if ((rc = mdb_pages_xkeep(m0, P_DIRTY, 1)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+		goto done;
+
+	/* Less aggressive spill - we originally spilled the entire dirty list,
+	 * with a few exceptions for cursor pages and DB root pages. But this
+	 * turns out to be a lot of wasted effort because in a large txn many
+	 * of those pages will need to be used again. So now we spill only 1/8th
+	 * of the dirty pages. Testing revealed this to be a good tradeoff,
+	 * better than 1/2, 1/4, or 1/10.
+	 */
+	if (need < MDB_IDL_UM_MAX / 8)
+		need = MDB_IDL_UM_MAX / 8;
+
+	/* Save the page IDs of all the pages we're flushing */
+	/* flush from the tail forward, this saves a lot of shifting later on. */
+	for (i=dl[0].mid; i && need; i--) {
+		MDB_ID pn = dl[i].mid << 1;
+		dp = dl[i].mptr;
+		if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE|P_KEEP))
+			continue;
+		/* Can't spill twice, make sure it's not already in a parent's
+		 * spill list.
+		 */
+		if (txn->mt_parent) {
+			MDB_txn *tx2;
+			for (tx2 = txn->mt_parent; tx2; tx2 = tx2->mt_parent) {
+				if (tx2->mt_spill_pgs) {
+					j = mdb_midl_search(tx2->mt_spill_pgs, pn);
+					if (j <= tx2->mt_spill_pgs[0] && tx2->mt_spill_pgs[j] == pn) {
+						dp->mp_flags |= P_KEEP;
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if (tx2)
+				continue;
+		}
+		if ((rc = mdb_midl_append(&txn->mt_spill_pgs, pn)))
+			goto done;
+		need--;
+	}
+	mdb_midl_sort(txn->mt_spill_pgs);
+
+	/* Flush the spilled part of dirty list */
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_flush(txn, i)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+		goto done;
+
+	/* Reset any dirty pages we kept that page_flush didn't see */
+	rc = mdb_pages_xkeep(m0, P_DIRTY|P_KEEP, i);
+
+done:
+	txn->mt_flags |= rc ? MDB_TXN_ERROR : MDB_TXN_SPILLS;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Find oldest txnid still referenced. Expects txn->mt_txnid > 0. */
+static txnid_t
+mdb_find_oldest(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	int i;
+	txnid_t mr, oldest = txn->mt_txnid - 1;
+	if (txn->mt_env->me_txns) {
+		MDB_reader *r = txn->mt_env->me_txns->mti_readers;
+		for (i = txn->mt_env->me_txns->mti_numreaders; --i >= 0; ) {
+			if (r[i].mr_pid) {
+				mr = r[i].mr_txnid;
+				if (oldest > mr)
+					oldest = mr;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return oldest;
+}
+
+/** Add a page to the txn's dirty list */
+static void
+mdb_page_dirty(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	MDB_ID2 mid;
+	int rc, (*insert)(MDB_ID2L, MDB_ID2 *);
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_WRITEMAP) {
+		insert = mdb_mid2l_append;
+	} else {
+		insert = mdb_mid2l_insert;
+	}
+	mid.mid = mp->mp_pgno;
+	mid.mptr = mp;
+	rc = insert(txn->mt_u.dirty_list, &mid);
+	mdb_tassert(txn, rc == 0);
+	txn->mt_dirty_room--;
+}
+
+/** Allocate page numbers and memory for writing.  Maintain me_pglast,
+ * me_pghead and mt_next_pgno.  Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ *
+ * If there are free pages available from older transactions, they
+ * are re-used first. Otherwise allocate a new page at mt_next_pgno.
+ * Do not modify the freedB, just merge freeDB records into me_pghead[]
+ * and move me_pglast to say which records were consumed.  Only this
+ * function can create me_pghead and move me_pglast/mt_next_pgno.
+ * @param[in] mc cursor A cursor handle identifying the transaction and
+ *	database for which we are allocating.
+ * @param[in] num the number of pages to allocate.
+ * @param[out] mp Address of the allocated page(s). Requests for multiple pages
+ *  will always be satisfied by a single contiguous chunk of memory.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_alloc(MDB_cursor *mc, int num, MDB_page **mp)
+{
+#ifdef MDB_PARANOID	/* Seems like we can ignore this now */
+	/* Get at most <Max_retries> more freeDB records once me_pghead
+	 * has enough pages.  If not enough, use new pages from the map.
+	 * If <Paranoid> and mc is updating the freeDB, only get new
+	 * records if me_pghead is empty. Then the freelist cannot play
+	 * catch-up with itself by growing while trying to save it.
+	 */
+	enum { Paranoid = 1, Max_retries = 500 };
+#else
+	enum { Paranoid = 0, Max_retries = INT_MAX /*infinite*/ };
+#endif
+	int rc, retry = num * 60;
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	pgno_t pgno, *mop = env->me_pghead;
+	unsigned i, j, mop_len = mop ? mop[0] : 0, n2 = num-1;
+	MDB_page *np;
+	txnid_t oldest = 0, last;
+	MDB_cursor_op op;
+	MDB_cursor m2;
+	int found_old = 0;
+
+	/* If there are any loose pages, just use them */
+	if (num == 1 && txn->mt_loose_pgs) {
+		np = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(np);
+		txn->mt_loose_count--;
+		DPRINTF(("db %d use loose page %"Z"u", DDBI(mc),
+				np->mp_pgno));
+		*mp = np;
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	*mp = NULL;
+
+	/* If our dirty list is already full, we can't do anything */
+	if (txn->mt_dirty_room == 0) {
+		rc = MDB_TXN_FULL;
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	for (op = MDB_FIRST;; op = MDB_NEXT) {
+		MDB_val key, data;
+		MDB_node *leaf;
+		pgno_t *idl;
+
+		/* Seek a big enough contiguous page range. Prefer
+		 * pages at the tail, just truncating the list.
+		 */
+		if (mop_len > n2) {
+			i = mop_len;
+			do {
+				pgno = mop[i];
+				if (mop[i-n2] == pgno+n2)
+					goto search_done;
+			} while (--i > n2);
+			if (--retry < 0)
+				break;
+		}
+
+		if (op == MDB_FIRST) {	/* 1st iteration */
+			/* Prepare to fetch more and coalesce */
+			last = env->me_pglast;
+			oldest = env->me_pgoldest;
+			mdb_cursor_init(&m2, txn, FREE_DBI, NULL);
+			if (last) {
+				op = MDB_SET_RANGE;
+				key.mv_data = &last; /* will look up last+1 */
+				key.mv_size = sizeof(last);
+			}
+			if (Paranoid && mc->mc_dbi == FREE_DBI)
+				retry = -1;
+		}
+		if (Paranoid && retry < 0 && mop_len)
+			break;
+
+		last++;
+		/* Do not fetch more if the record will be too recent */
+		if (oldest <= last) {
+			if (!found_old) {
+				oldest = mdb_find_oldest(txn);
+				env->me_pgoldest = oldest;
+				found_old = 1;
+			}
+			if (oldest <= last)
+				break;
+		}
+		rc = mdb_cursor_get(&m2, &key, NULL, op);
+		if (rc) {
+			if (rc == MDB_NOTFOUND)
+				break;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+		last = *(txnid_t*)key.mv_data;
+		if (oldest <= last) {
+			if (!found_old) {
+				oldest = mdb_find_oldest(txn);
+				env->me_pgoldest = oldest;
+				found_old = 1;
+			}
+			if (oldest <= last)
+				break;
+		}
+		np = m2.mc_pg[m2.mc_top];
+		leaf = NODEPTR(np, m2.mc_ki[m2.mc_top]);
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_read(&m2, leaf, &data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			goto fail;
+
+		idl = (MDB_ID *) data.mv_data;
+		i = idl[0];
+		if (!mop) {
+			if (!(env->me_pghead = mop = mdb_midl_alloc(i))) {
+				rc = ENOMEM;
+				goto fail;
+			}
+		} else {
+			if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&env->me_pghead, i)) != 0)
+				goto fail;
+			mop = env->me_pghead;
+		}
+		env->me_pglast = last;
+#if (MDB_DEBUG) > 1
+		DPRINTF(("IDL read txn %"Z"u root %"Z"u num %u",
+			last, txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_root, i));
+		for (j = i; j; j--)
+			DPRINTF(("IDL %"Z"u", idl[j]));
+#endif
+		/* Merge in descending sorted order */
+		mdb_midl_xmerge(mop, idl);
+		mop_len = mop[0];
+	}
+
+	/* Use new pages from the map when nothing suitable in the freeDB */
+	i = 0;
+	pgno = txn->mt_next_pgno;
+	if (pgno + num >= env->me_maxpg) {
+			DPUTS("DB size maxed out");
+			rc = MDB_MAP_FULL;
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+search_done:
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+		np = (MDB_page *)(env->me_map + env->me_psize * pgno);
+	} else {
+		if (!(np = mdb_page_malloc(txn, num))) {
+			rc = ENOMEM;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+	if (i) {
+		mop[0] = mop_len -= num;
+		/* Move any stragglers down */
+		for (j = i-num; j < mop_len; )
+			mop[++j] = mop[++i];
+	} else {
+		txn->mt_next_pgno = pgno + num;
+	}
+	np->mp_pgno = pgno;
+	mdb_page_dirty(txn, np);
+	*mp = np;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+fail:
+	txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Copy the used portions of a non-overflow page.
+ * @param[in] dst page to copy into
+ * @param[in] src page to copy from
+ * @param[in] psize size of a page
+ */
+static void
+mdb_page_copy(MDB_page *dst, MDB_page *src, unsigned int psize)
+{
+	enum { Align = sizeof(pgno_t) };
+	indx_t upper = src->mp_upper, lower = src->mp_lower, unused = upper-lower;
+
+	/* If page isn't full, just copy the used portion. Adjust
+	 * alignment so memcpy may copy words instead of bytes.
+	 */
+	if ((unused &= -Align) && !IS_LEAF2(src)) {
+		upper = (upper + PAGEBASE) & -Align;
+		memcpy(dst, src, (lower + PAGEBASE + (Align-1)) & -Align);
+		memcpy((pgno_t *)((char *)dst+upper), (pgno_t *)((char *)src+upper),
+			psize - upper);
+	} else {
+		memcpy(dst, src, psize - unused);
+	}
+}
+
+/** Pull a page off the txn's spill list, if present.
+ * If a page being referenced was spilled to disk in this txn, bring
+ * it back and make it dirty/writable again.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction handle.
+ * @param[in] mp the page being referenced. It must not be dirty.
+ * @param[out] ret the writable page, if any. ret is unchanged if
+ * mp wasn't spilled.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_unspill(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_page *mp, MDB_page **ret)
+{
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	const MDB_txn *tx2;
+	unsigned x;
+	pgno_t pgno = mp->mp_pgno, pn = pgno << 1;
+
+	for (tx2 = txn; tx2; tx2=tx2->mt_parent) {
+		if (!tx2->mt_spill_pgs)
+			continue;
+		x = mdb_midl_search(tx2->mt_spill_pgs, pn);
+		if (x <= tx2->mt_spill_pgs[0] && tx2->mt_spill_pgs[x] == pn) {
+			MDB_page *np;
+			int num;
+			if (txn->mt_dirty_room == 0)
+				return MDB_TXN_FULL;
+			if (IS_OVERFLOW(mp))
+				num = mp->mp_pages;
+			else
+				num = 1;
+			if (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+				np = mp;
+			} else {
+				np = mdb_page_malloc(txn, num);
+				if (!np)
+					return ENOMEM;
+				if (num > 1)
+					memcpy(np, mp, num * env->me_psize);
+				else
+					mdb_page_copy(np, mp, env->me_psize);
+			}
+			if (tx2 == txn) {
+				/* If in current txn, this page is no longer spilled.
+				 * If it happens to be the last page, truncate the spill list.
+				 * Otherwise mark it as deleted by setting the LSB.
+				 */
+				if (x == txn->mt_spill_pgs[0])
+					txn->mt_spill_pgs[0]--;
+				else
+					txn->mt_spill_pgs[x] |= 1;
+			}	/* otherwise, if belonging to a parent txn, the
+				 * page remains spilled until child commits
+				 */
+
+			mdb_page_dirty(txn, np);
+			np->mp_flags |= P_DIRTY;
+			*ret = np;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Touch a page: make it dirty and re-insert into tree with updated pgno.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc cursor pointing to the page to be touched
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_touch(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], *np;
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+	pgno_t	pgno;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!F_ISSET(mp->mp_flags, P_DIRTY)) {
+		if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_SPILLS) {
+			np = NULL;
+			rc = mdb_page_unspill(txn, mp, &np);
+			if (rc)
+				goto fail;
+			if (np)
+				goto done;
+		}
+		if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&txn->mt_free_pgs, 1)) ||
+			(rc = mdb_page_alloc(mc, 1, &np)))
+			goto fail;
+		pgno = np->mp_pgno;
+		DPRINTF(("touched db %d page %"Z"u -> %"Z"u", DDBI(mc),
+			mp->mp_pgno, pgno));
+		mdb_cassert(mc, mp->mp_pgno != pgno);
+		mdb_midl_xappend(txn->mt_free_pgs, mp->mp_pgno);
+		/* Update the parent page, if any, to point to the new page */
+		if (mc->mc_top) {
+			MDB_page *parent = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top-1];
+			MDB_node *node = NODEPTR(parent, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top-1]);
+			SETPGNO(node, pgno);
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_db->md_root = pgno;
+		}
+	} else if (txn->mt_parent && !IS_SUBP(mp)) {
+		MDB_ID2 mid, *dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		pgno = mp->mp_pgno;
+		/* If txn has a parent, make sure the page is in our
+		 * dirty list.
+		 */
+		if (dl[0].mid) {
+			unsigned x = mdb_mid2l_search(dl, pgno);
+			if (x <= dl[0].mid && dl[x].mid == pgno) {
+				if (mp != dl[x].mptr) { /* bad cursor? */
+					mc->mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+					txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+					return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+				}
+				return 0;
+			}
+		}
+		mdb_cassert(mc, dl[0].mid < MDB_IDL_UM_MAX);
+		/* No - copy it */
+		np = mdb_page_malloc(txn, 1);
+		if (!np)
+			return ENOMEM;
+		mid.mid = pgno;
+		mid.mptr = np;
+		rc = mdb_mid2l_insert(dl, &mid);
+		mdb_cassert(mc, rc == 0);
+	} else {
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	mdb_page_copy(np, mp, txn->mt_env->me_psize);
+	np->mp_pgno = pgno;
+	np->mp_flags |= P_DIRTY;
+
+done:
+	/* Adjust cursors pointing to mp */
+	mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = np;
+	m2 = txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi];
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB) {
+		for (; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+			if (m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum) continue;
+			if (m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp)
+				m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = np;
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			if (m2->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum) continue;
+			if (m2 == mc) continue;
+			if (m2->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+				m2->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = np;
+				if (IS_LEAF(np))
+					XCURSOR_REFRESH(m2, mc->mc_top, np);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+
+fail:
+	txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_env_sync(MDB_env *env, int force)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_RDONLY)
+		return EACCES;
+	if (force || !F_ISSET(env->me_flags, MDB_NOSYNC)) {
+		if (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+			int flags = ((env->me_flags & MDB_MAPASYNC) && !force)
+				? MS_ASYNC : MS_SYNC;
+			if (MDB_MSYNC(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize, flags))
+				rc = ErrCode();
+#ifdef _WIN32
+			else if (flags == MS_SYNC && MDB_FDATASYNC(env->me_fd))
+				rc = ErrCode();
+#endif
+		} else {
+#ifdef BROKEN_FDATASYNC
+			if (env->me_flags & MDB_FSYNCONLY) {
+				if (fsync(env->me_fd))
+					rc = ErrCode();
+			} else
+#endif
+			if (MDB_FDATASYNC(env->me_fd))
+				rc = ErrCode();
+		}
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Back up parent txn's cursors, then grab the originals for tracking */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_shadow(MDB_txn *src, MDB_txn *dst)
+{
+	MDB_cursor *mc, *bk;
+	MDB_xcursor *mx;
+	size_t size;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = src->mt_numdbs; --i >= 0; ) {
+		if ((mc = src->mt_cursors[i]) != NULL) {
+			size = sizeof(MDB_cursor);
+			if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+				size += sizeof(MDB_xcursor);
+			for (; mc; mc = bk->mc_next) {
+				bk = malloc(size);
+				if (!bk)
+					return ENOMEM;
+				*bk = *mc;
+				mc->mc_backup = bk;
+				mc->mc_db = &dst->mt_dbs[i];
+				/* Kill pointers into src to reduce abuse: The
+				 * user may not use mc until dst ends. But we need a valid
+				 * txn pointer here for cursor fixups to keep working.
+				 */
+				mc->mc_txn    = dst;
+				mc->mc_dbflag = &dst->mt_dbflags[i];
+				if ((mx = mc->mc_xcursor) != NULL) {
+					*(MDB_xcursor *)(bk+1) = *mx;
+					mx->mx_cursor.mc_txn = dst;
+				}
+				mc->mc_next = dst->mt_cursors[i];
+				dst->mt_cursors[i] = mc;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Close this write txn's cursors, give parent txn's cursors back to parent.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction handle.
+ * @param[in] merge true to keep changes to parent cursors, false to revert.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_cursors_close(MDB_txn *txn, unsigned merge)
+{
+	MDB_cursor **cursors = txn->mt_cursors, *mc, *next, *bk;
+	MDB_xcursor *mx;
+	int i;
+
+	for (i = txn->mt_numdbs; --i >= 0; ) {
+		for (mc = cursors[i]; mc; mc = next) {
+			next = mc->mc_next;
+			if ((bk = mc->mc_backup) != NULL) {
+				if (merge) {
+					/* Commit changes to parent txn */
+					mc->mc_next = bk->mc_next;
+					mc->mc_backup = bk->mc_backup;
+					mc->mc_txn = bk->mc_txn;
+					mc->mc_db = bk->mc_db;
+					mc->mc_dbflag = bk->mc_dbflag;
+					if ((mx = mc->mc_xcursor) != NULL)
+						mx->mx_cursor.mc_txn = bk->mc_txn;
+				} else {
+					/* Abort nested txn */
+					*mc = *bk;
+					if ((mx = mc->mc_xcursor) != NULL)
+						*mx = *(MDB_xcursor *)(bk+1);
+				}
+				mc = bk;
+			}
+			/* Only malloced cursors are permanently tracked. */
+			free(mc);
+		}
+		cursors[i] = NULL;
+	}
+}
+
+#if !(MDB_PIDLOCK)		/* Currently the same as defined(_WIN32) */
+enum Pidlock_op {
+	Pidset, Pidcheck
+};
+#else
+enum Pidlock_op {
+	Pidset = F_SETLK, Pidcheck = F_GETLK
+};
+#endif
+
+/** Set or check a pid lock. Set returns 0 on success.
+ * Check returns 0 if the process is certainly dead, nonzero if it may
+ * be alive (the lock exists or an error happened so we do not know).
+ *
+ * On Windows Pidset is a no-op, we merely check for the existence
+ * of the process with the given pid. On POSIX we use a single byte
+ * lock on the lockfile, set at an offset equal to the pid.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_reader_pid(MDB_env *env, enum Pidlock_op op, MDB_PID_T pid)
+{
+#if !(MDB_PIDLOCK)		/* Currently the same as defined(_WIN32) */
+	int ret = 0;
+	HANDLE h;
+	if (op == Pidcheck) {
+		h = OpenProcess(env->me_pidquery, FALSE, pid);
+		/* No documented "no such process" code, but other program use this: */
+		if (!h)
+			return ErrCode() != ERROR_INVALID_PARAMETER;
+		/* A process exists until all handles to it close. Has it exited? */
+		ret = WaitForSingleObject(h, 0) != 0;
+		CloseHandle(h);
+	}
+	return ret;
+#else
+	for (;;) {
+		int rc;
+		struct flock lock_info;
+		memset(&lock_info, 0, sizeof(lock_info));
+		lock_info.l_type = F_WRLCK;
+		lock_info.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+		lock_info.l_start = pid;
+		lock_info.l_len = 1;
+		if ((rc = fcntl(env->me_lfd, op, &lock_info)) == 0) {
+			if (op == F_GETLK && lock_info.l_type != F_UNLCK)
+				rc = -1;
+		} else if ((rc = ErrCode()) == EINTR) {
+			continue;
+		}
+		return rc;
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+/** Common code for #mdb_txn_begin() and #mdb_txn_renew().
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction handle to initialize
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_txn_renew0(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_txninfo *ti = env->me_txns;
+	MDB_meta *meta;
+	unsigned int i, nr, flags = txn->mt_flags;
+	uint16_t x;
+	int rc, new_notls = 0;
+
+	if ((flags &= MDB_TXN_RDONLY) != 0) {
+		if (!ti) {
+			meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+			txn->mt_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+			txn->mt_u.reader = NULL;
+		} else {
+			MDB_reader *r = (env->me_flags & MDB_NOTLS) ? txn->mt_u.reader :
+				pthread_getspecific(env->me_txkey);
+			if (r) {
+				if (r->mr_pid != env->me_pid || r->mr_txnid != (txnid_t)-1)
+					return MDB_BAD_RSLOT;
+			} else {
+				MDB_PID_T pid = env->me_pid;
+				MDB_THR_T tid = pthread_self();
+				mdb_mutexref_t rmutex = env->me_rmutex;
+
+				if (!env->me_live_reader) {
+					rc = mdb_reader_pid(env, Pidset, pid);
+					if (rc)
+						return rc;
+					env->me_live_reader = 1;
+				}
+
+				if (LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, rmutex))
+					return rc;
+				nr = ti->mti_numreaders;
+				for (i=0; i<nr; i++)
+					if (ti->mti_readers[i].mr_pid == 0)
+						break;
+				if (i == env->me_maxreaders) {
+					UNLOCK_MUTEX(rmutex);
+					return MDB_READERS_FULL;
+				}
+				r = &ti->mti_readers[i];
+				/* Claim the reader slot, carefully since other code
+				 * uses the reader table un-mutexed: First reset the
+				 * slot, next publish it in mti_numreaders.  After
+				 * that, it is safe for mdb_env_close() to touch it.
+				 * When it will be closed, we can finally claim it.
+				 */
+				r->mr_pid = 0;
+				r->mr_txnid = (txnid_t)-1;
+				r->mr_tid = tid;
+				if (i == nr)
+					ti->mti_numreaders = ++nr;
+				env->me_close_readers = nr;
+				r->mr_pid = pid;
+				UNLOCK_MUTEX(rmutex);
+
+				new_notls = (env->me_flags & MDB_NOTLS);
+				if (!new_notls && (rc=pthread_setspecific(env->me_txkey, r))) {
+					r->mr_pid = 0;
+					return rc;
+				}
+			}
+			do /* LY: Retry on a race, ITS#7970. */
+				r->mr_txnid = ti->mti_txnid;
+			while(r->mr_txnid != ti->mti_txnid);
+			txn->mt_txnid = r->mr_txnid;
+			txn->mt_u.reader = r;
+			meta = env->me_metas[txn->mt_txnid & 1];
+		}
+
+	} else {
+		/* Not yet touching txn == env->me_txn0, it may be active */
+		if (ti) {
+			if (LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, env->me_wmutex))
+				return rc;
+			txn->mt_txnid = ti->mti_txnid;
+			meta = env->me_metas[txn->mt_txnid & 1];
+		} else {
+			meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+			txn->mt_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+		}
+		txn->mt_txnid++;
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+		if (txn->mt_txnid == mdb_debug_start)
+			mdb_debug = 1;
+#endif
+		txn->mt_child = NULL;
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = NULL;
+		txn->mt_loose_count = 0;
+		txn->mt_dirty_room = MDB_IDL_UM_MAX;
+		txn->mt_u.dirty_list = env->me_dirty_list;
+		txn->mt_u.dirty_list[0].mid = 0;
+		txn->mt_free_pgs = env->me_free_pgs;
+		txn->mt_free_pgs[0] = 0;
+		txn->mt_spill_pgs = NULL;
+		env->me_txn = txn;
+		memcpy(txn->mt_dbiseqs, env->me_dbiseqs, env->me_maxdbs * sizeof(unsigned int));
+	}
+
+	/* Copy the DB info and flags */
+	memcpy(txn->mt_dbs, meta->mm_dbs, CORE_DBS * sizeof(MDB_db));
+
+	/* Moved to here to avoid a data race in read TXNs */
+	txn->mt_next_pgno = meta->mm_last_pg+1;
+
+	txn->mt_flags = flags;
+
+	/* Setup db info */
+	txn->mt_numdbs = env->me_numdbs;
+	for (i=CORE_DBS; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+		x = env->me_dbflags[i];
+		txn->mt_dbs[i].md_flags = x & PERSISTENT_FLAGS;
+		txn->mt_dbflags[i] = (x & MDB_VALID) ? DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID|DB_STALE : 0;
+	}
+	txn->mt_dbflags[MAIN_DBI] = DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID;
+	txn->mt_dbflags[FREE_DBI] = DB_VALID;
+
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_FATAL_ERROR) {
+		DPUTS("environment had fatal error, must shutdown!");
+		rc = MDB_PANIC;
+	} else if (env->me_maxpg < txn->mt_next_pgno) {
+		rc = MDB_MAP_RESIZED;
+	} else {
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+	mdb_txn_end(txn, new_notls /*0 or MDB_END_SLOT*/ | MDB_END_FAIL_BEGIN);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_txn_renew(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!txn || !F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_FINISHED))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	rc = mdb_txn_renew0(txn);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		DPRINTF(("renew txn %"Z"u%c %p on mdbenv %p, root page %"Z"u",
+			txn->mt_txnid, (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? 'r' : 'w',
+			(void *)txn, (void *)txn->mt_env, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_txn_begin(MDB_env *env, MDB_txn *parent, unsigned int flags, MDB_txn **ret)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn;
+	MDB_ntxn *ntxn;
+	int rc, size, tsize;
+
+	flags &= MDB_TXN_BEGIN_FLAGS;
+	flags |= env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP;
+
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_RDONLY & ~flags) /* write txn in RDONLY env */
+		return EACCES;
+
+	if (parent) {
+		/* Nested transactions: Max 1 child, write txns only, no writemap */
+		flags |= parent->mt_flags;
+		if (flags & (MDB_RDONLY|MDB_WRITEMAP|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)) {
+			return (parent->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EINVAL : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+		}
+		/* Child txns save MDB_pgstate and use own copy of cursors */
+		size = env->me_maxdbs * (sizeof(MDB_db)+sizeof(MDB_cursor *)+1);
+		size += tsize = sizeof(MDB_ntxn);
+	} else if (flags & MDB_RDONLY) {
+		size = env->me_maxdbs * (sizeof(MDB_db)+1);
+		size += tsize = sizeof(MDB_txn);
+	} else {
+		/* Reuse preallocated write txn. However, do not touch it until
+		 * mdb_txn_renew0() succeeds, since it currently may be active.
+		 */
+		txn = env->me_txn0;
+		goto renew;
+	}
+	if ((txn = calloc(1, size)) == NULL) {
+		DPRINTF(("calloc: %s", strerror(errno)));
+		return ENOMEM;
+	}
+	txn->mt_dbxs = env->me_dbxs;	/* static */
+	txn->mt_dbs = (MDB_db *) ((char *)txn + tsize);
+	txn->mt_dbflags = (unsigned char *)txn + size - env->me_maxdbs;
+	txn->mt_flags = flags;
+	txn->mt_env = env;
+
+	if (parent) {
+		unsigned int i;
+		txn->mt_cursors = (MDB_cursor **)(txn->mt_dbs + env->me_maxdbs);
+		txn->mt_dbiseqs = parent->mt_dbiseqs;
+		txn->mt_u.dirty_list = malloc(sizeof(MDB_ID2)*MDB_IDL_UM_SIZE);
+		if (!txn->mt_u.dirty_list ||
+			!(txn->mt_free_pgs = mdb_midl_alloc(MDB_IDL_UM_MAX)))
+		{
+			free(txn->mt_u.dirty_list);
+			free(txn);
+			return ENOMEM;
+		}
+		txn->mt_txnid = parent->mt_txnid;
+		txn->mt_dirty_room = parent->mt_dirty_room;
+		txn->mt_u.dirty_list[0].mid = 0;
+		txn->mt_spill_pgs = NULL;
+		txn->mt_next_pgno = parent->mt_next_pgno;
+		parent->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD;
+		parent->mt_child = txn;
+		txn->mt_parent = parent;
+		txn->mt_numdbs = parent->mt_numdbs;
+		memcpy(txn->mt_dbs, parent->mt_dbs, txn->mt_numdbs * sizeof(MDB_db));
+		/* Copy parent's mt_dbflags, but clear DB_NEW */
+		for (i=0; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++)
+			txn->mt_dbflags[i] = parent->mt_dbflags[i] & ~DB_NEW;
+		rc = 0;
+		ntxn = (MDB_ntxn *)txn;
+		ntxn->mnt_pgstate = env->me_pgstate; /* save parent me_pghead & co */
+		if (env->me_pghead) {
+			size = MDB_IDL_SIZEOF(env->me_pghead);
+			env->me_pghead = mdb_midl_alloc(env->me_pghead[0]);
+			if (env->me_pghead)
+				memcpy(env->me_pghead, ntxn->mnt_pgstate.mf_pghead, size);
+			else
+				rc = ENOMEM;
+		}
+		if (!rc)
+			rc = mdb_cursor_shadow(parent, txn);
+		if (rc)
+			mdb_txn_end(txn, MDB_END_FAIL_BEGINCHILD);
+	} else { /* MDB_RDONLY */
+		txn->mt_dbiseqs = env->me_dbiseqs;
+renew:
+		rc = mdb_txn_renew0(txn);
+	}
+	if (rc) {
+		if (txn != env->me_txn0)
+			free(txn);
+	} else {
+		txn->mt_flags |= flags;	/* could not change txn=me_txn0 earlier */
+		*ret = txn;
+		DPRINTF(("begin txn %"Z"u%c %p on mdbenv %p, root page %"Z"u",
+			txn->mt_txnid, (flags & MDB_RDONLY) ? 'r' : 'w',
+			(void *) txn, (void *) env, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+MDB_env *
+mdb_txn_env(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	if(!txn) return NULL;
+	return txn->mt_env;
+}
+
+size_t
+mdb_txn_id(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+    if(!txn) return 0;
+    return txn->mt_txnid;
+}
+
+/** Export or close DBI handles opened in this txn. */
+static void
+mdb_dbis_update(MDB_txn *txn, int keep)
+{
+	int i;
+	MDB_dbi n = txn->mt_numdbs;
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	unsigned char *tdbflags = txn->mt_dbflags;
+
+	for (i = n; --i >= CORE_DBS;) {
+		if (tdbflags[i] & DB_NEW) {
+			if (keep) {
+				env->me_dbflags[i] = txn->mt_dbs[i].md_flags | MDB_VALID;
+			} else {
+				char *ptr = env->me_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_data;
+				if (ptr) {
+					env->me_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_data = NULL;
+					env->me_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_size = 0;
+					env->me_dbflags[i] = 0;
+					env->me_dbiseqs[i]++;
+					free(ptr);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if (keep && env->me_numdbs < n)
+		env->me_numdbs = n;
+}
+
+/** End a transaction, except successful commit of a nested transaction.
+ * May be called twice for readonly txns: First reset it, then abort.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction handle to end
+ * @param[in] mode why and how to end the transaction
+ */
+static void
+mdb_txn_end(MDB_txn *txn, unsigned mode)
+{
+	MDB_env	*env = txn->mt_env;
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+	static const char *const names[] = MDB_END_NAMES;
+#endif
+
+	/* Export or close DBI handles opened in this txn */
+	mdb_dbis_update(txn, mode & MDB_END_UPDATE);
+
+	DPRINTF(("%s txn %"Z"u%c %p on mdbenv %p, root page %"Z"u",
+		names[mode & MDB_END_OPMASK],
+		txn->mt_txnid, (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? 'r' : 'w',
+		(void *) txn, (void *)env, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+
+	if (F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY)) {
+		if (txn->mt_u.reader) {
+			txn->mt_u.reader->mr_txnid = (txnid_t)-1;
+			if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_NOTLS)) {
+				txn->mt_u.reader = NULL; /* txn does not own reader */
+			} else if (mode & MDB_END_SLOT) {
+				txn->mt_u.reader->mr_pid = 0;
+				txn->mt_u.reader = NULL;
+			} /* else txn owns the slot until it does MDB_END_SLOT */
+		}
+		txn->mt_numdbs = 0;		/* prevent further DBI activity */
+		txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_FINISHED;
+
+	} else if (!F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_FINISHED)) {
+		pgno_t *pghead = env->me_pghead;
+
+		if (!(mode & MDB_END_UPDATE)) /* !(already closed cursors) */
+			mdb_cursors_close(txn, 0);
+		if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP)) {
+			mdb_dlist_free(txn);
+		}
+
+		txn->mt_numdbs = 0;
+		txn->mt_flags = MDB_TXN_FINISHED;
+
+		if (!txn->mt_parent) {
+			mdb_midl_shrink(&txn->mt_free_pgs);
+			env->me_free_pgs = txn->mt_free_pgs;
+			/* me_pgstate: */
+			env->me_pghead = NULL;
+			env->me_pglast = 0;
+
+			env->me_txn = NULL;
+			mode = 0;	/* txn == env->me_txn0, do not free() it */
+
+			/* The writer mutex was locked in mdb_txn_begin. */
+			if (env->me_txns)
+				UNLOCK_MUTEX(env->me_wmutex);
+		} else {
+			txn->mt_parent->mt_child = NULL;
+			txn->mt_parent->mt_flags &= ~MDB_TXN_HAS_CHILD;
+			env->me_pgstate = ((MDB_ntxn *)txn)->mnt_pgstate;
+			mdb_midl_free(txn->mt_free_pgs);
+			free(txn->mt_u.dirty_list);
+		}
+		mdb_midl_free(txn->mt_spill_pgs);
+
+		mdb_midl_free(pghead);
+	}
+
+	if (mode & MDB_END_FREE)
+		free(txn);
+}
+
+void
+mdb_txn_reset(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	if (txn == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	/* This call is only valid for read-only txns */
+	if (!(txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY))
+		return;
+
+	mdb_txn_end(txn, MDB_END_RESET);
+}
+
+void
+mdb_txn_abort(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	if (txn == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	if (txn->mt_child)
+		mdb_txn_abort(txn->mt_child);
+
+	mdb_txn_end(txn, MDB_END_ABORT|MDB_END_SLOT|MDB_END_FREE);
+}
+
+/** Save the freelist as of this transaction to the freeDB.
+ * This changes the freelist. Keep trying until it stabilizes.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_freelist_save(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	/* env->me_pghead[] can grow and shrink during this call.
+	 * env->me_pglast and txn->mt_free_pgs[] can only grow.
+	 * Page numbers cannot disappear from txn->mt_free_pgs[].
+	 */
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_env	*env = txn->mt_env;
+	int rc, maxfree_1pg = env->me_maxfree_1pg, more = 1;
+	txnid_t	pglast = 0, head_id = 0;
+	pgno_t	freecnt = 0, *free_pgs, *mop;
+	ssize_t	head_room = 0, total_room = 0, mop_len, clean_limit;
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, FREE_DBI, NULL);
+
+	if (env->me_pghead) {
+		/* Make sure first page of freeDB is touched and on freelist */
+		rc = mdb_page_search(&mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST|MDB_PS_MODIFY);
+		if (rc && rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	if (!env->me_pghead && txn->mt_loose_pgs) {
+		/* Put loose page numbers in mt_free_pgs, since
+		 * we may be unable to return them to me_pghead.
+		 */
+		MDB_page *mp = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		MDB_ID2 *dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		unsigned x;
+		if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&txn->mt_free_pgs, txn->mt_loose_count)) != 0)
+			return rc;
+		for (; mp; mp = NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(mp)) {
+			mdb_midl_xappend(txn->mt_free_pgs, mp->mp_pgno);
+			/* must also remove from dirty list */
+			if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_WRITEMAP) {
+				for (x=1; x<=dl[0].mid; x++)
+					if (dl[x].mid == mp->mp_pgno)
+						break;
+				mdb_tassert(txn, x <= dl[0].mid);
+			} else {
+				x = mdb_mid2l_search(dl, mp->mp_pgno);
+				mdb_tassert(txn, dl[x].mid == mp->mp_pgno);
+				mdb_dpage_free(env, mp);
+			}
+			dl[x].mptr = NULL;
+		}
+		{
+			/* squash freed slots out of the dirty list */
+			unsigned y;
+			for (y=1; dl[y].mptr && y <= dl[0].mid; y++);
+			if (y <= dl[0].mid) {
+				for(x=y, y++;;) {
+					while (!dl[y].mptr && y <= dl[0].mid) y++;
+					if (y > dl[0].mid) break;
+					dl[x++] = dl[y++];
+				}
+				dl[0].mid = x-1;
+			} else {
+				/* all slots freed */
+				dl[0].mid = 0;
+			}
+		}
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = NULL;
+		txn->mt_loose_count = 0;
+	}
+
+	/* MDB_RESERVE cancels meminit in ovpage malloc (when no WRITEMAP) */
+	clean_limit = (env->me_flags & (MDB_NOMEMINIT|MDB_WRITEMAP))
+		? SSIZE_MAX : maxfree_1pg;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		/* Come back here after each Put() in case freelist changed */
+		MDB_val key, data;
+		pgno_t *pgs;
+		ssize_t j;
+
+		/* If using records from freeDB which we have not yet
+		 * deleted, delete them and any we reserved for me_pghead.
+		 */
+		while (pglast < env->me_pglast) {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc, &key, NULL);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			pglast = head_id = *(txnid_t *)key.mv_data;
+			total_room = head_room = 0;
+			mdb_tassert(txn, pglast <= env->me_pglast);
+			rc = mdb_cursor_del(&mc, 0);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+		}
+
+		/* Save the IDL of pages freed by this txn, to a single record */
+		if (freecnt < txn->mt_free_pgs[0]) {
+			if (!freecnt) {
+				/* Make sure last page of freeDB is touched and on freelist */
+				rc = mdb_page_search(&mc, NULL, MDB_PS_LAST|MDB_PS_MODIFY);
+				if (rc && rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+					return rc;
+			}
+			free_pgs = txn->mt_free_pgs;
+			/* Write to last page of freeDB */
+			key.mv_size = sizeof(txn->mt_txnid);
+			key.mv_data = &txn->mt_txnid;
+			do {
+				freecnt = free_pgs[0];
+				data.mv_size = MDB_IDL_SIZEOF(free_pgs);
+				rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_RESERVE);
+				if (rc)
+					return rc;
+				/* Retry if mt_free_pgs[] grew during the Put() */
+				free_pgs = txn->mt_free_pgs;
+			} while (freecnt < free_pgs[0]);
+			mdb_midl_sort(free_pgs);
+			memcpy(data.mv_data, free_pgs, data.mv_size);
+#if (MDB_DEBUG) > 1
+			{
+				unsigned int i = free_pgs[0];
+				DPRINTF(("IDL write txn %"Z"u root %"Z"u num %u",
+					txn->mt_txnid, txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_root, i));
+				for (; i; i--)
+					DPRINTF(("IDL %"Z"u", free_pgs[i]));
+			}
+#endif
+			continue;
+		}
+
+		mop = env->me_pghead;
+		mop_len = (mop ? mop[0] : 0) + txn->mt_loose_count;
+
+		/* Reserve records for me_pghead[]. Split it if multi-page,
+		 * to avoid searching freeDB for a page range. Use keys in
+		 * range [1,me_pglast]: Smaller than txnid of oldest reader.
+		 */
+		if (total_room >= mop_len) {
+			if (total_room == mop_len || --more < 0)
+				break;
+		} else if (head_room >= maxfree_1pg && head_id > 1) {
+			/* Keep current record (overflow page), add a new one */
+			head_id--;
+			head_room = 0;
+		}
+		/* (Re)write {key = head_id, IDL length = head_room} */
+		total_room -= head_room;
+		head_room = mop_len - total_room;
+		if (head_room > maxfree_1pg && head_id > 1) {
+			/* Overflow multi-page for part of me_pghead */
+			head_room /= head_id; /* amortize page sizes */
+			head_room += maxfree_1pg - head_room % (maxfree_1pg + 1);
+		} else if (head_room < 0) {
+			/* Rare case, not bothering to delete this record */
+			head_room = 0;
+		}
+		key.mv_size = sizeof(head_id);
+		key.mv_data = &head_id;
+		data.mv_size = (head_room + 1) * sizeof(pgno_t);
+		rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_RESERVE);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		/* IDL is initially empty, zero out at least the length */
+		pgs = (pgno_t *)data.mv_data;
+		j = head_room > clean_limit ? head_room : 0;
+		do {
+			pgs[j] = 0;
+		} while (--j >= 0);
+		total_room += head_room;
+	}
+
+	/* Return loose page numbers to me_pghead, though usually none are
+	 * left at this point.  The pages themselves remain in dirty_list.
+	 */
+	if (txn->mt_loose_pgs) {
+		MDB_page *mp = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		unsigned count = txn->mt_loose_count;
+		MDB_IDL loose;
+		/* Room for loose pages + temp IDL with same */
+		if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&env->me_pghead, 2*count+1)) != 0)
+			return rc;
+		mop = env->me_pghead;
+		loose = mop + MDB_IDL_ALLOCLEN(mop) - count;
+		for (count = 0; mp; mp = NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(mp))
+			loose[ ++count ] = mp->mp_pgno;
+		loose[0] = count;
+		mdb_midl_sort(loose);
+		mdb_midl_xmerge(mop, loose);
+		txn->mt_loose_pgs = NULL;
+		txn->mt_loose_count = 0;
+		mop_len = mop[0];
+	}
+
+	/* Fill in the reserved me_pghead records */
+	rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	if (mop_len) {
+		MDB_val key, data;
+
+		mop += mop_len;
+		rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc, &key, &data);
+		for (; !rc; rc = mdb_cursor_next(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_NEXT)) {
+			txnid_t id = *(txnid_t *)key.mv_data;
+			ssize_t	len = (ssize_t)(data.mv_size / sizeof(MDB_ID)) - 1;
+			MDB_ID save;
+
+			mdb_tassert(txn, len >= 0 && id <= env->me_pglast);
+			key.mv_data = &id;
+			if (len > mop_len) {
+				len = mop_len;
+				data.mv_size = (len + 1) * sizeof(MDB_ID);
+			}
+			data.mv_data = mop -= len;
+			save = mop[0];
+			mop[0] = len;
+			rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_CURRENT);
+			mop[0] = save;
+			if (rc || !(mop_len -= len))
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Flush (some) dirty pages to the map, after clearing their dirty flag.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction that's being committed
+ * @param[in] keep number of initial pages in dirty_list to keep dirty.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_flush(MDB_txn *txn, int keep)
+{
+	MDB_env		*env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_ID2L	dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+	unsigned	psize = env->me_psize, j;
+	int			i, pagecount = dl[0].mid, rc;
+	size_t		size = 0, pos = 0;
+	pgno_t		pgno = 0;
+	MDB_page	*dp = NULL;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	OVERLAPPED	ov;
+#else
+	struct iovec iov[MDB_COMMIT_PAGES];
+	ssize_t		wpos = 0, wsize = 0, wres;
+	size_t		next_pos = 1; /* impossible pos, so pos != next_pos */
+	int			n = 0;
+#endif
+
+	j = i = keep;
+
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+		/* Clear dirty flags */
+		while (++i <= pagecount) {
+			dp = dl[i].mptr;
+			/* Don't flush this page yet */
+			if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE|P_KEEP)) {
+				dp->mp_flags &= ~P_KEEP;
+				dl[++j] = dl[i];
+				continue;
+			}
+			dp->mp_flags &= ~P_DIRTY;
+		}
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	/* Write the pages */
+	for (;;) {
+		if (++i <= pagecount) {
+			dp = dl[i].mptr;
+			/* Don't flush this page yet */
+			if (dp->mp_flags & (P_LOOSE|P_KEEP)) {
+				dp->mp_flags &= ~P_KEEP;
+				dl[i].mid = 0;
+				continue;
+			}
+			pgno = dl[i].mid;
+			/* clear dirty flag */
+			dp->mp_flags &= ~P_DIRTY;
+			pos = pgno * psize;
+			size = psize;
+			if (IS_OVERFLOW(dp)) size *= dp->mp_pages;
+		}
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		else break;
+
+		/* Windows actually supports scatter/gather I/O, but only on
+		 * unbuffered file handles. Since we're relying on the OS page
+		 * cache for all our data, that's self-defeating. So we just
+		 * write pages one at a time. We use the ov structure to set
+		 * the write offset, to at least save the overhead of a Seek
+		 * system call.
+		 */
+		DPRINTF(("committing page %"Z"u", pgno));
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		ov.Offset = pos & 0xffffffff;
+		ov.OffsetHigh = pos >> 16 >> 16;
+		if (!WriteFile(env->me_fd, dp, size, NULL, &ov)) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+			DPRINTF(("WriteFile: %d", rc));
+			return rc;
+		}
+#else
+		/* Write up to MDB_COMMIT_PAGES dirty pages at a time. */
+		if (pos!=next_pos || n==MDB_COMMIT_PAGES || wsize+size>MAX_WRITE) {
+			if (n) {
+retry_write:
+				/* Write previous page(s) */
+#ifdef MDB_USE_PWRITEV
+				wres = pwritev(env->me_fd, iov, n, wpos);
+#else
+				if (n == 1) {
+					wres = pwrite(env->me_fd, iov[0].iov_base, wsize, wpos);
+				} else {
+retry_seek:
+					if (lseek(env->me_fd, wpos, SEEK_SET) == -1) {
+						rc = ErrCode();
+						if (rc == EINTR)
+							goto retry_seek;
+						DPRINTF(("lseek: %s", strerror(rc)));
+						return rc;
+					}
+					wres = writev(env->me_fd, iov, n);
+				}
+#endif
+				if (wres != wsize) {
+					if (wres < 0) {
+						rc = ErrCode();
+						if (rc == EINTR)
+							goto retry_write;
+						DPRINTF(("Write error: %s", strerror(rc)));
+					} else {
+						rc = EIO; /* TODO: Use which error code? */
+						DPUTS("short write, filesystem full?");
+					}
+					return rc;
+				}
+				n = 0;
+			}
+			if (i > pagecount)
+				break;
+			wpos = pos;
+			wsize = 0;
+		}
+		DPRINTF(("committing page %"Z"u", pgno));
+		next_pos = pos + size;
+		iov[n].iov_len = size;
+		iov[n].iov_base = (char *)dp;
+		wsize += size;
+		n++;
+#endif	/* _WIN32 */
+	}
+
+	/* MIPS has cache coherency issues, this is a no-op everywhere else
+	 * Note: for any size >= on-chip cache size, entire on-chip cache is
+	 * flushed.
+	 */
+	CACHEFLUSH(env->me_map, txn->mt_next_pgno * env->me_psize, DCACHE);
+
+	for (i = keep; ++i <= pagecount; ) {
+		dp = dl[i].mptr;
+		/* This is a page we skipped above */
+		if (!dl[i].mid) {
+			dl[++j] = dl[i];
+			dl[j].mid = dp->mp_pgno;
+			continue;
+		}
+		mdb_dpage_free(env, dp);
+	}
+
+done:
+	i--;
+	txn->mt_dirty_room += i - j;
+	dl[0].mid = j;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_txn_commit(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	int		rc;
+	unsigned int i, end_mode;
+	MDB_env	*env;
+
+	if (txn == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	/* mdb_txn_end() mode for a commit which writes nothing */
+	end_mode = MDB_END_EMPTY_COMMIT|MDB_END_UPDATE|MDB_END_SLOT|MDB_END_FREE;
+
+	if (txn->mt_child) {
+		rc = mdb_txn_commit(txn->mt_child);
+		if (rc)
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+	env = txn->mt_env;
+
+	if (F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY)) {
+		goto done;
+	}
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_FINISHED|MDB_TXN_ERROR)) {
+		DPUTS("txn has failed/finished, can't commit");
+		if (txn->mt_parent)
+			txn->mt_parent->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		rc = MDB_BAD_TXN;
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (txn->mt_parent) {
+		MDB_txn *parent = txn->mt_parent;
+		MDB_page **lp;
+		MDB_ID2L dst, src;
+		MDB_IDL pspill;
+		unsigned x, y, len, ps_len;
+
+		/* Append our free list to parent's */
+		rc = mdb_midl_append_list(&parent->mt_free_pgs, txn->mt_free_pgs);
+		if (rc)
+			goto fail;
+		mdb_midl_free(txn->mt_free_pgs);
+		/* Failures after this must either undo the changes
+		 * to the parent or set MDB_TXN_ERROR in the parent.
+		 */
+
+		parent->mt_next_pgno = txn->mt_next_pgno;
+		parent->mt_flags = txn->mt_flags;
+
+		/* Merge our cursors into parent's and close them */
+		mdb_cursors_close(txn, 1);
+
+		/* Update parent's DB table. */
+		memcpy(parent->mt_dbs, txn->mt_dbs, txn->mt_numdbs * sizeof(MDB_db));
+		parent->mt_numdbs = txn->mt_numdbs;
+		parent->mt_dbflags[FREE_DBI] = txn->mt_dbflags[FREE_DBI];
+		parent->mt_dbflags[MAIN_DBI] = txn->mt_dbflags[MAIN_DBI];
+		for (i=CORE_DBS; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+			/* preserve parent's DB_NEW status */
+			x = parent->mt_dbflags[i] & DB_NEW;
+			parent->mt_dbflags[i] = txn->mt_dbflags[i] | x;
+		}
+
+		dst = parent->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		src = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		/* Remove anything in our dirty list from parent's spill list */
+		if ((pspill = parent->mt_spill_pgs) && (ps_len = pspill[0])) {
+			x = y = ps_len;
+			pspill[0] = (pgno_t)-1;
+			/* Mark our dirty pages as deleted in parent spill list */
+			for (i=0, len=src[0].mid; ++i <= len; ) {
+				MDB_ID pn = src[i].mid << 1;
+				while (pn > pspill[x])
+					x--;
+				if (pn == pspill[x]) {
+					pspill[x] = 1;
+					y = --x;
+				}
+			}
+			/* Squash deleted pagenums if we deleted any */
+			for (x=y; ++x <= ps_len; )
+				if (!(pspill[x] & 1))
+					pspill[++y] = pspill[x];
+			pspill[0] = y;
+		}
+
+		/* Remove anything in our spill list from parent's dirty list */
+		if (txn->mt_spill_pgs && txn->mt_spill_pgs[0]) {
+			for (i=1; i<=txn->mt_spill_pgs[0]; i++) {
+				MDB_ID pn = txn->mt_spill_pgs[i];
+				if (pn & 1)
+					continue;	/* deleted spillpg */
+				pn >>= 1;
+				y = mdb_mid2l_search(dst, pn);
+				if (y <= dst[0].mid && dst[y].mid == pn) {
+					free(dst[y].mptr);
+					while (y < dst[0].mid) {
+						dst[y] = dst[y+1];
+						y++;
+					}
+					dst[0].mid--;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Find len = length of merging our dirty list with parent's */
+		x = dst[0].mid;
+		dst[0].mid = 0;		/* simplify loops */
+		if (parent->mt_parent) {
+			len = x + src[0].mid;
+			y = mdb_mid2l_search(src, dst[x].mid + 1) - 1;
+			for (i = x; y && i; y--) {
+				pgno_t yp = src[y].mid;
+				while (yp < dst[i].mid)
+					i--;
+				if (yp == dst[i].mid) {
+					i--;
+					len--;
+				}
+			}
+		} else { /* Simplify the above for single-ancestor case */
+			len = MDB_IDL_UM_MAX - txn->mt_dirty_room;
+		}
+		/* Merge our dirty list with parent's */
+		y = src[0].mid;
+		for (i = len; y; dst[i--] = src[y--]) {
+			pgno_t yp = src[y].mid;
+			while (yp < dst[x].mid)
+				dst[i--] = dst[x--];
+			if (yp == dst[x].mid)
+				free(dst[x--].mptr);
+		}
+		mdb_tassert(txn, i == x);
+		dst[0].mid = len;
+		free(txn->mt_u.dirty_list);
+		parent->mt_dirty_room = txn->mt_dirty_room;
+		if (txn->mt_spill_pgs) {
+			if (parent->mt_spill_pgs) {
+				/* TODO: Prevent failure here, so parent does not fail */
+				rc = mdb_midl_append_list(&parent->mt_spill_pgs, txn->mt_spill_pgs);
+				if (rc)
+					parent->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+				mdb_midl_free(txn->mt_spill_pgs);
+				mdb_midl_sort(parent->mt_spill_pgs);
+			} else {
+				parent->mt_spill_pgs = txn->mt_spill_pgs;
+			}
+		}
+
+		/* Append our loose page list to parent's */
+		for (lp = &parent->mt_loose_pgs; *lp; lp = &NEXT_LOOSE_PAGE(*lp))
+			;
+		*lp = txn->mt_loose_pgs;
+		parent->mt_loose_count += txn->mt_loose_count;
+
+		parent->mt_child = NULL;
+		mdb_midl_free(((MDB_ntxn *)txn)->mnt_pgstate.mf_pghead);
+		free(txn);
+		return rc;
+	}
+
+	if (txn != env->me_txn) {
+		DPUTS("attempt to commit unknown transaction");
+		rc = EINVAL;
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	mdb_cursors_close(txn, 0);
+
+	if (!txn->mt_u.dirty_list[0].mid &&
+		!(txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_DIRTY|MDB_TXN_SPILLS)))
+		goto done;
+
+	DPRINTF(("committing txn %"Z"u %p on mdbenv %p, root page %"Z"u",
+	    txn->mt_txnid, (void*)txn, (void*)env, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+
+	/* Update DB root pointers */
+	if (txn->mt_numdbs > CORE_DBS) {
+		MDB_cursor mc;
+		MDB_dbi i;
+		MDB_val data;
+		data.mv_size = sizeof(MDB_db);
+
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, MAIN_DBI, NULL);
+		for (i = CORE_DBS; i < txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+			if (txn->mt_dbflags[i] & DB_DIRTY) {
+				if (TXN_DBI_CHANGED(txn, i)) {
+					rc = MDB_BAD_DBI;
+					goto fail;
+				}
+				data.mv_data = &txn->mt_dbs[i];
+				rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &txn->mt_dbxs[i].md_name, &data,
+					F_SUBDATA);
+				if (rc)
+					goto fail;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	rc = mdb_freelist_save(txn);
+	if (rc)
+		goto fail;
+
+	mdb_midl_free(env->me_pghead);
+	env->me_pghead = NULL;
+	mdb_midl_shrink(&txn->mt_free_pgs);
+
+#if (MDB_DEBUG) > 2
+	mdb_audit(txn);
+#endif
+
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_flush(txn, 0)) ||
+		(rc = mdb_env_sync(env, 0)) ||
+		(rc = mdb_env_write_meta(txn)))
+		goto fail;
+	end_mode = MDB_END_COMMITTED|MDB_END_UPDATE;
+
+done:
+	mdb_txn_end(txn, end_mode);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+fail:
+	mdb_txn_abort(txn);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Read the environment parameters of a DB environment before
+ * mapping it into memory.
+ * @param[in] env the environment handle
+ * @param[out] meta address of where to store the meta information
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_read_header(MDB_env *env, MDB_meta *meta)
+{
+	MDB_metabuf	pbuf;
+	MDB_page	*p;
+	MDB_meta	*m;
+	int			i, rc, off;
+	enum { Size = sizeof(pbuf) };
+
+	/* We don't know the page size yet, so use a minimum value.
+	 * Read both meta pages so we can use the latest one.
+	 */
+
+	for (i=off=0; i<NUM_METAS; i++, off += meta->mm_psize) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		DWORD len;
+		OVERLAPPED ov;
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		ov.Offset = off;
+		rc = ReadFile(env->me_fd, &pbuf, Size, &len, &ov) ? (int)len : -1;
+		if (rc == -1 && ErrCode() == ERROR_HANDLE_EOF)
+			rc = 0;
+#else
+		rc = pread(env->me_fd, &pbuf, Size, off);
+#endif
+		if (rc != Size) {
+			if (rc == 0 && off == 0)
+				return ENOENT;
+			rc = rc < 0 ? (int) ErrCode() : MDB_INVALID;
+			DPRINTF(("read: %s", mdb_strerror(rc)));
+			return rc;
+		}
+
+		p = (MDB_page *)&pbuf;
+
+		if (!F_ISSET(p->mp_flags, P_META)) {
+			DPRINTF(("page %"Z"u not a meta page", p->mp_pgno));
+			return MDB_INVALID;
+		}
+
+		m = METADATA(p);
+		if (m->mm_magic != MDB_MAGIC) {
+			DPUTS("meta has invalid magic");
+			return MDB_INVALID;
+		}
+
+		if (m->mm_version != MDB_DATA_VERSION) {
+			DPRINTF(("database is version %u, expected version %u",
+				m->mm_version, MDB_DATA_VERSION));
+			return MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH;
+		}
+
+		if (off == 0 || m->mm_txnid > meta->mm_txnid)
+			*meta = *m;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** Fill in most of the zeroed #MDB_meta for an empty database environment */
+static void ESECT
+mdb_env_init_meta0(MDB_env *env, MDB_meta *meta)
+{
+	meta->mm_magic = MDB_MAGIC;
+	meta->mm_version = MDB_DATA_VERSION;
+	meta->mm_mapsize = env->me_mapsize;
+	meta->mm_psize = env->me_psize;
+	meta->mm_last_pg = NUM_METAS-1;
+	meta->mm_flags = env->me_flags & 0xffff;
+	meta->mm_flags |= MDB_INTEGERKEY; /* this is mm_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_flags */
+	meta->mm_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_root = P_INVALID;
+	meta->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root = P_INVALID;
+}
+
+/** Write the environment parameters of a freshly created DB environment.
+ * @param[in] env the environment handle
+ * @param[in] meta the #MDB_meta to write
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_init_meta(MDB_env *env, MDB_meta *meta)
+{
+	MDB_page *p, *q;
+	int rc;
+	unsigned int	 psize;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DWORD len;
+	OVERLAPPED ov;
+	memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+#define DO_PWRITE(rc, fd, ptr, size, len, pos)	do { \
+	ov.Offset = pos;	\
+	rc = WriteFile(fd, ptr, size, &len, &ov);	} while(0)
+#else
+	int len;
+#define DO_PWRITE(rc, fd, ptr, size, len, pos)	do { \
+	len = pwrite(fd, ptr, size, pos);	\
+	if (len == -1 && ErrCode() == EINTR) continue; \
+	rc = (len >= 0); break; } while(1)
+#endif
+
+	DPUTS("writing new meta page");
+
+	psize = env->me_psize;
+
+	p = calloc(NUM_METAS, psize);
+	if (!p)
+		return ENOMEM;
+
+	p->mp_pgno = 0;
+	p->mp_flags = P_META;
+	*(MDB_meta *)METADATA(p) = *meta;
+
+	q = (MDB_page *)((char *)p + psize);
+	q->mp_pgno = 1;
+	q->mp_flags = P_META;
+	*(MDB_meta *)METADATA(q) = *meta;
+
+	DO_PWRITE(rc, env->me_fd, p, psize * NUM_METAS, len, 0);
+	if (!rc)
+		rc = ErrCode();
+	else if ((unsigned) len == psize * NUM_METAS)
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	else
+		rc = ENOSPC;
+	free(p);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Update the environment info to commit a transaction.
+ * @param[in] txn the transaction that's being committed
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_env_write_meta(MDB_txn *txn)
+{
+	MDB_env *env;
+	MDB_meta	meta, metab, *mp;
+	unsigned flags;
+	size_t mapsize;
+	off_t off;
+	int rc, len, toggle;
+	char *ptr;
+	HANDLE mfd;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	OVERLAPPED ov;
+#else
+	int r2;
+#endif
+
+	toggle = txn->mt_txnid & 1;
+	DPRINTF(("writing meta page %d for root page %"Z"u",
+		toggle, txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root));
+
+	env = txn->mt_env;
+	flags = env->me_flags;
+	mp = env->me_metas[toggle];
+	mapsize = env->me_metas[toggle ^ 1]->mm_mapsize;
+	/* Persist any increases of mapsize config */
+	if (mapsize < env->me_mapsize)
+		mapsize = env->me_mapsize;
+
+	if (flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+		mp->mm_mapsize = mapsize;
+		mp->mm_dbs[FREE_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI];
+		mp->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI];
+		mp->mm_last_pg = txn->mt_next_pgno - 1;
+#if (__GNUC__ * 100 + __GNUC_MINOR__ >= 404) && /* TODO: portability */	\
+	!(defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__))
+		/* LY: issue a memory barrier, if not x86. ITS#7969 */
+		__sync_synchronize();
+#endif
+		mp->mm_txnid = txn->mt_txnid;
+		if (!(flags & (MDB_NOMETASYNC|MDB_NOSYNC))) {
+			unsigned meta_size = env->me_psize;
+			rc = (env->me_flags & MDB_MAPASYNC) ? MS_ASYNC : MS_SYNC;
+			ptr = (char *)mp - PAGEHDRSZ;
+#ifndef _WIN32	/* POSIX msync() requires ptr = start of OS page */
+			r2 = (ptr - env->me_map) & (env->me_os_psize - 1);
+			ptr -= r2;
+			meta_size += r2;
+#endif
+			if (MDB_MSYNC(ptr, meta_size, rc)) {
+				rc = ErrCode();
+				goto fail;
+			}
+		}
+		goto done;
+	}
+	metab.mm_txnid = mp->mm_txnid;
+	metab.mm_last_pg = mp->mm_last_pg;
+
+	meta.mm_mapsize = mapsize;
+	meta.mm_dbs[FREE_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI];
+	meta.mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI];
+	meta.mm_last_pg = txn->mt_next_pgno - 1;
+	meta.mm_txnid = txn->mt_txnid;
+
+	off = offsetof(MDB_meta, mm_mapsize);
+	ptr = (char *)&meta + off;
+	len = sizeof(MDB_meta) - off;
+	off += (char *)mp - env->me_map;
+
+	/* Write to the SYNC fd unless MDB_NOSYNC/MDB_NOMETASYNC.
+	 * (me_mfd goes to the same file as me_fd, but writing to it
+	 * also syncs to disk.  Avoids a separate fdatasync() call.)
+	 */
+	mfd = (flags & (MDB_NOSYNC|MDB_NOMETASYNC)) ? env->me_fd : env->me_mfd;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	{
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		ov.Offset = off;
+		if (!WriteFile(mfd, ptr, len, (DWORD *)&rc, &ov))
+			rc = -1;
+	}
+#else
+retry_write:
+	rc = pwrite(mfd, ptr, len, off);
+#endif
+	if (rc != len) {
+		rc = rc < 0 ? ErrCode() : EIO;
+#ifndef _WIN32
+		if (rc == EINTR)
+			goto retry_write;
+#endif
+		DPUTS("write failed, disk error?");
+		/* On a failure, the pagecache still contains the new data.
+		 * Write some old data back, to prevent it from being used.
+		 * Use the non-SYNC fd; we know it will fail anyway.
+		 */
+		meta.mm_last_pg = metab.mm_last_pg;
+		meta.mm_txnid = metab.mm_txnid;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		ov.Offset = off;
+		WriteFile(env->me_fd, ptr, len, NULL, &ov);
+#else
+		r2 = pwrite(env->me_fd, ptr, len, off);
+		(void)r2;	/* Silence warnings. We don't care about pwrite's return value */
+#endif
+fail:
+		env->me_flags |= MDB_FATAL_ERROR;
+		return rc;
+	}
+	/* MIPS has cache coherency issues, this is a no-op everywhere else */
+	CACHEFLUSH(env->me_map + off, len, DCACHE);
+done:
+	/* Memory ordering issues are irrelevant; since the entire writer
+	 * is wrapped by wmutex, all of these changes will become visible
+	 * after the wmutex is unlocked. Since the DB is multi-version,
+	 * readers will get consistent data regardless of how fresh or
+	 * how stale their view of these values is.
+	 */
+	if (env->me_txns)
+		env->me_txns->mti_txnid = txn->mt_txnid;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Check both meta pages to see which one is newer.
+ * @param[in] env the environment handle
+ * @return newest #MDB_meta.
+ */
+static MDB_meta *
+mdb_env_pick_meta(const MDB_env *env)
+{
+	MDB_meta *const *metas = env->me_metas;
+	return metas[ metas[0]->mm_txnid < metas[1]->mm_txnid ];
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_create(MDB_env **env)
+{
+	MDB_env *e;
+
+	e = calloc(1, sizeof(MDB_env));
+	if (!e)
+		return ENOMEM;
+
+	e->me_maxreaders = DEFAULT_READERS;
+	e->me_maxdbs = e->me_numdbs = CORE_DBS;
+	e->me_fd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+	e->me_lfd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+	e->me_mfd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+#ifdef MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM
+	e->me_rmutex = SEM_FAILED;
+	e->me_wmutex = SEM_FAILED;
+#endif
+	e->me_pid = getpid();
+	GET_PAGESIZE(e->me_os_psize);
+	VGMEMP_CREATE(e,0,0);
+	*env = e;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_map(MDB_env *env, void *addr)
+{
+	MDB_page *p;
+	unsigned int flags = env->me_flags;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	int rc;
+	HANDLE mh;
+	LONG sizelo, sizehi;
+	size_t msize;
+
+	if (flags & MDB_RDONLY) {
+		/* Don't set explicit map size, use whatever exists */
+		msize = 0;
+		sizelo = 0;
+		sizehi = 0;
+	} else {
+		msize = env->me_mapsize;
+		sizelo = msize & 0xffffffff;
+		sizehi = msize >> 16 >> 16; /* only needed on Win64 */
+
+		/* Windows won't create mappings for zero length files.
+		 * and won't map more than the file size.
+		 * Just set the maxsize right now.
+		 */
+		if (!(flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) && (SetFilePointer(env->me_fd, sizelo, &sizehi, 0) != (DWORD)sizelo
+			|| !SetEndOfFile(env->me_fd)
+			|| SetFilePointer(env->me_fd, 0, NULL, 0) != 0))
+			return ErrCode();
+	}
+
+	mh = CreateFileMapping(env->me_fd, NULL, flags & MDB_WRITEMAP ?
+		PAGE_READWRITE : PAGE_READONLY,
+		sizehi, sizelo, NULL);
+	if (!mh)
+		return ErrCode();
+	env->me_map = MapViewOfFileEx(mh, flags & MDB_WRITEMAP ?
+		FILE_MAP_WRITE : FILE_MAP_READ,
+		0, 0, msize, addr);
+	rc = env->me_map ? 0 : ErrCode();
+	CloseHandle(mh);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+#else
+	int mmap_flags = MAP_SHARED;
+	int prot = PROT_READ;
+#ifdef MAP_NOSYNC	/* Used on FreeBSD */
+	if (flags & MDB_NOSYNC)
+		mmap_flags |= MAP_NOSYNC;
+#endif
+	if (flags & MDB_WRITEMAP) {
+		prot |= PROT_WRITE;
+		if (ftruncate(env->me_fd, env->me_mapsize) < 0)
+			return ErrCode();
+	}
+	env->me_map = mmap(addr, env->me_mapsize, prot, mmap_flags,
+		env->me_fd, 0);
+	if (env->me_map == MAP_FAILED) {
+		env->me_map = NULL;
+		return ErrCode();
+	}
+
+	if (flags & MDB_NORDAHEAD) {
+		/* Turn off readahead. It's harmful when the DB is larger than RAM. */
+#ifdef MADV_RANDOM
+		madvise(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize, MADV_RANDOM);
+#else
+#ifdef POSIX_MADV_RANDOM
+		posix_madvise(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize, POSIX_MADV_RANDOM);
+#endif /* POSIX_MADV_RANDOM */
+#endif /* MADV_RANDOM */
+	}
+#endif /* _WIN32 */
+
+	/* Can happen because the address argument to mmap() is just a
+	 * hint.  mmap() can pick another, e.g. if the range is in use.
+	 * The MAP_FIXED flag would prevent that, but then mmap could
+	 * instead unmap existing pages to make room for the new map.
+	 */
+	if (addr && env->me_map != addr)
+		return EBUSY;	/* TODO: Make a new MDB_* error code? */
+
+	p = (MDB_page *)env->me_map;
+	env->me_metas[0] = METADATA(p);
+	env->me_metas[1] = (MDB_meta *)((char *)env->me_metas[0] + env->me_psize);
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_mapsize(MDB_env *env, size_t size)
+{
+	/* If env is already open, caller is responsible for making
+	 * sure there are no active txns.
+	 */
+	if (env->me_map) {
+		int rc;
+		MDB_meta *meta;
+		void *old;
+		if (env->me_txn)
+			return EINVAL;
+		meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+		if (!size)
+			size = meta->mm_mapsize;
+		{
+			/* Silently round up to minimum if the size is too small */
+			size_t minsize = (meta->mm_last_pg + 1) * env->me_psize;
+			if (size < minsize)
+				size = minsize;
+		}
+		munmap(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize);
+		env->me_mapsize = size;
+		old = (env->me_flags & MDB_FIXEDMAP) ? env->me_map : NULL;
+		rc = mdb_env_map(env, old);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	}
+	env->me_mapsize = size;
+	if (env->me_psize)
+		env->me_maxpg = env->me_mapsize / env->me_psize;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_maxdbs(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbs)
+{
+	if (env->me_map)
+		return EINVAL;
+	env->me_maxdbs = dbs + CORE_DBS;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int readers)
+{
+	if (env->me_map || readers < 1)
+		return EINVAL;
+	env->me_maxreaders = readers;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_maxreaders(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *readers)
+{
+	if (!env || !readers)
+		return EINVAL;
+	*readers = env->me_maxreaders;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int ESECT
+mdb_fsize(HANDLE fd, size_t *size)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	LARGE_INTEGER fsize;
+
+	if (!GetFileSizeEx(fd, &fsize))
+		return ErrCode();
+
+	*size = fsize.QuadPart;
+#else
+	struct stat st;
+
+	if (fstat(fd, &st))
+		return ErrCode();
+
+	*size = st.st_size;
+#endif
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+typedef wchar_t	mdb_nchar_t;
+# define MDB_NAME(str)	L##str
+# define mdb_name_cpy	wcscpy
+#else
+/** Character type for file names: char on Unix, wchar_t on Windows */
+typedef char	mdb_nchar_t;
+# define MDB_NAME(str)	str		/**< #mdb_nchar_t[] string literal */
+# define mdb_name_cpy	strcpy	/**< Copy name (#mdb_nchar_t string) */
+#endif
+
+/** Filename - string of #mdb_nchar_t[] */
+typedef struct MDB_name {
+	int mn_len;					/**< Length  */
+	int mn_alloced;				/**< True if #mn_val was malloced */
+	mdb_nchar_t	*mn_val;		/**< Contents */
+} MDB_name;
+
+/** Filename suffixes [datafile,lockfile][without,with MDB_NOSUBDIR] */
+static const mdb_nchar_t *const mdb_suffixes[2][2] = {
+	{ MDB_NAME("/data.mdb"), MDB_NAME("")      },
+	{ MDB_NAME("/lock.mdb"), MDB_NAME("-lock") }
+};
+
+#define MDB_SUFFLEN 9	/**< Max string length in #mdb_suffixes[] */
+
+/** Set up filename + scratch area for filename suffix, for opening files.
+ * It should be freed with #mdb_fname_destroy().
+ * On Windows, paths are converted from char *UTF-8 to wchar_t *UTF-16.
+ *
+ * @param[in] path Pathname for #mdb_env_open().
+ * @param[in] envflags Whether a subdir and/or lockfile will be used.
+ * @param[out] fname Resulting filename, with room for a suffix if necessary.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_fname_init(const char *path, unsigned envflags, MDB_name *fname)
+{
+	int no_suffix = F_ISSET(envflags, MDB_NOSUBDIR|MDB_NOLOCK);
+	fname->mn_alloced = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	return utf8_to_utf16(path, fname, no_suffix ? 0 : MDB_SUFFLEN);
+#else
+	fname->mn_len = strlen(path);
+	if (no_suffix)
+		fname->mn_val = (char *) path;
+	else if ((fname->mn_val = malloc(fname->mn_len + MDB_SUFFLEN+1)) != NULL) {
+		fname->mn_alloced = 1;
+		strcpy(fname->mn_val, path);
+	}
+	else
+		return ENOMEM;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+#endif
+}
+
+/** Destroy \b fname from #mdb_fname_init() */
+#define mdb_fname_destroy(fname) \
+	do { if ((fname).mn_alloced) free((fname).mn_val); } while (0)
+
+#ifdef O_CLOEXEC /* POSIX.1-2008: Set FD_CLOEXEC atomically at open() */
+# define MDB_CLOEXEC		O_CLOEXEC
+#else
+# define MDB_CLOEXEC		0
+#endif
+
+/** File type, access mode etc. for #mdb_fopen() */
+enum mdb_fopen_type {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	MDB_O_RDONLY, MDB_O_RDWR, MDB_O_META, MDB_O_COPY, MDB_O_LOCKS
+#else
+	/* A comment in mdb_fopen() explains some O_* flag choices. */
+	MDB_O_RDONLY= O_RDONLY,                            /**< for RDONLY me_fd */
+	MDB_O_RDWR  = O_RDWR  |O_CREAT,                    /**< for me_fd */
+	MDB_O_META  = O_WRONLY|MDB_DSYNC     |MDB_CLOEXEC, /**< for me_mfd */
+	MDB_O_COPY  = O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_EXCL|MDB_CLOEXEC, /**< for #mdb_env_copy() */
+	/** Bitmask for open() flags in enum #mdb_fopen_type.  The other bits
+	 * distinguish otherwise-equal MDB_O_* constants from each other.
+	 */
+	MDB_O_MASK  = MDB_O_RDWR|MDB_CLOEXEC | MDB_O_RDONLY|MDB_O_META|MDB_O_COPY,
+	MDB_O_LOCKS = MDB_O_RDWR|MDB_CLOEXEC | ((MDB_O_MASK+1) & ~MDB_O_MASK) /**< for me_lfd */
+#endif
+};
+
+/** Open an LMDB file.
+ * @param[in] env	The LMDB environment.
+ * @param[in,out] fname	Path from from #mdb_fname_init().  A suffix is
+ * appended if necessary to create the filename, without changing mn_len.
+ * @param[in] which	Determines file type, access mode, etc.
+ * @param[in] mode	The Unix permissions for the file, if we create it.
+ * @param[out] res	Resulting file handle.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_fopen(const MDB_env *env, MDB_name *fname,
+	enum mdb_fopen_type which, mdb_mode_t mode,
+	HANDLE *res)
+{
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	HANDLE fd;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DWORD acc, share, disp, attrs;
+#else
+	int flags;
+#endif
+
+	if (fname->mn_alloced)		/* modifiable copy */
+		mdb_name_cpy(fname->mn_val + fname->mn_len,
+			mdb_suffixes[which==MDB_O_LOCKS][F_ISSET(env->me_flags, MDB_NOSUBDIR)]);
+
+	/* The directory must already exist.  Usually the file need not.
+	 * MDB_O_META requires the file because we already created it using
+	 * MDB_O_RDWR.  MDB_O_COPY must not overwrite an existing file.
+	 *
+	 * With MDB_O_COPY we do not want the OS to cache the writes, since
+	 * the source data is already in the OS cache.
+	 *
+	 * The lockfile needs FD_CLOEXEC (close file descriptor on exec*())
+	 * to avoid the flock() issues noted under Caveats in lmdb.h.
+	 * Also set it for other filehandles which the user cannot get at
+	 * and close himself, which he may need after fork().  I.e. all but
+	 * me_fd, which programs do use via mdb_env_get_fd().
+	 */
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	acc = GENERIC_READ|GENERIC_WRITE;
+	share = FILE_SHARE_READ|FILE_SHARE_WRITE;
+	disp = OPEN_ALWAYS;
+	attrs = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL;
+	switch (which) {
+	case MDB_O_RDONLY:			/* read-only datafile */
+		acc = GENERIC_READ;
+		disp = OPEN_EXISTING;
+		break;
+	case MDB_O_META:			/* for writing metapages */
+		acc = GENERIC_WRITE;
+		disp = OPEN_EXISTING;
+		attrs = FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL|FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH;
+		break;
+	case MDB_O_COPY:			/* mdb_env_copy() & co */
+		acc = GENERIC_WRITE;
+		share = 0;
+		disp = CREATE_NEW;
+		attrs = FILE_FLAG_NO_BUFFERING|FILE_FLAG_WRITE_THROUGH;
+		break;
+	default: break;	/* silence gcc -Wswitch (not all enum values handled) */
+	}
+	fd = CreateFileW(fname->mn_val, acc, share, NULL, disp, attrs, NULL);
+#else
+	fd = open(fname->mn_val, which & MDB_O_MASK, mode);
+#endif
+
+	if (fd == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+		rc = ErrCode();
+#ifndef _WIN32
+	else {
+		if (which != MDB_O_RDONLY && which != MDB_O_RDWR) {
+			/* Set CLOEXEC if we could not pass it to open() */
+			if (!MDB_CLOEXEC && (flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD)) != -1)
+				(void) fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, flags | FD_CLOEXEC);
+		}
+		if (which == MDB_O_COPY && env->me_psize >= env->me_os_psize) {
+			/* This may require buffer alignment.  There is no portable
+			 * way to ask how much, so we require OS pagesize alignment.
+			 */
+# ifdef F_NOCACHE	/* __APPLE__ */
+			(void) fcntl(fd, F_NOCACHE, 1);
+# elif defined O_DIRECT
+			/* open(...O_DIRECT...) would break on filesystems without
+			 * O_DIRECT support (ITS#7682). Try to set it here instead.
+			 */
+			if ((flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL)) != -1)
+				(void) fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_DIRECT);
+# endif
+		}
+	}
+#endif	/* !_WIN32 */
+
+	*res = fd;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef BROKEN_FDATASYNC
+#include <sys/utsname.h>
+#include <sys/vfs.h>
+#endif
+
+/** Further setup required for opening an LMDB environment
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_open2(MDB_env *env)
+{
+	unsigned int flags = env->me_flags;
+	int i, newenv = 0, rc;
+	MDB_meta meta;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	/* See if we should use QueryLimited */
+	rc = GetVersion();
+	if ((rc & 0xff) > 5)
+		env->me_pidquery = MDB_PROCESS_QUERY_LIMITED_INFORMATION;
+	else
+		env->me_pidquery = PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION;
+#endif /* _WIN32 */
+
+#ifdef BROKEN_FDATASYNC
+	/* ext3/ext4 fdatasync is broken on some older Linux kernels.
+	 * https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/3/83
+	 * Kernels after 3.6-rc6 are known good.
+	 * https://lkml.org/lkml/2012/9/10/556
+	 * See if the DB is on ext3/ext4, then check for new enough kernel
+	 * Kernels 2.6.32.60, 2.6.34.15, 3.2.30, and 3.5.4 are also known
+	 * to be patched.
+	 */
+	{
+		struct statfs st;
+		fstatfs(env->me_fd, &st);
+		while (st.f_type == 0xEF53) {
+			struct utsname uts;
+			int i;
+			uname(&uts);
+			if (uts.release[0] < '3') {
+				if (!strncmp(uts.release, "2.6.32.", 7)) {
+					i = atoi(uts.release+7);
+					if (i >= 60)
+						break;	/* 2.6.32.60 and newer is OK */
+				} else if (!strncmp(uts.release, "2.6.34.", 7)) {
+					i = atoi(uts.release+7);
+					if (i >= 15)
+						break;	/* 2.6.34.15 and newer is OK */
+				}
+			} else if (uts.release[0] == '3') {
+				i = atoi(uts.release+2);
+				if (i > 5)
+					break;	/* 3.6 and newer is OK */
+				if (i == 5) {
+					i = atoi(uts.release+4);
+					if (i >= 4)
+						break;	/* 3.5.4 and newer is OK */
+				} else if (i == 2) {
+					i = atoi(uts.release+4);
+					if (i >= 30)
+						break;	/* 3.2.30 and newer is OK */
+				}
+			} else {	/* 4.x and newer is OK */
+				break;
+			}
+			env->me_flags |= MDB_FSYNCONLY;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+#endif
+
+	if ((i = mdb_env_read_header(env, &meta)) != 0) {
+		if (i != ENOENT)
+			return i;
+		DPUTS("new mdbenv");
+		newenv = 1;
+		env->me_psize = env->me_os_psize;
+		if (env->me_psize > MAX_PAGESIZE)
+			env->me_psize = MAX_PAGESIZE;
+		memset(&meta, 0, sizeof(meta));
+		mdb_env_init_meta0(env, &meta);
+		meta.mm_mapsize = DEFAULT_MAPSIZE;
+	} else {
+		env->me_psize = meta.mm_psize;
+	}
+
+	/* Was a mapsize configured? */
+	if (!env->me_mapsize) {
+		env->me_mapsize = meta.mm_mapsize;
+	}
+	{
+		/* Make sure mapsize >= committed data size.  Even when using
+		 * mm_mapsize, which could be broken in old files (ITS#7789).
+		 */
+		size_t minsize = (meta.mm_last_pg + 1) * meta.mm_psize;
+		if (env->me_mapsize < minsize)
+			env->me_mapsize = minsize;
+	}
+	meta.mm_mapsize = env->me_mapsize;
+
+	if (newenv && !(flags & MDB_FIXEDMAP)) {
+		/* mdb_env_map() may grow the datafile.  Write the metapages
+		 * first, so the file will be valid if initialization fails.
+		 * Except with FIXEDMAP, since we do not yet know mm_address.
+		 * We could fill in mm_address later, but then a different
+		 * program might end up doing that - one with a memory layout
+		 * and map address which does not suit the main program.
+		 */
+		rc = mdb_env_init_meta(env, &meta);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		newenv = 0;
+	}
+
+	rc = mdb_env_map(env, (flags & MDB_FIXEDMAP) ? meta.mm_address : NULL);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	if (newenv) {
+		if (flags & MDB_FIXEDMAP)
+			meta.mm_address = env->me_map;
+		i = mdb_env_init_meta(env, &meta);
+		if (i != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			return i;
+		}
+	}
+
+	env->me_maxfree_1pg = (env->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ) / sizeof(pgno_t) - 1;
+	env->me_nodemax = (((env->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ) / MDB_MINKEYS) & -2)
+		- sizeof(indx_t);
+#if !(MDB_MAXKEYSIZE)
+	env->me_maxkey = env->me_nodemax - (NODESIZE + sizeof(MDB_db));
+#endif
+	env->me_maxpg = env->me_mapsize / env->me_psize;
+
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+	{
+		MDB_meta *meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+		MDB_db *db = &meta->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI];
+
+		DPRINTF(("opened database version %u, pagesize %u",
+			meta->mm_version, env->me_psize));
+		DPRINTF(("using meta page %d",    (int) (meta->mm_txnid & 1)));
+		DPRINTF(("depth: %u",             db->md_depth));
+		DPRINTF(("entries: %"Z"u",        db->md_entries));
+		DPRINTF(("branch pages: %"Z"u",   db->md_branch_pages));
+		DPRINTF(("leaf pages: %"Z"u",     db->md_leaf_pages));
+		DPRINTF(("overflow pages: %"Z"u", db->md_overflow_pages));
+		DPRINTF(("root: %"Z"u",           db->md_root));
+	}
+#endif
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+
+/** Release a reader thread's slot in the reader lock table.
+ *	This function is called automatically when a thread exits.
+ * @param[in] ptr This points to the slot in the reader lock table.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_env_reader_dest(void *ptr)
+{
+	MDB_reader *reader = ptr;
+
+#ifndef _WIN32
+	if (reader->mr_pid == getpid()) /* catch pthread_exit() in child process */
+#endif
+		/* We omit the mutex, so do this atomically (i.e. skip mr_txnid) */
+		reader->mr_pid = 0;
+}
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+/** Junk for arranging thread-specific callbacks on Windows. This is
+ *	necessarily platform and compiler-specific. Windows supports up
+ *	to 1088 keys. Let's assume nobody opens more than 64 environments
+ *	in a single process, for now. They can override this if needed.
+ */
+#ifndef MAX_TLS_KEYS
+#define MAX_TLS_KEYS	64
+#endif
+static pthread_key_t mdb_tls_keys[MAX_TLS_KEYS];
+static int mdb_tls_nkeys;
+
+static void NTAPI mdb_tls_callback(PVOID module, DWORD reason, PVOID ptr)
+{
+	int i;
+	switch(reason) {
+	case DLL_PROCESS_ATTACH: break;
+	case DLL_THREAD_ATTACH: break;
+	case DLL_THREAD_DETACH:
+		for (i=0; i<mdb_tls_nkeys; i++) {
+			MDB_reader *r = pthread_getspecific(mdb_tls_keys[i]);
+			if (r) {
+				mdb_env_reader_dest(r);
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case DLL_PROCESS_DETACH: break;
+	}
+}
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#ifdef _WIN64
+const PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp __attribute__((section (".CRT$XLB"))) = mdb_tls_callback;
+#else
+PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp __attribute__((section (".CRT$XLB"))) = mdb_tls_callback;
+#endif
+#else
+#ifdef _WIN64
+/* Force some symbol references.
+ *	_tls_used forces the linker to create the TLS directory if not already done
+ *	mdb_tls_cbp prevents whole-program-optimizer from dropping the symbol.
+ */
+#pragma comment(linker, "/INCLUDE:_tls_used")
+#pragma comment(linker, "/INCLUDE:mdb_tls_cbp")
+#pragma const_seg(".CRT$XLB")
+extern const PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp;
+const PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp = mdb_tls_callback;
+#pragma const_seg()
+#else	/* _WIN32 */
+#pragma comment(linker, "/INCLUDE:__tls_used")
+#pragma comment(linker, "/INCLUDE:_mdb_tls_cbp")
+#pragma data_seg(".CRT$XLB")
+PIMAGE_TLS_CALLBACK mdb_tls_cbp = mdb_tls_callback;
+#pragma data_seg()
+#endif	/* WIN 32/64 */
+#endif	/* !__GNUC__ */
+#endif
+
+/** Downgrade the exclusive lock on the region back to shared */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_share_locks(MDB_env *env, int *excl)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+	MDB_meta *meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+
+	env->me_txns->mti_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	{
+		OVERLAPPED ov;
+		/* First acquire a shared lock. The Unlock will
+		 * then release the existing exclusive lock.
+		 */
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		if (!LockFileEx(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0, &ov)) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+		} else {
+			UnlockFile(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0);
+			*excl = 0;
+		}
+	}
+#else
+	{
+		struct flock lock_info;
+		/* The shared lock replaces the existing lock */
+		memset((void *)&lock_info, 0, sizeof(lock_info));
+		lock_info.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+		lock_info.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+		lock_info.l_start = 0;
+		lock_info.l_len = 1;
+		while ((rc = fcntl(env->me_lfd, F_SETLK, &lock_info)) &&
+				(rc = ErrCode()) == EINTR) ;
+		*excl = rc ? -1 : 0;	/* error may mean we lost the lock */
+	}
+#endif
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Try to get exclusive lock, otherwise shared.
+ *	Maintain *excl = -1: no/unknown lock, 0: shared, 1: exclusive.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_excl_lock(MDB_env *env, int *excl)
+{
+	int rc = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	if (LockFile(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0)) {
+		*excl = 1;
+	} else {
+		OVERLAPPED ov;
+		memset(&ov, 0, sizeof(ov));
+		if (LockFileEx(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0, &ov)) {
+			*excl = 0;
+		} else {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+		}
+	}
+#else
+	struct flock lock_info;
+	memset((void *)&lock_info, 0, sizeof(lock_info));
+	lock_info.l_type = F_WRLCK;
+	lock_info.l_whence = SEEK_SET;
+	lock_info.l_start = 0;
+	lock_info.l_len = 1;
+	while ((rc = fcntl(env->me_lfd, F_SETLK, &lock_info)) &&
+			(rc = ErrCode()) == EINTR) ;
+	if (!rc) {
+		*excl = 1;
+	} else
+# ifndef MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX
+	if (*excl < 0) /* always true when MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX */
+# endif
+	{
+		lock_info.l_type = F_RDLCK;
+		while ((rc = fcntl(env->me_lfd, F_SETLKW, &lock_info)) &&
+				(rc = ErrCode()) == EINTR) ;
+		if (rc == 0)
+			*excl = 0;
+	}
+#endif
+	return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef MDB_USE_HASH
+/*
+ * hash_64 - 64 bit Fowler/Noll/Vo-0 FNV-1a hash code
+ *
+ * @(#) $Revision: 5.1 $
+ * @(#) $Id: hash_64a.c,v 5.1 2009/06/30 09:01:38 chongo Exp $
+ * @(#) $Source: /usr/local/src/cmd/fnv/RCS/hash_64a.c,v $
+ *
+ *	  http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/comp/fnv/index.html
+ *
+ ***
+ *
+ * Please do not copyright this code.  This code is in the public domain.
+ *
+ * LANDON CURT NOLL DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE,
+ * INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO
+ * EVENT SHALL LANDON CURT NOLL BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF
+ * USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR
+ * OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
+ * PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * By:
+ *	chongo <Landon Curt Noll> /\oo/\
+ *	  http://www.isthe.com/chongo/
+ *
+ * Share and Enjoy!	:-)
+ */
+
+typedef unsigned long long	mdb_hash_t;
+#define MDB_HASH_INIT ((mdb_hash_t)0xcbf29ce484222325ULL)
+
+/** perform a 64 bit Fowler/Noll/Vo FNV-1a hash on a buffer
+ * @param[in] val	value to hash
+ * @param[in] hval	initial value for hash
+ * @return 64 bit hash
+ *
+ * NOTE: To use the recommended 64 bit FNV-1a hash, use MDB_HASH_INIT as the
+ * 	 hval arg on the first call.
+ */
+static mdb_hash_t
+mdb_hash_val(MDB_val *val, mdb_hash_t hval)
+{
+	unsigned char *s = (unsigned char *)val->mv_data;	/* unsigned string */
+	unsigned char *end = s + val->mv_size;
+	/*
+	 * FNV-1a hash each octet of the string
+	 */
+	while (s < end) {
+		/* xor the bottom with the current octet */
+		hval ^= (mdb_hash_t)*s++;
+
+		/* multiply by the 64 bit FNV magic prime mod 2^64 */
+		hval += (hval << 1) + (hval << 4) + (hval << 5) +
+			(hval << 7) + (hval << 8) + (hval << 40);
+	}
+	/* return our new hash value */
+	return hval;
+}
+
+/** Hash the string and output the encoded hash.
+ * This uses modified RFC1924 Ascii85 encoding to accommodate systems with
+ * very short name limits. We don't care about the encoding being reversible,
+ * we just want to preserve as many bits of the input as possible in a
+ * small printable string.
+ * @param[in] str string to hash
+ * @param[out] encbuf an array of 11 chars to hold the hash
+ */
+static const char mdb_a85[]= "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz!#$%&()*+-;<=>?@^_`{|}~";
+
+static void ESECT
+mdb_pack85(unsigned long l, char *out)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	for (i=0; i<5; i++) {
+		*out++ = mdb_a85[l % 85];
+		l /= 85;
+	}
+}
+
+static void ESECT
+mdb_hash_enc(MDB_val *val, char *encbuf)
+{
+	mdb_hash_t h = mdb_hash_val(val, MDB_HASH_INIT);
+
+	mdb_pack85(h, encbuf);
+	mdb_pack85(h>>32, encbuf+5);
+	encbuf[10] = '\0';
+}
+#endif
+
+/** Open and/or initialize the lock region for the environment.
+ * @param[in] env The LMDB environment.
+ * @param[in] fname Filename + scratch area, from #mdb_fname_init().
+ * @param[in] mode The Unix permissions for the file, if we create it.
+ * @param[in,out] excl In -1, out lock type: -1 none, 0 shared, 1 exclusive
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_setup_locks(MDB_env *env, MDB_name *fname, int mode, int *excl)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+#	define MDB_ERRCODE_ROFS	ERROR_WRITE_PROTECT
+#else
+#	define MDB_ERRCODE_ROFS	EROFS
+#endif
+	int rc;
+	off_t size, rsize;
+
+	rc = mdb_fopen(env, fname, MDB_O_LOCKS, mode, &env->me_lfd);
+	if (rc) {
+		/* Omit lockfile if read-only env on read-only filesystem */
+		if (rc == MDB_ERRCODE_ROFS && (env->me_flags & MDB_RDONLY)) {
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_NOTLS)) {
+		rc = pthread_key_create(&env->me_txkey, mdb_env_reader_dest);
+		if (rc)
+			goto fail;
+		env->me_flags |= MDB_ENV_TXKEY;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		/* Windows TLS callbacks need help finding their TLS info. */
+		if (mdb_tls_nkeys >= MAX_TLS_KEYS) {
+			rc = MDB_TLS_FULL;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+		mdb_tls_keys[mdb_tls_nkeys++] = env->me_txkey;
+#endif
+	}
+
+	/* Try to get exclusive lock. If we succeed, then
+	 * nobody is using the lock region and we should initialize it.
+	 */
+	if ((rc = mdb_env_excl_lock(env, excl))) goto fail;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	size = GetFileSize(env->me_lfd, NULL);
+#else
+	size = lseek(env->me_lfd, 0, SEEK_END);
+	if (size == -1) goto fail_errno;
+#endif
+	rsize = (env->me_maxreaders-1) * sizeof(MDB_reader) + sizeof(MDB_txninfo);
+	if (size < rsize && *excl > 0) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		if (SetFilePointer(env->me_lfd, rsize, NULL, FILE_BEGIN) != (DWORD)rsize
+			|| !SetEndOfFile(env->me_lfd))
+			goto fail_errno;
+#else
+		if (ftruncate(env->me_lfd, rsize) != 0) goto fail_errno;
+#endif
+	} else {
+		rsize = size;
+		size = rsize - sizeof(MDB_txninfo);
+		env->me_maxreaders = size/sizeof(MDB_reader) + 1;
+	}
+	{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		HANDLE mh;
+		mh = CreateFileMapping(env->me_lfd, NULL, PAGE_READWRITE,
+			0, 0, NULL);
+		if (!mh) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_txns = MapViewOfFileEx(mh, FILE_MAP_WRITE, 0, 0, rsize, NULL);
+		CloseHandle(mh);
+		if (!env->me_txns) goto fail_errno;
+#else
+		void *m = mmap(NULL, rsize, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED,
+			env->me_lfd, 0);
+		if (m == MAP_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_txns = m;
+#endif
+	}
+	if (*excl > 0) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION stbuf;
+		struct {
+			DWORD volume;
+			DWORD nhigh;
+			DWORD nlow;
+		} idbuf;
+		MDB_val val;
+		char encbuf[11];
+
+		if (!mdb_sec_inited) {
+			InitializeSecurityDescriptor(&mdb_null_sd,
+				SECURITY_DESCRIPTOR_REVISION);
+			SetSecurityDescriptorDacl(&mdb_null_sd, TRUE, 0, FALSE);
+			mdb_all_sa.nLength = sizeof(SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES);
+			mdb_all_sa.bInheritHandle = FALSE;
+			mdb_all_sa.lpSecurityDescriptor = &mdb_null_sd;
+			mdb_sec_inited = 1;
+		}
+		if (!GetFileInformationByHandle(env->me_lfd, &stbuf)) goto fail_errno;
+		idbuf.volume = stbuf.dwVolumeSerialNumber;
+		idbuf.nhigh  = stbuf.nFileIndexHigh;
+		idbuf.nlow   = stbuf.nFileIndexLow;
+		val.mv_data = &idbuf;
+		val.mv_size = sizeof(idbuf);
+		mdb_hash_enc(&val, encbuf);
+		sprintf(env->me_txns->mti_rmname, "Global\\MDBr%s", encbuf);
+		sprintf(env->me_txns->mti_wmname, "Global\\MDBw%s", encbuf);
+		env->me_rmutex = CreateMutexA(&mdb_all_sa, FALSE, env->me_txns->mti_rmname);
+		if (!env->me_rmutex) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_wmutex = CreateMutexA(&mdb_all_sa, FALSE, env->me_txns->mti_wmname);
+		if (!env->me_wmutex) goto fail_errno;
+#elif defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+		struct stat stbuf;
+		struct {
+			dev_t dev;
+			ino_t ino;
+		} idbuf;
+		MDB_val val;
+		char encbuf[11];
+
+#if defined(__NetBSD__)
+#define	MDB_SHORT_SEMNAMES	1	/* limited to 14 chars */
+#endif
+		if (fstat(env->me_lfd, &stbuf)) goto fail_errno;
+		idbuf.dev = stbuf.st_dev;
+		idbuf.ino = stbuf.st_ino;
+		val.mv_data = &idbuf;
+		val.mv_size = sizeof(idbuf);
+		mdb_hash_enc(&val, encbuf);
+#ifdef MDB_SHORT_SEMNAMES
+		encbuf[9] = '\0';	/* drop name from 15 chars to 14 chars */
+#endif
+		sprintf(env->me_txns->mti_rmname, "/MDBr%s", encbuf);
+		sprintf(env->me_txns->mti_wmname, "/MDBw%s", encbuf);
+		/* Clean up after a previous run, if needed:  Try to
+		 * remove both semaphores before doing anything else.
+		 */
+		sem_unlink(env->me_txns->mti_rmname);
+		sem_unlink(env->me_txns->mti_wmname);
+		env->me_rmutex = sem_open(env->me_txns->mti_rmname,
+			O_CREAT|O_EXCL, mode, 1);
+		if (env->me_rmutex == SEM_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_wmutex = sem_open(env->me_txns->mti_wmname,
+			O_CREAT|O_EXCL, mode, 1);
+		if (env->me_wmutex == SEM_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+#else	/* MDB_USE_POSIX_MUTEX: */
+		pthread_mutexattr_t mattr;
+
+		/* Solaris needs this before initing a robust mutex.  Otherwise
+		 * it may skip the init and return EBUSY "seems someone already
+		 * inited" or EINVAL "it was inited differently".
+		 */
+		memset(env->me_txns->mti_rmutex, 0, sizeof(*env->me_txns->mti_rmutex));
+		memset(env->me_txns->mti_wmutex, 0, sizeof(*env->me_txns->mti_wmutex));
+
+		if ((rc = pthread_mutexattr_init(&mattr)))
+			goto fail;
+
+		rc = pthread_mutexattr_setpshared(&mattr, PTHREAD_PROCESS_SHARED);
+#ifdef MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED
+		if (!rc) rc = pthread_mutexattr_setrobust(&mattr, PTHREAD_MUTEX_ROBUST);
+#endif
+		if (!rc) rc = pthread_mutex_init(env->me_txns->mti_rmutex, &mattr);
+		if (!rc) rc = pthread_mutex_init(env->me_txns->mti_wmutex, &mattr);
+		pthread_mutexattr_destroy(&mattr);
+		if (rc)
+			goto fail;
+#endif	/* _WIN32 || MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM */
+
+		env->me_txns->mti_magic = MDB_MAGIC;
+		env->me_txns->mti_format = MDB_LOCK_FORMAT;
+		env->me_txns->mti_txnid = 0;
+		env->me_txns->mti_numreaders = 0;
+
+	} else {
+		if (env->me_txns->mti_magic != MDB_MAGIC) {
+			DPUTS("lock region has invalid magic");
+			rc = MDB_INVALID;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+		if (env->me_txns->mti_format != MDB_LOCK_FORMAT) {
+			DPRINTF(("lock region has format+version 0x%x, expected 0x%x",
+				env->me_txns->mti_format, MDB_LOCK_FORMAT));
+			rc = MDB_VERSION_MISMATCH;
+			goto fail;
+		}
+		rc = ErrCode();
+		if (rc && rc != EACCES && rc != EAGAIN) {
+			goto fail;
+		}
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		env->me_rmutex = OpenMutexA(SYNCHRONIZE, FALSE, env->me_txns->mti_rmname);
+		if (!env->me_rmutex) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_wmutex = OpenMutexA(SYNCHRONIZE, FALSE, env->me_txns->mti_wmname);
+		if (!env->me_wmutex) goto fail_errno;
+#elif defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+		env->me_rmutex = sem_open(env->me_txns->mti_rmname, 0);
+		if (env->me_rmutex == SEM_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+		env->me_wmutex = sem_open(env->me_txns->mti_wmname, 0);
+		if (env->me_wmutex == SEM_FAILED) goto fail_errno;
+#endif
+	}
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+fail_errno:
+	rc = ErrCode();
+fail:
+	return rc;
+}
+
+	/** Only a subset of the @ref mdb_env flags can be changed
+	 *	at runtime. Changing other flags requires closing the
+	 *	environment and re-opening it with the new flags.
+	 */
+#define	CHANGEABLE	(MDB_NOSYNC|MDB_NOMETASYNC|MDB_MAPASYNC|MDB_NOMEMINIT)
+#define	CHANGELESS	(MDB_FIXEDMAP|MDB_NOSUBDIR|MDB_RDONLY| \
+	MDB_WRITEMAP|MDB_NOTLS|MDB_NOLOCK|MDB_NORDAHEAD)
+
+#if VALID_FLAGS & PERSISTENT_FLAGS & (CHANGEABLE|CHANGELESS)
+# error "Persistent DB flags & env flags overlap, but both go in mm_flags"
+#endif
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_open(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags, mdb_mode_t mode)
+{
+	int rc, excl = -1;
+	MDB_name fname;
+
+	if (env->me_fd!=INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE || (flags & ~(CHANGEABLE|CHANGELESS)))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	flags |= env->me_flags;
+
+	rc = mdb_fname_init(path, flags, &fname);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	if (flags & MDB_RDONLY) {
+		/* silently ignore WRITEMAP when we're only getting read access */
+		flags &= ~MDB_WRITEMAP;
+	} else {
+		if (!((env->me_free_pgs = mdb_midl_alloc(MDB_IDL_UM_MAX)) &&
+			  (env->me_dirty_list = calloc(MDB_IDL_UM_SIZE, sizeof(MDB_ID2)))))
+			rc = ENOMEM;
+	}
+	env->me_flags = flags |= MDB_ENV_ACTIVE;
+	if (rc)
+		goto leave;
+
+	env->me_path = strdup(path);
+	env->me_dbxs = calloc(env->me_maxdbs, sizeof(MDB_dbx));
+	env->me_dbflags = calloc(env->me_maxdbs, sizeof(uint16_t));
+	env->me_dbiseqs = calloc(env->me_maxdbs, sizeof(unsigned int));
+	if (!(env->me_dbxs && env->me_path && env->me_dbflags && env->me_dbiseqs)) {
+		rc = ENOMEM;
+		goto leave;
+	}
+	env->me_dbxs[FREE_DBI].md_cmp = mdb_cmp_long; /* aligned MDB_INTEGERKEY */
+
+	/* For RDONLY, get lockfile after we know datafile exists */
+	if (!(flags & (MDB_RDONLY|MDB_NOLOCK))) {
+		rc = mdb_env_setup_locks(env, &fname, mode, &excl);
+		if (rc)
+			goto leave;
+	}
+
+	rc = mdb_fopen(env, &fname,
+		(flags & MDB_RDONLY) ? MDB_O_RDONLY : MDB_O_RDWR,
+		mode, &env->me_fd);
+	if (rc)
+		goto leave;
+
+	if ((flags & (MDB_RDONLY|MDB_NOLOCK)) == MDB_RDONLY) {
+		rc = mdb_env_setup_locks(env, &fname, mode, &excl);
+		if (rc)
+			goto leave;
+	}
+
+	if ((rc = mdb_env_open2(env)) == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		if (!(flags & (MDB_RDONLY|MDB_WRITEMAP))) {
+			/* Synchronous fd for meta writes. Needed even with
+			 * MDB_NOSYNC/MDB_NOMETASYNC, in case these get reset.
+			 */
+			rc = mdb_fopen(env, &fname, MDB_O_META, mode, &env->me_mfd);
+			if (rc)
+				goto leave;
+		}
+		DPRINTF(("opened dbenv %p", (void *) env));
+		if (excl > 0) {
+			rc = mdb_env_share_locks(env, &excl);
+			if (rc)
+				goto leave;
+		}
+		if (!(flags & MDB_RDONLY)) {
+			MDB_txn *txn;
+			int tsize = sizeof(MDB_txn), size = tsize + env->me_maxdbs *
+				(sizeof(MDB_db)+sizeof(MDB_cursor *)+sizeof(unsigned int)+1);
+			if ((env->me_pbuf = calloc(1, env->me_psize)) &&
+				(txn = calloc(1, size)))
+			{
+				txn->mt_dbs = (MDB_db *)((char *)txn + tsize);
+				txn->mt_cursors = (MDB_cursor **)(txn->mt_dbs + env->me_maxdbs);
+				txn->mt_dbiseqs = (unsigned int *)(txn->mt_cursors + env->me_maxdbs);
+				txn->mt_dbflags = (unsigned char *)(txn->mt_dbiseqs + env->me_maxdbs);
+				txn->mt_env = env;
+				txn->mt_dbxs = env->me_dbxs;
+				txn->mt_flags = MDB_TXN_FINISHED;
+				env->me_txn0 = txn;
+			} else {
+				rc = ENOMEM;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+leave:
+	if (rc) {
+		mdb_env_close0(env, excl);
+	}
+	mdb_fname_destroy(fname);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Destroy resources from mdb_env_open(), clear our readers & DBIs */
+static void ESECT
+mdb_env_close0(MDB_env *env, int excl)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_ENV_ACTIVE))
+		return;
+
+	/* Doing this here since me_dbxs may not exist during mdb_env_close */
+	if (env->me_dbxs) {
+		for (i = env->me_maxdbs; --i >= CORE_DBS; )
+			free(env->me_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_data);
+		free(env->me_dbxs);
+	}
+
+	free(env->me_pbuf);
+	free(env->me_dbiseqs);
+	free(env->me_dbflags);
+	free(env->me_path);
+	free(env->me_dirty_list);
+	free(env->me_txn0);
+	mdb_midl_free(env->me_free_pgs);
+
+	if (env->me_flags & MDB_ENV_TXKEY) {
+		pthread_key_delete(env->me_txkey);
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		/* Delete our key from the global list */
+		for (i=0; i<mdb_tls_nkeys; i++)
+			if (mdb_tls_keys[i] == env->me_txkey) {
+				mdb_tls_keys[i] = mdb_tls_keys[mdb_tls_nkeys-1];
+				mdb_tls_nkeys--;
+				break;
+			}
+#endif
+	}
+
+	if (env->me_map) {
+		munmap(env->me_map, env->me_mapsize);
+	}
+	if (env->me_mfd != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+		(void) close(env->me_mfd);
+	if (env->me_fd != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
+		(void) close(env->me_fd);
+	if (env->me_txns) {
+		MDB_PID_T pid = getpid();
+		/* Clearing readers is done in this function because
+		 * me_txkey with its destructor must be disabled first.
+		 *
+		 * We skip the the reader mutex, so we touch only
+		 * data owned by this process (me_close_readers and
+		 * our readers), and clear each reader atomically.
+		 */
+		for (i = env->me_close_readers; --i >= 0; )
+			if (env->me_txns->mti_readers[i].mr_pid == pid)
+				env->me_txns->mti_readers[i].mr_pid = 0;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		if (env->me_rmutex) {
+			CloseHandle(env->me_rmutex);
+			if (env->me_wmutex) CloseHandle(env->me_wmutex);
+		}
+		/* Windows automatically destroys the mutexes when
+		 * the last handle closes.
+		 */
+#elif defined(MDB_USE_POSIX_SEM)
+		if (env->me_rmutex != SEM_FAILED) {
+			sem_close(env->me_rmutex);
+			if (env->me_wmutex != SEM_FAILED)
+				sem_close(env->me_wmutex);
+			/* If we have the filelock:  If we are the
+			 * only remaining user, clean up semaphores.
+			 */
+			if (excl == 0)
+				mdb_env_excl_lock(env, &excl);
+			if (excl > 0) {
+				sem_unlink(env->me_txns->mti_rmname);
+				sem_unlink(env->me_txns->mti_wmname);
+			}
+		}
+#elif defined(MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED)
+		/* If we have the filelock:  If we are the
+		 * only remaining user, clean up robust
+		 * mutexes.
+		 */
+		if (excl == 0)
+			mdb_env_excl_lock(env, &excl);
+		if (excl > 0) {
+			pthread_mutex_destroy(env->me_txns->mti_rmutex);
+			pthread_mutex_destroy(env->me_txns->mti_wmutex);
+		}
+#endif
+		munmap((void *)env->me_txns, (env->me_maxreaders-1)*sizeof(MDB_reader)+sizeof(MDB_txninfo));
+	}
+	if (env->me_lfd != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		if (excl >= 0) {
+			/* Unlock the lockfile.  Windows would have unlocked it
+			 * after closing anyway, but not necessarily at once.
+			 */
+			UnlockFile(env->me_lfd, 0, 0, 1, 0);
+		}
+#endif
+		(void) close(env->me_lfd);
+	}
+
+	env->me_flags &= ~(MDB_ENV_ACTIVE|MDB_ENV_TXKEY);
+}
+
+void ESECT
+mdb_env_close(MDB_env *env)
+{
+	MDB_page *dp;
+
+	if (env == NULL)
+		return;
+
+	VGMEMP_DESTROY(env);
+	while ((dp = env->me_dpages) != NULL) {
+		VGMEMP_DEFINED(&dp->mp_next, sizeof(dp->mp_next));
+		env->me_dpages = dp->mp_next;
+		free(dp);
+	}
+
+	mdb_env_close0(env, 0);
+	free(env);
+}
+
+/** Compare two items pointing at aligned size_t's */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_long(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	return (*(size_t *)a->mv_data < *(size_t *)b->mv_data) ? -1 :
+		*(size_t *)a->mv_data > *(size_t *)b->mv_data;
+}
+
+/** Compare two items pointing at aligned unsigned int's.
+ *
+ *	This is also set as #MDB_INTEGERDUP|#MDB_DUPFIXED's #MDB_dbx.%md_dcmp,
+ *	but #mdb_cmp_clong() is called instead if the data type is size_t.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_int(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	return (*(unsigned int *)a->mv_data < *(unsigned int *)b->mv_data) ? -1 :
+		*(unsigned int *)a->mv_data > *(unsigned int *)b->mv_data;
+}
+
+/** Compare two items pointing at unsigned ints of unknown alignment.
+ *	Nodes and keys are guaranteed to be 2-byte aligned.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_cint(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+#if BYTE_ORDER == LITTLE_ENDIAN
+	unsigned short *u, *c;
+	int x;
+
+	u = (unsigned short *) ((char *) a->mv_data + a->mv_size);
+	c = (unsigned short *) ((char *) b->mv_data + a->mv_size);
+	do {
+		x = *--u - *--c;
+	} while(!x && u > (unsigned short *)a->mv_data);
+	return x;
+#else
+	unsigned short *u, *c, *end;
+	int x;
+
+	end = (unsigned short *) ((char *) a->mv_data + a->mv_size);
+	u = (unsigned short *)a->mv_data;
+	c = (unsigned short *)b->mv_data;
+	do {
+		x = *u++ - *c++;
+	} while(!x && u < end);
+	return x;
+#endif
+}
+
+/** Compare two items lexically */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_memn(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	int diff;
+	ssize_t len_diff;
+	unsigned int len;
+
+	len = a->mv_size;
+	len_diff = (ssize_t) a->mv_size - (ssize_t) b->mv_size;
+	if (len_diff > 0) {
+		len = b->mv_size;
+		len_diff = 1;
+	}
+
+	diff = memcmp(a->mv_data, b->mv_data, len);
+	return diff ? diff : len_diff<0 ? -1 : len_diff;
+}
+
+/** Compare two items in reverse byte order */
+static int
+mdb_cmp_memnr(const MDB_val *a, const MDB_val *b)
+{
+	const unsigned char	*p1, *p2, *p1_lim;
+	ssize_t len_diff;
+	int diff;
+
+	p1_lim = (const unsigned char *)a->mv_data;
+	p1 = (const unsigned char *)a->mv_data + a->mv_size;
+	p2 = (const unsigned char *)b->mv_data + b->mv_size;
+
+	len_diff = (ssize_t) a->mv_size - (ssize_t) b->mv_size;
+	if (len_diff > 0) {
+		p1_lim += len_diff;
+		len_diff = 1;
+	}
+
+	while (p1 > p1_lim) {
+		diff = *--p1 - *--p2;
+		if (diff)
+			return diff;
+	}
+	return len_diff<0 ? -1 : len_diff;
+}
+
+/** Search for key within a page, using binary search.
+ * Returns the smallest entry larger or equal to the key.
+ * If exactp is non-null, stores whether the found entry was an exact match
+ * in *exactp (1 or 0).
+ * Updates the cursor index with the index of the found entry.
+ * If no entry larger or equal to the key is found, returns NULL.
+ */
+static MDB_node *
+mdb_node_search(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, int *exactp)
+{
+	unsigned int	 i = 0, nkeys;
+	int		 low, high;
+	int		 rc = 0;
+	MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	MDB_node	*node = NULL;
+	MDB_val	 nodekey;
+	MDB_cmp_func *cmp;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+	DPRINTF(("searching %u keys in %s %spage %"Z"u",
+	    nkeys, IS_LEAF(mp) ? "leaf" : "branch", IS_SUBP(mp) ? "sub-" : "",
+	    mdb_dbg_pgno(mp)));
+
+	low = IS_LEAF(mp) ? 0 : 1;
+	high = nkeys - 1;
+	cmp = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp;
+
+	/* Branch pages have no data, so if using integer keys,
+	 * alignment is guaranteed. Use faster mdb_cmp_int.
+	 */
+	if (cmp == mdb_cmp_cint && IS_BRANCH(mp)) {
+		if (NODEPTR(mp, 1)->mn_ksize == sizeof(size_t))
+			cmp = mdb_cmp_long;
+		else
+			cmp = mdb_cmp_int;
+	}
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		nodekey.mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, 0);	/* fake */
+		while (low <= high) {
+			i = (low + high) >> 1;
+			nodekey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, i, nodekey.mv_size);
+			rc = cmp(key, &nodekey);
+			DPRINTF(("found leaf index %u [%s], rc = %i",
+			    i, DKEY(&nodekey), rc));
+			if (rc == 0)
+				break;
+			if (rc > 0)
+				low = i + 1;
+			else
+				high = i - 1;
+		}
+	} else {
+		while (low <= high) {
+			i = (low + high) >> 1;
+
+			node = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+			nodekey.mv_size = NODEKSZ(node);
+			nodekey.mv_data = NODEKEY(node);
+
+			rc = cmp(key, &nodekey);
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+			if (IS_LEAF(mp))
+				DPRINTF(("found leaf index %u [%s], rc = %i",
+				    i, DKEY(&nodekey), rc));
+			else
+				DPRINTF(("found branch index %u [%s -> %"Z"u], rc = %i",
+				    i, DKEY(&nodekey), NODEPGNO(node), rc));
+#endif
+			if (rc == 0)
+				break;
+			if (rc > 0)
+				low = i + 1;
+			else
+				high = i - 1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (rc > 0) {	/* Found entry is less than the key. */
+		i++;	/* Skip to get the smallest entry larger than key. */
+		if (!IS_LEAF2(mp))
+			node = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+	}
+	if (exactp)
+		*exactp = (rc == 0 && nkeys > 0);
+	/* store the key index */
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = i;
+	if (i >= nkeys)
+		/* There is no entry larger or equal to the key. */
+		return NULL;
+
+	/* nodeptr is fake for LEAF2 */
+	return node;
+}
+
+#if 0
+static void
+mdb_cursor_adjust(MDB_cursor *mc, func)
+{
+	MDB_cursor *m2;
+
+	for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+		if (m2->mc_pg[m2->mc_top] == mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) {
+			func(mc, m2);
+		}
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+/** Pop a page off the top of the cursor's stack. */
+static void
+mdb_cursor_pop(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	if (mc->mc_snum) {
+		DPRINTF(("popping page %"Z"u off db %d cursor %p",
+			mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]->mp_pgno, DDBI(mc), (void *) mc));
+
+		mc->mc_snum--;
+		if (mc->mc_snum) {
+			mc->mc_top--;
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+/** Push a page onto the top of the cursor's stack.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_push(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	DPRINTF(("pushing page %"Z"u on db %d cursor %p", mp->mp_pgno,
+		DDBI(mc), (void *) mc));
+
+	if (mc->mc_snum >= CURSOR_STACK) {
+		mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		return MDB_CURSOR_FULL;
+	}
+
+	mc->mc_top = mc->mc_snum++;
+	mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = mp;
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Find the address of the page corresponding to a given page number.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc the cursor accessing the page.
+ * @param[in] pgno the page number for the page to retrieve.
+ * @param[out] ret address of a pointer where the page's address will be stored.
+ * @param[out] lvl dirty_list inheritance level of found page. 1=current txn, 0=mapped page.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_get(MDB_cursor *mc, pgno_t pgno, MDB_page **ret, int *lvl)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_page *p = NULL;
+	int level;
+
+	if (! (txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_WRITEMAP))) {
+		MDB_txn *tx2 = txn;
+		level = 1;
+		do {
+			MDB_ID2L dl = tx2->mt_u.dirty_list;
+			unsigned x;
+			/* Spilled pages were dirtied in this txn and flushed
+			 * because the dirty list got full. Bring this page
+			 * back in from the map (but don't unspill it here,
+			 * leave that unless page_touch happens again).
+			 */
+			if (tx2->mt_spill_pgs) {
+				MDB_ID pn = pgno << 1;
+				x = mdb_midl_search(tx2->mt_spill_pgs, pn);
+				if (x <= tx2->mt_spill_pgs[0] && tx2->mt_spill_pgs[x] == pn) {
+					p = (MDB_page *)(env->me_map + env->me_psize * pgno);
+					goto done;
+				}
+			}
+			if (dl[0].mid) {
+				unsigned x = mdb_mid2l_search(dl, pgno);
+				if (x <= dl[0].mid && dl[x].mid == pgno) {
+					p = dl[x].mptr;
+					goto done;
+				}
+			}
+			level++;
+		} while ((tx2 = tx2->mt_parent) != NULL);
+	}
+
+	if (pgno < txn->mt_next_pgno) {
+		level = 0;
+		p = (MDB_page *)(env->me_map + env->me_psize * pgno);
+	} else {
+		DPRINTF(("page %"Z"u not found", pgno));
+		txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		return MDB_PAGE_NOTFOUND;
+	}
+
+done:
+	*ret = p;
+	if (lvl)
+		*lvl = level;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Finish #mdb_page_search() / #mdb_page_search_lowest().
+ *	The cursor is at the root page, set up the rest of it.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_search_root(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, int flags)
+{
+	MDB_page	*mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	int rc;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	while (IS_BRANCH(mp)) {
+		MDB_node	*node;
+		indx_t		i;
+
+		DPRINTF(("branch page %"Z"u has %u keys", mp->mp_pgno, NUMKEYS(mp)));
+		/* Don't assert on branch pages in the FreeDB. We can get here
+		 * while in the process of rebalancing a FreeDB branch page; we must
+		 * let that proceed. ITS#8336
+		 */
+		mdb_cassert(mc, !mc->mc_dbi || NUMKEYS(mp) > 1);
+		DPRINTF(("found index 0 to page %"Z"u", NODEPGNO(NODEPTR(mp, 0))));
+
+		if (flags & (MDB_PS_FIRST|MDB_PS_LAST)) {
+			i = 0;
+			if (flags & MDB_PS_LAST) {
+				i = NUMKEYS(mp) - 1;
+				/* if already init'd, see if we're already in right place */
+				if (mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+					if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] == i) {
+						mc->mc_top = mc->mc_snum++;
+						mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+						goto ready;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			int	 exact;
+			node = mdb_node_search(mc, key, &exact);
+			if (node == NULL)
+				i = NUMKEYS(mp) - 1;
+			else {
+				i = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+				if (!exact) {
+					mdb_cassert(mc, i > 0);
+					i--;
+				}
+			}
+			DPRINTF(("following index %u for key [%s]", i, DKEY(key)));
+		}
+
+		mdb_cassert(mc, i < NUMKEYS(mp));
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(node), &mp, NULL)) != 0)
+			return rc;
+
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = i;
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_push(mc, mp)))
+			return rc;
+
+ready:
+		if (flags & MDB_PS_MODIFY) {
+			if ((rc = mdb_page_touch(mc)) != 0)
+				return rc;
+			mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (!IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+		DPRINTF(("internal error, index points to a %02X page!?",
+		    mp->mp_flags));
+		mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("found leaf page %"Z"u for key [%s]", mp->mp_pgno,
+	    key ? DKEY(key) : "null"));
+	mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Search for the lowest key under the current branch page.
+ * This just bypasses a NUMKEYS check in the current page
+ * before calling mdb_page_search_root(), because the callers
+ * are all in situations where the current page is known to
+ * be underfilled.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_search_lowest(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	MDB_page	*mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	MDB_node	*node = NODEPTR(mp, 0);
+	int rc;
+
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(node), &mp, NULL)) != 0)
+		return rc;
+
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+	if ((rc = mdb_cursor_push(mc, mp)))
+		return rc;
+	return mdb_page_search_root(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+}
+
+/** Search for the page a given key should be in.
+ * Push it and its parent pages on the cursor stack.
+ * @param[in,out] mc the cursor for this operation.
+ * @param[in] key the key to search for, or NULL for first/last page.
+ * @param[in] flags If MDB_PS_MODIFY is set, visited pages in the DB
+ *   are touched (updated with new page numbers).
+ *   If MDB_PS_FIRST or MDB_PS_LAST is set, find first or last leaf.
+ *   This is used by #mdb_cursor_first() and #mdb_cursor_last().
+ *   If MDB_PS_ROOTONLY set, just fetch root node, no further lookups.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_search(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, int flags)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	pgno_t		 root;
+
+	/* Make sure the txn is still viable, then find the root from
+	 * the txn's db table and set it as the root of the cursor's stack.
+	 */
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED) {
+		DPUTS("transaction may not be used now");
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+	} else {
+		/* Make sure we're using an up-to-date root */
+		if (*mc->mc_dbflag & DB_STALE) {
+				MDB_cursor mc2;
+				if (TXN_DBI_CHANGED(mc->mc_txn, mc->mc_dbi))
+					return MDB_BAD_DBI;
+				mdb_cursor_init(&mc2, mc->mc_txn, MAIN_DBI, NULL);
+				rc = mdb_page_search(&mc2, &mc->mc_dbx->md_name, 0);
+				if (rc)
+					return rc;
+				{
+					MDB_val data;
+					int exact = 0;
+					uint16_t flags;
+					MDB_node *leaf = mdb_node_search(&mc2,
+						&mc->mc_dbx->md_name, &exact);
+					if (!exact)
+						return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+					if ((leaf->mn_flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) != F_SUBDATA)
+						return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE; /* not a named DB */
+					rc = mdb_node_read(&mc2, leaf, &data);
+					if (rc)
+						return rc;
+					memcpy(&flags, ((char *) data.mv_data + offsetof(MDB_db, md_flags)),
+						sizeof(uint16_t));
+					/* The txn may not know this DBI, or another process may
+					 * have dropped and recreated the DB with other flags.
+					 */
+					if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS) != flags)
+						return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+					memcpy(mc->mc_db, data.mv_data, sizeof(MDB_db));
+				}
+				*mc->mc_dbflag &= ~DB_STALE;
+		}
+		root = mc->mc_db->md_root;
+
+		if (root == P_INVALID) {		/* Tree is empty. */
+			DPUTS("tree is empty");
+			return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+	}
+
+	mdb_cassert(mc, root > 1);
+	if (!mc->mc_pg[0] || mc->mc_pg[0]->mp_pgno != root)
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, root, &mc->mc_pg[0], NULL)) != 0)
+			return rc;
+
+	mc->mc_snum = 1;
+	mc->mc_top = 0;
+
+	DPRINTF(("db %d root page %"Z"u has flags 0x%X",
+		DDBI(mc), root, mc->mc_pg[0]->mp_flags));
+
+	if (flags & MDB_PS_MODIFY) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_touch(mc)))
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	if (flags & MDB_PS_ROOTONLY)
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	return mdb_page_search_root(mc, key, flags);
+}
+
+static int
+mdb_ovpage_free(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_page *mp)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	pgno_t pg = mp->mp_pgno;
+	unsigned x = 0, ovpages = mp->mp_pages;
+	MDB_env *env = txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_IDL sl = txn->mt_spill_pgs;
+	MDB_ID pn = pg << 1;
+	int rc;
+
+	DPRINTF(("free ov page %"Z"u (%d)", pg, ovpages));
+	/* If the page is dirty or on the spill list we just acquired it,
+	 * so we should give it back to our current free list, if any.
+	 * Otherwise put it onto the list of pages we freed in this txn.
+	 *
+	 * Won't create me_pghead: me_pglast must be inited along with it.
+	 * Unsupported in nested txns: They would need to hide the page
+	 * range in ancestor txns' dirty and spilled lists.
+	 */
+	if (env->me_pghead &&
+		!txn->mt_parent &&
+		((mp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) ||
+		 (sl && (x = mdb_midl_search(sl, pn)) <= sl[0] && sl[x] == pn)))
+	{
+		unsigned i, j;
+		pgno_t *mop;
+		MDB_ID2 *dl, ix, iy;
+		rc = mdb_midl_need(&env->me_pghead, ovpages);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		if (!(mp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY)) {
+			/* This page is no longer spilled */
+			if (x == sl[0])
+				sl[0]--;
+			else
+				sl[x] |= 1;
+			goto release;
+		}
+		/* Remove from dirty list */
+		dl = txn->mt_u.dirty_list;
+		x = dl[0].mid--;
+		for (ix = dl[x]; ix.mptr != mp; ix = iy) {
+			if (x > 1) {
+				x--;
+				iy = dl[x];
+				dl[x] = ix;
+			} else {
+				mdb_cassert(mc, x > 1);
+				j = ++(dl[0].mid);
+				dl[j] = ix;		/* Unsorted. OK when MDB_TXN_ERROR. */
+				txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+				return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+			}
+		}
+		txn->mt_dirty_room++;
+		if (!(env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP))
+			mdb_dpage_free(env, mp);
+release:
+		/* Insert in me_pghead */
+		mop = env->me_pghead;
+		j = mop[0] + ovpages;
+		for (i = mop[0]; i && mop[i] < pg; i--)
+			mop[j--] = mop[i];
+		while (j>i)
+			mop[j--] = pg++;
+		mop[0] += ovpages;
+	} else {
+		rc = mdb_midl_append_range(&txn->mt_free_pgs, pg, ovpages);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	}
+	mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages -= ovpages;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** Return the data associated with a given node.
+ * @param[in] mc The cursor for this operation.
+ * @param[in] leaf The node being read.
+ * @param[out] data Updated to point to the node's data.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_node_read(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_node *leaf, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	MDB_page	*omp;		/* overflow page */
+	pgno_t		 pgno;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA)) {
+		data->mv_size = NODEDSZ(leaf);
+		data->mv_data = NODEDATA(leaf);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	/* Read overflow data.
+	 */
+	data->mv_size = NODEDSZ(leaf);
+	memcpy(&pgno, NODEDATA(leaf), sizeof(pgno));
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, pgno, &omp, NULL)) != 0) {
+		DPRINTF(("read overflow page %"Z"u failed", pgno));
+		return rc;
+	}
+	data->mv_data = METADATA(omp);
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_get(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi,
+    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	MDB_cursor	mc;
+	MDB_xcursor	mx;
+	int exact = 0;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	DPRINTF(("===> get db %u key [%s]", dbi, DKEY(key)));
+
+	if (!key || !data || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, dbi, &mx);
+	return mdb_cursor_set(&mc, key, data, MDB_SET, &exact);
+}
+
+/** Find a sibling for a page.
+ * Replaces the page at the top of the cursor's stack with the
+ * specified sibling, if one exists.
+ * @param[in] mc The cursor for this operation.
+ * @param[in] move_right Non-zero if the right sibling is requested,
+ * otherwise the left sibling.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_sibling(MDB_cursor *mc, int move_right)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	MDB_node	*indx;
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+
+	if (mc->mc_snum < 2) {
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;		/* root has no siblings */
+	}
+
+	mdb_cursor_pop(mc);
+	DPRINTF(("parent page is page %"Z"u, index %u",
+		mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]->mp_pgno, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	if (move_right ? (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] + 1u >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]))
+		       : (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] == 0)) {
+		DPRINTF(("no more keys left, moving to %s sibling",
+		    move_right ? "right" : "left"));
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, move_right)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			/* undo cursor_pop before returning */
+			mc->mc_top++;
+			mc->mc_snum++;
+			return rc;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (move_right)
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+		else
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]--;
+		DPRINTF(("just moving to %s index key %u",
+		    move_right ? "right" : "left", mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+	}
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_BRANCH(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	indx = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(indx), &mp, NULL)) != 0) {
+		/* mc will be inconsistent if caller does mc_snum++ as above */
+		mc->mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+		return rc;
+	}
+
+	mdb_cursor_push(mc, mp);
+	if (!move_right)
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mp)-1;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Move the cursor to the next data item. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_next(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op)
+{
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+	int rc;
+
+	if ((mc->mc_flags & C_DEL && op == MDB_NEXT_DUP))
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+		return mdb_cursor_first(mc, key, data);
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_EOF) {
+		if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= NUMKEYS(mp)-1)
+			return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_EOF;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+		leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			if (op == MDB_NEXT || op == MDB_NEXT_DUP) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_next(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL, MDB_NEXT);
+				if (op != MDB_NEXT || rc != MDB_NOTFOUND) {
+					if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS)
+						MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+					return rc;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+			if (op == MDB_NEXT_DUP)
+				return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("cursor_next: top page is %"Z"u in cursor %p",
+		mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), (void *) mc));
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_DEL) {
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_DEL;
+		goto skip;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] + 1u >= NUMKEYS(mp)) {
+		DPUTS("=====> move to next sibling page");
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 1)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			mc->mc_flags |= C_EOF;
+			return rc;
+		}
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		DPRINTF(("next page is %"Z"u, key index %u", mp->mp_pgno, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+	} else
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+
+skip:
+	DPRINTF(("==> cursor points to page %"Z"u with %u keys, key index %u",
+	    mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), NUMKEYS(mp), mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mp));
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+		rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+		if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	} else if (data) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Move the cursor to the previous data item. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_prev(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, MDB_cursor_op op)
+{
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+		rc = mdb_cursor_last(mc, key, data);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+	}
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+
+	if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) &&
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] < NUMKEYS(mp)) {
+		leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+			if (op == MDB_PREV || op == MDB_PREV_DUP) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_prev(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL, MDB_PREV);
+				if (op != MDB_PREV || rc != MDB_NOTFOUND) {
+					if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+						MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+						mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+					}
+					return rc;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+			if (op == MDB_PREV_DUP)
+				return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("cursor_prev: top page is %"Z"u in cursor %p",
+		mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), (void *) mc));
+
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~(C_EOF|C_DEL);
+
+	if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] == 0)  {
+		DPUTS("=====> move to prev sibling page");
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 0)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			return rc;
+		}
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mp) - 1;
+		DPRINTF(("prev page is %"Z"u, key index %u", mp->mp_pgno, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+	} else
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]--;
+
+	DPRINTF(("==> cursor points to page %"Z"u with %u keys, key index %u",
+	    mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), NUMKEYS(mp), mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	if (!IS_LEAF(mp))
+		return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+		rc = mdb_cursor_last(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+		if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	} else if (data) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Set the cursor on a specific data item. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_set(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+    MDB_cursor_op op, int *exactp)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+	MDB_node	*leaf = NULL;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	if (key->mv_size == 0)
+		return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+
+	if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+		mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+
+	/* See if we're already on the right page */
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+		MDB_val nodekey;
+
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		if (!NUMKEYS(mp)) {
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+			return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+		if (mp->mp_flags & P_LEAF2) {
+			nodekey.mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			nodekey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, 0, nodekey.mv_size);
+		} else {
+			leaf = NODEPTR(mp, 0);
+			MDB_GET_KEY2(leaf, nodekey);
+		}
+		rc = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp(key, &nodekey);
+		if (rc == 0) {
+			/* Probably happens rarely, but first node on the page
+			 * was the one we wanted.
+			 */
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+			if (exactp)
+				*exactp = 1;
+			goto set1;
+		}
+		if (rc > 0) {
+			unsigned int i;
+			unsigned int nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+			if (nkeys > 1) {
+				if (mp->mp_flags & P_LEAF2) {
+					nodekey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp,
+						 nkeys-1, nodekey.mv_size);
+				} else {
+					leaf = NODEPTR(mp, nkeys-1);
+					MDB_GET_KEY2(leaf, nodekey);
+				}
+				rc = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp(key, &nodekey);
+				if (rc == 0) {
+					/* last node was the one we wanted */
+					mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = nkeys-1;
+					if (exactp)
+						*exactp = 1;
+					goto set1;
+				}
+				if (rc < 0) {
+					if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] < NUMKEYS(mp)) {
+						/* This is definitely the right page, skip search_page */
+						if (mp->mp_flags & P_LEAF2) {
+							nodekey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp,
+								 mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], nodekey.mv_size);
+						} else {
+							leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+							MDB_GET_KEY2(leaf, nodekey);
+						}
+						rc = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp(key, &nodekey);
+						if (rc == 0) {
+							/* current node was the one we wanted */
+							if (exactp)
+								*exactp = 1;
+							goto set1;
+						}
+					}
+					rc = 0;
+					mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+					goto set2;
+				}
+			}
+			/* If any parents have right-sibs, search.
+			 * Otherwise, there's nothing further.
+			 */
+			for (i=0; i<mc->mc_top; i++)
+				if (mc->mc_ki[i] <
+					NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[i])-1)
+					break;
+			if (i == mc->mc_top) {
+				/* There are no other pages */
+				mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = nkeys;
+				return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!mc->mc_top) {
+			/* There are no other pages */
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+			if (op == MDB_SET_RANGE && !exactp) {
+				rc = 0;
+				goto set1;
+			} else
+				return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		}
+	} else {
+		mc->mc_pg[0] = 0;
+	}
+
+	rc = mdb_page_search(mc, key, 0);
+	if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+		return rc;
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mp));
+
+set2:
+	leaf = mdb_node_search(mc, key, exactp);
+	if (exactp != NULL && !*exactp) {
+		/* MDB_SET specified and not an exact match. */
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+	}
+
+	if (leaf == NULL) {
+		DPUTS("===> inexact leaf not found, goto sibling");
+		if ((rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 1)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			mc->mc_flags |= C_EOF;
+			return rc;		/* no entries matched */
+		}
+		mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+		mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mp));
+		leaf = NODEPTR(mp, 0);
+	}
+
+set1:
+	mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		if (op == MDB_SET_RANGE || op == MDB_SET_KEY) {
+			key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+		}
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+		if (op == MDB_SET || op == MDB_SET_KEY || op == MDB_SET_RANGE) {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+		} else {
+			int ex2, *ex2p;
+			if (op == MDB_GET_BOTH) {
+				ex2p = &ex2;
+				ex2 = 0;
+			} else {
+				ex2p = NULL;
+			}
+			rc = mdb_cursor_set(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL, MDB_SET_RANGE, ex2p);
+			if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	} else if (data) {
+		if (op == MDB_GET_BOTH || op == MDB_GET_BOTH_RANGE) {
+			MDB_val olddata;
+			MDB_cmp_func *dcmp;
+			if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, &olddata)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+			dcmp = mc->mc_dbx->md_dcmp;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+			if (dcmp == mdb_cmp_int && olddata.mv_size == sizeof(size_t))
+				dcmp = mdb_cmp_clong;
+#endif
+			rc = dcmp(data, &olddata);
+			if (rc) {
+				if (op == MDB_GET_BOTH || rc > 0)
+					return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+				rc = 0;
+			}
+			*data = olddata;
+
+		} else {
+			if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+				mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+			if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* The key already matches in all other cases */
+	if (op == MDB_SET_RANGE || op == MDB_SET_KEY)
+		MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	DPRINTF(("==> cursor placed on key [%s]", DKEY(key)));
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Move the cursor to the first item in the database. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_first(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+
+	if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+		mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || mc->mc_top) {
+		rc = mdb_page_search(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+		if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	}
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], 0);
+	mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+		if ( key ) {
+			key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], 0, key->mv_size);
+		}
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+		rc = mdb_cursor_first(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	} else if (data) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Move the cursor to the last item in the database. */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_last(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+
+	if (mc->mc_xcursor)
+		mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || mc->mc_top) {
+		rc = mdb_page_search(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_LAST);
+		if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	}
+	mdb_cassert(mc, IS_LEAF(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]));
+
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) - 1;
+	mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF;
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+		if (key) {
+			key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+		}
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+		rc = mdb_cursor_last(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	} else if (data) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_get(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+    MDB_cursor_op op)
+{
+	int		 rc;
+	int		 exact = 0;
+	int		 (*mfunc)(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data);
+
+	if (mc == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	switch (op) {
+	case MDB_GET_CURRENT:
+		if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+		} else {
+			MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+			int nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+			if (!nkeys || mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= nkeys) {
+				mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = nkeys;
+				rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+				break;
+			}
+			rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+			if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+				key->mv_size = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+				key->mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key->mv_size);
+			} else {
+				MDB_node *leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+				MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+				if (data) {
+					if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+						rc = mdb_cursor_get(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL, MDB_GET_CURRENT);
+					} else {
+						rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case MDB_GET_BOTH:
+	case MDB_GET_BOTH_RANGE:
+		if (data == NULL) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (mc->mc_xcursor == NULL) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		/* FALLTHRU */
+	case MDB_SET:
+	case MDB_SET_KEY:
+	case MDB_SET_RANGE:
+		if (key == NULL) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+		} else {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_set(mc, key, data, op,
+				op == MDB_SET_RANGE ? NULL : &exact);
+		}
+		break;
+	case MDB_GET_MULTIPLE:
+		if (data == NULL || !(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED)) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+		if (!(mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) ||
+			(mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_EOF))
+			break;
+		goto fetchm;
+	case MDB_NEXT_MULTIPLE:
+		if (data == NULL) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED)) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		rc = mdb_cursor_next(mc, key, data, MDB_NEXT_DUP);
+		if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			if (mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+				MDB_cursor *mx;
+fetchm:
+				mx = &mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+				data->mv_size = NUMKEYS(mx->mc_pg[mx->mc_top]) *
+					mx->mc_db->md_pad;
+				data->mv_data = METADATA(mx->mc_pg[mx->mc_top]);
+				mx->mc_ki[mx->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mx->mc_pg[mx->mc_top])-1;
+			} else {
+				rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case MDB_PREV_MULTIPLE:
+		if (data == NULL) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED)) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+			rc = mdb_cursor_last(mc, key, data);
+		else
+			rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+		if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			MDB_cursor *mx = &mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+			if (mx->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mx, 0);
+				if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS)
+					goto fetchm;
+			} else {
+				rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+			}
+		}
+		break;
+	case MDB_NEXT:
+	case MDB_NEXT_DUP:
+	case MDB_NEXT_NODUP:
+		rc = mdb_cursor_next(mc, key, data, op);
+		break;
+	case MDB_PREV:
+	case MDB_PREV_DUP:
+	case MDB_PREV_NODUP:
+		rc = mdb_cursor_prev(mc, key, data, op);
+		break;
+	case MDB_FIRST:
+		rc = mdb_cursor_first(mc, key, data);
+		break;
+	case MDB_FIRST_DUP:
+		mfunc = mdb_cursor_first;
+	mmove:
+		if (data == NULL || !(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (mc->mc_xcursor == NULL) {
+			rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+			break;
+		}
+		if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]);
+			rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+			break;
+		}
+		{
+			MDB_node *leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+			if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+				MDB_GET_KEY(leaf, key);
+				rc = mdb_node_read(mc, leaf, data);
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (!(mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+			rc = EINVAL;
+			break;
+		}
+		rc = mfunc(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, NULL);
+		break;
+	case MDB_LAST:
+		rc = mdb_cursor_last(mc, key, data);
+		break;
+	case MDB_LAST_DUP:
+		mfunc = mdb_cursor_last;
+		goto mmove;
+	default:
+		DPRINTF(("unhandled/unimplemented cursor operation %u", op));
+		rc = EINVAL;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_DEL)
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_DEL;
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Touch all the pages in the cursor stack. Set mc_top.
+ *	Makes sure all the pages are writable, before attempting a write operation.
+ * @param[in] mc The cursor to operate on.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_touch(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	if (mc->mc_dbi >= CORE_DBS && !(*mc->mc_dbflag & (DB_DIRTY|DB_DUPDATA))) {
+		/* Touch DB record of named DB */
+		MDB_cursor mc2;
+		MDB_xcursor mcx;
+		if (TXN_DBI_CHANGED(mc->mc_txn, mc->mc_dbi))
+			return MDB_BAD_DBI;
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc2, mc->mc_txn, MAIN_DBI, &mcx);
+		rc = mdb_page_search(&mc2, &mc->mc_dbx->md_name, MDB_PS_MODIFY);
+		if (rc)
+			 return rc;
+		*mc->mc_dbflag |= DB_DIRTY;
+	}
+	mc->mc_top = 0;
+	if (mc->mc_snum) {
+		do {
+			rc = mdb_page_touch(mc);
+		} while (!rc && ++(mc->mc_top) < mc->mc_snum);
+		mc->mc_top = mc->mc_snum-1;
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Do not spill pages to disk if txn is getting full, may fail instead */
+#define MDB_NOSPILL	0x8000
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_put(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data,
+    unsigned int flags)
+{
+	MDB_env		*env;
+	MDB_node	*leaf = NULL;
+	MDB_page	*fp, *mp, *sub_root = NULL;
+	uint16_t	fp_flags;
+	MDB_val		xdata, *rdata, dkey, olddata;
+	MDB_db dummy;
+	int do_sub = 0, insert_key, insert_data;
+	unsigned int mcount = 0, dcount = 0, nospill;
+	size_t nsize;
+	int rc, rc2;
+	unsigned int nflags;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	if (mc == NULL || key == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	env = mc->mc_txn->mt_env;
+
+	/* Check this first so counter will always be zero on any
+	 * early failures.
+	 */
+	if (flags & MDB_MULTIPLE) {
+		dcount = data[1].mv_size;
+		data[1].mv_size = 0;
+		if (!F_ISSET(mc->mc_db->md_flags, MDB_DUPFIXED))
+			return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+	}
+
+	nospill = flags & MDB_NOSPILL;
+	flags &= ~MDB_NOSPILL;
+
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED))
+		return (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EACCES : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (key->mv_size-1 >= ENV_MAXKEY(env))
+		return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+
+#if SIZE_MAX > MAXDATASIZE
+	if (data->mv_size > ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) ? ENV_MAXKEY(env) : MAXDATASIZE))
+		return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+#else
+	if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) && data->mv_size > ENV_MAXKEY(env))
+		return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+#endif
+
+	DPRINTF(("==> put db %d key [%s], size %"Z"u, data size %"Z"u",
+		DDBI(mc), DKEY(key), key ? key->mv_size : 0, data->mv_size));
+
+	dkey.mv_size = 0;
+
+	if (flags == MDB_CURRENT) {
+		if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+			return EINVAL;
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	} else if (mc->mc_db->md_root == P_INVALID) {
+		/* new database, cursor has nothing to point to */
+		mc->mc_snum = 0;
+		mc->mc_top = 0;
+		mc->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+		rc = MDB_NO_ROOT;
+	} else {
+		int exact = 0;
+		MDB_val d2;
+		if (flags & MDB_APPEND) {
+			MDB_val k2;
+			rc = mdb_cursor_last(mc, &k2, &d2);
+			if (rc == 0) {
+				rc = mc->mc_dbx->md_cmp(key, &k2);
+				if (rc > 0) {
+					rc = MDB_NOTFOUND;
+					mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+				} else {
+					/* new key is <= last key */
+					rc = MDB_KEYEXIST;
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			rc = mdb_cursor_set(mc, key, &d2, MDB_SET, &exact);
+		}
+		if ((flags & MDB_NOOVERWRITE) && rc == 0) {
+			DPRINTF(("duplicate key [%s]", DKEY(key)));
+			*data = d2;
+			return MDB_KEYEXIST;
+		}
+		if (rc && rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_DEL)
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_DEL;
+
+	/* Cursor is positioned, check for room in the dirty list */
+	if (!nospill) {
+		if (flags & MDB_MULTIPLE) {
+			rdata = &xdata;
+			xdata.mv_size = data->mv_size * dcount;
+		} else {
+			rdata = data;
+		}
+		if ((rc2 = mdb_page_spill(mc, key, rdata)))
+			return rc2;
+	}
+
+	if (rc == MDB_NO_ROOT) {
+		MDB_page *np;
+		/* new database, write a root leaf page */
+		DPUTS("allocating new root leaf page");
+		if ((rc2 = mdb_page_new(mc, P_LEAF, 1, &np))) {
+			return rc2;
+		}
+		mdb_cursor_push(mc, np);
+		mc->mc_db->md_root = np->mp_pgno;
+		mc->mc_db->md_depth++;
+		*mc->mc_dbflag |= DB_DIRTY;
+		if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & (MDB_DUPSORT|MDB_DUPFIXED))
+			== MDB_DUPFIXED)
+			np->mp_flags |= P_LEAF2;
+		mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+	} else {
+		/* make sure all cursor pages are writable */
+		rc2 = mdb_cursor_touch(mc);
+		if (rc2)
+			return rc2;
+	}
+
+	insert_key = insert_data = rc;
+	if (insert_key) {
+		/* The key does not exist */
+		DPRINTF(("inserting key at index %i", mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]));
+		if ((mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) &&
+			LEAFSIZE(key, data) > env->me_nodemax)
+		{
+			/* Too big for a node, insert in sub-DB.  Set up an empty
+			 * "old sub-page" for prep_subDB to expand to a full page.
+			 */
+			fp_flags = P_LEAF|P_DIRTY;
+			fp = env->me_pbuf;
+			fp->mp_pad = data->mv_size; /* used if MDB_DUPFIXED */
+			fp->mp_lower = fp->mp_upper = (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE);
+			olddata.mv_size = PAGEHDRSZ;
+			goto prep_subDB;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* there's only a key anyway, so this is a no-op */
+		if (IS_LEAF2(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+			char *ptr;
+			unsigned int ksize = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			if (key->mv_size != ksize)
+				return MDB_BAD_VALSIZE;
+			ptr = LEAF2KEY(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], ksize);
+			memcpy(ptr, key->mv_data, ksize);
+fix_parent:
+			/* if overwriting slot 0 of leaf, need to
+			 * update branch key if there is a parent page
+			 */
+			if (mc->mc_top && !mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]) {
+				unsigned short dtop = 1;
+				mc->mc_top--;
+				/* slot 0 is always an empty key, find real slot */
+				while (mc->mc_top && !mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]) {
+					mc->mc_top--;
+					dtop++;
+				}
+				if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top])
+					rc2 = mdb_update_key(mc, key);
+				else
+					rc2 = MDB_SUCCESS;
+				mc->mc_top += dtop;
+				if (rc2)
+					return rc2;
+			}
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+
+more:
+		leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+		olddata.mv_size = NODEDSZ(leaf);
+		olddata.mv_data = NODEDATA(leaf);
+
+		/* DB has dups? */
+		if (F_ISSET(mc->mc_db->md_flags, MDB_DUPSORT)) {
+			/* Prepare (sub-)page/sub-DB to accept the new item,
+			 * if needed.  fp: old sub-page or a header faking
+			 * it.  mp: new (sub-)page.  offset: growth in page
+			 * size.  xdata: node data with new page or DB.
+			 */
+			unsigned	i, offset = 0;
+			mp = fp = xdata.mv_data = env->me_pbuf;
+			mp->mp_pgno = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]->mp_pgno;
+
+			/* Was a single item before, must convert now */
+			if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+				MDB_cmp_func *dcmp;
+				/* Just overwrite the current item */
+				if (flags == MDB_CURRENT)
+					goto current;
+				dcmp = mc->mc_dbx->md_dcmp;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+				if (dcmp == mdb_cmp_int && olddata.mv_size == sizeof(size_t))
+					dcmp = mdb_cmp_clong;
+#endif
+				/* does data match? */
+				if (!dcmp(data, &olddata)) {
+					if (flags & (MDB_NODUPDATA|MDB_APPENDDUP))
+						return MDB_KEYEXIST;
+					/* overwrite it */
+					goto current;
+				}
+
+				/* Back up original data item */
+				dkey.mv_size = olddata.mv_size;
+				dkey.mv_data = memcpy(fp+1, olddata.mv_data, olddata.mv_size);
+
+				/* Make sub-page header for the dup items, with dummy body */
+				fp->mp_flags = P_LEAF|P_DIRTY|P_SUBP;
+				fp->mp_lower = (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE);
+				xdata.mv_size = PAGEHDRSZ + dkey.mv_size + data->mv_size;
+				if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED) {
+					fp->mp_flags |= P_LEAF2;
+					fp->mp_pad = data->mv_size;
+					xdata.mv_size += 2 * data->mv_size;	/* leave space for 2 more */
+				} else {
+					xdata.mv_size += 2 * (sizeof(indx_t) + NODESIZE) +
+						(dkey.mv_size & 1) + (data->mv_size & 1);
+				}
+				fp->mp_upper = xdata.mv_size - PAGEBASE;
+				olddata.mv_size = xdata.mv_size; /* pretend olddata is fp */
+			} else if (leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+				/* Data is on sub-DB, just store it */
+				flags |= F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA;
+				goto put_sub;
+			} else {
+				/* Data is on sub-page */
+				fp = olddata.mv_data;
+				switch (flags) {
+				default:
+					if (!(mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED)) {
+						offset = EVEN(NODESIZE + sizeof(indx_t) +
+							data->mv_size);
+						break;
+					}
+					offset = fp->mp_pad;
+					if (SIZELEFT(fp) < offset) {
+						offset *= 4; /* space for 4 more */
+						break;
+					}
+					/* FALLTHRU */ /* Big enough MDB_DUPFIXED sub-page */
+				case MDB_CURRENT:
+					fp->mp_flags |= P_DIRTY;
+					COPY_PGNO(fp->mp_pgno, mp->mp_pgno);
+					mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = fp;
+					flags |= F_DUPDATA;
+					goto put_sub;
+				}
+				xdata.mv_size = olddata.mv_size + offset;
+			}
+
+			fp_flags = fp->mp_flags;
+			if (NODESIZE + NODEKSZ(leaf) + xdata.mv_size > env->me_nodemax) {
+					/* Too big for a sub-page, convert to sub-DB */
+					fp_flags &= ~P_SUBP;
+prep_subDB:
+					if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED) {
+						fp_flags |= P_LEAF2;
+						dummy.md_pad = fp->mp_pad;
+						dummy.md_flags = MDB_DUPFIXED;
+						if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_INTEGERDUP)
+							dummy.md_flags |= MDB_INTEGERKEY;
+					} else {
+						dummy.md_pad = 0;
+						dummy.md_flags = 0;
+					}
+					dummy.md_depth = 1;
+					dummy.md_branch_pages = 0;
+					dummy.md_leaf_pages = 1;
+					dummy.md_overflow_pages = 0;
+					dummy.md_entries = NUMKEYS(fp);
+					xdata.mv_size = sizeof(MDB_db);
+					xdata.mv_data = &dummy;
+					if ((rc = mdb_page_alloc(mc, 1, &mp)))
+						return rc;
+					offset = env->me_psize - olddata.mv_size;
+					flags |= F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA;
+					dummy.md_root = mp->mp_pgno;
+					sub_root = mp;
+			}
+			if (mp != fp) {
+				mp->mp_flags = fp_flags | P_DIRTY;
+				mp->mp_pad   = fp->mp_pad;
+				mp->mp_lower = fp->mp_lower;
+				mp->mp_upper = fp->mp_upper + offset;
+				if (fp_flags & P_LEAF2) {
+					memcpy(METADATA(mp), METADATA(fp), NUMKEYS(fp) * fp->mp_pad);
+				} else {
+					memcpy((char *)mp + mp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE, (char *)fp + fp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE,
+						olddata.mv_size - fp->mp_upper - PAGEBASE);
+					memcpy((char *)(&mp->mp_ptrs), (char *)(&fp->mp_ptrs), NUMKEYS(fp) * sizeof(mp->mp_ptrs[0]));
+					for (i=0; i<NUMKEYS(fp); i++)
+						mp->mp_ptrs[i] += offset;
+				}
+			}
+
+			rdata = &xdata;
+			flags |= F_DUPDATA;
+			do_sub = 1;
+			if (!insert_key)
+				mdb_node_del(mc, 0);
+			goto new_sub;
+		}
+current:
+		/* LMDB passes F_SUBDATA in 'flags' to write a DB record */
+		if ((leaf->mn_flags ^ flags) & F_SUBDATA)
+			return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+		/* overflow page overwrites need special handling */
+		if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA)) {
+			MDB_page *omp;
+			pgno_t pg;
+			int level, ovpages, dpages = OVPAGES(data->mv_size, env->me_psize);
+
+			memcpy(&pg, olddata.mv_data, sizeof(pg));
+			if ((rc2 = mdb_page_get(mc, pg, &omp, &level)) != 0)
+				return rc2;
+			ovpages = omp->mp_pages;
+
+			/* Is the ov page large enough? */
+			if (ovpages >= dpages) {
+			  if (!(omp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) &&
+				  (level || (env->me_flags & MDB_WRITEMAP)))
+			  {
+				rc = mdb_page_unspill(mc->mc_txn, omp, &omp);
+				if (rc)
+					return rc;
+				level = 0;		/* dirty in this txn or clean */
+			  }
+			  /* Is it dirty? */
+			  if (omp->mp_flags & P_DIRTY) {
+				/* yes, overwrite it. Note in this case we don't
+				 * bother to try shrinking the page if the new data
+				 * is smaller than the overflow threshold.
+				 */
+				if (level > 1) {
+					/* It is writable only in a parent txn */
+					size_t sz = (size_t) env->me_psize * ovpages, off;
+					MDB_page *np = mdb_page_malloc(mc->mc_txn, ovpages);
+					MDB_ID2 id2;
+					if (!np)
+						return ENOMEM;
+					id2.mid = pg;
+					id2.mptr = np;
+					/* Note - this page is already counted in parent's dirty_room */
+					rc2 = mdb_mid2l_insert(mc->mc_txn->mt_u.dirty_list, &id2);
+					mdb_cassert(mc, rc2 == 0);
+					/* Currently we make the page look as with put() in the
+					 * parent txn, in case the user peeks at MDB_RESERVEd
+					 * or unused parts. Some users treat ovpages specially.
+					 */
+					if (!(flags & MDB_RESERVE)) {
+						/* Skip the part where LMDB will put *data.
+						 * Copy end of page, adjusting alignment so
+						 * compiler may copy words instead of bytes.
+						 */
+						off = (PAGEHDRSZ + data->mv_size) & -sizeof(size_t);
+						memcpy((size_t *)((char *)np + off),
+							(size_t *)((char *)omp + off), sz - off);
+						sz = PAGEHDRSZ;
+					}
+					memcpy(np, omp, sz); /* Copy beginning of page */
+					omp = np;
+				}
+				SETDSZ(leaf, data->mv_size);
+				if (F_ISSET(flags, MDB_RESERVE))
+					data->mv_data = METADATA(omp);
+				else
+					memcpy(METADATA(omp), data->mv_data, data->mv_size);
+				return MDB_SUCCESS;
+			  }
+			}
+			if ((rc2 = mdb_ovpage_free(mc, omp)) != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc2;
+		} else if (data->mv_size == olddata.mv_size) {
+			/* same size, just replace it. Note that we could
+			 * also reuse this node if the new data is smaller,
+			 * but instead we opt to shrink the node in that case.
+			 */
+			if (F_ISSET(flags, MDB_RESERVE))
+				data->mv_data = olddata.mv_data;
+			else if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_SUB))
+				memcpy(olddata.mv_data, data->mv_data, data->mv_size);
+			else {
+				memcpy(NODEKEY(leaf), key->mv_data, key->mv_size);
+				goto fix_parent;
+			}
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+		mdb_node_del(mc, 0);
+	}
+
+	rdata = data;
+
+new_sub:
+	nflags = flags & NODE_ADD_FLAGS;
+	nsize = IS_LEAF2(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) ? key->mv_size : mdb_leaf_size(env, key, rdata);
+	if (SIZELEFT(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) < nsize) {
+		if (( flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) == F_DUPDATA )
+			nflags &= ~MDB_APPEND; /* sub-page may need room to grow */
+		if (!insert_key)
+			nflags |= MDB_SPLIT_REPLACE;
+		rc = mdb_page_split(mc, key, rdata, P_INVALID, nflags);
+	} else {
+		/* There is room already in this leaf page. */
+		rc = mdb_node_add(mc, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], key, rdata, 0, nflags);
+		if (rc == 0) {
+			/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+			MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+			MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+			unsigned i = mc->mc_top;
+			MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[i];
+
+			for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+				if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+					m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+				else
+					m3 = m2;
+				if (m3 == mc || m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum || m3->mc_pg[i] != mp) continue;
+				if (m3->mc_ki[i] >= mc->mc_ki[i] && insert_key) {
+					m3->mc_ki[i]++;
+				}
+				XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, i, mp);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		/* Now store the actual data in the child DB. Note that we're
+		 * storing the user data in the keys field, so there are strict
+		 * size limits on dupdata. The actual data fields of the child
+		 * DB are all zero size.
+		 */
+		if (do_sub) {
+			int xflags, new_dupdata;
+			size_t ecount;
+put_sub:
+			xdata.mv_size = 0;
+			xdata.mv_data = "";
+			leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+			if (flags & MDB_CURRENT) {
+				xflags = MDB_CURRENT|MDB_NOSPILL;
+			} else {
+				mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, leaf);
+				xflags = (flags & MDB_NODUPDATA) ?
+					MDB_NOOVERWRITE|MDB_NOSPILL : MDB_NOSPILL;
+			}
+			if (sub_root)
+				mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = sub_root;
+			new_dupdata = (int)dkey.mv_size;
+			/* converted, write the original data first */
+			if (dkey.mv_size) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, &dkey, &xdata, xflags);
+				if (rc)
+					goto bad_sub;
+				/* we've done our job */
+				dkey.mv_size = 0;
+			}
+			if (!(leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) || sub_root) {
+				/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+				MDB_cursor *m2;
+				MDB_xcursor *mx = mc->mc_xcursor;
+				unsigned i = mc->mc_top;
+				MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[i];
+
+				for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+					if (m2 == mc || m2->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum) continue;
+					if (!(m2->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) continue;
+					if (m2->mc_pg[i] == mp) {
+						if (m2->mc_ki[i] == mc->mc_ki[i]) {
+							mdb_xcursor_init2(m2, mx, new_dupdata);
+						} else if (!insert_key) {
+							XCURSOR_REFRESH(m2, i, mp);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			ecount = mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries;
+			if (flags & MDB_APPENDDUP)
+				xflags |= MDB_APPEND;
+			rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, data, &xdata, xflags);
+			if (flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+				void *db = NODEDATA(leaf);
+				memcpy(db, &mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db, sizeof(MDB_db));
+			}
+			insert_data = mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries - ecount;
+		}
+		/* Increment count unless we just replaced an existing item. */
+		if (insert_data)
+			mc->mc_db->md_entries++;
+		if (insert_key) {
+			/* Invalidate txn if we created an empty sub-DB */
+			if (rc)
+				goto bad_sub;
+			/* If we succeeded and the key didn't exist before,
+			 * make sure the cursor is marked valid.
+			 */
+			mc->mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+		}
+		if (flags & MDB_MULTIPLE) {
+			if (!rc) {
+				mcount++;
+				/* let caller know how many succeeded, if any */
+				data[1].mv_size = mcount;
+				if (mcount < dcount) {
+					data[0].mv_data = (char *)data[0].mv_data + data[0].mv_size;
+					insert_key = insert_data = 0;
+					goto more;
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		return rc;
+bad_sub:
+		if (rc == MDB_KEYEXIST)	/* should not happen, we deleted that item */
+			rc = MDB_CORRUPTED;
+	}
+	mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_del(MDB_cursor *mc, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+	MDB_page	*mp;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED))
+		return (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EACCES : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]))
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+
+	if (!(flags & MDB_NOSPILL) && (rc = mdb_page_spill(mc, NULL, NULL)))
+		return rc;
+
+	rc = mdb_cursor_touch(mc);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	if (!IS_LEAF(mp))
+		return MDB_CORRUPTED;
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp))
+		goto del_key;
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		if (flags & MDB_NODUPDATA) {
+			/* mdb_cursor_del0() will subtract the final entry */
+			mc->mc_db->md_entries -= mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries - 1;
+			mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+		} else {
+			if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_SUBDATA)) {
+				mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = NODEDATA(leaf);
+			}
+			rc = mdb_cursor_del(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, MDB_NOSPILL);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			/* If sub-DB still has entries, we're done */
+			if (mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries) {
+				if (leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+					/* update subDB info */
+					void *db = NODEDATA(leaf);
+					memcpy(db, &mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db, sizeof(MDB_db));
+				} else {
+					MDB_cursor *m2;
+					/* shrink fake page */
+					mdb_node_shrink(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+					leaf = NODEPTR(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+					mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = NODEDATA(leaf);
+					/* fix other sub-DB cursors pointed at fake pages on this page */
+					for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+						if (m2 == mc || m2->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum) continue;
+						if (!(m2->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) continue;
+						if (m2->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+							XCURSOR_REFRESH(m2, mc->mc_top, mp);
+						}
+					}
+				}
+				mc->mc_db->md_entries--;
+				return rc;
+			} else {
+				mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+			}
+			/* otherwise fall thru and delete the sub-DB */
+		}
+
+		if (leaf->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+			/* add all the child DB's pages to the free list */
+			rc = mdb_drop0(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, 0);
+			if (rc)
+				goto fail;
+		}
+	}
+	/* LMDB passes F_SUBDATA in 'flags' to delete a DB record */
+	else if ((leaf->mn_flags ^ flags) & F_SUBDATA) {
+		rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+		goto fail;
+	}
+
+	/* add overflow pages to free list */
+	if (F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA)) {
+		MDB_page *omp;
+		pgno_t pg;
+
+		memcpy(&pg, NODEDATA(leaf), sizeof(pg));
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_get(mc, pg, &omp, NULL)) ||
+			(rc = mdb_ovpage_free(mc, omp)))
+			goto fail;
+	}
+
+del_key:
+	return mdb_cursor_del0(mc);
+
+fail:
+	mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Allocate and initialize new pages for a database.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc a cursor on the database being added to.
+ * @param[in] flags flags defining what type of page is being allocated.
+ * @param[in] num the number of pages to allocate. This is usually 1,
+ * unless allocating overflow pages for a large record.
+ * @param[out] mp Address of a page, or NULL on failure.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_new(MDB_cursor *mc, uint32_t flags, int num, MDB_page **mp)
+{
+	MDB_page	*np;
+	int rc;
+
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_alloc(mc, num, &np)))
+		return rc;
+	DPRINTF(("allocated new mpage %"Z"u, page size %u",
+	    np->mp_pgno, mc->mc_txn->mt_env->me_psize));
+	np->mp_flags = flags | P_DIRTY;
+	np->mp_lower = (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE);
+	np->mp_upper = mc->mc_txn->mt_env->me_psize - PAGEBASE;
+
+	if (IS_BRANCH(np))
+		mc->mc_db->md_branch_pages++;
+	else if (IS_LEAF(np))
+		mc->mc_db->md_leaf_pages++;
+	else if (IS_OVERFLOW(np)) {
+		mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages += num;
+		np->mp_pages = num;
+	}
+	*mp = np;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** Calculate the size of a leaf node.
+ * The size depends on the environment's page size; if a data item
+ * is too large it will be put onto an overflow page and the node
+ * size will only include the key and not the data. Sizes are always
+ * rounded up to an even number of bytes, to guarantee 2-byte alignment
+ * of the #MDB_node headers.
+ * @param[in] env The environment handle.
+ * @param[in] key The key for the node.
+ * @param[in] data The data for the node.
+ * @return The number of bytes needed to store the node.
+ */
+static size_t
+mdb_leaf_size(MDB_env *env, MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	size_t		 sz;
+
+	sz = LEAFSIZE(key, data);
+	if (sz > env->me_nodemax) {
+		/* put on overflow page */
+		sz -= data->mv_size - sizeof(pgno_t);
+	}
+
+	return EVEN(sz + sizeof(indx_t));
+}
+
+/** Calculate the size of a branch node.
+ * The size should depend on the environment's page size but since
+ * we currently don't support spilling large keys onto overflow
+ * pages, it's simply the size of the #MDB_node header plus the
+ * size of the key. Sizes are always rounded up to an even number
+ * of bytes, to guarantee 2-byte alignment of the #MDB_node headers.
+ * @param[in] env The environment handle.
+ * @param[in] key The key for the node.
+ * @return The number of bytes needed to store the node.
+ */
+static size_t
+mdb_branch_size(MDB_env *env, MDB_val *key)
+{
+	size_t		 sz;
+
+	sz = INDXSIZE(key);
+	if (sz > env->me_nodemax) {
+		/* put on overflow page */
+		/* not implemented */
+		/* sz -= key->size - sizeof(pgno_t); */
+	}
+
+	return sz + sizeof(indx_t);
+}
+
+/** Add a node to the page pointed to by the cursor.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc The cursor for this operation.
+ * @param[in] indx The index on the page where the new node should be added.
+ * @param[in] key The key for the new node.
+ * @param[in] data The data for the new node, if any.
+ * @param[in] pgno The page number, if adding a branch node.
+ * @param[in] flags Flags for the node.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure. Possible errors are:
+ * <ul>
+ *	<li>ENOMEM - failed to allocate overflow pages for the node.
+ *	<li>MDB_PAGE_FULL - there is insufficient room in the page. This error
+ *	should never happen since all callers already calculate the
+ *	page's free space before calling this function.
+ * </ul>
+ */
+static int
+mdb_node_add(MDB_cursor *mc, indx_t indx,
+    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, pgno_t pgno, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	unsigned int	 i;
+	size_t		 node_size = NODESIZE;
+	ssize_t		 room;
+	indx_t		 ofs;
+	MDB_node	*node;
+	MDB_page	*mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	MDB_page	*ofp = NULL;		/* overflow page */
+	void		*ndata;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	mdb_cassert(mc, mp->mp_upper >= mp->mp_lower);
+
+	DPRINTF(("add to %s %spage %"Z"u index %i, data size %"Z"u key size %"Z"u [%s]",
+	    IS_LEAF(mp) ? "leaf" : "branch",
+		IS_SUBP(mp) ? "sub-" : "",
+		mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), indx, data ? data->mv_size : 0,
+		key ? key->mv_size : 0, key ? DKEY(key) : "null"));
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		/* Move higher keys up one slot. */
+		int ksize = mc->mc_db->md_pad, dif;
+		char *ptr = LEAF2KEY(mp, indx, ksize);
+		dif = NUMKEYS(mp) - indx;
+		if (dif > 0)
+			memmove(ptr+ksize, ptr, dif*ksize);
+		/* insert new key */
+		memcpy(ptr, key->mv_data, ksize);
+
+		/* Just using these for counting */
+		mp->mp_lower += sizeof(indx_t);
+		mp->mp_upper -= ksize - sizeof(indx_t);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	room = (ssize_t)SIZELEFT(mp) - (ssize_t)sizeof(indx_t);
+	if (key != NULL)
+		node_size += key->mv_size;
+	if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+		mdb_cassert(mc, key && data);
+		if (F_ISSET(flags, F_BIGDATA)) {
+			/* Data already on overflow page. */
+			node_size += sizeof(pgno_t);
+		} else if (node_size + data->mv_size > mc->mc_txn->mt_env->me_nodemax) {
+			int ovpages = OVPAGES(data->mv_size, mc->mc_txn->mt_env->me_psize);
+			int rc;
+			/* Put data on overflow page. */
+			DPRINTF(("data size is %"Z"u, node would be %"Z"u, put data on overflow page",
+			    data->mv_size, node_size+data->mv_size));
+			node_size = EVEN(node_size + sizeof(pgno_t));
+			if ((ssize_t)node_size > room)
+				goto full;
+			if ((rc = mdb_page_new(mc, P_OVERFLOW, ovpages, &ofp)))
+				return rc;
+			DPRINTF(("allocated overflow page %"Z"u", ofp->mp_pgno));
+			flags |= F_BIGDATA;
+			goto update;
+		} else {
+			node_size += data->mv_size;
+		}
+	}
+	node_size = EVEN(node_size);
+	if ((ssize_t)node_size > room)
+		goto full;
+
+update:
+	/* Move higher pointers up one slot. */
+	for (i = NUMKEYS(mp); i > indx; i--)
+		mp->mp_ptrs[i] = mp->mp_ptrs[i - 1];
+
+	/* Adjust free space offsets. */
+	ofs = mp->mp_upper - node_size;
+	mdb_cassert(mc, ofs >= mp->mp_lower + sizeof(indx_t));
+	mp->mp_ptrs[indx] = ofs;
+	mp->mp_upper = ofs;
+	mp->mp_lower += sizeof(indx_t);
+
+	/* Write the node data. */
+	node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	node->mn_ksize = (key == NULL) ? 0 : key->mv_size;
+	node->mn_flags = flags;
+	if (IS_LEAF(mp))
+		SETDSZ(node,data->mv_size);
+	else
+		SETPGNO(node,pgno);
+
+	if (key)
+		memcpy(NODEKEY(node), key->mv_data, key->mv_size);
+
+	if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+		ndata = NODEDATA(node);
+		if (ofp == NULL) {
+			if (F_ISSET(flags, F_BIGDATA))
+				memcpy(ndata, data->mv_data, sizeof(pgno_t));
+			else if (F_ISSET(flags, MDB_RESERVE))
+				data->mv_data = ndata;
+			else
+				memcpy(ndata, data->mv_data, data->mv_size);
+		} else {
+			memcpy(ndata, &ofp->mp_pgno, sizeof(pgno_t));
+			ndata = METADATA(ofp);
+			if (F_ISSET(flags, MDB_RESERVE))
+				data->mv_data = ndata;
+			else
+				memcpy(ndata, data->mv_data, data->mv_size);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+full:
+	DPRINTF(("not enough room in page %"Z"u, got %u ptrs",
+		mdb_dbg_pgno(mp), NUMKEYS(mp)));
+	DPRINTF(("upper-lower = %u - %u = %"Z"d", mp->mp_upper,mp->mp_lower,room));
+	DPRINTF(("node size = %"Z"u", node_size));
+	mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return MDB_PAGE_FULL;
+}
+
+/** Delete the specified node from a page.
+ * @param[in] mc Cursor pointing to the node to delete.
+ * @param[in] ksize The size of a node. Only used if the page is
+ * part of a #MDB_DUPFIXED database.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_node_del(MDB_cursor *mc, int ksize)
+{
+	MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	indx_t	indx = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	unsigned int	 sz;
+	indx_t		 i, j, numkeys, ptr;
+	MDB_node	*node;
+	char		*base;
+
+	DPRINTF(("delete node %u on %s page %"Z"u", indx,
+	    IS_LEAF(mp) ? "leaf" : "branch", mdb_dbg_pgno(mp)));
+	numkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+	mdb_cassert(mc, indx < numkeys);
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		int x = numkeys - 1 - indx;
+		base = LEAF2KEY(mp, indx, ksize);
+		if (x)
+			memmove(base, base + ksize, x * ksize);
+		mp->mp_lower -= sizeof(indx_t);
+		mp->mp_upper += ksize - sizeof(indx_t);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	sz = NODESIZE + node->mn_ksize;
+	if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+		if (F_ISSET(node->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA))
+			sz += sizeof(pgno_t);
+		else
+			sz += NODEDSZ(node);
+	}
+	sz = EVEN(sz);
+
+	ptr = mp->mp_ptrs[indx];
+	for (i = j = 0; i < numkeys; i++) {
+		if (i != indx) {
+			mp->mp_ptrs[j] = mp->mp_ptrs[i];
+			if (mp->mp_ptrs[i] < ptr)
+				mp->mp_ptrs[j] += sz;
+			j++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	base = (char *)mp + mp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE;
+	memmove(base + sz, base, ptr - mp->mp_upper);
+
+	mp->mp_lower -= sizeof(indx_t);
+	mp->mp_upper += sz;
+}
+
+/** Compact the main page after deleting a node on a subpage.
+ * @param[in] mp The main page to operate on.
+ * @param[in] indx The index of the subpage on the main page.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_node_shrink(MDB_page *mp, indx_t indx)
+{
+	MDB_node *node;
+	MDB_page *sp, *xp;
+	char *base;
+	indx_t delta, nsize, len, ptr;
+	int i;
+
+	node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	sp = (MDB_page *)NODEDATA(node);
+	delta = SIZELEFT(sp);
+	nsize = NODEDSZ(node) - delta;
+
+	/* Prepare to shift upward, set len = length(subpage part to shift) */
+	if (IS_LEAF2(sp)) {
+		len = nsize;
+		if (nsize & 1)
+			return;		/* do not make the node uneven-sized */
+	} else {
+		xp = (MDB_page *)((char *)sp + delta); /* destination subpage */
+		for (i = NUMKEYS(sp); --i >= 0; )
+			xp->mp_ptrs[i] = sp->mp_ptrs[i] - delta;
+		len = PAGEHDRSZ;
+	}
+	sp->mp_upper = sp->mp_lower;
+	COPY_PGNO(sp->mp_pgno, mp->mp_pgno);
+	SETDSZ(node, nsize);
+
+	/* Shift <lower nodes...initial part of subpage> upward */
+	base = (char *)mp + mp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE;
+	memmove(base + delta, base, (char *)sp + len - base);
+
+	ptr = mp->mp_ptrs[indx];
+	for (i = NUMKEYS(mp); --i >= 0; ) {
+		if (mp->mp_ptrs[i] <= ptr)
+			mp->mp_ptrs[i] += delta;
+	}
+	mp->mp_upper += delta;
+}
+
+/** Initial setup of a sorted-dups cursor.
+ * Sorted duplicates are implemented as a sub-database for the given key.
+ * The duplicate data items are actually keys of the sub-database.
+ * Operations on the duplicate data items are performed using a sub-cursor
+ * initialized when the sub-database is first accessed. This function does
+ * the preliminary setup of the sub-cursor, filling in the fields that
+ * depend only on the parent DB.
+ * @param[in] mc The main cursor whose sorted-dups cursor is to be initialized.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_xcursor_init0(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	MDB_xcursor *mx = mc->mc_xcursor;
+
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_txn = mc->mc_txn;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_db = &mx->mx_db;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbx = &mx->mx_dbx;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbflag = &mx->mx_dbflag;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_snum = 0;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_top = 0;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags = C_SUB;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_name.mv_size = 0;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_name.mv_data = NULL;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp = mc->mc_dbx->md_dcmp;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_dcmp = NULL;
+	mx->mx_dbx.md_rel = mc->mc_dbx->md_rel;
+}
+
+/** Final setup of a sorted-dups cursor.
+ *	Sets up the fields that depend on the data from the main cursor.
+ * @param[in] mc The main cursor whose sorted-dups cursor is to be initialized.
+ * @param[in] node The data containing the #MDB_db record for the
+ * sorted-dup database.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_xcursor_init1(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_node *node)
+{
+	MDB_xcursor *mx = mc->mc_xcursor;
+
+	if (node->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+		memcpy(&mx->mx_db, NODEDATA(node), sizeof(MDB_db));
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_snum = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_top = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags = C_SUB;
+	} else {
+		MDB_page *fp = NODEDATA(node);
+		mx->mx_db.md_pad = 0;
+		mx->mx_db.md_flags = 0;
+		mx->mx_db.md_depth = 1;
+		mx->mx_db.md_branch_pages = 0;
+		mx->mx_db.md_leaf_pages = 1;
+		mx->mx_db.md_overflow_pages = 0;
+		mx->mx_db.md_entries = NUMKEYS(fp);
+		COPY_PGNO(mx->mx_db.md_root, fp->mp_pgno);
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_snum = 1;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_top = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags = C_INITIALIZED|C_SUB;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = fp;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_ki[0] = 0;
+		if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPFIXED) {
+			mx->mx_db.md_flags = MDB_DUPFIXED;
+			mx->mx_db.md_pad = fp->mp_pad;
+			if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_INTEGERDUP)
+				mx->mx_db.md_flags |= MDB_INTEGERKEY;
+		}
+	}
+	DPRINTF(("Sub-db -%u root page %"Z"u", mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbi,
+		mx->mx_db.md_root));
+	mx->mx_dbflag = DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID|DB_DUPDATA;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+	if (mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp == mdb_cmp_int && mx->mx_db.md_pad == sizeof(size_t))
+		mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp = mdb_cmp_clong;
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/** Fixup a sorted-dups cursor due to underlying update.
+ *	Sets up some fields that depend on the data from the main cursor.
+ *	Almost the same as init1, but skips initialization steps if the
+ *	xcursor had already been used.
+ * @param[in] mc The main cursor whose sorted-dups cursor is to be fixed up.
+ * @param[in] src_mx The xcursor of an up-to-date cursor.
+ * @param[in] new_dupdata True if converting from a non-#F_DUPDATA item.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_xcursor_init2(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_xcursor *src_mx, int new_dupdata)
+{
+	MDB_xcursor *mx = mc->mc_xcursor;
+
+	if (new_dupdata) {
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_snum = 1;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_top = 0;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags |= C_INITIALIZED;
+		mx->mx_cursor.mc_ki[0] = 0;
+		mx->mx_dbflag = DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID|DB_DUPDATA;
+#if UINT_MAX < SIZE_MAX
+		mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp = src_mx->mx_dbx.md_cmp;
+#endif
+	} else if (!(mx->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED)) {
+		return;
+	}
+	mx->mx_db = src_mx->mx_db;
+	mx->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = src_mx->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0];
+	DPRINTF(("Sub-db -%u root page %"Z"u", mx->mx_cursor.mc_dbi,
+		mx->mx_db.md_root));
+}
+
+/** Initialize a cursor for a given transaction and database. */
+static void
+mdb_cursor_init(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_xcursor *mx)
+{
+	mc->mc_next = NULL;
+	mc->mc_backup = NULL;
+	mc->mc_dbi = dbi;
+	mc->mc_txn = txn;
+	mc->mc_db = &txn->mt_dbs[dbi];
+	mc->mc_dbx = &txn->mt_dbxs[dbi];
+	mc->mc_dbflag = &txn->mt_dbflags[dbi];
+	mc->mc_snum = 0;
+	mc->mc_top = 0;
+	mc->mc_pg[0] = 0;
+	mc->mc_ki[0] = 0;
+	mc->mc_flags = 0;
+	if (txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+		mdb_tassert(txn, mx != NULL);
+		mc->mc_xcursor = mx;
+		mdb_xcursor_init0(mc);
+	} else {
+		mc->mc_xcursor = NULL;
+	}
+	if (*mc->mc_dbflag & DB_STALE) {
+		mdb_page_search(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_ROOTONLY);
+	}
+}
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_open(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cursor **ret)
+{
+	MDB_cursor	*mc;
+	size_t size = sizeof(MDB_cursor);
+
+	if (!ret || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_VALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (dbi == FREE_DBI && !F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT)
+		size += sizeof(MDB_xcursor);
+
+	if ((mc = malloc(size)) != NULL) {
+		mdb_cursor_init(mc, txn, dbi, (MDB_xcursor *)(mc + 1));
+		if (txn->mt_cursors) {
+			mc->mc_next = txn->mt_cursors[dbi];
+			txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = mc;
+			mc->mc_flags |= C_UNTRACK;
+		}
+	} else {
+		return ENOMEM;
+	}
+
+	*ret = mc;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_cursor_renew(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	if (!mc || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, mc->mc_dbi, DB_VALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if ((mc->mc_flags & C_UNTRACK) || txn->mt_cursors)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(mc, txn, mc->mc_dbi, mc->mc_xcursor);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/* Return the count of duplicate data items for the current key */
+int
+mdb_cursor_count(MDB_cursor *mc, size_t *countp)
+{
+	MDB_node	*leaf;
+
+	if (mc == NULL || countp == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (mc->mc_xcursor == NULL)
+		return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+
+	if (mc->mc_txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (!(mc->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (!mc->mc_snum)
+		return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+
+	if (mc->mc_flags & C_EOF) {
+		if (mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]))
+			return MDB_NOTFOUND;
+		mc->mc_flags ^= C_EOF;
+	}
+
+	leaf = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+	if (!F_ISSET(leaf->mn_flags, F_DUPDATA)) {
+		*countp = 1;
+	} else {
+		if (!(mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+			return EINVAL;
+
+		*countp = mc->mc_xcursor->mx_db.md_entries;
+	}
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void
+mdb_cursor_close(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	if (mc && !mc->mc_backup) {
+		/* remove from txn, if tracked */
+		if ((mc->mc_flags & C_UNTRACK) && mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors) {
+			MDB_cursor **prev = &mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[mc->mc_dbi];
+			while (*prev && *prev != mc) prev = &(*prev)->mc_next;
+			if (*prev == mc)
+				*prev = mc->mc_next;
+		}
+		free(mc);
+	}
+}
+
+MDB_txn *
+mdb_cursor_txn(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	if (!mc) return NULL;
+	return mc->mc_txn;
+}
+
+MDB_dbi
+mdb_cursor_dbi(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	return mc->mc_dbi;
+}
+
+/** Replace the key for a branch node with a new key.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in] mc Cursor pointing to the node to operate on.
+ * @param[in] key The new key to use.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_update_key(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *key)
+{
+	MDB_page		*mp;
+	MDB_node		*node;
+	char			*base;
+	size_t			 len;
+	int				 delta, ksize, oksize;
+	indx_t			 ptr, i, numkeys, indx;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	indx = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	ptr = mp->mp_ptrs[indx];
+#if MDB_DEBUG
+	{
+		MDB_val	k2;
+		char kbuf2[DKBUF_MAXKEYSIZE*2+1];
+		k2.mv_data = NODEKEY(node);
+		k2.mv_size = node->mn_ksize;
+		DPRINTF(("update key %u (ofs %u) [%s] to [%s] on page %"Z"u",
+			indx, ptr,
+			mdb_dkey(&k2, kbuf2),
+			DKEY(key),
+			mp->mp_pgno));
+	}
+#endif
+
+	/* Sizes must be 2-byte aligned. */
+	ksize = EVEN(key->mv_size);
+	oksize = EVEN(node->mn_ksize);
+	delta = ksize - oksize;
+
+	/* Shift node contents if EVEN(key length) changed. */
+	if (delta) {
+		if (delta > 0 && SIZELEFT(mp) < delta) {
+			pgno_t pgno;
+			/* not enough space left, do a delete and split */
+			DPRINTF(("Not enough room, delta = %d, splitting...", delta));
+			pgno = NODEPGNO(node);
+			mdb_node_del(mc, 0);
+			return mdb_page_split(mc, key, NULL, pgno, MDB_SPLIT_REPLACE);
+		}
+
+		numkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+		for (i = 0; i < numkeys; i++) {
+			if (mp->mp_ptrs[i] <= ptr)
+				mp->mp_ptrs[i] -= delta;
+		}
+
+		base = (char *)mp + mp->mp_upper + PAGEBASE;
+		len = ptr - mp->mp_upper + NODESIZE;
+		memmove(base - delta, base, len);
+		mp->mp_upper -= delta;
+
+		node = NODEPTR(mp, indx);
+	}
+
+	/* But even if no shift was needed, update ksize */
+	if (node->mn_ksize != key->mv_size)
+		node->mn_ksize = key->mv_size;
+
+	if (key->mv_size)
+		memcpy(NODEKEY(node), key->mv_data, key->mv_size);
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void
+mdb_cursor_copy(const MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst);
+
+/** Perform \b act while tracking temporary cursor \b mn */
+#define WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn, act) do { \
+	MDB_cursor dummy, *tracked, **tp = &(mn).mc_txn->mt_cursors[mn.mc_dbi]; \
+	if ((mn).mc_flags & C_SUB) { \
+		dummy.mc_flags =  C_INITIALIZED; \
+		dummy.mc_xcursor = (MDB_xcursor *)&(mn);	\
+		tracked = &dummy; \
+	} else { \
+		tracked = &(mn); \
+	} \
+	tracked->mc_next = *tp; \
+	*tp = tracked; \
+	{ act; } \
+	*tp = tracked->mc_next; \
+} while (0)
+
+/** Move a node from csrc to cdst.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_node_move(MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst, int fromleft)
+{
+	MDB_node		*srcnode;
+	MDB_val		 key, data;
+	pgno_t	srcpg;
+	MDB_cursor mn;
+	int			 rc;
+	unsigned short flags;
+
+	DKBUF;
+
+	/* Mark src and dst as dirty. */
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_touch(csrc)) ||
+	    (rc = mdb_page_touch(cdst)))
+		return rc;
+
+	if (IS_LEAF2(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+		key.mv_size = csrc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top], key.mv_size);
+		data.mv_size = 0;
+		data.mv_data = NULL;
+		srcpg = 0;
+		flags = 0;
+	} else {
+		srcnode = NODEPTR(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]);
+		mdb_cassert(csrc, !((size_t)srcnode & 1));
+		srcpg = NODEPGNO(srcnode);
+		flags = srcnode->mn_flags;
+		if (csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] == 0 && IS_BRANCH(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+			unsigned int snum = csrc->mc_snum;
+			MDB_node *s2;
+			/* must find the lowest key below src */
+			rc = mdb_page_search_lowest(csrc);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			if (IS_LEAF2(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+				key.mv_size = csrc->mc_db->md_pad;
+				key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], 0, key.mv_size);
+			} else {
+				s2 = NODEPTR(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], 0);
+				key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(s2);
+				key.mv_data = NODEKEY(s2);
+			}
+			csrc->mc_snum = snum--;
+			csrc->mc_top = snum;
+		} else {
+			key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(srcnode);
+			key.mv_data = NODEKEY(srcnode);
+		}
+		data.mv_size = NODEDSZ(srcnode);
+		data.mv_data = NODEDATA(srcnode);
+	}
+	mn.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+	if (IS_BRANCH(cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top]) && cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top] == 0) {
+		unsigned int snum = cdst->mc_snum;
+		MDB_node *s2;
+		MDB_val bkey;
+		/* must find the lowest key below dst */
+		mdb_cursor_copy(cdst, &mn);
+		rc = mdb_page_search_lowest(&mn);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		if (IS_LEAF2(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top])) {
+			bkey.mv_size = mn.mc_db->md_pad;
+			bkey.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], 0, bkey.mv_size);
+		} else {
+			s2 = NODEPTR(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], 0);
+			bkey.mv_size = NODEKSZ(s2);
+			bkey.mv_data = NODEKEY(s2);
+		}
+		mn.mc_snum = snum--;
+		mn.mc_top = snum;
+		mn.mc_ki[snum] = 0;
+		rc = mdb_update_key(&mn, &bkey);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("moving %s node %u [%s] on page %"Z"u to node %u on page %"Z"u",
+	    IS_LEAF(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]) ? "leaf" : "branch",
+	    csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top],
+		DKEY(&key),
+	    csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]->mp_pgno,
+	    cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top], cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top]->mp_pgno));
+
+	/* Add the node to the destination page.
+	 */
+	rc = mdb_node_add(cdst, cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top], &key, &data, srcpg, flags);
+	if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* Delete the node from the source page.
+	 */
+	mdb_node_del(csrc, key.mv_size);
+
+	{
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+		MDB_dbi dbi = csrc->mc_dbi;
+		MDB_page *mpd, *mps;
+
+		mps = csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top];
+		/* If we're adding on the left, bump others up */
+		if (fromleft) {
+			mpd = cdst->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top];
+			for (m2 = csrc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+				if (csrc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+					m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+				else
+					m3 = m2;
+				if (!(m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || m3->mc_top < csrc->mc_top)
+					continue;
+				if (m3 != cdst &&
+					m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] == mpd &&
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] >= cdst->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]) {
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]++;
+				}
+				if (m3 !=csrc &&
+					m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] == mps &&
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] == csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]) {
+					m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] = cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top];
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] = cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top];
+					m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top-1]++;
+				}
+				if (IS_LEAF(mps))
+					XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, csrc->mc_top, m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]);
+			}
+		} else
+		/* Adding on the right, bump others down */
+		{
+			for (m2 = csrc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+				if (csrc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+					m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+				else
+					m3 = m2;
+				if (m3 == csrc) continue;
+				if (!(m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || m3->mc_top < csrc->mc_top)
+					continue;
+				if (m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] == mps) {
+					if (!m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]) {
+						m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top] = cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top];
+						m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] = cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top];
+						m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top-1]--;
+					} else {
+						m3->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top]--;
+					}
+					if (IS_LEAF(mps))
+						XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, csrc->mc_top, m3->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* Update the parent separators.
+	 */
+	if (csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] == 0) {
+		if (csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top-1] != 0) {
+			if (IS_LEAF2(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+				key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], 0, key.mv_size);
+			} else {
+				srcnode = NODEPTR(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top], 0);
+				key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(srcnode);
+				key.mv_data = NODEKEY(srcnode);
+			}
+			DPRINTF(("update separator for source page %"Z"u to [%s]",
+				csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top]->mp_pgno, DKEY(&key)));
+			mdb_cursor_copy(csrc, &mn);
+			mn.mc_snum--;
+			mn.mc_top--;
+			/* We want mdb_rebalance to find mn when doing fixups */
+			WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn,
+				rc = mdb_update_key(&mn, &key));
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+		}
+		if (IS_BRANCH(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+			MDB_val	 nullkey;
+			indx_t	ix = csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top];
+			nullkey.mv_size = 0;
+			csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] = 0;
+			rc = mdb_update_key(csrc, &nullkey);
+			csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] = ix;
+			mdb_cassert(csrc, rc == MDB_SUCCESS);
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top] == 0) {
+		if (cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top-1] != 0) {
+			if (IS_LEAF2(csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top])) {
+				key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top], 0, key.mv_size);
+			} else {
+				srcnode = NODEPTR(cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top], 0);
+				key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(srcnode);
+				key.mv_data = NODEKEY(srcnode);
+			}
+			DPRINTF(("update separator for destination page %"Z"u to [%s]",
+				cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top]->mp_pgno, DKEY(&key)));
+			mdb_cursor_copy(cdst, &mn);
+			mn.mc_snum--;
+			mn.mc_top--;
+			/* We want mdb_rebalance to find mn when doing fixups */
+			WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn,
+				rc = mdb_update_key(&mn, &key));
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+		}
+		if (IS_BRANCH(cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top])) {
+			MDB_val	 nullkey;
+			indx_t	ix = cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top];
+			nullkey.mv_size = 0;
+			cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top] = 0;
+			rc = mdb_update_key(cdst, &nullkey);
+			cdst->mc_ki[cdst->mc_top] = ix;
+			mdb_cassert(cdst, rc == MDB_SUCCESS);
+		}
+	}
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Merge one page into another.
+ *  The nodes from the page pointed to by \b csrc will
+ *	be copied to the page pointed to by \b cdst and then
+ *	the \b csrc page will be freed.
+ * @param[in] csrc Cursor pointing to the source page.
+ * @param[in] cdst Cursor pointing to the destination page.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_merge(MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst)
+{
+	MDB_page	*psrc, *pdst;
+	MDB_node	*srcnode;
+	MDB_val		 key, data;
+	unsigned	 nkeys;
+	int			 rc;
+	indx_t		 i, j;
+
+	psrc = csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top];
+	pdst = cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top];
+
+	DPRINTF(("merging page %"Z"u into %"Z"u", psrc->mp_pgno, pdst->mp_pgno));
+
+	mdb_cassert(csrc, csrc->mc_snum > 1);	/* can't merge root page */
+	mdb_cassert(csrc, cdst->mc_snum > 1);
+
+	/* Mark dst as dirty. */
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_touch(cdst)))
+		return rc;
+
+	/* get dst page again now that we've touched it. */
+	pdst = cdst->mc_pg[cdst->mc_top];
+
+	/* Move all nodes from src to dst.
+	 */
+	j = nkeys = NUMKEYS(pdst);
+	if (IS_LEAF2(psrc)) {
+		key.mv_size = csrc->mc_db->md_pad;
+		key.mv_data = METADATA(psrc);
+		for (i = 0; i < NUMKEYS(psrc); i++, j++) {
+			rc = mdb_node_add(cdst, j, &key, NULL, 0, 0);
+			if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+			key.mv_data = (char *)key.mv_data + key.mv_size;
+		}
+	} else {
+		for (i = 0; i < NUMKEYS(psrc); i++, j++) {
+			srcnode = NODEPTR(psrc, i);
+			if (i == 0 && IS_BRANCH(psrc)) {
+				MDB_cursor mn;
+				MDB_node *s2;
+				mdb_cursor_copy(csrc, &mn);
+				mn.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+				/* must find the lowest key below src */
+				rc = mdb_page_search_lowest(&mn);
+				if (rc)
+					return rc;
+				if (IS_LEAF2(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top])) {
+					key.mv_size = mn.mc_db->md_pad;
+					key.mv_data = LEAF2KEY(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], 0, key.mv_size);
+				} else {
+					s2 = NODEPTR(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], 0);
+					key.mv_size = NODEKSZ(s2);
+					key.mv_data = NODEKEY(s2);
+				}
+			} else {
+				key.mv_size = srcnode->mn_ksize;
+				key.mv_data = NODEKEY(srcnode);
+			}
+
+			data.mv_size = NODEDSZ(srcnode);
+			data.mv_data = NODEDATA(srcnode);
+			rc = mdb_node_add(cdst, j, &key, &data, NODEPGNO(srcnode), srcnode->mn_flags);
+			if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS)
+				return rc;
+		}
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("dst page %"Z"u now has %u keys (%.1f%% filled)",
+	    pdst->mp_pgno, NUMKEYS(pdst),
+		(float)PAGEFILL(cdst->mc_txn->mt_env, pdst) / 10));
+
+	/* Unlink the src page from parent and add to free list.
+	 */
+	csrc->mc_top--;
+	mdb_node_del(csrc, 0);
+	if (csrc->mc_ki[csrc->mc_top] == 0) {
+		key.mv_size = 0;
+		rc = mdb_update_key(csrc, &key);
+		if (rc) {
+			csrc->mc_top++;
+			return rc;
+		}
+	}
+	csrc->mc_top++;
+
+	psrc = csrc->mc_pg[csrc->mc_top];
+	/* If not operating on FreeDB, allow this page to be reused
+	 * in this txn. Otherwise just add to free list.
+	 */
+	rc = mdb_page_loose(csrc, psrc);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+	if (IS_LEAF(psrc))
+		csrc->mc_db->md_leaf_pages--;
+	else
+		csrc->mc_db->md_branch_pages--;
+	{
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+		MDB_dbi dbi = csrc->mc_dbi;
+		unsigned int top = csrc->mc_top;
+
+		for (m2 = csrc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			if (csrc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+				m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+			else
+				m3 = m2;
+			if (m3 == csrc) continue;
+			if (m3->mc_snum < csrc->mc_snum) continue;
+			if (m3->mc_pg[top] == psrc) {
+				m3->mc_pg[top] = pdst;
+				m3->mc_ki[top] += nkeys;
+				m3->mc_ki[top-1] = cdst->mc_ki[top-1];
+			} else if (m3->mc_pg[top-1] == csrc->mc_pg[top-1] &&
+				m3->mc_ki[top-1] > csrc->mc_ki[top-1]) {
+				m3->mc_ki[top-1]--;
+			}
+			if (IS_LEAF(psrc))
+				XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, top, m3->mc_pg[top]);
+		}
+	}
+	{
+		unsigned int snum = cdst->mc_snum;
+		uint16_t depth = cdst->mc_db->md_depth;
+		mdb_cursor_pop(cdst);
+		rc = mdb_rebalance(cdst);
+		/* Did the tree height change? */
+		if (depth != cdst->mc_db->md_depth)
+			snum += cdst->mc_db->md_depth - depth;
+		cdst->mc_snum = snum;
+		cdst->mc_top = snum-1;
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Copy the contents of a cursor.
+ * @param[in] csrc The cursor to copy from.
+ * @param[out] cdst The cursor to copy to.
+ */
+static void
+mdb_cursor_copy(const MDB_cursor *csrc, MDB_cursor *cdst)
+{
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	cdst->mc_txn = csrc->mc_txn;
+	cdst->mc_dbi = csrc->mc_dbi;
+	cdst->mc_db  = csrc->mc_db;
+	cdst->mc_dbx = csrc->mc_dbx;
+	cdst->mc_snum = csrc->mc_snum;
+	cdst->mc_top = csrc->mc_top;
+	cdst->mc_flags = csrc->mc_flags;
+
+	for (i=0; i<csrc->mc_snum; i++) {
+		cdst->mc_pg[i] = csrc->mc_pg[i];
+		cdst->mc_ki[i] = csrc->mc_ki[i];
+	}
+}
+
+/** Rebalance the tree after a delete operation.
+ * @param[in] mc Cursor pointing to the page where rebalancing
+ * should begin.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_rebalance(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	MDB_node	*node;
+	int rc, fromleft;
+	unsigned int ptop, minkeys, thresh;
+	MDB_cursor	mn;
+	indx_t oldki;
+
+	if (IS_BRANCH(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])) {
+		minkeys = 2;
+		thresh = 1;
+	} else {
+		minkeys = 1;
+		thresh = FILL_THRESHOLD;
+	}
+	DPRINTF(("rebalancing %s page %"Z"u (has %u keys, %.1f%% full)",
+	    IS_LEAF(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) ? "leaf" : "branch",
+	    mdb_dbg_pgno(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]), NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]),
+		(float)PAGEFILL(mc->mc_txn->mt_env, mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) / 10));
+
+	if (PAGEFILL(mc->mc_txn->mt_env, mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) >= thresh &&
+		NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]) >= minkeys) {
+		DPRINTF(("no need to rebalance page %"Z"u, above fill threshold",
+		    mdb_dbg_pgno(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top])));
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (mc->mc_snum < 2) {
+		MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[0];
+		if (IS_SUBP(mp)) {
+			DPUTS("Can't rebalance a subpage, ignoring");
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+		if (NUMKEYS(mp) == 0) {
+			DPUTS("tree is completely empty");
+			mc->mc_db->md_root = P_INVALID;
+			mc->mc_db->md_depth = 0;
+			mc->mc_db->md_leaf_pages = 0;
+			rc = mdb_midl_append(&mc->mc_txn->mt_free_pgs, mp->mp_pgno);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			/* Adjust cursors pointing to mp */
+			mc->mc_snum = 0;
+			mc->mc_top = 0;
+			mc->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+			{
+				MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+				MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+
+				for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+					if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+						m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+					else
+						m3 = m2;
+					if (!(m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) || (m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum))
+						continue;
+					if (m3->mc_pg[0] == mp) {
+						m3->mc_snum = 0;
+						m3->mc_top = 0;
+						m3->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else if (IS_BRANCH(mp) && NUMKEYS(mp) == 1) {
+			int i;
+			DPUTS("collapsing root page!");
+			rc = mdb_midl_append(&mc->mc_txn->mt_free_pgs, mp->mp_pgno);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			mc->mc_db->md_root = NODEPGNO(NODEPTR(mp, 0));
+			rc = mdb_page_get(mc, mc->mc_db->md_root, &mc->mc_pg[0], NULL);
+			if (rc)
+				return rc;
+			mc->mc_db->md_depth--;
+			mc->mc_db->md_branch_pages--;
+			mc->mc_ki[0] = mc->mc_ki[1];
+			for (i = 1; i<mc->mc_db->md_depth; i++) {
+				mc->mc_pg[i] = mc->mc_pg[i+1];
+				mc->mc_ki[i] = mc->mc_ki[i+1];
+			}
+			{
+				/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+				MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+				MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+
+				for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+					if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+						m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+					else
+						m3 = m2;
+					if (m3 == mc) continue;
+					if (!(m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+						continue;
+					if (m3->mc_pg[0] == mp) {
+						for (i=0; i<mc->mc_db->md_depth; i++) {
+							m3->mc_pg[i] = m3->mc_pg[i+1];
+							m3->mc_ki[i] = m3->mc_ki[i+1];
+						}
+						m3->mc_snum--;
+						m3->mc_top--;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else
+			DPUTS("root page doesn't need rebalancing");
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	/* The parent (branch page) must have at least 2 pointers,
+	 * otherwise the tree is invalid.
+	 */
+	ptop = mc->mc_top-1;
+	mdb_cassert(mc, NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[ptop]) > 1);
+
+	/* Leaf page fill factor is below the threshold.
+	 * Try to move keys from left or right neighbor, or
+	 * merge with a neighbor page.
+	 */
+
+	/* Find neighbors.
+	 */
+	mdb_cursor_copy(mc, &mn);
+	mn.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+
+	oldki = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	if (mc->mc_ki[ptop] == 0) {
+		/* We're the leftmost leaf in our parent.
+		 */
+		DPUTS("reading right neighbor");
+		mn.mc_ki[ptop]++;
+		node = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[ptop], mn.mc_ki[ptop]);
+		rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(node), &mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], NULL);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		mn.mc_ki[mn.mc_top] = 0;
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]);
+		fromleft = 0;
+	} else {
+		/* There is at least one neighbor to the left.
+		 */
+		DPUTS("reading left neighbor");
+		mn.mc_ki[ptop]--;
+		node = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[ptop], mn.mc_ki[ptop]);
+		rc = mdb_page_get(mc, NODEPGNO(node), &mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top], NULL);
+		if (rc)
+			return rc;
+		mn.mc_ki[mn.mc_top] = NUMKEYS(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]) - 1;
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+		fromleft = 1;
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("found neighbor page %"Z"u (%u keys, %.1f%% full)",
+	    mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]->mp_pgno, NUMKEYS(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]),
+		(float)PAGEFILL(mc->mc_txn->mt_env, mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]) / 10));
+
+	/* If the neighbor page is above threshold and has enough keys,
+	 * move one key from it. Otherwise we should try to merge them.
+	 * (A branch page must never have less than 2 keys.)
+	 */
+	if (PAGEFILL(mc->mc_txn->mt_env, mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]) >= thresh && NUMKEYS(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]) > minkeys) {
+		rc = mdb_node_move(&mn, mc, fromleft);
+		if (fromleft) {
+			/* if we inserted on left, bump position up */
+			oldki++;
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (!fromleft) {
+			rc = mdb_page_merge(&mn, mc);
+		} else {
+			oldki += NUMKEYS(mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top]);
+			mn.mc_ki[mn.mc_top] += mc->mc_ki[mn.mc_top] + 1;
+			/* We want mdb_rebalance to find mn when doing fixups */
+			WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn,
+				rc = mdb_page_merge(mc, &mn));
+			mdb_cursor_copy(&mn, mc);
+		}
+		mc->mc_flags &= ~C_EOF;
+	}
+	mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = oldki;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Complete a delete operation started by #mdb_cursor_del(). */
+static int
+mdb_cursor_del0(MDB_cursor *mc)
+{
+	int rc;
+	MDB_page *mp;
+	indx_t ki;
+	unsigned int nkeys;
+	MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+	MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+
+	ki = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	mdb_node_del(mc, mc->mc_db->md_pad);
+	mc->mc_db->md_entries--;
+	{
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			m3 = (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB) ? &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor : m2;
+			if (! (m2->mc_flags & m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+				continue;
+			if (m3 == mc || m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum)
+				continue;
+			if (m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+				if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] == ki) {
+					m3->mc_flags |= C_DEL;
+					if (mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT) {
+						/* Sub-cursor referred into dataset which is gone */
+						m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+					}
+					continue;
+				} else if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] > ki) {
+					m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]--;
+				}
+				XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, mc->mc_top, mp);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	rc = mdb_rebalance(mc);
+	if (rc)
+		goto fail;
+
+	/* DB is totally empty now, just bail out.
+	 * Other cursors adjustments were already done
+	 * by mdb_rebalance and aren't needed here.
+	 */
+	if (!mc->mc_snum) {
+		mc->mc_flags |= C_EOF;
+		return rc;
+	}
+
+	ki = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+	/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+	for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; !rc && m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+		m3 = (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB) ? &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor : m2;
+		if (!(m2->mc_flags & m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+			continue;
+		if (m3->mc_snum < mc->mc_snum)
+			continue;
+		if (m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+			/* if m3 points past last node in page, find next sibling */
+			if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= nkeys) {
+				rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(m3, 1);
+				if (rc == MDB_NOTFOUND) {
+					m3->mc_flags |= C_EOF;
+					rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (rc)
+					goto fail;
+			}
+			if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= ki ||
+				/* moved to right sibling */ m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] != mp) {
+				if (m3->mc_xcursor && !(m3->mc_flags & C_EOF)) {
+					MDB_node *node = NODEPTR(m3->mc_pg[m3->mc_top], m3->mc_ki[m3->mc_top]);
+					/* If this node has dupdata, it may need to be reinited
+					 * because its data has moved.
+					 * If the xcursor was not initd it must be reinited.
+					 * Else if node points to a subDB, nothing is needed.
+					 * Else (xcursor was initd, not a subDB) needs mc_pg[0] reset.
+					 */
+					if (node->mn_flags & F_DUPDATA) {
+						if (m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED) {
+							if (!(node->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA))
+								m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_pg[0] = NODEDATA(node);
+						} else {
+							mdb_xcursor_init1(m3, node);
+							rc = mdb_cursor_first(&m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, NULL, NULL);
+							if (rc)
+								goto fail;
+						}
+					}
+					m3->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor.mc_flags |= C_DEL;
+				}
+				m3->mc_flags |= C_DEL;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+fail:
+	if (rc)
+		mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_del(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi,
+    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data)
+{
+	if (!key || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED))
+		return (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EACCES : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (!F_ISSET(txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags, MDB_DUPSORT)) {
+		/* must ignore any data */
+		data = NULL;
+	}
+
+	return mdb_del0(txn, dbi, key, data, 0);
+}
+
+static int
+mdb_del0(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi,
+	MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, unsigned flags)
+{
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_xcursor mx;
+	MDB_cursor_op op;
+	MDB_val rdata, *xdata;
+	int		 rc, exact = 0;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	DPRINTF(("====> delete db %u key [%s]", dbi, DKEY(key)));
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, dbi, &mx);
+
+	if (data) {
+		op = MDB_GET_BOTH;
+		rdata = *data;
+		xdata = &rdata;
+	} else {
+		op = MDB_SET;
+		xdata = NULL;
+		flags |= MDB_NODUPDATA;
+	}
+	rc = mdb_cursor_set(&mc, key, xdata, op, &exact);
+	if (rc == 0) {
+		/* let mdb_page_split know about this cursor if needed:
+		 * delete will trigger a rebalance; if it needs to move
+		 * a node from one page to another, it will have to
+		 * update the parent's separator key(s). If the new sepkey
+		 * is larger than the current one, the parent page may
+		 * run out of space, triggering a split. We need this
+		 * cursor to be consistent until the end of the rebalance.
+		 */
+		mc.mc_flags |= C_UNTRACK;
+		mc.mc_next = txn->mt_cursors[dbi];
+		txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = &mc;
+		rc = mdb_cursor_del(&mc, flags);
+		txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = mc.mc_next;
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Split a page and insert a new node.
+ * Set #MDB_TXN_ERROR on failure.
+ * @param[in,out] mc Cursor pointing to the page and desired insertion index.
+ * The cursor will be updated to point to the actual page and index where
+ * the node got inserted after the split.
+ * @param[in] newkey The key for the newly inserted node.
+ * @param[in] newdata The data for the newly inserted node.
+ * @param[in] newpgno The page number, if the new node is a branch node.
+ * @param[in] nflags The #NODE_ADD_FLAGS for the new node.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_page_split(MDB_cursor *mc, MDB_val *newkey, MDB_val *newdata, pgno_t newpgno,
+	unsigned int nflags)
+{
+	unsigned int flags;
+	int		 rc = MDB_SUCCESS, new_root = 0, did_split = 0;
+	indx_t		 newindx;
+	pgno_t		 pgno = 0;
+	int	 i, j, split_indx, nkeys, pmax;
+	MDB_env 	*env = mc->mc_txn->mt_env;
+	MDB_node	*node;
+	MDB_val	 sepkey, rkey, xdata, *rdata = &xdata;
+	MDB_page	*copy = NULL;
+	MDB_page	*mp, *rp, *pp;
+	int ptop;
+	MDB_cursor	mn;
+	DKBUF;
+
+	mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+	newindx = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top];
+	nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+	DPRINTF(("-----> splitting %s page %"Z"u and adding [%s] at index %i/%i",
+	    IS_LEAF(mp) ? "leaf" : "branch", mp->mp_pgno,
+	    DKEY(newkey), mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], nkeys));
+
+	/* Create a right sibling. */
+	if ((rc = mdb_page_new(mc, mp->mp_flags, 1, &rp)))
+		return rc;
+	rp->mp_pad = mp->mp_pad;
+	DPRINTF(("new right sibling: page %"Z"u", rp->mp_pgno));
+
+	/* Usually when splitting the root page, the cursor
+	 * height is 1. But when called from mdb_update_key,
+	 * the cursor height may be greater because it walks
+	 * up the stack while finding the branch slot to update.
+	 */
+	if (mc->mc_top < 1) {
+		if ((rc = mdb_page_new(mc, P_BRANCH, 1, &pp)))
+			goto done;
+		/* shift current top to make room for new parent */
+		for (i=mc->mc_snum; i>0; i--) {
+			mc->mc_pg[i] = mc->mc_pg[i-1];
+			mc->mc_ki[i] = mc->mc_ki[i-1];
+		}
+		mc->mc_pg[0] = pp;
+		mc->mc_ki[0] = 0;
+		mc->mc_db->md_root = pp->mp_pgno;
+		DPRINTF(("root split! new root = %"Z"u", pp->mp_pgno));
+		new_root = mc->mc_db->md_depth++;
+
+		/* Add left (implicit) pointer. */
+		if ((rc = mdb_node_add(mc, 0, NULL, NULL, mp->mp_pgno, 0)) != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+			/* undo the pre-push */
+			mc->mc_pg[0] = mc->mc_pg[1];
+			mc->mc_ki[0] = mc->mc_ki[1];
+			mc->mc_db->md_root = mp->mp_pgno;
+			mc->mc_db->md_depth--;
+			goto done;
+		}
+		mc->mc_snum++;
+		mc->mc_top++;
+		ptop = 0;
+	} else {
+		ptop = mc->mc_top-1;
+		DPRINTF(("parent branch page is %"Z"u", mc->mc_pg[ptop]->mp_pgno));
+	}
+
+	mdb_cursor_copy(mc, &mn);
+	mn.mc_xcursor = NULL;
+	mn.mc_pg[mn.mc_top] = rp;
+	mn.mc_ki[ptop] = mc->mc_ki[ptop]+1;
+
+	if (nflags & MDB_APPEND) {
+		mn.mc_ki[mn.mc_top] = 0;
+		sepkey = *newkey;
+		split_indx = newindx;
+		nkeys = 0;
+	} else {
+
+		split_indx = (nkeys+1) / 2;
+
+		if (IS_LEAF2(rp)) {
+			char *split, *ins;
+			int x;
+			unsigned int lsize, rsize, ksize;
+			/* Move half of the keys to the right sibling */
+			x = mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] - split_indx;
+			ksize = mc->mc_db->md_pad;
+			split = LEAF2KEY(mp, split_indx, ksize);
+			rsize = (nkeys - split_indx) * ksize;
+			lsize = (nkeys - split_indx) * sizeof(indx_t);
+			mp->mp_lower -= lsize;
+			rp->mp_lower += lsize;
+			mp->mp_upper += rsize - lsize;
+			rp->mp_upper -= rsize - lsize;
+			sepkey.mv_size = ksize;
+			if (newindx == split_indx) {
+				sepkey.mv_data = newkey->mv_data;
+			} else {
+				sepkey.mv_data = split;
+			}
+			if (x<0) {
+				ins = LEAF2KEY(mp, mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top], ksize);
+				memcpy(rp->mp_ptrs, split, rsize);
+				sepkey.mv_data = rp->mp_ptrs;
+				memmove(ins+ksize, ins, (split_indx - mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]) * ksize);
+				memcpy(ins, newkey->mv_data, ksize);
+				mp->mp_lower += sizeof(indx_t);
+				mp->mp_upper -= ksize - sizeof(indx_t);
+			} else {
+				if (x)
+					memcpy(rp->mp_ptrs, split, x * ksize);
+				ins = LEAF2KEY(rp, x, ksize);
+				memcpy(ins, newkey->mv_data, ksize);
+				memcpy(ins+ksize, split + x * ksize, rsize - x * ksize);
+				rp->mp_lower += sizeof(indx_t);
+				rp->mp_upper -= ksize - sizeof(indx_t);
+				mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = x;
+			}
+		} else {
+			int psize, nsize, k;
+			/* Maximum free space in an empty page */
+			pmax = env->me_psize - PAGEHDRSZ;
+			if (IS_LEAF(mp))
+				nsize = mdb_leaf_size(env, newkey, newdata);
+			else
+				nsize = mdb_branch_size(env, newkey);
+			nsize = EVEN(nsize);
+
+			/* grab a page to hold a temporary copy */
+			copy = mdb_page_malloc(mc->mc_txn, 1);
+			if (copy == NULL) {
+				rc = ENOMEM;
+				goto done;
+			}
+			copy->mp_pgno  = mp->mp_pgno;
+			copy->mp_flags = mp->mp_flags;
+			copy->mp_lower = (PAGEHDRSZ-PAGEBASE);
+			copy->mp_upper = env->me_psize - PAGEBASE;
+
+			/* prepare to insert */
+			for (i=0, j=0; i<nkeys; i++) {
+				if (i == newindx) {
+					copy->mp_ptrs[j++] = 0;
+				}
+				copy->mp_ptrs[j++] = mp->mp_ptrs[i];
+			}
+
+			/* When items are relatively large the split point needs
+			 * to be checked, because being off-by-one will make the
+			 * difference between success or failure in mdb_node_add.
+			 *
+			 * It's also relevant if a page happens to be laid out
+			 * such that one half of its nodes are all "small" and
+			 * the other half of its nodes are "large." If the new
+			 * item is also "large" and falls on the half with
+			 * "large" nodes, it also may not fit.
+			 *
+			 * As a final tweak, if the new item goes on the last
+			 * spot on the page (and thus, onto the new page), bias
+			 * the split so the new page is emptier than the old page.
+			 * This yields better packing during sequential inserts.
+			 */
+			if (nkeys < 32 || nsize > pmax/16 || newindx >= nkeys) {
+				/* Find split point */
+				psize = 0;
+				if (newindx <= split_indx || newindx >= nkeys) {
+					i = 0; j = 1;
+					k = newindx >= nkeys ? nkeys : split_indx+1+IS_LEAF(mp);
+				} else {
+					i = nkeys; j = -1;
+					k = split_indx-1;
+				}
+				for (; i!=k; i+=j) {
+					if (i == newindx) {
+						psize += nsize;
+						node = NULL;
+					} else {
+						node = (MDB_node *)((char *)mp + copy->mp_ptrs[i] + PAGEBASE);
+						psize += NODESIZE + NODEKSZ(node) + sizeof(indx_t);
+						if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+							if (F_ISSET(node->mn_flags, F_BIGDATA))
+								psize += sizeof(pgno_t);
+							else
+								psize += NODEDSZ(node);
+						}
+						psize = EVEN(psize);
+					}
+					if (psize > pmax || i == k-j) {
+						split_indx = i + (j<0);
+						break;
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if (split_indx == newindx) {
+				sepkey.mv_size = newkey->mv_size;
+				sepkey.mv_data = newkey->mv_data;
+			} else {
+				node = (MDB_node *)((char *)mp + copy->mp_ptrs[split_indx] + PAGEBASE);
+				sepkey.mv_size = node->mn_ksize;
+				sepkey.mv_data = NODEKEY(node);
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	DPRINTF(("separator is %d [%s]", split_indx, DKEY(&sepkey)));
+
+	/* Copy separator key to the parent.
+	 */
+	if (SIZELEFT(mn.mc_pg[ptop]) < mdb_branch_size(env, &sepkey)) {
+		int snum = mc->mc_snum;
+		mn.mc_snum--;
+		mn.mc_top--;
+		did_split = 1;
+		/* We want other splits to find mn when doing fixups */
+		WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mn,
+			rc = mdb_page_split(&mn, &sepkey, NULL, rp->mp_pgno, 0));
+		if (rc)
+			goto done;
+
+		/* root split? */
+		if (mc->mc_snum > snum) {
+			ptop++;
+		}
+		/* Right page might now have changed parent.
+		 * Check if left page also changed parent.
+		 */
+		if (mn.mc_pg[ptop] != mc->mc_pg[ptop] &&
+		    mc->mc_ki[ptop] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[ptop])) {
+			for (i=0; i<ptop; i++) {
+				mc->mc_pg[i] = mn.mc_pg[i];
+				mc->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+			}
+			mc->mc_pg[ptop] = mn.mc_pg[ptop];
+			if (mn.mc_ki[ptop]) {
+				mc->mc_ki[ptop] = mn.mc_ki[ptop] - 1;
+			} else {
+				/* find right page's left sibling */
+				mc->mc_ki[ptop] = mn.mc_ki[ptop];
+				mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 0);
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		mn.mc_top--;
+		rc = mdb_node_add(&mn, mn.mc_ki[ptop], &sepkey, NULL, rp->mp_pgno, 0);
+		mn.mc_top++;
+	}
+	if (rc != MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		goto done;
+	}
+	if (nflags & MDB_APPEND) {
+		mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+		mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = 0;
+		rc = mdb_node_add(mc, 0, newkey, newdata, newpgno, nflags);
+		if (rc)
+			goto done;
+		for (i=0; i<mc->mc_top; i++)
+			mc->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+	} else if (!IS_LEAF2(mp)) {
+		/* Move nodes */
+		mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+		i = split_indx;
+		j = 0;
+		do {
+			if (i == newindx) {
+				rkey.mv_data = newkey->mv_data;
+				rkey.mv_size = newkey->mv_size;
+				if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+					rdata = newdata;
+				} else
+					pgno = newpgno;
+				flags = nflags;
+				/* Update index for the new key. */
+				mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = j;
+			} else {
+				node = (MDB_node *)((char *)mp + copy->mp_ptrs[i] + PAGEBASE);
+				rkey.mv_data = NODEKEY(node);
+				rkey.mv_size = node->mn_ksize;
+				if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+					xdata.mv_data = NODEDATA(node);
+					xdata.mv_size = NODEDSZ(node);
+					rdata = &xdata;
+				} else
+					pgno = NODEPGNO(node);
+				flags = node->mn_flags;
+			}
+
+			if (!IS_LEAF(mp) && j == 0) {
+				/* First branch index doesn't need key data. */
+				rkey.mv_size = 0;
+			}
+
+			rc = mdb_node_add(mc, j, &rkey, rdata, pgno, flags);
+			if (rc)
+				goto done;
+			if (i == nkeys) {
+				i = 0;
+				j = 0;
+				mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = copy;
+			} else {
+				i++;
+				j++;
+			}
+		} while (i != split_indx);
+
+		nkeys = NUMKEYS(copy);
+		for (i=0; i<nkeys; i++)
+			mp->mp_ptrs[i] = copy->mp_ptrs[i];
+		mp->mp_lower = copy->mp_lower;
+		mp->mp_upper = copy->mp_upper;
+		memcpy(NODEPTR(mp, nkeys-1), NODEPTR(copy, nkeys-1),
+			env->me_psize - copy->mp_upper - PAGEBASE);
+
+		/* reset back to original page */
+		if (newindx < split_indx) {
+			mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = mp;
+		} else {
+			mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+			mc->mc_ki[ptop]++;
+			/* Make sure mc_ki is still valid.
+			 */
+			if (mn.mc_pg[ptop] != mc->mc_pg[ptop] &&
+				mc->mc_ki[ptop] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[ptop])) {
+				for (i=0; i<=ptop; i++) {
+					mc->mc_pg[i] = mn.mc_pg[i];
+					mc->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		if (nflags & MDB_RESERVE) {
+			node = NODEPTR(mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top], mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]);
+			if (!(node->mn_flags & F_BIGDATA))
+				newdata->mv_data = NODEDATA(node);
+		}
+	} else {
+		if (newindx >= split_indx) {
+			mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+			mc->mc_ki[ptop]++;
+			/* Make sure mc_ki is still valid.
+			 */
+			if (mn.mc_pg[ptop] != mc->mc_pg[ptop] &&
+				mc->mc_ki[ptop] >= NUMKEYS(mc->mc_pg[ptop])) {
+				for (i=0; i<=ptop; i++) {
+					mc->mc_pg[i] = mn.mc_pg[i];
+					mc->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	{
+		/* Adjust other cursors pointing to mp */
+		MDB_cursor *m2, *m3;
+		MDB_dbi dbi = mc->mc_dbi;
+		nkeys = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+		for (m2 = mc->mc_txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2=m2->mc_next) {
+			if (mc->mc_flags & C_SUB)
+				m3 = &m2->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor;
+			else
+				m3 = m2;
+			if (m3 == mc)
+				continue;
+			if (!(m2->mc_flags & m3->mc_flags & C_INITIALIZED))
+				continue;
+			if (new_root) {
+				int k;
+				/* sub cursors may be on different DB */
+				if (m3->mc_pg[0] != mp)
+					continue;
+				/* root split */
+				for (k=new_root; k>=0; k--) {
+					m3->mc_ki[k+1] = m3->mc_ki[k];
+					m3->mc_pg[k+1] = m3->mc_pg[k];
+				}
+				if (m3->mc_ki[0] >= nkeys) {
+					m3->mc_ki[0] = 1;
+				} else {
+					m3->mc_ki[0] = 0;
+				}
+				m3->mc_pg[0] = mc->mc_pg[0];
+				m3->mc_snum++;
+				m3->mc_top++;
+			}
+			if (m3->mc_top >= mc->mc_top && m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] == mp) {
+				if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= newindx && !(nflags & MDB_SPLIT_REPLACE))
+					m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top]++;
+				if (m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] >= nkeys) {
+					m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top] = rp;
+					m3->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] -= nkeys;
+					for (i=0; i<mc->mc_top; i++) {
+						m3->mc_ki[i] = mn.mc_ki[i];
+						m3->mc_pg[i] = mn.mc_pg[i];
+					}
+				}
+			} else if (!did_split && m3->mc_top >= ptop && m3->mc_pg[ptop] == mc->mc_pg[ptop] &&
+				m3->mc_ki[ptop] >= mc->mc_ki[ptop]) {
+				m3->mc_ki[ptop]++;
+			}
+			if (IS_LEAF(mp))
+				XCURSOR_REFRESH(m3, mc->mc_top, m3->mc_pg[mc->mc_top]);
+		}
+	}
+	DPRINTF(("mp left: %d, rp left: %d", SIZELEFT(mp), SIZELEFT(rp)));
+
+done:
+	if (copy)					/* tmp page */
+		mdb_page_free(env, copy);
+	if (rc)
+		mc->mc_txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int
+mdb_put(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi,
+    MDB_val *key, MDB_val *data, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_xcursor mx;
+	int rc;
+
+	if (!key || !data || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (flags & ~(MDB_NOOVERWRITE|MDB_NODUPDATA|MDB_RESERVE|MDB_APPEND|MDB_APPENDDUP))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & (MDB_TXN_RDONLY|MDB_TXN_BLOCKED))
+		return (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_RDONLY) ? EACCES : MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, dbi, &mx);
+	mc.mc_next = txn->mt_cursors[dbi];
+	txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = &mc;
+	rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, key, data, flags);
+	txn->mt_cursors[dbi] = mc.mc_next;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+#ifndef MDB_WBUF
+#define MDB_WBUF	(1024*1024)
+#endif
+#define MDB_EOF		0x10	/**< #mdb_env_copyfd1() is done reading */
+
+	/** State needed for a double-buffering compacting copy. */
+typedef struct mdb_copy {
+	MDB_env *mc_env;
+	MDB_txn *mc_txn;
+	pthread_mutex_t mc_mutex;
+	pthread_cond_t mc_cond;	/**< Condition variable for #mc_new */
+	char *mc_wbuf[2];
+	char *mc_over[2];
+	int mc_wlen[2];
+	int mc_olen[2];
+	pgno_t mc_next_pgno;
+	HANDLE mc_fd;
+	int mc_toggle;			/**< Buffer number in provider */
+	int mc_new;				/**< (0-2 buffers to write) | (#MDB_EOF at end) */
+	/** Error code.  Never cleared if set.  Both threads can set nonzero
+	 *	to fail the copy.  Not mutex-protected, LMDB expects atomic int.
+	 */
+	volatile int mc_error;
+} mdb_copy;
+
+	/** Dedicated writer thread for compacting copy. */
+static THREAD_RET ESECT CALL_CONV
+mdb_env_copythr(void *arg)
+{
+	mdb_copy *my = arg;
+	char *ptr;
+	int toggle = 0, wsize, rc;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DWORD len;
+#define DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len)	rc = WriteFile(fd, ptr, w2, &len, NULL)
+#else
+	int len;
+#define DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len)	len = write(fd, ptr, w2); rc = (len >= 0)
+#ifdef SIGPIPE
+	sigset_t set;
+	sigemptyset(&set);
+	sigaddset(&set, SIGPIPE);
+	if ((rc = pthread_sigmask(SIG_BLOCK, &set, NULL)) != 0)
+		my->mc_error = rc;
+#endif
+#endif
+
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&my->mc_mutex);
+	for(;;) {
+		while (!my->mc_new)
+			pthread_cond_wait(&my->mc_cond, &my->mc_mutex);
+		if (my->mc_new == 0 + MDB_EOF) /* 0 buffers, just EOF */
+			break;
+		wsize = my->mc_wlen[toggle];
+		ptr = my->mc_wbuf[toggle];
+again:
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+		while (wsize > 0 && !my->mc_error) {
+			DO_WRITE(rc, my->mc_fd, ptr, wsize, len);
+			if (!rc) {
+				rc = ErrCode();
+#if defined(SIGPIPE) && !defined(_WIN32)
+				if (rc == EPIPE) {
+					/* Collect the pending SIGPIPE, otherwise at least OS X
+					 * gives it to the process on thread-exit (ITS#8504).
+					 */
+					int tmp;
+					sigwait(&set, &tmp);
+				}
+#endif
+				break;
+			} else if (len > 0) {
+				rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+				ptr += len;
+				wsize -= len;
+				continue;
+			} else {
+				rc = EIO;
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+		if (rc) {
+			my->mc_error = rc;
+		}
+		/* If there's an overflow page tail, write it too */
+		if (my->mc_olen[toggle]) {
+			wsize = my->mc_olen[toggle];
+			ptr = my->mc_over[toggle];
+			my->mc_olen[toggle] = 0;
+			goto again;
+		}
+		my->mc_wlen[toggle] = 0;
+		toggle ^= 1;
+		/* Return the empty buffer to provider */
+		my->mc_new--;
+		pthread_cond_signal(&my->mc_cond);
+	}
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&my->mc_mutex);
+	return (THREAD_RET)0;
+#undef DO_WRITE
+}
+
+	/** Give buffer and/or #MDB_EOF to writer thread, await unused buffer.
+	 *
+	 * @param[in] my control structure.
+	 * @param[in] adjust (1 to hand off 1 buffer) | (MDB_EOF when ending).
+	 */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_cthr_toggle(mdb_copy *my, int adjust)
+{
+	pthread_mutex_lock(&my->mc_mutex);
+	my->mc_new += adjust;
+	pthread_cond_signal(&my->mc_cond);
+	while (my->mc_new & 2)		/* both buffers in use */
+		pthread_cond_wait(&my->mc_cond, &my->mc_mutex);
+	pthread_mutex_unlock(&my->mc_mutex);
+
+	my->mc_toggle ^= (adjust & 1);
+	/* Both threads reset mc_wlen, to be safe from threading errors */
+	my->mc_wlen[my->mc_toggle] = 0;
+	return my->mc_error;
+}
+
+	/** Depth-first tree traversal for compacting copy.
+	 * @param[in] my control structure.
+	 * @param[in,out] pg database root.
+	 * @param[in] flags includes #F_DUPDATA if it is a sorted-duplicate sub-DB.
+	 */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_cwalk(mdb_copy *my, pgno_t *pg, int flags)
+{
+	MDB_cursor mc = {0};
+	MDB_node *ni;
+	MDB_page *mo, *mp, *leaf;
+	char *buf, *ptr;
+	int rc, toggle;
+	unsigned int i;
+
+	/* Empty DB, nothing to do */
+	if (*pg == P_INVALID)
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+	mc.mc_snum = 1;
+	mc.mc_txn = my->mc_txn;
+
+	rc = mdb_page_get(&mc, *pg, &mc.mc_pg[0], NULL);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+	rc = mdb_page_search_root(&mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	/* Make cursor pages writable */
+	buf = ptr = malloc(my->mc_env->me_psize * mc.mc_snum);
+	if (buf == NULL)
+		return ENOMEM;
+
+	for (i=0; i<mc.mc_top; i++) {
+		mdb_page_copy((MDB_page *)ptr, mc.mc_pg[i], my->mc_env->me_psize);
+		mc.mc_pg[i] = (MDB_page *)ptr;
+		ptr += my->mc_env->me_psize;
+	}
+
+	/* This is writable space for a leaf page. Usually not needed. */
+	leaf = (MDB_page *)ptr;
+
+	toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+	while (mc.mc_snum > 0) {
+		unsigned n;
+		mp = mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top];
+		n = NUMKEYS(mp);
+
+		if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+			if (!IS_LEAF2(mp) && !(flags & F_DUPDATA)) {
+				for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+					ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+					if (ni->mn_flags & F_BIGDATA) {
+						MDB_page *omp;
+						pgno_t pg;
+
+						/* Need writable leaf */
+						if (mp != leaf) {
+							mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top] = leaf;
+							mdb_page_copy(leaf, mp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+							mp = leaf;
+							ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+						}
+
+						memcpy(&pg, NODEDATA(ni), sizeof(pg));
+						memcpy(NODEDATA(ni), &my->mc_next_pgno, sizeof(pgno_t));
+						rc = mdb_page_get(&mc, pg, &omp, NULL);
+						if (rc)
+							goto done;
+						if (my->mc_wlen[toggle] >= MDB_WBUF) {
+							rc = mdb_env_cthr_toggle(my, 1);
+							if (rc)
+								goto done;
+							toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+						}
+						mo = (MDB_page *)(my->mc_wbuf[toggle] + my->mc_wlen[toggle]);
+						memcpy(mo, omp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+						mo->mp_pgno = my->mc_next_pgno;
+						my->mc_next_pgno += omp->mp_pages;
+						my->mc_wlen[toggle] += my->mc_env->me_psize;
+						if (omp->mp_pages > 1) {
+							my->mc_olen[toggle] = my->mc_env->me_psize * (omp->mp_pages - 1);
+							my->mc_over[toggle] = (char *)omp + my->mc_env->me_psize;
+							rc = mdb_env_cthr_toggle(my, 1);
+							if (rc)
+								goto done;
+							toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+						}
+					} else if (ni->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA) {
+						MDB_db db;
+
+						/* Need writable leaf */
+						if (mp != leaf) {
+							mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top] = leaf;
+							mdb_page_copy(leaf, mp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+							mp = leaf;
+							ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+						}
+
+						memcpy(&db, NODEDATA(ni), sizeof(db));
+						my->mc_toggle = toggle;
+						rc = mdb_env_cwalk(my, &db.md_root, ni->mn_flags & F_DUPDATA);
+						if (rc)
+							goto done;
+						toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+						memcpy(NODEDATA(ni), &db, sizeof(db));
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else {
+			mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top]++;
+			if (mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top] < n) {
+				pgno_t pg;
+again:
+				ni = NODEPTR(mp, mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top]);
+				pg = NODEPGNO(ni);
+				rc = mdb_page_get(&mc, pg, &mp, NULL);
+				if (rc)
+					goto done;
+				mc.mc_top++;
+				mc.mc_snum++;
+				mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top] = 0;
+				if (IS_BRANCH(mp)) {
+					/* Whenever we advance to a sibling branch page,
+					 * we must proceed all the way down to its first leaf.
+					 */
+					mdb_page_copy(mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top], mp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+					goto again;
+				} else
+					mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top] = mp;
+				continue;
+			}
+		}
+		if (my->mc_wlen[toggle] >= MDB_WBUF) {
+			rc = mdb_env_cthr_toggle(my, 1);
+			if (rc)
+				goto done;
+			toggle = my->mc_toggle;
+		}
+		mo = (MDB_page *)(my->mc_wbuf[toggle] + my->mc_wlen[toggle]);
+		mdb_page_copy(mo, mp, my->mc_env->me_psize);
+		mo->mp_pgno = my->mc_next_pgno++;
+		my->mc_wlen[toggle] += my->mc_env->me_psize;
+		if (mc.mc_top) {
+			/* Update parent if there is one */
+			ni = NODEPTR(mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top-1], mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top-1]);
+			SETPGNO(ni, mo->mp_pgno);
+			mdb_cursor_pop(&mc);
+		} else {
+			/* Otherwise we're done */
+			*pg = mo->mp_pgno;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+done:
+	free(buf);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+	/** Copy environment with compaction. */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_copyfd1(MDB_env *env, HANDLE fd)
+{
+	MDB_meta *mm;
+	MDB_page *mp;
+	mdb_copy my = {0};
+	MDB_txn *txn = NULL;
+	pthread_t thr;
+	pgno_t root, new_root;
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	if (!(my.mc_mutex = CreateMutex(NULL, FALSE, NULL)) ||
+		!(my.mc_cond = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL))) {
+		rc = ErrCode();
+		goto done;
+	}
+	my.mc_wbuf[0] = _aligned_malloc(MDB_WBUF*2, env->me_os_psize);
+	if (my.mc_wbuf[0] == NULL) {
+		/* _aligned_malloc() sets errno, but we use Windows error codes */
+		rc = ERROR_NOT_ENOUGH_MEMORY;
+		goto done;
+	}
+#else
+	if ((rc = pthread_mutex_init(&my.mc_mutex, NULL)) != 0)
+		return rc;
+	if ((rc = pthread_cond_init(&my.mc_cond, NULL)) != 0)
+		goto done2;
+#ifdef HAVE_MEMALIGN
+	my.mc_wbuf[0] = memalign(env->me_os_psize, MDB_WBUF*2);
+	if (my.mc_wbuf[0] == NULL) {
+		rc = errno;
+		goto done;
+	}
+#else
+	{
+		void *p;
+		if ((rc = posix_memalign(&p, env->me_os_psize, MDB_WBUF*2)) != 0)
+			goto done;
+		my.mc_wbuf[0] = p;
+	}
+#endif
+#endif
+	memset(my.mc_wbuf[0], 0, MDB_WBUF*2);
+	my.mc_wbuf[1] = my.mc_wbuf[0] + MDB_WBUF;
+	my.mc_next_pgno = NUM_METAS;
+	my.mc_env = env;
+	my.mc_fd = fd;
+	rc = THREAD_CREATE(thr, mdb_env_copythr, &my);
+	if (rc)
+		goto done;
+
+	rc = mdb_txn_begin(env, NULL, MDB_RDONLY, &txn);
+	if (rc)
+		goto finish;
+
+	mp = (MDB_page *)my.mc_wbuf[0];
+	memset(mp, 0, NUM_METAS * env->me_psize);
+	mp->mp_pgno = 0;
+	mp->mp_flags = P_META;
+	mm = (MDB_meta *)METADATA(mp);
+	mdb_env_init_meta0(env, mm);
+	mm->mm_address = env->me_metas[0]->mm_address;
+
+	mp = (MDB_page *)(my.mc_wbuf[0] + env->me_psize);
+	mp->mp_pgno = 1;
+	mp->mp_flags = P_META;
+	*(MDB_meta *)METADATA(mp) = *mm;
+	mm = (MDB_meta *)METADATA(mp);
+
+	/* Set metapage 1 with current main DB */
+	root = new_root = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root;
+	if (root != P_INVALID) {
+		/* Count free pages + freeDB pages.  Subtract from last_pg
+		 * to find the new last_pg, which also becomes the new root.
+		 */
+		MDB_ID freecount = 0;
+		MDB_cursor mc;
+		MDB_val key, data;
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, FREE_DBI, NULL);
+		while ((rc = mdb_cursor_get(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_NEXT)) == 0)
+			freecount += *(MDB_ID *)data.mv_data;
+		if (rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+			goto finish;
+		freecount += txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_branch_pages +
+			txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_leaf_pages +
+			txn->mt_dbs[FREE_DBI].md_overflow_pages;
+
+		new_root = txn->mt_next_pgno - 1 - freecount;
+		mm->mm_last_pg = new_root;
+		mm->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI] = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI];
+		mm->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_root = new_root;
+	} else {
+		/* When the DB is empty, handle it specially to
+		 * fix any breakage like page leaks from ITS#8174.
+		 */
+		mm->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags = txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags;
+	}
+	if (root != P_INVALID || mm->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags) {
+		mm->mm_txnid = 1;		/* use metapage 1 */
+	}
+
+	my.mc_wlen[0] = env->me_psize * NUM_METAS;
+	my.mc_txn = txn;
+	rc = mdb_env_cwalk(&my, &root, 0);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS && root != new_root) {
+		rc = MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;	/* page leak or corrupt DB */
+	}
+
+finish:
+	if (rc)
+		my.mc_error = rc;
+	mdb_env_cthr_toggle(&my, 1 | MDB_EOF);
+	rc = THREAD_FINISH(thr);
+	mdb_txn_abort(txn);
+
+done:
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	if (my.mc_wbuf[0]) _aligned_free(my.mc_wbuf[0]);
+	if (my.mc_cond)  CloseHandle(my.mc_cond);
+	if (my.mc_mutex) CloseHandle(my.mc_mutex);
+#else
+	free(my.mc_wbuf[0]);
+	pthread_cond_destroy(&my.mc_cond);
+done2:
+	pthread_mutex_destroy(&my.mc_mutex);
+#endif
+	return rc ? rc : my.mc_error;
+}
+
+	/** Copy environment as-is. */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_env_copyfd0(MDB_env *env, HANDLE fd)
+{
+	MDB_txn *txn = NULL;
+	mdb_mutexref_t wmutex = NULL;
+	int rc;
+	size_t wsize, w3;
+	char *ptr;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	DWORD len, w2;
+#define DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len)	rc = WriteFile(fd, ptr, w2, &len, NULL)
+#else
+	ssize_t len;
+	size_t w2;
+#define DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len)	len = write(fd, ptr, w2); rc = (len >= 0)
+#endif
+
+	/* Do the lock/unlock of the reader mutex before starting the
+	 * write txn.  Otherwise other read txns could block writers.
+	 */
+	rc = mdb_txn_begin(env, NULL, MDB_RDONLY, &txn);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	if (env->me_txns) {
+		/* We must start the actual read txn after blocking writers */
+		mdb_txn_end(txn, MDB_END_RESET_TMP);
+
+		/* Temporarily block writers until we snapshot the meta pages */
+		wmutex = env->me_wmutex;
+		if (LOCK_MUTEX(rc, env, wmutex))
+			goto leave;
+
+		rc = mdb_txn_renew0(txn);
+		if (rc) {
+			UNLOCK_MUTEX(wmutex);
+			goto leave;
+		}
+	}
+
+	wsize = env->me_psize * NUM_METAS;
+	ptr = env->me_map;
+	w2 = wsize;
+	while (w2 > 0) {
+		DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len);
+		if (!rc) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+			break;
+		} else if (len > 0) {
+			rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+			ptr += len;
+			w2 -= len;
+			continue;
+		} else {
+			/* Non-blocking or async handles are not supported */
+			rc = EIO;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (wmutex)
+		UNLOCK_MUTEX(wmutex);
+
+	if (rc)
+		goto leave;
+
+	w3 = txn->mt_next_pgno * env->me_psize;
+	{
+		size_t fsize = 0;
+		if ((rc = mdb_fsize(env->me_fd, &fsize)))
+			goto leave;
+		if (w3 > fsize)
+			w3 = fsize;
+	}
+	wsize = w3 - wsize;
+	while (wsize > 0) {
+		if (wsize > MAX_WRITE)
+			w2 = MAX_WRITE;
+		else
+			w2 = wsize;
+		DO_WRITE(rc, fd, ptr, w2, len);
+		if (!rc) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+			break;
+		} else if (len > 0) {
+			rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+			ptr += len;
+			wsize -= len;
+			continue;
+		} else {
+			rc = EIO;
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+
+leave:
+	mdb_txn_abort(txn);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_copyfd2(MDB_env *env, HANDLE fd, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	if (flags & MDB_CP_COMPACT)
+		return mdb_env_copyfd1(env, fd);
+	else
+		return mdb_env_copyfd0(env, fd);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_copyfd(MDB_env *env, HANDLE fd)
+{
+	return mdb_env_copyfd2(env, fd, 0);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_copy2(MDB_env *env, const char *path, unsigned int flags)
+{
+	int rc;
+	MDB_name fname;
+	HANDLE newfd = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
+
+	rc = mdb_fname_init(path, env->me_flags | MDB_NOLOCK, &fname);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		rc = mdb_fopen(env, &fname, MDB_O_COPY, 0666, &newfd);
+		mdb_fname_destroy(fname);
+	}
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		rc = mdb_env_copyfd2(env, newfd, flags);
+		if (close(newfd) < 0 && rc == MDB_SUCCESS)
+			rc = ErrCode();
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_copy(MDB_env *env, const char *path)
+{
+	return mdb_env_copy2(env, path, 0);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int flag, int onoff)
+{
+	if (flag & ~CHANGEABLE)
+		return EINVAL;
+	if (onoff)
+		env->me_flags |= flag;
+	else
+		env->me_flags &= ~flag;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_flags(MDB_env *env, unsigned int *arg)
+{
+	if (!env || !arg)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	*arg = env->me_flags & (CHANGEABLE|CHANGELESS);
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_userctx(MDB_env *env, void *ctx)
+{
+	if (!env)
+		return EINVAL;
+	env->me_userctx = ctx;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+void * ESECT
+mdb_env_get_userctx(MDB_env *env)
+{
+	return env ? env->me_userctx : NULL;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_set_assert(MDB_env *env, MDB_assert_func *func)
+{
+	if (!env)
+		return EINVAL;
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+	env->me_assert_func = func;
+#endif
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_path(MDB_env *env, const char **arg)
+{
+	if (!env || !arg)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	*arg = env->me_path;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_fd(MDB_env *env, mdb_filehandle_t *arg)
+{
+	if (!env || !arg)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	*arg = env->me_fd;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Common code for #mdb_stat() and #mdb_env_stat().
+ * @param[in] env the environment to operate in.
+ * @param[in] db the #MDB_db record containing the stats to return.
+ * @param[out] arg the address of an #MDB_stat structure to receive the stats.
+ * @return 0, this function always succeeds.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_stat0(MDB_env *env, MDB_db *db, MDB_stat *arg)
+{
+	arg->ms_psize = env->me_psize;
+	arg->ms_depth = db->md_depth;
+	arg->ms_branch_pages = db->md_branch_pages;
+	arg->ms_leaf_pages = db->md_leaf_pages;
+	arg->ms_overflow_pages = db->md_overflow_pages;
+	arg->ms_entries = db->md_entries;
+
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_stat(MDB_env *env, MDB_stat *arg)
+{
+	MDB_meta *meta;
+
+	if (env == NULL || arg == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+
+	return mdb_stat0(env, &meta->mm_dbs[MAIN_DBI], arg);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_info(MDB_env *env, MDB_envinfo *arg)
+{
+	MDB_meta *meta;
+
+	if (env == NULL || arg == NULL)
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+	arg->me_mapaddr = meta->mm_address;
+	arg->me_last_pgno = meta->mm_last_pg;
+	arg->me_last_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+
+	arg->me_mapsize = env->me_mapsize;
+	arg->me_maxreaders = env->me_maxreaders;
+	arg->me_numreaders = env->me_txns ? env->me_txns->mti_numreaders : 0;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Set the default comparison functions for a database.
+ * Called immediately after a database is opened to set the defaults.
+ * The user can then override them with #mdb_set_compare() or
+ * #mdb_set_dupsort().
+ * @param[in] txn A transaction handle returned by #mdb_txn_begin()
+ * @param[in] dbi A database handle returned by #mdb_dbi_open()
+ */
+static void
+mdb_default_cmp(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi)
+{
+	uint16_t f = txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_cmp =
+		(f & MDB_REVERSEKEY) ? mdb_cmp_memnr :
+		(f & MDB_INTEGERKEY) ? mdb_cmp_cint  : mdb_cmp_memn;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_dcmp =
+		!(f & MDB_DUPSORT) ? 0 :
+		((f & MDB_INTEGERDUP)
+		 ? ((f & MDB_DUPFIXED)   ? mdb_cmp_int   : mdb_cmp_cint)
+		 : ((f & MDB_REVERSEDUP) ? mdb_cmp_memnr : mdb_cmp_memn));
+}
+
+int mdb_dbi_open(MDB_txn *txn, const char *name, unsigned int flags, MDB_dbi *dbi)
+{
+	MDB_val key, data;
+	MDB_dbi i;
+	MDB_cursor mc;
+	MDB_db dummy;
+	int rc, dbflag, exact;
+	unsigned int unused = 0, seq;
+	char *namedup;
+	size_t len;
+
+	if (flags & ~VALID_FLAGS)
+		return EINVAL;
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	/* main DB? */
+	if (!name) {
+		*dbi = MAIN_DBI;
+		if (flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS) {
+			uint16_t f2 = flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS;
+			/* make sure flag changes get committed */
+			if ((txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags | f2) != txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags) {
+				txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags |= f2;
+				txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_DIRTY;
+			}
+		}
+		mdb_default_cmp(txn, MAIN_DBI);
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+
+	if (txn->mt_dbxs[MAIN_DBI].md_cmp == NULL) {
+		mdb_default_cmp(txn, MAIN_DBI);
+	}
+
+	/* Is the DB already open? */
+	len = strlen(name);
+	for (i=CORE_DBS; i<txn->mt_numdbs; i++) {
+		if (!txn->mt_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_size) {
+			/* Remember this free slot */
+			if (!unused) unused = i;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if (len == txn->mt_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_size &&
+			!strncmp(name, txn->mt_dbxs[i].md_name.mv_data, len)) {
+			*dbi = i;
+			return MDB_SUCCESS;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* If no free slot and max hit, fail */
+	if (!unused && txn->mt_numdbs >= txn->mt_env->me_maxdbs)
+		return MDB_DBS_FULL;
+
+	/* Cannot mix named databases with some mainDB flags */
+	if (txn->mt_dbs[MAIN_DBI].md_flags & (MDB_DUPSORT|MDB_INTEGERKEY))
+		return (flags & MDB_CREATE) ? MDB_INCOMPATIBLE : MDB_NOTFOUND;
+
+	/* Find the DB info */
+	dbflag = DB_NEW|DB_VALID|DB_USRVALID;
+	exact = 0;
+	key.mv_size = len;
+	key.mv_data = (void *)name;
+	mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, MAIN_DBI, NULL);
+	rc = mdb_cursor_set(&mc, &key, &data, MDB_SET, &exact);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		/* make sure this is actually a DB */
+		MDB_node *node = NODEPTR(mc.mc_pg[mc.mc_top], mc.mc_ki[mc.mc_top]);
+		if ((node->mn_flags & (F_DUPDATA|F_SUBDATA)) != F_SUBDATA)
+			return MDB_INCOMPATIBLE;
+	} else {
+		if (rc != MDB_NOTFOUND || !(flags & MDB_CREATE))
+			return rc;
+		if (F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY))
+			return EACCES;
+	}
+
+	/* Done here so we cannot fail after creating a new DB */
+	if ((namedup = strdup(name)) == NULL)
+		return ENOMEM;
+
+	if (rc) {
+		/* MDB_NOTFOUND and MDB_CREATE: Create new DB */
+		data.mv_size = sizeof(MDB_db);
+		data.mv_data = &dummy;
+		memset(&dummy, 0, sizeof(dummy));
+		dummy.md_root = P_INVALID;
+		dummy.md_flags = flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS;
+		WITH_CURSOR_TRACKING(mc,
+			rc = mdb_cursor_put(&mc, &key, &data, F_SUBDATA));
+		dbflag |= DB_DIRTY;
+	}
+
+	if (rc) {
+		free(namedup);
+	} else {
+		/* Got info, register DBI in this txn */
+		unsigned int slot = unused ? unused : txn->mt_numdbs;
+		txn->mt_dbxs[slot].md_name.mv_data = namedup;
+		txn->mt_dbxs[slot].md_name.mv_size = len;
+		txn->mt_dbxs[slot].md_rel = NULL;
+		txn->mt_dbflags[slot] = dbflag;
+		/* txn-> and env-> are the same in read txns, use
+		 * tmp variable to avoid undefined assignment
+		 */
+		seq = ++txn->mt_env->me_dbiseqs[slot];
+		txn->mt_dbiseqs[slot] = seq;
+
+		memcpy(&txn->mt_dbs[slot], data.mv_data, sizeof(MDB_db));
+		*dbi = slot;
+		mdb_default_cmp(txn, slot);
+		if (!unused) {
+			txn->mt_numdbs++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_stat(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_stat *arg)
+{
+	if (!arg || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_VALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (txn->mt_flags & MDB_TXN_BLOCKED)
+		return MDB_BAD_TXN;
+
+	if (txn->mt_dbflags[dbi] & DB_STALE) {
+		MDB_cursor mc;
+		MDB_xcursor mx;
+		/* Stale, must read the DB's root. cursor_init does it for us. */
+		mdb_cursor_init(&mc, txn, dbi, &mx);
+	}
+	return mdb_stat0(txn->mt_env, &txn->mt_dbs[dbi], arg);
+}
+
+void mdb_dbi_close(MDB_env *env, MDB_dbi dbi)
+{
+	char *ptr;
+	if (dbi < CORE_DBS || dbi >= env->me_maxdbs)
+		return;
+	ptr = env->me_dbxs[dbi].md_name.mv_data;
+	/* If there was no name, this was already closed */
+	if (ptr) {
+		env->me_dbxs[dbi].md_name.mv_data = NULL;
+		env->me_dbxs[dbi].md_name.mv_size = 0;
+		env->me_dbflags[dbi] = 0;
+		env->me_dbiseqs[dbi]++;
+		free(ptr);
+	}
+}
+
+int mdb_dbi_flags(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, unsigned int *flags)
+{
+	/* We could return the flags for the FREE_DBI too but what's the point? */
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+	*flags = txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_flags & PERSISTENT_FLAGS;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** Add all the DB's pages to the free list.
+ * @param[in] mc Cursor on the DB to free.
+ * @param[in] subs non-Zero to check for sub-DBs in this DB.
+ * @return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+static int
+mdb_drop0(MDB_cursor *mc, int subs)
+{
+	int rc;
+
+	rc = mdb_page_search(mc, NULL, MDB_PS_FIRST);
+	if (rc == MDB_SUCCESS) {
+		MDB_txn *txn = mc->mc_txn;
+		MDB_node *ni;
+		MDB_cursor mx;
+		unsigned int i;
+
+		/* DUPSORT sub-DBs have no ovpages/DBs. Omit scanning leaves.
+		 * This also avoids any P_LEAF2 pages, which have no nodes.
+		 * Also if the DB doesn't have sub-DBs and has no overflow
+		 * pages, omit scanning leaves.
+		 */
+		if ((mc->mc_flags & C_SUB) ||
+			(!subs && !mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages))
+			mdb_cursor_pop(mc);
+
+		mdb_cursor_copy(mc, &mx);
+		while (mc->mc_snum > 0) {
+			MDB_page *mp = mc->mc_pg[mc->mc_top];
+			unsigned n = NUMKEYS(mp);
+			if (IS_LEAF(mp)) {
+				for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+					ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+					if (ni->mn_flags & F_BIGDATA) {
+						MDB_page *omp;
+						pgno_t pg;
+						memcpy(&pg, NODEDATA(ni), sizeof(pg));
+						rc = mdb_page_get(mc, pg, &omp, NULL);
+						if (rc != 0)
+							goto done;
+						mdb_cassert(mc, IS_OVERFLOW(omp));
+						rc = mdb_midl_append_range(&txn->mt_free_pgs,
+							pg, omp->mp_pages);
+						if (rc)
+							goto done;
+						mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages -= omp->mp_pages;
+						if (!mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages && !subs)
+							break;
+					} else if (subs && (ni->mn_flags & F_SUBDATA)) {
+						mdb_xcursor_init1(mc, ni);
+						rc = mdb_drop0(&mc->mc_xcursor->mx_cursor, 0);
+						if (rc)
+							goto done;
+					}
+				}
+				if (!subs && !mc->mc_db->md_overflow_pages)
+					goto pop;
+			} else {
+				if ((rc = mdb_midl_need(&txn->mt_free_pgs, n)) != 0)
+					goto done;
+				for (i=0; i<n; i++) {
+					pgno_t pg;
+					ni = NODEPTR(mp, i);
+					pg = NODEPGNO(ni);
+					/* free it */
+					mdb_midl_xappend(txn->mt_free_pgs, pg);
+				}
+			}
+			if (!mc->mc_top)
+				break;
+			mc->mc_ki[mc->mc_top] = i;
+			rc = mdb_cursor_sibling(mc, 1);
+			if (rc) {
+				if (rc != MDB_NOTFOUND)
+					goto done;
+				/* no more siblings, go back to beginning
+				 * of previous level.
+				 */
+pop:
+				mdb_cursor_pop(mc);
+				mc->mc_ki[0] = 0;
+				for (i=1; i<mc->mc_snum; i++) {
+					mc->mc_ki[i] = 0;
+					mc->mc_pg[i] = mx.mc_pg[i];
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		/* free it */
+		rc = mdb_midl_append(&txn->mt_free_pgs, mc->mc_db->md_root);
+done:
+		if (rc)
+			txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+	} else if (rc == MDB_NOTFOUND) {
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+	mc->mc_flags &= ~C_INITIALIZED;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int mdb_drop(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, int del)
+{
+	MDB_cursor *mc, *m2;
+	int rc;
+
+	if ((unsigned)del > 1 || !TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	if (F_ISSET(txn->mt_flags, MDB_TXN_RDONLY))
+		return EACCES;
+
+	if (TXN_DBI_CHANGED(txn, dbi))
+		return MDB_BAD_DBI;
+
+	rc = mdb_cursor_open(txn, dbi, &mc);
+	if (rc)
+		return rc;
+
+	rc = mdb_drop0(mc, mc->mc_db->md_flags & MDB_DUPSORT);
+	/* Invalidate the dropped DB's cursors */
+	for (m2 = txn->mt_cursors[dbi]; m2; m2 = m2->mc_next)
+		m2->mc_flags &= ~(C_INITIALIZED|C_EOF);
+	if (rc)
+		goto leave;
+
+	/* Can't delete the main DB */
+	if (del && dbi >= CORE_DBS) {
+		rc = mdb_del0(txn, MAIN_DBI, &mc->mc_dbx->md_name, NULL, F_SUBDATA);
+		if (!rc) {
+			txn->mt_dbflags[dbi] = DB_STALE;
+			mdb_dbi_close(txn->mt_env, dbi);
+		} else {
+			txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_ERROR;
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* reset the DB record, mark it dirty */
+		txn->mt_dbflags[dbi] |= DB_DIRTY;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_depth = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_branch_pages = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_leaf_pages = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_overflow_pages = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_entries = 0;
+		txn->mt_dbs[dbi].md_root = P_INVALID;
+
+		txn->mt_flags |= MDB_TXN_DIRTY;
+	}
+leave:
+	mdb_cursor_close(mc);
+	return rc;
+}
+
+int mdb_set_compare(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp)
+{
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_cmp = cmp;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int mdb_set_dupsort(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_cmp_func *cmp)
+{
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_dcmp = cmp;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int mdb_set_relfunc(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, MDB_rel_func *rel)
+{
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_rel = rel;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int mdb_set_relctx(MDB_txn *txn, MDB_dbi dbi, void *ctx)
+{
+	if (!TXN_DBI_EXIST(txn, dbi, DB_USRVALID))
+		return EINVAL;
+
+	txn->mt_dbxs[dbi].md_relctx = ctx;
+	return MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_env_get_maxkeysize(MDB_env *env)
+{
+	return ENV_MAXKEY(env);
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_reader_list(MDB_env *env, MDB_msg_func *func, void *ctx)
+{
+	unsigned int i, rdrs;
+	MDB_reader *mr;
+	char buf[64];
+	int rc = 0, first = 1;
+
+	if (!env || !func)
+		return -1;
+	if (!env->me_txns) {
+		return func("(no reader locks)\n", ctx);
+	}
+	rdrs = env->me_txns->mti_numreaders;
+	mr = env->me_txns->mti_readers;
+	for (i=0; i<rdrs; i++) {
+		if (mr[i].mr_pid) {
+			txnid_t	txnid = mr[i].mr_txnid;
+			sprintf(buf, txnid == (txnid_t)-1 ?
+				"%10d %"Z"x -\n" : "%10d %"Z"x %"Z"u\n",
+				(int)mr[i].mr_pid, (size_t)mr[i].mr_tid, txnid);
+			if (first) {
+				first = 0;
+				rc = func("    pid     thread     txnid\n", ctx);
+				if (rc < 0)
+					break;
+			}
+			rc = func(buf, ctx);
+			if (rc < 0)
+				break;
+		}
+	}
+	if (first) {
+		rc = func("(no active readers)\n", ctx);
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/** Insert pid into list if not already present.
+ * return -1 if already present.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_pid_insert(MDB_PID_T *ids, MDB_PID_T pid)
+{
+	/* binary search of pid in list */
+	unsigned base = 0;
+	unsigned cursor = 1;
+	int val = 0;
+	unsigned n = ids[0];
+
+	while( 0 < n ) {
+		unsigned pivot = n >> 1;
+		cursor = base + pivot + 1;
+		val = pid - ids[cursor];
+
+		if( val < 0 ) {
+			n = pivot;
+
+		} else if ( val > 0 ) {
+			base = cursor;
+			n -= pivot + 1;
+
+		} else {
+			/* found, so it's a duplicate */
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if( val > 0 ) {
+		++cursor;
+	}
+	ids[0]++;
+	for (n = ids[0]; n > cursor; n--)
+		ids[n] = ids[n-1];
+	ids[n] = pid;
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int ESECT
+mdb_reader_check(MDB_env *env, int *dead)
+{
+	if (!env)
+		return EINVAL;
+	if (dead)
+		*dead = 0;
+	return env->me_txns ? mdb_reader_check0(env, 0, dead) : MDB_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/** As #mdb_reader_check(). \b rlocked is set if caller locked #me_rmutex. */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_reader_check0(MDB_env *env, int rlocked, int *dead)
+{
+	mdb_mutexref_t rmutex = rlocked ? NULL : env->me_rmutex;
+	unsigned int i, j, rdrs;
+	MDB_reader *mr;
+	MDB_PID_T *pids, pid;
+	int rc = MDB_SUCCESS, count = 0;
+
+	rdrs = env->me_txns->mti_numreaders;
+	pids = malloc((rdrs+1) * sizeof(MDB_PID_T));
+	if (!pids)
+		return ENOMEM;
+	pids[0] = 0;
+	mr = env->me_txns->mti_readers;
+	for (i=0; i<rdrs; i++) {
+		pid = mr[i].mr_pid;
+		if (pid && pid != env->me_pid) {
+			if (mdb_pid_insert(pids, pid) == 0) {
+				if (!mdb_reader_pid(env, Pidcheck, pid)) {
+					/* Stale reader found */
+					j = i;
+					if (rmutex) {
+						if ((rc = LOCK_MUTEX0(rmutex)) != 0) {
+							if ((rc = mdb_mutex_failed(env, rmutex, rc)))
+								break;
+							rdrs = 0; /* the above checked all readers */
+						} else {
+							/* Recheck, a new process may have reused pid */
+							if (mdb_reader_pid(env, Pidcheck, pid))
+								j = rdrs;
+						}
+					}
+					for (; j<rdrs; j++)
+							if (mr[j].mr_pid == pid) {
+								DPRINTF(("clear stale reader pid %u txn %"Z"d",
+									(unsigned) pid, mr[j].mr_txnid));
+								mr[j].mr_pid = 0;
+								count++;
+							}
+					if (rmutex)
+						UNLOCK_MUTEX(rmutex);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	free(pids);
+	if (dead)
+		*dead = count;
+	return rc;
+}
+
+#ifdef MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED
+/** Handle #LOCK_MUTEX0() failure.
+ * Try to repair the lock file if the mutex owner died.
+ * @param[in] env	the environment handle
+ * @param[in] mutex	LOCK_MUTEX0() mutex
+ * @param[in] rc	LOCK_MUTEX0() error (nonzero)
+ * @return 0 on success with the mutex locked, or an error code on failure.
+ */
+static int ESECT
+mdb_mutex_failed(MDB_env *env, mdb_mutexref_t mutex, int rc)
+{
+	int rlocked, rc2;
+	MDB_meta *meta;
+
+	if (rc == MDB_OWNERDEAD) {
+		/* We own the mutex. Clean up after dead previous owner. */
+		rc = MDB_SUCCESS;
+		rlocked = (mutex == env->me_rmutex);
+		if (!rlocked) {
+			/* Keep mti_txnid updated, otherwise next writer can
+			 * overwrite data which latest meta page refers to.
+			 */
+			meta = mdb_env_pick_meta(env);
+			env->me_txns->mti_txnid = meta->mm_txnid;
+			/* env is hosed if the dead thread was ours */
+			if (env->me_txn) {
+				env->me_flags |= MDB_FATAL_ERROR;
+				env->me_txn = NULL;
+				rc = MDB_PANIC;
+			}
+		}
+		DPRINTF(("%cmutex owner died, %s", (rlocked ? 'r' : 'w'),
+			(rc ? "this process' env is hosed" : "recovering")));
+		rc2 = mdb_reader_check0(env, rlocked, NULL);
+		if (rc2 == 0)
+			rc2 = mdb_mutex_consistent(mutex);
+		if (rc || (rc = rc2)) {
+			DPRINTF(("LOCK_MUTEX recovery failed, %s", mdb_strerror(rc)));
+			UNLOCK_MUTEX(mutex);
+		}
+	} else {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		rc = ErrCode();
+#endif
+		DPRINTF(("LOCK_MUTEX failed, %s", mdb_strerror(rc)));
+	}
+
+	return rc;
+}
+#endif	/* MDB_ROBUST_SUPPORTED */
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+/** Convert \b src to new wchar_t[] string with room for \b xtra extra chars */
+static int ESECT
+utf8_to_utf16(const char *src, MDB_name *dst, int xtra)
+{
+	int rc, need = 0;
+	wchar_t *result = NULL;
+	for (;;) {					/* malloc result, then fill it in */
+		need = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_UTF8, 0, src, -1, result, need);
+		if (!need) {
+			rc = ErrCode();
+			free(result);
+			return rc;
+		}
+		if (!result) {
+			result = malloc(sizeof(wchar_t) * (need + xtra));
+			if (!result)
+				return ENOMEM;
+			continue;
+		}
+		dst->mn_alloced = 1;
+		dst->mn_len = need - 1;
+		dst->mn_val = result;
+		return MDB_SUCCESS;
+	}
+}
+#endif /* defined(_WIN32) */
+/** @} */