Adding upstream version 1:4.8.1.upstream/1%4.8.1upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

14 files changed, 2592 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/man/fr/man1/chage.1 b/man/fr/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9c72778
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+chage \- Modifier les informations de validit\('e d\*(Aqun mot de passe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fIoptions\fR] \fILOGIN\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Configurer le nombre du jour, \(`a compter du 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970, o\(`u le mot de passe a \('et\('e chang\('e la derni\(`ere fois\&. La date peut aussi \(^etre exprim\('ee dans le format AAAA\-MM\-JJ (ou le format utilis\('e plus commun\('ement dans votre r\('egion)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Configurer la date, ou le nombre de jours \(`a compter du 1er\ \&janvier\ \&1970, \(`a partir de laquelle le compte de l\*(Aqutilisateur ne sera plus accessible\&. La date peut aussi \(^etre exprim\('ee dans le format AAAA\-MM\-JJ (ou le format plus commun\('ement utilis\('e dans votre r\('egion)\&. Un utilisateur dont le compte est bloqu\('e doit contacter l\*(Aqadministrateur syst\(`eme pour pouvoir utiliser \(`a nouveau le syst\(`eme\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher les informations sur l\*(Aq\(^age des comptes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/chfn.1 b/man/fr/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae2622d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "CHFN" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+chfn \- Modifier le nom complet et les informations associ\('ees \(`a un utilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier le nom complet de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier le num\('ero de t\('el\('ephone personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier les informations GECO de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Ce champ est utilis\('e pour enregistrer les informations de l\*(Aqutilisateur utilis\('ees par d\*(Aqautres applications et peut \(^etre chang\('e seulement par un superutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier le num\('ero de bureau de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Modifier le num\('ero de t\('el\('ephone professionnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/chsh.1 b/man/fr/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a50d861
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+chsh \- Changer l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Nom du nouvel interpr\('eteur de commandes initial (\(Fo\ \&login shell\ \&\(Fc) de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Si ce champ est vide, le syst\(`eme s\('electionnera l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial par d\('efaut\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+Liste des interpr\('eteurs de commandes initiaux valables\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/expiry.1 b/man/fr/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e95ce8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+expiry \- V\('erifier et s\('ecuriser la dur\('ee de validit\('e des mots de passe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fIoption\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+V\('erifier la dur\('ee de validit\('e du mot de passe de l\*(Aqutilisateur courant\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+Forcer le changement du mot de passe si l\*(Aqutilisateur courant poss\(`ede un mot de passe qui a expir\('e\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/fr/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7f6ccc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gpasswd
+.\"    Author: rafal Maszkowski
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GPASSWD" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+gpasswd \- administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fIoption\fR] \fIgroupe\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command is used to administer
+/etc/group, and /etc/gshadow\&. Every group can have
+administrators,
+members and a password\&.
+.PP
+System administrators can use the
+\fB\-A\fR
+option to define group administrator(s) and the
+\fB\-M\fR
+option to define members\&. They have all rights of group administrators and members\&.
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+called by
+a group administrator
+with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If a password is set the members can still use
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+without a password, and non\-members must supply the password\&.
+.SS "Notes sur les mots de passe de groupe"
+.PP
+Les mots de passe de groupe repr\('esentent naturellement un risque en mati\(`ere de s\('ecurit\('e, puisque plusieurs personnes ont connaissance du mot de passe\&. Cependant, les groupes sont utiles pour permettre la coop\('eration entre diff\('erents utilisateurs\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+Except for the
+\fB\-A\fR
+and
+\fB\-M\fR
+options, the options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the
+\fIuser\fR
+to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the
+\fIuser\fR
+from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\-password\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the password from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password will be empty\&. Only group members will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-restrict\fR
+.RS 4
+Restrict the access to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password is set to "!"\&. Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-administrators\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Configurer la liste des administrateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-members\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+Configurer la liste des membres du groupe\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+This tool only operates on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files\&.
+Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir les algorithmes de chiffrement par d\('efaut du syst\(`eme pour coder les mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n\*(Aqa \('et\('e indiqu\('e sur la ligne de commandes)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur par d\('efaut est 0, ce qui signifie qu\*(Aqil n\*(Aqy a pas de limites pour le nombre de membres dans un groupe\&.
+.sp
+Cette fonctionnalit\('e (groupe d\('ecoup\('e) permet de limiter la longueur des lignes dans le fichier de groupes\&. Ceci est utile pour s\*(Aqassurer que les lignes pour les groupes NIS ne sont pas plus grandes que 1024 caract\(`eres\&.
+.sp
+Si vous avez besoin de configurer cette limite, vous pouvez utiliser 25\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: les groupes d\('ecoup\('es ne sont peut\-\(^etre pas pris en charge par tous les outils (m\(^eme dans la suite d\*(Aqoutils Shadow)\&. Vous ne devriez pas utiliser cette variable, sauf si vous en avez vraiment besoin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe avec une attaque par force brute\&. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources processeur seront n\('ecessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Si non pr\('ecis\('ee, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par d\('efaut (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Les valeurs doivent \(^etre comprises dans l\*(Aqintervalle 1\ \&000\ \&\-\ \&999\ \&999\ \&999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/groups.1 b/man/fr/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f84e107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+groups \- Afficher la liste des groupes auxquels appartient l\*(Aqutilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fIutilisateur\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "NOTE"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/id.1 b/man/fr/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52d93b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/login.1 b/man/fr/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07b70f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+login \- D\('emarrer une session sur le syst\(`eme
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fInom_utilisateur\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR...]
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fInom_utilisateur\fR
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
+\fIlogin:\fR
+prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
+\fBlogin\fR
+may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
+\fBlogin\fR
+should be executed as
+\fBexec login\fR
+which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
+\fBlogin\fR
+from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
+\fBlogin\fR
+exits and the communications link is severed\&.
+.PP
+If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
+\fBpasswd\fR(1)
+for more information\&.
+.PP
+After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
+/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
+\&.hushlogin
+in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
+.PP
+Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+/etc/passwd
+file\&. The value for
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+On some installations, the environmental variable
+\fB$TERM\fR
+will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
+/etc/ttytype\&.
+.PP
+Un script d\*(Aqinitialisation pour votre interpr\('eteur de commandes pourra \('egalement \(^etre ex\('ecut\('e\&. Veuillez vous r\('ef\('erer \(`a la section de manuel appropri\('ee pour plus d\*(Aqinformations sur cette fonctionnalit\('e\&.
+.PP
+Une connexion \(`a un sous\-syst\(`eme est indiqu\('ee par la pr\('esence d\*(Aqun \(Fo\ \&*\ \&\(Fc comme premier caract\(`ere de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial\&. Le r\('epertoire personnel sera utilis\('e comme racine d\*(Aqun nouveau syst\(`eme de fichiers dans lequel l\*(Aqutilisateur sera connect\('e\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR
+.RS 4
+Ne pas r\('ealiser d\*(Aqauthentification\&. L\*(Aqutilisateur est pr\('e\-authentifi\('e\&.
+.sp
+Note: In that case,
+\fIusername\fR
+is mandatory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR
+.RS 4
+Nom de l\*(Aqh\(^ote distant pour cette connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR
+.RS 4
+Pr\('eserver l\*(Aqenvironnement\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR
+.RS 4
+Ex\('ecuter le protocole de connexion automatique (autologin) pour rlogin\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-h\fR
+and
+\fB\-f\fR
+options are only used when
+\fBlogin\fR
+is invoked by root\&.
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBlogin\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.PP
+L\*(Aqemplacement des fichiers peut varier suivant la configuration du syst\(`eme\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.PP
+As with any program,
+\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, soit un chemin complet du fichier contenant les noms de p\('eriph\('eriques (un par ligne), soit une liste de noms du p\('eriph\('erique d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc\&. Les connexions d\*(Aqun administrateur ne seront autoris\('ees que depuis ces p\('eriph\('eriques\&.
+.sp
+S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas d\('efini, root pourra se connecter depuis n\*(Aqimporte quel p\('eriph\('erique\&.
+.sp
+Le p\('eriph\('erique doit \(^etre pr\('ecis\('e sans le pr\('efixe /dev/\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indiquer si la connexion est permise si on ne peut pas acc\('eder au r\('epertoire personnel\&. Le r\('eglage par d\('efaut est \(Fo\ \&no\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si ce fichier existe et est lisible, l\*(Aqenvironnement de connexion sera lu \(`a\ \& partir de lui\&. Chaque ligne doit \(^etre sous la forme nom=valeur\&.
+.sp
+Les lignes commen\(,cant par un \(Fo\ \&#\ \&\(Fc sont consid\('er\('ees comme des commentaires, et sont ignor\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur peut \(^etre pr\('efix\('ee par \(Fo\ \&0\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur octale, ou \(Fo\ \&0x\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur hexad\('ecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le d\('elai en secondes avant qu\*(Aqun nouvel essai soit permis apr\(`es un \('echec de connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, les \('echecs de connexion seront enregistr\('es dans le fichier sous le format utmp
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le fichier peut d\('esactiver tous les affichages habituels durant la s\('equence de connexion\&. Si un nom de chemin complet est sp\('ecifi\('e, alors le mode taiseux sera activ\('e si le nom ou l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes de l\*(Aqutilisateur sont trouv\('es dans le fichier\&. Si ce n\*(Aqest pas un nom de chemin complet, alors le mode taiseux sera activ\('e si le fichier existe dans le r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le fichier sera affich\('e avant chaque invite de connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+La valeur peut \(^etre pr\('efix\('ee par \(Fo\ \&0\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur octale, ou \(Fo\ \&0x\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur hexad\('ecimale\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la journalisation et l\*(Aqaffichage des informations de derni\(`ere connexion de /var/log/lastlog\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le nombre maximum de tentatives de connexion en cas de mauvais mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Le temps maximum en secondes pour la connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la journalisation des connexions r\('eussies\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer l\*(Aqaffichage des noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs inconnus quand les \('echecs de connexions sont enregistr\('es\&.
+.sp
+Remarque\ \&: la journalisation des noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs inconnus peut \(^etre un probl\(`eme de s\('ecurit\('e si un utilisateur entre son mot de passe au lieu de son nom d\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer le contr\(^ole et l\*(Aqaffichage du statut de la bo\(^ite aux lettres durant la connexion\&.
+.sp
+Vous devriez le d\('esactiver si les fichiers de d\('emarrage de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes v\('erifient d\('ej\(`a la pr\('esence de courriers (\(Fo\ \&mail \-e\ \&\(Fc ou \('equivalent)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, liste d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc de fichiers de \(Fo\ \&message du jour\ \&\(Fc \(`a afficher lors de la connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, nom de fichier dont la pr\('esence emp\(^echera les connexions de quelqu\*(Aqun d\*(Aqautre que le superutilisateur\&. Le contenu de ces fichiers doit \(^etre un message indiquant pourquoi les connexions sont d\('esactiv\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, fichier qui lie les lignes de tty \(`a la variable d\*(Aqenvironnement TERM\&. Chaque ligne du fichier est dans un format ressemblant \(`a \(Fo\ \&vt100 tty01\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Valeur d\*(Aqinitialisation du masque de permissions\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, le masque des permissions sera initialis\('e \(`a 022\&.
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (\(Fo\ \&umask group bits\ \&\(Fc) identiques \(`a ceux du propri\('etaire (exemple\ \&: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) pour les utilisateurs non privil\('egi\('es, si l\*(AqUID est identique au GID et que l\*(Aqidentifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+Liste des sessions de connexion en cours\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/log/wtmp
+.RS 4
+Liste des sessions de connexion pr\('ec\('edentes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/motd
+.RS 4
+Fichier contenant le message du syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/nologin
+.RS 4
+Emp\(^echer les utilisateurs non\-root de se connecter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/ttytype
+.RS 4
+Liste des types de terminaux\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+$HOME/\&.hushlogin
+.RS 4
+Supprimer l\*(Aqaffichage des messages du syst\(`eme\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBmail\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnologin\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
+\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/newgidmap.1 b/man/fr/man1/newgidmap.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c1fee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/newgidmap.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgidmap
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGIDMAP" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+newgidmap \- set the gid mapping of a user namespace
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgidmap\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgidmap\fR \fIpid\fR \fIgid\fR \fIlowergid\fR \fIcount\fR [\fIgid\fR\ \fIlowergid\fR\ \fIcount\fR\ [\ \fI\&.\&.\&.\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+sets
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map
+based on its command line arguments and the gids allowed in
+/etc/subgid\&. Note that the root user is not exempted from the requirement for a valid
+/etc/subgid
+entry\&.
+.PP
+After the pid argument,
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+expects sets of 3 integers:
+.PP
+gid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of GIDs inside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+lowergid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of GIDs outside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+count
+.RS 4
+Length of the ranges (both inside and outside the user namespace)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+verifies that the caller is the owner of the process indicated by
+\fBpid\fR
+and that for each of the above sets, each of the GIDs in the range [lowergid, lowergid+count] is allowed to the caller according to
+/etc/subgid
+before setting
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map\&.
+.PP
+Note that newgidmap may be used only once for a given process\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+There currently are no options to the
+\fBnewgidmap\fR
+command\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/subgid
+.RS 4
+List of user\*(Aqs subordinate group IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/proc/[pid]/gid_map
+.RS 4
+Mapping of gids from one between user namespaces\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubgid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/fr/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e60a24d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+newgrp \- se connecter avec un nouveau groupe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgroupe\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/newuidmap.1 b/man/fr/man1/newuidmap.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..21e55e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/newuidmap.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newuidmap
+.\"    Author: Eric Biederman
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "NEWUIDMAP" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+newuidmap \- set the uid mapping of a user namespace
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBnewuidmap\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewuidmap\fR \fIpid\fR \fIuid\fR \fIloweruid\fR \fIcount\fR [\fIuid\fR\ \fIloweruid\fR\ \fIcount\fR\ [\ \fI\&.\&.\&.\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+sets
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map
+based on its command line arguments and the uids allowed in
+/etc/subuid\&. Note that the root user is not exempted from the requirement for a valid
+/etc/subuid
+entry\&.
+.PP
+After the pid argument,
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+expects sets of 3 integers:
+.PP
+uid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of UIDs inside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+loweruid
+.RS 4
+Beginning of the range of UIDs outside the user namespace\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+count
+.RS 4
+Length of the ranges (both inside and outside the user namespace)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+verifies that the caller is the owner of the process indicated by
+\fBpid\fR
+and that for each of the above sets, each of the UIDs in the range [loweruid, loweruid+count] is allowed to the caller according to
+/etc/subuid
+before setting
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map\&.
+.PP
+Note that newuidmap may be used only once for a given process\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+There currently are no options to the
+\fBnewuidmap\fR
+command\&.
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/subuid
+.RS 4
+List of user\*(Aqs subordinate user IDs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/proc/[pid]/uid_map
+.RS 4
+Mapping of uids from one between user namespaces\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnewusers\fR(8),
+\fBsubuid\fR(5),
+\fBuseradd\fR(8),
+\fBusermod\fR(8),
+\fBuserdel\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/passwd.1 b/man/fr/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..446e85b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+passwd \- Modifier le mot de passe d\*(Aqun utilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fILOGIN\fR]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "Modifications du mot de passe"
+.PP
+Dans un premier temps, l\*(Aqutilisateur doit fournir son ancien mot de passe, s\*(Aqil en avait un\&. Ce mot de passe est ensuite chiffr\('e puis compar\('e avec le mot de passe enregistr\('e\&. L\*(Aqutilisateur n\*(Aqa droit qu\*(Aq\(`a un seul essai pour entrer le mot de passe correct\&. Le superutilisateur peut contourner cette premi\(`ere \('etape de mani\(`ere \(`a changer les mots de passe ayant \('et\('e oubli\('es\&.
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+Le nouveau mot de passe sera demand\('e deux fois \(`a l\*(Aqutilisateur\&. Le second mot de passe est compar\('e avec le premier\&. Ces deux mots de passe devront \(^etre identiques pour que le mot de passe soit chang\('e\&.
+.PP
+La complexit\('e de ce mot de passe est alors test\('ee\&. Comme ligne de conduite g\('en\('erale, un mot de passe doit toujours \(^etre constitu\('e de 6 \(`a 8 caract\(`eres en en choisissant un ou plus parmi chacun des ensembles suivants\ \&:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+caract\(`eres alphab\('etiques minuscules
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+chiffres de 0 \(`a 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+marques de ponctuation
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "Astuces pour les mots de passe"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+Les compromissions de la s\('ecurit\('e des mots de passe r\('esultent le plus souvent d\*(Aqune n\('egligence dans le choix du mot de passe, ou lors de son utilisation\&. Pour cette raison, vous ne devez pas s\('electionner de mot de passe apparaissant dans un dictionnaire ou devant \(^etre \('ecrit\&. Le mot de passe ne doit pas non plus \(^etre un nom propre, un num\('ero min\('eralogique, une date de naissance, ou une adresse\&. En effet ceux\-ci pourraient \(^etre devin\('es pour violer la s\('ecurit\('e du syst\(`eme\&.
+.PP
+Vous pouvez trouver des conseils sur la fa\(,con de choisir un mot de passe robuste sur http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength (en anglais)\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+Supprimer le mot de passe (le rendre vide) d\*(Aqun utilisateur\&. C\*(Aqest une fa\(,con rapide de supprimer l\*(Aqauthentification par mot de passe pour un compte\&. Il rend le compte indiqu\('e sans mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+Annuler imm\('ediatement la validit\('e du mot de passe d\*(Aqun compte\&. Ceci permet d\*(Aqobliger un utilisateur \(`a changer son mot de passe lors de sa prochaine connexion\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher un message d\*(Aqaide et quitter\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+Indiquer que la modification de mot de passe ne sera effectu\('ee que lors de l\*(Aqexpiration des jetons d\*(Aqauthentification (mots de passe)\&. C\*(Aqest utile dans le cas o\(`u l\*(Aqutilisateur voudrait conserver ses jetons d\*(Aqauthentification encore valables\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+Verrouiller le mot de passe du compte indiqu\('e\&. Cette option d\('esactive un mot de passe en le modifiant par une valeur qui ne correspond pas \(`a un mot de passe chiffr\('e possible (cela ajoute un \(Fo\ \&!\ \&\(Fc au d\('ebut du mot de passe)\&.
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+Les utilisateurs avec un mot de passe verrouill\('e ne sont pas autoris\('es \(`a le changer\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+Mode silencieux\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+Afficher l\*(Aq\('etat d\*(Aqun compte\&. Cet \('etat est constitu\('e de 7 champs\&. Le premier champ est le nom du compte\&. Le second champ indique si le mot de passe est bloqu\('e (L), n\*(Aqa pas de mot de passe (NP) ou a un mot de passe utilisable (P)\&. Le troisi\(`eme champ donne la date de derni\(`ere modification du mot de passe\&. Les quatre champs suivants sont\ \&: la dur\('ee minimum avant modification, la dur\('ee maximum de validit\('e, la dur\('ee d\*(Aqavertissement, et la dur\('ee d\*(Aqinactivit\('e autoris\('ee pour le mot de passe\&. Les dur\('ees sont exprim\('ees en jours\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+La v\('erification de la complexit\('e des mots de passe peut varier d\*(Aqun site \(`a l\*(Aqautre\&. Il est vivement conseill\('e aux utilisateurs de choisir un mot de passe aussi complexe que possible dans la limite de ce qu\*(Aqil est capable de m\('emoriser\&.
+.PP
+Il se peut que les utilisateurs ne puissent pas changer leur mot de passe sur un syst\(`eme si NIS est activ\('e et qu\*(Aqils ne sont pas connect\('es au serveur NIS\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir les algorithmes de chiffrement par d\('efaut du syst\(`eme pour coder les mots de passes (si aucun algorithme n\*(Aqa \('et\('e indiqu\('e sur la ligne de commandes)\&.
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer des v\('erifications suppl\('ementaires lors des changements de mot de passe\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Avertir en cas de mots de passe faibles (mais les accepte quand m\(^eme) si vous \(^etes superutilisateur\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Nombre maximum d\*(Aqessais pour changer de mot de passe si refus\('e (trop facile)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+Avec beaucoup de rounds, il est plus difficile de trouver le mot de passe avec une attaque par force brute\&. Veuillez remarquer que plus de ressources processeur seront n\('ecessaires pour authentifier les utilisateurs\&.
+.sp
+Si non pr\('ecis\('ee, la libc utilisera le nombre de rounds par d\('efaut (5000)\&.
+.sp
+Les valeurs doivent \(^etre comprises dans l\*(Aqintervalle 1\ \&000\ \&\-\ \&999\ \&999\ \&999\&.
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/sg.1 b/man/fr/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cb2716
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+sg \- ex\('ecuter une commande avec un autre identifiant de groupe
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les groupes\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/fr/man1/su.1 b/man/fr/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72dcc40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/fr/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: su
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
+.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: French
+.\"
+.TH "SU" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "NOM"
+su \- Changer d\*(Aqidentifiant d\*(Aqutilisateur ou devenir superutilisateur
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
+\fBsu\fR [\fIoptions\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fInom_utilisateur\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsu\fR
+command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
+\fBusername\fR,
+\fBsu\fR
+defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
+\fB\-c\fR
+option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
+.PP
+Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
+\fB\-\-\fR
+argument to stop option parsing\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option is special: it is also recognized after
+\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
+\fBusername\fR\&.
+.PP
+Un mot de passe sera demand\('e \(`a l\*(Aqutilisateur, si n\('ecessaire\&. Les mots de passe incorrects produisent un message d\*(Aqerreur\&. Toutes les tentatives, r\('eussies ou non, sont enregistr\('ees afin de d\('etecter tout abus du syst\(`eme\&.
+.PP
+The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
+\fB$PATH\fR
+is reset to
+/bin:/usr/bin
+for normal users, or
+/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+and
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+definitions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.PP
+Une connexion \(`a un sous\-syst\(`eme est indiqu\('ee par la pr\('esence d\*(Aqun \(Fo\ \&*\ \&\(Fc comme premier caract\(`ere de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial\&. Le r\('epertoire personnel sera utilis\('e comme racine d\*(Aqun nouveau syst\(`eme de fichiers dans lequel l\*(Aqutilisateur sera connect\('e\&.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBsu\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
+.RS 4
+Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+\fB\-c\fR\&.
+.sp
+La commande ex\('ecut\('ee n\*(Aqaura aucun terminal de contr\(^ole\&. Cette option ne peut pas \(^etre utilis\('ee pour ex\('ecuter des programmes interactifs qui ont besoin d\*(Aqun terminal de contr\(^ole\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+.RS 4
+Fournir \(`a l\*(Aqutilisateur un environnement similaire \(`a celui qu\*(Aqil aurait obtenu s\*(Aqil s\*(Aq\('etait connect\('e directement\&.
+.sp
+When
+\fB\-\fR
+is used, it must be specified before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+Interpr\('eteur de commande devant \(^etre appel\('e\&.
+.sp
+The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+is used, the shell specified by the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell indicated in the
+/etc/passwd
+entry for the target user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+/bin/sh
+if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
+/etc/passwd
+is not listed in
+/etc/shells), then the
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+option or the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve the current environment, except for:
+.PP
+\fB$PATH\fR
+.RS 4
+reset according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+or
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+(see below);
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB$IFS\fR
+.RS 4
+reset to
+\(Fo\ \&<space><tab><newline>\ \&\(Fc, if it was set\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root)\&.
+.sp
+Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$USER\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, and
+\fB$IFS\fR
+environment variables are reset\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TERM\fR,
+\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
+\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
+\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
+environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TZ\fR,
+\fB$HZ\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+environment variables are set according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_TZ\fR,
+\fBENV_HZ\fR,
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+(see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, other environment variables might be set by the
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
+file (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RE
+.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBsu\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.SH "CONFIGURATION"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, soit un chemin complet du fichier contenant les noms de p\('eriph\('eriques (un par ligne), soit une liste de noms du p\('eriph\('erique d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc\&. Les connexions d\*(Aqun administrateur ne seront autoris\('ees que depuis ces p\('eriph\('eriques\&.
+.sp
+S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas d\('efini, root pourra se connecter depuis n\*(Aqimporte quel p\('eriph\('erique\&.
+.sp
+Le p\('eriph\('erique doit \(^etre pr\('ecis\('e sans le pr\('efixe /dev/\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indiquer si la connexion est permise si on ne peut pas acc\('eder au r\('epertoire personnel\&. Le r\('eglage par d\('efaut est \(Fo\ \&no\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si ce fichier existe et est lisible, l\*(Aqenvironnement de connexion sera lu \(`a\ \& partir de lui\&. Chaque ligne doit \(^etre sous la forme nom=valeur\&.
+.sp
+Les lignes commen\(,cant par un \(Fo\ \&#\ \&\(Fc sont consid\('er\('ees comme des commentaires, et sont ignor\('ees\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer le contr\(^ole et l\*(Aqaffichage du statut de la bo\(^ite aux lettres durant la connexion\&.
+.sp
+Vous devriez le d\('esactiver si les fichiers de d\('emarrage de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes v\('erifient d\('ej\(`a la pr\('esence de courriers (\(Fo\ \&mail \-e\ \&\(Fc ou \('equivalent)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, les activit\('es de su seront enregistr\('ees dans le fichier\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+Si d\('efinie, le nom de la commande \(`a afficher lorsque \(Fo\ \&su \-\ \&\(Fc est ex\('ecut\('ee\&. Par exemple, si elle est d\('efinie \(`a \(Fo\ \&su\ \&\(Fc alors un \(Fo\ \&ps\ \&\(Fc affichera la commande comme \(Fo\ \&\-su\ \&\(Fc\&. Si non d\('efinie, alors \(Fo\ \&ps\ \&\(Fc affichera le nom du shell qui sera en fait ex\('ecut\('e, par exemple quelque chose comme \(Fo\ \&\-sh\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (\(Fo\ \&umask group bits\ \&\(Fc) identiques \(`a ceux du propri\('etaire (exemple\ \&: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) pour les utilisateurs non privil\('egi\('es, si l\*(AqUID est identique au GID et que l\*(Aqidentifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal\&.
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "FICHIERS"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
+.RE
+.SH "VALEURS DE RETOUR"
+.PP
+On success,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
+.PP
+If this command was terminated by a signal,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
+.PP
+If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
+\fBsu\fR
+returns 255\&.
+.PP
+Some exit values from
+\fBsu\fR
+are independent from the executed command:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success (\fB\-\-help\fR
+only)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+System or authentication failure
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI126\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command was not found
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI127\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command could not be executed
+.RE
+.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1)\&.