Adding upstream version 1:4.8.1.upstream/1%4.8.1upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

12 files changed, 2398 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/chage.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/chage.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0eae23d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/chage.1
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chage
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "CHAGE" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+chage \- 更改用户密码过期信息
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBchage\fR\ 'u
+\fBchage\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fI登录\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command changes the number of days between password changes and the date of the last password change\&. This information is used by the system to determine when a user must change their password\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchage\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-lastday\fR\ \&\fILAST_DAY\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days since January 1st, 1970 when the password was last changed\&. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY\-MM\-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-E\fR, \fB\-\-expiredate\fR\ \&\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the date or number of days since January 1, 1970 on which the user\*(Aqs account will no longer be accessible\&. The date may also be expressed in the format YYYY\-MM\-DD (or the format more commonly used in your area)\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIEXPIRE_DATE\fR
+will remove an account expiration date\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-iso8601\fR
+.RS 4
+When printing dates, use YYYY\-MM\-DD format\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of inactivity after a password has expired before the account is locked\&. The
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+option is the number of days of inactivity\&. A user whose account is locked must contact the system administrator before being able to use the system again\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as the
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+will remove an account\*(Aqs inactivity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\fR
+.RS 4
+现实账户年龄信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days during which a password is valid\&. When
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+plus
+\fILAST_DAY\fR
+is less than the current day, the user will be required to change their password before being able to use their account\&. This occurrence can be planned for in advance by use of the
+\fB\-W\fR
+option, which provides the user with advance warning\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-W\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchage\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "注意"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+program requires a shadow password file to be available\&.
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command is restricted to the root user, except for the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option, which may be used by an unprivileged user to determine when their password or account is due to expire\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchage\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid command syntax
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI15\fR
+.RS 4
+can\*(Aqt find the shadow password file
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/chfn.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/chfn.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0a2f2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/chfn.1
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chfn
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "CHFN" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+chfn \- 更改真名和信息
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBchfn\fR\ 'u
+\fBchfn\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI登录\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchfn\fR
+command changes user fullname, office room number, office phone number, and home phone number information for a user\*(Aqs account\&. This information is typically printed by
+\fBfinger\fR(1)
+and similar programs\&. A normal user may only change the fields for her own account, subject to the restrictions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&. (The default configuration is to prevent users from changing their fullname\&.) The superuser may change any field for any account\&. Additionally, only the superuser may use the
+\fB\-o\fR
+option to change the undefined portions of the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+These fields must not contain any colons\&. Except for the
+\fIother\fR
+field, they should not contain any comma or equal sign\&. It is also recommended to avoid non\-US\-ASCII characters, but this is only enforced for the phone numbers\&. The
+\fIother\fR
+field is used to store accounting information used by other applications\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchfn\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-full\-name\fR\ \&\fIFULL_NAME\fR
+.RS 4
+更改用户的全名
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-home\-phone\fR\ \&\fIHOME_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs home phone number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-o\fR, \fB\-\-other\fR\ \&\fIOTHER\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs other GECOS information\&. This field is used to store accounting information used by other applications, and can be changed only by a superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-room\fR\ \&\fIROOM_NUMBER\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs room number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-work\-phone\fR\ \&\fIWORK_PHONE\fR
+.RS 4
+Change the user\*(Aqs office phone number\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+If none of the options are selected,
+\fBchfn\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current values for all of the fields\&. Enter the new value to change the field, or leave the line blank to use the current value\&. The current value is displayed between a pair of
+\fB[ ]\fR
+marks\&. Without options,
+\fBchfn\fR
+prompts for the current user account\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCHFN_RESTRICT\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+This parameter specifies which values in the
+\fIgecos\fR
+field of the
+/etc/passwd
+file may be changed by regular users using the
+\fBchfn\fR
+program\&. It can be any combination of letters
+\fIf\fR,
+\fIr\fR,
+\fIw\fR,
+\fIh\fR, for Full name, Room number, Work phone, and Home phone, respectively\&. For backward compatibility,
+\fIyes\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIrwh\fR
+and
+\fIno\fR
+is equivalent to
+\fIfrwh\fR\&. If not specified, only the superuser can make any changes\&. The most restrictive setting is better achieved by not installing
+\fBchfn\fR
+SUID\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchsh\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/chsh.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/chsh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e9147a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/chsh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: chsh
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "CHSH" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+chsh \- 更改登录 shell
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBchsh\fR\ 'u
+\fBchsh\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI登录\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBchsh\fR
+command changes the user login shell\&. This determines the name of the user\*(Aqs initial login command\&. A normal user may only change the login shell for her own account; the superuser may change the login shell for any account\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBchsh\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+用户的新登录 shell 的名称。将此字段设置为空会让系统选择默认的登录 shell。
+.RE
+.PP
+If the
+\fB\-s\fR
+option is not selected,
+\fBchsh\fR
+operates in an interactive fashion, prompting the user with the current login shell\&. Enter the new value to change the shell, or leave the line blank to use the current one\&. The current shell is displayed between a pair of
+\fI[ ]\fR
+marks\&.
+.SH "注意"
+.PP
+The only restriction placed on the login shell is that the command name must be listed in
+/etc/shells, unless the invoker is the superuser, and then any value may be added\&. An account with a restricted login shell may not change her login shell\&. For this reason, placing
+/bin/rsh
+in
+/etc/shells
+is discouraged since accidentally changing to a restricted shell would prevent the user from ever changing her login shell back to its original value\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCHSH_AUTH\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the
+\fBchsh\fR
+program will require authentication before making any changes, unless run by the superuser\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shells
+.RS 4
+可用的登录 shell 的列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchfn\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/expiry.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/expiry.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..afd3255
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/expiry.1
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: expiry
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "EXPIRY" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+expiry \- check and enforce password expiration policy
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBexpiry\fR\ 'u
+\fBexpiry\fR \fI选项\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command checks (\fB\-c\fR) the current password expiration and forces (\fB\-f\fR) changes when required\&. It is callable as a normal user command\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBexpiry\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-check\fR
+.RS 4
+Check the password expiration of the current user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR, \fB\-\-force\fR
+.RS 4
+如果用户密码过期，则强制用户修改密码。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/gpasswd.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/gpasswd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b4f351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/gpasswd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: gpasswd
+.\"    Author: Rafal Maszkowski
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GPASSWD" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+gpasswd \- administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBgpasswd\fR [\fI选项\fR] \fIgroup\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command is used to administer
+/etc/group, and /etc/gshadow\&. Every group can have
+administrators,
+members and a password\&.
+.PP
+System administrators can use the
+\fB\-A\fR
+option to define group administrator(s) and the
+\fB\-M\fR
+option to define members\&. They have all rights of group administrators and members\&.
+.PP
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+called by
+a group administrator
+with a group name only prompts for the new password of the
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.PP
+If a password is set the members can still use
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1)
+without a password, and non\-members must supply the password\&.
+.SS "请注意组密码"
+.PP
+Group passwords are an inherent security problem since more than one person is permitted to know the password\&. However, groups are a useful tool for permitting co\-operation between different users\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+Except for the
+\fB\-A\fR
+and
+\fB\-M\fR
+options, the options cannot be combined\&.
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBgpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-add\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Add the
+\fIuser\fR
+to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the
+\fIuser\fR
+from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-Q\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-remove\-password\fR
+.RS 4
+Remove the password from the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password will be empty\&. Only group members will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-restrict\fR
+.RS 4
+Restrict the access to the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&. The group password is set to "!"\&. Only group members with a password will be allowed to use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+to join the named
+\fIgroup\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-A\fR, \fB\-\-administrators\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+设置有管理权限的用户列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-members\fR\ \&\fIuser\fR,\&.\&.\&.
+.RS 4
+设置组成员列表。
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This tool only operates on the
+/etc/group
+and /etc/gshadow files\&.
+Thus you cannot change any NIS or LDAP group\&. This must be performed on the corresponding server\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
+/etc/group
+(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
+.sp
+默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
+.sp
+此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
+.sp
+如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。
+.sp
+注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非真的需要。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
+.sp
+如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
+.sp
+值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgroupadd\fR(8),
+\fBgroupdel\fR(8),
+\fBgroupmod\fR(8),
+\fBgrpck\fR(8),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/groups.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/groups.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b7982a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/groups.1
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: groups
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "GROUPS" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+groups \- 现实当前组名
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBgroups\fR\ 'u
+\fBgroups\fR [\fI用户\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBgroups\fR
+command displays the current group names or ID values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed as the numerical group value\&. The optional
+\fIuser\fR
+parameter will display the groups for the named
+\fIuser\fR\&.
+.SH "注意"
+.PP
+Systems which do not support concurrent group sets will have the information from
+/etc/group
+reported\&. The user must use
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+or
+\fBsg\fR
+to change his current real and effective group ID\&.
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/id.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/id.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..637c0d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/id.1
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: id
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "ID" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+id \- display current user and group ID names
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBid\fR\ 'u
+\fBid\fR [\-a]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBid\fR
+command displays the current real and effective user and group ID names or values\&. If the value does not have a corresponding entry in
+/etc/passwd
+or
+/etc/group, the value will be displayed without the corresponding name\&. The optional
+\fB\-a\fR
+flag will display the group set on systems which support multiple concurrent group membership\&.
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBgetgid\fR(2),
+\fBgetgroups\fR(2),
+\fBgetuid\fR(2)
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/login.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/login.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ecfde7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/login.1
@@ -0,0 +1,487 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: login
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "LOGIN" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+login \- 在系统上启动回话
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fI用户名\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR...]
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fI用户名\fR
+.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
+\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
+\fIlogin:\fR
+prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
+\fBlogin\fR
+may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
+\fBlogin\fR
+should be executed as
+\fBexec login\fR
+which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
+\fBlogin\fR
+from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
+.PP
+The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
+\fBlogin\fR
+exits and the communications link is severed\&.
+.PP
+If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
+\fBpasswd\fR(1)
+for more information\&.
+.PP
+After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
+/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
+\&.hushlogin
+in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
+.PP
+Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
+/etc/passwd
+file\&. The value for
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
+.PP
+On some installations, the environmental variable
+\fB$TERM\fR
+will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
+/etc/ttytype\&.
+.PP
+命令解释器的初始化脚本也可能执行。请参考手册中相应的章节来获取关于此功能的更多信息。
+.PP
+在登录 shell 中以第一个字符是\(lq*\(rq标注的是子系统登录。给定的主目录将被用于用户实际登录的新文件系统的根。
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+\fB\-f\fR
+.RS 4
+不要执行认证，用户已经预认证过。
+.sp
+Note: In that case,
+\fIusername\fR
+is mandatory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR
+.RS 4
+此登录的远程主机名。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-p\fR
+.RS 4
+保留环境。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR
+.RS 4
+为 rlogin (远程登录)执行 autologin (自动登录)协议。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fB\-r\fR,
+\fB\-h\fR
+and
+\fB\-f\fR
+options are only used when
+\fBlogin\fR
+is invoked by root\&.
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBlogin\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.PP
+文件的位置由系统配置决定。
+.PP
+The
+\fBlogin\fR
+program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
+\fBgetty\fR(8)
+and
+\fBinit\fR(8)
+to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
+\fBlogin\fR
+from the shell prompt without
+\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
+.PP
+As with any program,
+\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，或者是包含设备名(没行一个)的文件的完整路径名，或者是\(lq:\(rq分隔的设备名列表。将只会在这写设备上允许 root 登录。
+.sp
+如果没有定义，可以在任何设备上使用 root。
+.sp
+指定的设备时不带 /dev/ 前缀。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果不能 cd 到主目录时，说明是否允许登录。默认是否。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果此文件存在，并且可读，将会从中读取登录环境。所有行都必须是 name=value 的格式。
+.sp
+以 # 开头的行将视为注释，并被忽略。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
+= backspace,
+\fI0177\fR
+= DEL)\&.
+.sp
+此值可以使用前缀\(lq0\(rq表示八进制，\(lq0x\(rq表示十六进制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+登录失败后，等待多少秒才再允许登录。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable logging and display of
+/var/log/faillog
+login failure info\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set,
+\fBlogin\fR
+will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
+/etc/passwd\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义，登录失败会以 utmp 格式记录在此文件中。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, this file can inhibit all the usual chatter during the login sequence\&. If a full pathname is specified, then hushed mode will be enabled if the user\*(Aqs name or shell are found in the file\&. If not a full pathname, then hushed mode will be enabled if the file exists in the user\*(Aqs home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，此文件将在每次的登录提示之前现实。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
+= CTRL/U)\&.
+.sp
+此值可以使用前缀\(lq0\(rq表示八进制，\(lq0x\(rq表示十六进制。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+允许记录和显示 /var/log/lastlog 登录时间信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+密码错误时，重试的最大次数。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+最大登录时间(以秒为单位)。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+允许记录成功登录。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+在记录到登录失败时，允许记录未知用户名。
+.sp
+注意：如果用户不小心将密码输入到了登录名中，记录未知用户名可能是一个安全隐患。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+启用登录时检查和现实邮箱状态。
+.sp
+如果 shell 的启动文件已经检查了邮件("mailx \-e" 或者其它同功能的工具)，您应该禁用它。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, ":" delimited list of "message of the day" files to be displayed upon login\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, name of file whose presence will inhibit non\-root logins\&. The contents of this file should be a message indicating why logins are inhibited\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
+/etc/porttime\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+group, and the permissions will be set to
+\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
+.sp
+By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
+\fI0600\fR\&.
+.sp
+\fBTTYGROUP\fR
+can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
+.sp
+If you have a
+\fBwrite\fR
+program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If defined, file which maps tty line to TERM environment parameter\&. Each line of the file is in a format something like "vt100 tty01"\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Default
+\fBulimit\fR
+value\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUMASK\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+文件模式创建掩码初始化为此值。如果没有指定，掩码初始化为 022。
+.sp
+\fBuseradd\fR
+and
+\fBnewusers\fR
+use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
+\fBHOME_MODE\fR
+is not set\&.
+.sp
+It is also used by
+\fBlogin\fR
+to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
+is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
+\fIK\fR
+identifier in
+\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007)。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/var/run/utmp
+.RS 4
+当前登录会话的列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+/var/log/wtmp
+.RS 4
+先前的登录会话列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/motd
+.RS 4
+System message of the day file\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/nologin
+.RS 4
+阻止非 root 用户登录。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/ttytype
+.RS 4
+终端类型列表。
+.RE
+.PP
+$HOME/\&.hushlogin
+.RS 4
+阻止现实系统信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBmail\fR(1),
+\fBpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBnologin\fR(5),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
+\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/newgrp.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/newgrp.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c696e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/newgrp.1
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: newgrp
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "NEWGRP" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+newgrp \- 登录到一个新组
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBnewgrp\fR\ 'u
+\fBnewgrp\fR [\-] [\fIgroup\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+command is used to change the current group ID during a login session\&. If the optional
+\fB\-\fR
+flag is given, the user\*(Aqs environment will be reinitialized as though the user had logged in, otherwise the current environment, including current working directory, remains unchanged\&.
+.PP
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+changes the current real group ID to the named group, or to the default group listed in
+/etc/passwd
+if no group name is given\&.
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+also tries to add the group to the user groupset\&. If not root, the user will be prompted for a password if she does not have a password (in
+/etc/shadow
+if this user has an entry in the shadowed password file, or in
+/etc/passwd
+otherwise) and the group does, or if the user is not listed as a member and the group has a password\&. The user will be denied access if the group password is empty and the user is not listed as a member\&.
+.PP
+If there is an entry for this group in
+/etc/gshadow, then the list of members and the password of this group will be taken from this file, otherwise, the entry in
+/etc/group
+is considered\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/passwd.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/passwd.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d934a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/passwd.1
@@ -0,0 +1,365 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: passwd
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "PASSWD" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+passwd \- 更改用户密码
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBpasswd\fR\ 'u
+\fBpasswd\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI登录\fR]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command changes passwords for user accounts\&. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+also changes the account or associated password validity period\&.
+.SS "密码更改"
+.PP
+如果有旧密码，首先提示用户输入旧密码。加密这个密码然后和存储的密码进行比较。用户只有一次机会输入正确密码。允许超级用户略过这个步骤，以便更改忘记了的密码。
+.PP
+After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time\&. If not,
+\fBpasswd\fR
+refuses to change the password and exits\&.
+.PP
+提示用户输入两次新密码。第二次和第一次进行比较，并且需要相同才能更改密码。
+.PP
+然后，测试密码的负责程度。一般来讲，密码应该包含 6 到 8 位字符，从下边的一个或多个集合中选择：
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+小写字母
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+数字 0 到 9
+.RE
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.ie n \{\
+\h'-04'\(bu\h'+03'\c
+.\}
+.el \{\
+.sp -1
+.IP \(bu 2.3
+.\}
+标点符号
+.RE
+.PP
+Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters\&.
+\fBpasswd\fR
+will reject any password which is not suitably complex\&.
+.SS "关于用户密码的提示"
+.PP
+The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space\&. The legacy
+\fIUNIX\fR
+System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm\&. More recent methods are now recommended (see
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR)\&. The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected\&.
+.PP
+由于粗心地或处理选择密码，会危及密码的安全。由于这个原因，您不应该选择出现在词典中或者必须要写下来才能记住的密码。密码也不应该是一个名字、许可证号、生日或者街道号。所有这些可以用于猜测来损害系统安全。
+.PP
+You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en\&.wikipedia\&.org/wiki/Password_strength
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+.RS 4
+This option can be used only with
+\fB\-S\fR
+and causes show status for all users\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-d\fR, \fB\-\-delete\fR
+.RS 4
+删除用户密码(让它为空)。这是禁用一个用户密码的快速方法。它将设置给出名称的账户。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-expire\fR
+.RS 4
+让一个账户的密码立即过期。这可以强制一个用户下次登录时更改密码。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
+.RS 4
+现实帮助信息并退出。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-inactive\fR\ \&\fIINACTIVE\fR
+.RS 4
+This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days\&. After a user account has had an expired password for
+\fIINACTIVE\fR
+days, the user may no longer sign on to the account\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-keep\-tokens\fR
+.RS 4
+表示密码更改只应该因为认证口令(密码)过期更改。用户希望保持他们尚未过期的口令。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-lock\fR
+.RS 4
+锁定指定账户的密码。此选项通过将密码更改为一个不可能与加密值匹配的值来禁用(它在密码开头添加一个\(lq!\(rq)。
+.sp
+Note that this does not disable the account\&. The user may still be able to login using another authentication token (e\&.g\&. an SSH key)\&. To disable the account, administrators should use
+\fBusermod \-\-expiredate 1\fR
+(this set the account\*(Aqs expire date to Jan 2, 1970)\&.
+.sp
+被锁定了密码的用户不允许更改密码。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-n\fR, \fB\-\-mindays\fR\ \&\fIMIN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the minimum number of days between password changes to
+\fIMIN_DAYS\fR\&. A value of zero for this field indicates that the user may change their password at any time\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-q\fR, \fB\-\-quiet\fR
+.RS 4
+安静模式。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-repository\fR\ \&\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+.RS 4
+change password in
+\fIREPOSITORY\fR
+repository
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+.RS 4
+Apply changes in the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory and use the configuration files from the
+\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
+directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-S\fR, \fB\-\-status\fR
+.RS 4
+显示账户状态信息。状态信息包含 7 个字段。首个字段是用户的登录名，第二个字段表示用户账户是否已经锁定密码(L)、没有密码 (NP)或者密码可用(P)，第三个字段给出最后一次更改密码的日期。接下来的四个字段分别是密码的最小年龄、最大年龄、警告期和禁用期。这些年龄以天为单位计算。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-unlock\fR
+.RS 4
+Unlock the password of the named account\&. This option re\-enables a password by changing the password back to its previous value (to the value before using the
+\fB\-l\fR
+option)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-w\fR, \fB\-\-warndays\fR\ \&\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the number of days of warning before a password change is required\&. The
+\fIWARN_DAYS\fR
+option is the number of days prior to the password expiring that a user will be warned that their password is about to expire\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-x\fR, \fB\-\-maxdays\fR\ \&\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+.RS 4
+Set the maximum number of days a password remains valid\&. After
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR, the password is required to be changed\&.
+.sp
+Passing the number
+\fI\-1\fR
+as
+\fIMAX_DAYS\fR
+will remove checking a password\*(Aqs validity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+密码复杂性检查在每台机器间不同。用户应该选择适合的尽量复杂的密码。
+.PP
+在启动了 NIS 的系统上，如果没有登录 NIS 服务器，用户或许不能更改自己的密码。
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
+.sp
+It can take one of these values:
+\fIDES\fR
+(default),
+\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
+.sp
+Note: this parameter overrides the
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
+\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
+\fIno\fR
+if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
+\fIno\fR\&.
+.sp
+This variable is superseded by the
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
+.sp
+This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBOBSCURE_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+对密码更改启用附加检查。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_ALWAYS_WARN\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果是 root，警告弱密码，但是仍然允许使用。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_CHANGE_TRIES\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+可以尝试更改密码的最大次数(太容易)。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR (number), \fBPASS_MIN_LEN\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+Number of significant characters in the password for crypt()\&.
+\fBPASS_MAX_LEN\fR
+is 8 by default\&. Don\*(Aqt change unless your crypt() is better\&. This is ignored if
+\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
+set to
+\fIyes\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
+.RS 4
+When
+\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
+is set to
+\fISHA256\fR
+or
+\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
+.sp
+使用很多轮转，会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意，认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
+.sp
+如果没有指定，libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
+.sp
+值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
+.sp
+If only one of the
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+or
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
+values is set, then this value will be used\&.
+.sp
+If
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
+>
+\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+The
+\fBpasswd\fR
+command exits with the following values:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+permission denied
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI2\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid combination of options
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI3\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure, nothing done
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI4\fR
+.RS 4
+unexpected failure,
+passwd
+file missing
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI5\fR
+.RS 4
+passwd
+file busy, try again
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI6\fR
+.RS 4
+invalid argument to option
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBchpasswd\fR(8),
+\fBpasswd\fR(5),
+\fBshadow\fR(5),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBusermod\fR(8)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/sg.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/sg.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bda6a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/sg.1
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: sg
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "SG" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+sg \- 以不同的组 ID 执行命令
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBsg\fR\ 'u
+\fBsg\fR [\-] [group\ [\-c\ ]\ command]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsg\fR
+command works similar to
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+but accepts a command\&. The command will be executed with the
+/bin/sh
+shell\&. With most shells you may run
+\fBsg\fR
+from, you need to enclose multi\-word commands in quotes\&. Another difference between
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+and
+\fBsg\fR
+is that some shells treat
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+specially, replacing themselves with a new instance of a shell that
+\fBnewgrp\fR
+creates\&. This doesn\*(Aqt happen with
+\fBsg\fR, so upon exit from a
+\fBsg\fR
+command you are returned to your previous group ID\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsg\fR
+activity\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/group
+.RS 4
+组账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/gshadow
+.RS 4
+安全组账户信息。
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBid\fR(1),
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBnewgrp\fR(1),
+\fBsu\fR(1),
+\fBgpasswd\fR(1),
+\fBgroup\fR(5), \fBgshadow\fR(5)\&.
diff --git a/man/zh_CN/man1/su.1 b/man/zh_CN/man1/su.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c4d29c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/man/zh_CN/man1/su.1
@@ -0,0 +1,448 @@
+'\" t
+.\"     Title: su
+.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
+.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
+.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
+.\"    Manual: 用户命令
+.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
+.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
+.\"
+.TH "SU" "1" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "用户命令"
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * Define some portability stuff
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
+.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
+.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * set default formatting
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" disable hyphenation
+.nh
+.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
+.ad l
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
+.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
+.SH "名称"
+su \- 更改用户 ID 或成为超级用户
+.SH "大纲"
+.HP \w'\fBsu\fR\ 'u
+\fBsu\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI\-\fR] [\fI用户名\fR\ [\ \fIargs\fR\ ]]
+.SH "描述"
+.PP
+The
+\fBsu\fR
+command is used to become another user during a login session\&. Invoked without a
+\fBusername\fR,
+\fBsu\fR
+defaults to becoming the superuser\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option may be used to provide an environment similar to what the user would expect had the user logged in directly\&. The
+\fB\-c\fR
+option may be used to treat the next argument as a command by most shells\&.
+.PP
+Options are recognized everywhere in the argument list\&. You can use the
+\fB\-\-\fR
+argument to stop option parsing\&. The
+\fB\-\fR
+option is special: it is also recognized after
+\fB\-\-\fR, but has to be placed before
+\fBusername\fR\&.
+.PP
+如果合适，将提示用户输入一个密码。输入无效的密码会产生一个错误消息。所有的尝试，无论成功还是失败，都会被记录，以检测对系统的滥用。
+.PP
+The current environment is passed to the new shell\&. The value of
+\fB$PATH\fR
+is reset to
+/bin:/usr/bin
+for normal users, or
+/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
+for the superuser\&. This may be changed with the
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+and
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+definitions in
+/etc/login\&.defs\&.
+.PP
+在登录 shell 中以第一个字符是\(lq*\(rq标注的是子系统登录。给定的主目录将被用于用户实际登录的新文件系统的根。
+.SH "选项"
+.PP
+The options which apply to the
+\fBsu\fR
+command are:
+.PP
+\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-command\fR\ \&\fICOMMAND\fR
+.RS 4
+Specify a command that will be invoked by the shell using its
+\fB\-c\fR\&.
+.sp
+The executed command will have no controlling terminal\&. This option cannot be used to execute interactive programs which need a controlling TTY\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-\fR, \fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-login\fR
+.RS 4
+提供一个类似于用户直接登录的环境，用户可能会希望这样。
+.sp
+When
+\fB\-\fR
+is used, it must be specified before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. For portability it is recommended to use it as last option, before any
+\fBusername\fR\&. The other forms (\fB\-l\fR
+and
+\fB\-\-login\fR) do not have this restriction\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-shell\fR\ \&\fISHELL\fR
+.RS 4
+将使用的 shell。
+.sp
+The invoked shell is chosen from (highest priority first):
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell specified with \-\-shell\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+is used, the shell specified by the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The shell indicated in the
+/etc/passwd
+entry for the target user\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+/bin/sh
+if a shell could not be found by any above method\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell (i\&.e\&. the shell field of this user\*(Aqs entry in
+/etc/passwd
+is not listed in
+/etc/shells), then the
+\fB\-\-shell\fR
+option or the
+\fB$SHELL\fR
+environment variable won\*(Aqt be taken into account, unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB\-m\fR, \fB\-p\fR, \fB\-\-preserve\-environment\fR
+.RS 4
+Preserve the current environment, except for:
+.PP
+\fB$PATH\fR
+.RS 4
+reset according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_PATH\fR
+or
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR
+(see below);
+.RE
+.PP
+\fB$IFS\fR
+.RS 4
+reset to
+\(lq<space><tab><newline>\(rq, if it was set\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+If the target user has a restricted shell, this option has no effect (unless
+\fBsu\fR
+is called by root)\&.
+.sp
+Note that the default behavior for the environment is the following:
+.PP
+.RS 4
+The
+\fB$HOME\fR,
+\fB$SHELL\fR,
+\fB$USER\fR,
+\fB$LOGNAME\fR,
+\fB$PATH\fR, and
+\fB$IFS\fR
+environment variables are reset\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is not used, the environment is copied, except for the variables above\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TERM\fR,
+\fB$COLORTERM\fR,
+\fB$DISPLAY\fR, and
+\fB$XAUTHORITY\fR
+environment variables are copied if they were set\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, the
+\fB$TZ\fR,
+\fB$HZ\fR, and
+\fB$MAIL\fR
+environment variables are set according to the
+/etc/login\&.defs
+options
+\fBENV_TZ\fR,
+\fBENV_HZ\fR,
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR, and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+(see below)\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+.RS 4
+If
+\fB\-\-login\fR
+is used, other environment variables might be set by the
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR
+file (see below)\&.
+.RE
+.sp
+.RE
+.SH "CAVEATS"
+.PP
+This version of
+\fBsu\fR
+has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
+.SH "配置文件"
+.PP
+The following configuration variables in
+/etc/login\&.defs
+change the behavior of this tool:
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，或者是包含设备名(没行一个)的文件的完整路径名，或者是\(lq:\(rq分隔的设备名列表。将只会在这写设备上允许 root 登录。
+.sp
+如果没有定义，可以在任何设备上使用 root。
+.sp
+指定的设备时不带 /dev/ 前缀。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.
+
+Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果不能 cd 到主目录时，说明是否允许登录。默认是否。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
+\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
+\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果此文件存在，并且可读，将会从中读取登录环境。所有行都必须是 name=value 的格式。
+.sp
+以 # 开头的行将视为注释，并被忽略。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
+\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
+\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
+\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
+\fITZ=\fR
+(for example
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
+/etc/tzname)\&.
+.sp
+If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
+\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+此字符串用于提示输入密码。默认是 "Password: "，或者翻译了的结果(汉语中翻译为了\(lq密码：\(rq)。如果设置了此变量，提示不会被翻译。
+.sp
+If the string contains
+\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+启用登录时检查和现实邮箱状态。
+.sp
+如果 shell 的启动文件已经检查了邮件("mailx \-e" 或者其它同功能的工具)，您应该禁用它。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+邮箱目录。修改或删除用户账户时需要处理邮箱，如果没有指定，将使用编译时指定的默认值。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+定义用户邮箱文件的位置(相对于主目录)。
+.RE
+.PP
+The
+\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
+and
+\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
+variables are used by
+\fBuseradd\fR,
+\fBusermod\fR, and
+\fBuserdel\fR
+to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
+.PP
+If
+\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
+is set to
+\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
+\fBMAIL\fR
+environment variable\&.
+.PP
+\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable setting of resource limits from
+/etc/limits
+and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSULOG_FILE\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，所有的 su 活动都会记录到此文件。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_NAME\fR (string)
+.RS 4
+如果定义了，就是运行\(lqsu \-\(rq时显示的命令名称。例如，如果定义为\(lqsu\(rq，那么\(lqps\(rq会显示此命令为\(lq\-su\(rq。如果没有定义，\(lqps\(rq将会显示实际执行的 shell，例如类似于\(lq\-sh\(rq。
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSU_WHEEL_ONLY\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+If
+\fIyes\fR, the user must be listed as a member of the first gid 0 group in
+/etc/group
+(called
+\fIroot\fR
+on most Linux systems) to be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0 accounts\&. If the group doesn\*(Aqt exist or is empty, no one will be able to
+\fBsu\fR
+to uid 0\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBSYSLOG_SU_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+Enable "syslog" logging of
+\fBsu\fR
+activity \- in addition to sulog file logging\&.
+.RE
+.PP
+\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
+.RS 4
+如果 uid 和 gid 相同，用户名和主用户名也相同，使非 root 组的组掩码位和属主位相同 (如：022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007)。
+.sp
+If set to
+\fIyes\fR,
+\fBuserdel\fR
+will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
+\fBuseradd\fR
+will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
+.RE
+.SH "文件"
+.PP
+/etc/passwd
+.RS 4
+用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/shadow
+.RS 4
+安全用户账户信息。
+.RE
+.PP
+/etc/login\&.defs
+.RS 4
+Shadow 密码套件配置。
+.RE
+.SH "退出值"
+.PP
+On success,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the exit value of the command it executed\&.
+.PP
+If this command was terminated by a signal,
+\fBsu\fR
+returns the number of this signal plus 128\&.
+.PP
+If su has to kill the command (because it was asked to terminate, and the command did not terminate in time),
+\fBsu\fR
+returns 255\&.
+.PP
+Some exit values from
+\fBsu\fR
+are independent from the executed command:
+.PP
+\fI0\fR
+.RS 4
+success (\fB\-\-help\fR
+only)
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI1\fR
+.RS 4
+System or authentication failure
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI126\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command was not found
+.RE
+.PP
+\fI127\fR
+.RS 4
+The requested command could not be executed
+.RE
+.SH "参见"
+.PP
+\fBlogin\fR(1),
+\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
+\fBsg\fR(1),
+\fBsh\fR(1)\&.