'\" t
.\"     Title: login
.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
.\"      Date: 23/01/2020
.\"    Manual: Commandes utilisateur
.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
.\"  Language: French
.\"
.TH "LOGIN" "1" "23/01/2020" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "Commandes utilisateur"
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.SH "NOM"
login \- D\('emarrer une session sur le syst\(`eme
.SH "SYNOPSIS"
.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] [\fInom_utilisateur\fR] [\fIENV=VAR\fR...]
.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
\fBlogin\fR [\-p] [\-h\ \fIhost\fR] \-f \fInom_utilisateur\fR
.HP \w'\fBlogin\fR\ 'u
\fBlogin\fR [\-p] \-r\ \fIhost\fR
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.PP
The
\fBlogin\fR
program is used to establish a new session with the system\&. It is normally invoked automatically by responding to the
\fIlogin:\fR
prompt on the user\*(Aqs terminal\&.
\fBlogin\fR
may be special to the shell and may not be invoked as a sub\-process\&. When called from a shell,
\fBlogin\fR
should be executed as
\fBexec login\fR
which will cause the user to exit from the current shell (and thus will prevent the new logged in user to return to the session of the caller)\&. Attempting to execute
\fBlogin\fR
from any shell but the login shell will produce an error message\&.
.PP
The user is then prompted for a password, where appropriate\&. Echoing is disabled to prevent revealing the password\&. Only a small number of password failures are permitted before
\fBlogin\fR
exits and the communications link is severed\&.
.PP
If password aging has been enabled for your account, you may be prompted for a new password before proceeding\&. You will be forced to provide your old password and the new password before continuing\&. Please refer to
\fBpasswd\fR(1)
for more information\&.
.PP
After a successful login, you will be informed of any system messages and the presence of mail\&. You may turn off the printing of the system message file,
/etc/motd, by creating a zero\-length file
\&.hushlogin
in your login directory\&. The mail message will be one of "\fIYou have new mail\&.\fR", "\fIYou have mail\&.\fR", or "\fINo Mail\&.\fR" according to the condition of your mailbox\&.
.PP
Your user and group ID will be set according to their values in the
/etc/passwd
file\&. The value for
\fB$HOME\fR,
\fB$SHELL\fR,
\fB$PATH\fR,
\fB$LOGNAME\fR, and
\fB$MAIL\fR
are set according to the appropriate fields in the password entry\&. Ulimit, umask and nice values may also be set according to entries in the GECOS field\&.
.PP
On some installations, the environmental variable
\fB$TERM\fR
will be initialized to the terminal type on your tty line, as specified in
/etc/ttytype\&.
.PP
Un script d\*(Aqinitialisation pour votre interpr\('eteur de commandes pourra \('egalement \(^etre ex\('ecut\('e\&. Veuillez vous r\('ef\('erer \(`a la section de manuel appropri\('ee pour plus d\*(Aqinformations sur cette fonctionnalit\('e\&.
.PP
Une connexion \(`a un sous\-syst\(`eme est indiqu\('ee par la pr\('esence d\*(Aqun \(Fo\ \&*\ \&\(Fc comme premier caract\(`ere de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes initial\&. Le r\('epertoire personnel sera utilis\('e comme racine d\*(Aqun nouveau syst\(`eme de fichiers dans lequel l\*(Aqutilisateur sera connect\('e\&.
.PP
The
\fBlogin\fR
program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
\fBgetty\fR(8)
and
\fBinit\fR(8)
to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
\fBlogin\fR
from the shell prompt without
\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
.SH "OPTIONS"
.PP
\fB\-f\fR
.RS 4
Ne pas r\('ealiser d\*(Aqauthentification\&. L\*(Aqutilisateur est pr\('e\-authentifi\('e\&.
.sp
Note: In that case,
\fIusername\fR
is mandatory\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-h\fR
.RS 4
Nom de l\*(Aqh\(^ote distant pour cette connexion\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-p\fR
.RS 4
Pr\('eserver l\*(Aqenvironnement\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-r\fR
.RS 4
Ex\('ecuter le protocole de connexion automatique (autologin) pour rlogin\&.
.RE
.PP
The
\fB\-r\fR,
\fB\-h\fR
and
\fB\-f\fR
options are only used when
\fBlogin\fR
is invoked by root\&.
.SH "AVERTISSEMENTS"
.PP
This version of
\fBlogin\fR
has many compilation options, only some of which may be in use at any particular site\&.
.PP
L\*(Aqemplacement des fichiers peut varier suivant la configuration du syst\(`eme\&.
.PP
The
\fBlogin\fR
program is NOT responsible for removing users from the utmp file\&. It is the responsibility of
\fBgetty\fR(8)
and
\fBinit\fR(8)
to clean up apparent ownership of a terminal session\&. If you use
\fBlogin\fR
from the shell prompt without
\fBexec\fR, the user you use will continue to appear to be logged in even after you log out of the "subsession"\&.
.PP
As with any program,
\fBlogin\fR\*(Aqs appearance can be faked\&. If non\-trusted users have physical access to a machine, an attacker could use this to obtain the password of the next person coming to sit in front of the machine\&. Under Linux, the SAK mechanism can be used by users to initiate a trusted path and prevent this kind of attack\&.
.SH "CONFIGURATION"
.PP
The following configuration variables in
/etc/login\&.defs
change the behavior of this tool:
.PP
\fBCONSOLE\fR (string)
.RS 4
Si d\('efinie, soit un chemin complet du fichier contenant les noms de p\('eriph\('eriques (un par ligne), soit une liste de noms du p\('eriph\('erique d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc\&. Les connexions d\*(Aqun administrateur ne seront autoris\('ees que depuis ces p\('eriph\('eriques\&.
.sp
S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas d\('efini, root pourra se connecter depuis n\*(Aqimporte quel p\('eriph\('erique\&.
.sp
Le p\('eriph\('erique doit \(^etre pr\('ecis\('e sans le pr\('efixe /dev/\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBCONSOLE_GROUPS\fR (string)
.RS 4
List of groups to add to the user\*(Aqs supplementary groups set when logging in on the console (as determined by the CONSOLE setting)\&. Default is none\&.

Use with caution \- it is possible for users to gain permanent access to these groups, even when not logged in on the console\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBDEFAULT_HOME\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Indiquer si la connexion est permise si on ne peut pas acc\('eder au r\('epertoire personnel\&. Le r\('eglage par d\('efaut est \(Fo\ \&no\ \&\(Fc\&.
.sp
If set to
\fIyes\fR, the user will login in the root (/) directory if it is not possible to cd to her home directory\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENV_HZ\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set, it will be used to define the HZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value must be preceded by
\fIHZ=\fR\&. A common value on Linux is
\fIHZ=100\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENV_PATH\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when a regular user login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
\fI/bin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
\fIPATH=/bin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENV_SUPATH\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set, it will be used to define the PATH environment variable when the superuser login\&. The value is a colon separated list of paths (for example
\fI/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR) and can be preceded by
\fIPATH=\fR\&. The default value is
\fIPATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENV_TZ\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set, it will be used to define the TZ environment variable when a user login\&. The value can be the name of a timezone preceded by
\fITZ=\fR
(for example
\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR), or the full path to the file containing the timezone specification (for example
/etc/tzname)\&.
.sp
If a full path is specified but the file does not exist or cannot be read, the default is to use
\fITZ=CST6CDT\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBENVIRON_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
Si ce fichier existe et est lisible, l\*(Aqenvironnement de connexion sera lu \(`a\ \& partir de lui\&. Chaque ligne doit \(^etre sous la forme nom=valeur\&.
.sp
Les lignes commen\(,cant par un \(Fo\ \&#\ \&\(Fc sont consid\('er\('ees comme des commentaires, et sont ignor\('ees\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBERASECHAR\fR (number)
.RS 4
Terminal ERASE character (\fI010\fR
= backspace,
\fI0177\fR
= DEL)\&.
.sp
La valeur peut \(^etre pr\('efix\('ee par \(Fo\ \&0\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur octale, ou \(Fo\ \&0x\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur hexad\('ecimale\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBFAIL_DELAY\fR (number)
.RS 4
Le d\('elai en secondes avant qu\*(Aqun nouvel essai soit permis apr\(`es un \('echec de connexion\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBFAILLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Enable logging and display of
/var/log/faillog
login failure info\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBFAKE_SHELL\fR (string)
.RS 4
If set,
\fBlogin\fR
will execute this shell instead of the users\*(Aq shell specified in
/etc/passwd\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBFTMP_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
Si d\('efinie, les \('echecs de connexion seront enregistr\('es dans le fichier sous le format utmp
.RE
.PP
\fBHUSHLOGIN_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
Si d\('efinie, le fichier peut d\('esactiver tous les affichages habituels durant la s\('equence de connexion\&. Si un nom de chemin complet est sp\('ecifi\('e, alors le mode taiseux sera activ\('e si le nom ou l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes de l\*(Aqutilisateur sont trouv\('es dans le fichier\&. Si ce n\*(Aqest pas un nom de chemin complet, alors le mode taiseux sera activ\('e si le fichier existe dans le r\('epertoire personnel de l\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBISSUE_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
Si d\('efinie, le fichier sera affich\('e avant chaque invite de connexion\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBKILLCHAR\fR (number)
.RS 4
Terminal KILL character (\fI025\fR
= CTRL/U)\&.
.sp
La valeur peut \(^etre pr\('efix\('ee par \(Fo\ \&0\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur octale, ou \(Fo\ \&0x\ \&\(Fc pour une valeur hexad\('ecimale\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBLASTLOG_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Activer la journalisation et l\*(Aqaffichage des informations de derni\(`ere connexion de /var/log/lastlog\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBLOGIN_RETRIES\fR (number)
.RS 4
Le nombre maximum de tentatives de connexion en cas de mauvais mot de passe\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBLOGIN_STRING\fR (string)
.RS 4
La cha\(^ine de caract\(`eres utilis\('ee pour l\*(Aqinvite de mot de passe\&. La valeur par d\('efaut est d\*(Aqutiliser "Password: " (\(Fo\ \&mot de passe\ \&:\ \&\(Fc), ou une traduction de cette cha\(^ine\&. Si vous d\('efinissez cette variable, l\*(Aqinvite ne sera pas traduite\&.
.sp
If the string contains
\fI%s\fR, this will be replaced by the user\*(Aqs name\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBLOGIN_TIMEOUT\fR (number)
.RS 4
Le temps maximum en secondes pour la connexion\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBLOG_OK_LOGINS\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Activer la journalisation des connexions r\('eussies\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBLOG_UNKFAIL_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Activer l\*(Aqaffichage des noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs inconnus quand les \('echecs de connexions sont enregistr\('es\&.
.sp
Remarque\ \&: la journalisation des noms d\*(Aqutilisateurs inconnus peut \(^etre un probl\(`eme de s\('ecurit\('e si un utilisateur entre son mot de passe au lieu de son nom d\*(Aqutilisateur\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Activer le contr\(^ole et l\*(Aqaffichage du statut de la bo\(^ite aux lettres durant la connexion\&.
.sp
Vous devriez le d\('esactiver si les fichiers de d\('emarrage de l\*(Aqinterpr\('eteur de commandes v\('erifient d\('ej\(`a la pr\('esence de courriers (\(Fo\ \&mail \-e\ \&\(Fc ou \('equivalent)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBMAIL_DIR\fR (string)
.RS 4
R\('epertoire d\*(Aqattente des courriels (\(Fo\ \&mail spool directory\ \&\(Fc)\&. Ce param\(`etre est n\('ecessaire pour manipuler les bo\(^ites \(`a lettres lorsque le compte d\*(Aqun utilisateur est modifi\('e ou supprim\('e\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas sp\('ecifi\('e, une valeur par d\('efaut d\('efinie \(`a la compilation est utilis\('ee\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBMAIL_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
D\('efinir l\*(Aqemplacement des bo\(^ites aux lettres des utilisateurs relativement \(`a leur r\('epertoire personnel\&.
.RE
.PP
The
\fBMAIL_DIR\fR
and
\fBMAIL_FILE\fR
variables are used by
\fBuseradd\fR,
\fBusermod\fR, and
\fBuserdel\fR
to create, move, or delete the user\*(Aqs mail spool\&.
.PP
If
\fBMAIL_CHECK_ENAB\fR
is set to
\fIyes\fR, they are also used to define the
\fBMAIL\fR
environment variable\&.
.PP
\fBMOTD_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
Si d\('efinie, liste d\('elimit\('ee par des \(Fo\ \&:\ \&\(Fc de fichiers de \(Fo\ \&message du jour\ \&\(Fc \(`a afficher lors de la connexion\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBNOLOGINS_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
Si d\('efinie, nom de fichier dont la pr\('esence emp\(^echera les connexions de quelqu\*(Aqun d\*(Aqautre que le superutilisateur\&. Le contenu de ces fichiers doit \(^etre un message indiquant pourquoi les connexions sont d\('esactiv\('ees\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBPORTTIME_CHECKS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Enable checking of time restrictions specified in
/etc/porttime\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Enable setting of resource limits from
/etc/limits
and ulimit, umask, and niceness from the user\*(Aqs passwd gecos field\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBTTYGROUP\fR (string), \fBTTYPERM\fR (string)
.RS 4
The terminal permissions: the login tty will be owned by the
\fBTTYGROUP\fR
group, and the permissions will be set to
\fBTTYPERM\fR\&.
.sp
By default, the ownership of the terminal is set to the user\*(Aqs primary group and the permissions are set to
\fI0600\fR\&.
.sp
\fBTTYGROUP\fR
can be either the name of a group or a numeric group identifier\&.
.sp
If you have a
\fBwrite\fR
program which is "setgid" to a special group which owns the terminals, define TTYGROUP to the group number and TTYPERM to 0620\&. Otherwise leave TTYGROUP commented out and assign TTYPERM to either 622 or 600\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBTTYTYPE_FILE\fR (string)
.RS 4
Si d\('efinie, fichier qui lie les lignes de tty \(`a la variable d\*(Aqenvironnement TERM\&. Chaque ligne du fichier est dans un format ressemblant \(`a \(Fo\ \&vt100 tty01\ \&\(Fc\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBULIMIT\fR (number)
.RS 4
Default
\fBulimit\fR
value\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBUMASK\fR (number)
.RS 4
Valeur d\*(Aqinitialisation du masque de permissions\&. S\*(Aqil n\*(Aqest pas pr\('ecis\('e, le masque des permissions sera initialis\('e \(`a 022\&.
.sp
\fBuseradd\fR
and
\fBnewusers\fR
use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
\fBHOME_MODE\fR
is not set\&.
.sp
It is also used by
\fBlogin\fR
to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
\fIK\fR
identifier in
\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBUSERGROUPS_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Activer la mise en place de bits de masque de groupe (\(Fo\ \&umask group bits\ \&\(Fc) identiques \(`a ceux du propri\('etaire (exemple\ \&: 022 \-> 002, 077 \-> 007) pour les utilisateurs non privil\('egi\('es, si l\*(AqUID est identique au GID et que l\*(Aqidentifiant de connexion est identique au groupe principal\&.
.sp
If set to
\fIyes\fR,
\fBuserdel\fR
will remove the user\*(Aqs group if it contains no more members, and
\fBuseradd\fR
will create by default a group with the name of the user\&.
.RE
.SH "FICHIERS"
.PP
/var/run/utmp
.RS 4
Liste des sessions de connexion en cours\&.
.RE
.PP
/var/log/wtmp
.RS 4
Liste des sessions de connexion pr\('ec\('edentes\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/passwd
.RS 4
Informations sur les comptes des utilisateurs\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/shadow
.RS 4
Informations s\('ecuris\('ees sur les comptes utilisateurs\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/motd
.RS 4
Fichier contenant le message du syst\(`eme\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/nologin
.RS 4
Emp\(^echer les utilisateurs non\-root de se connecter\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/ttytype
.RS 4
Liste des types de terminaux\&.
.RE
.PP
$HOME/\&.hushlogin
.RS 4
Supprimer l\*(Aqaffichage des messages du syst\(`eme\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/login\&.defs
.RS 4
Configuration de la suite des mots de passe cach\('es \(Fo\ \&shadow password\ \&\(Fc\&.
.RE
.SH "VOIR AUSSI"
.PP
\fBmail\fR(1),
\fBpasswd\fR(1),
\fBsh\fR(1),
\fBsu\fR(1),
\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
\fBnologin\fR(5),
\fBpasswd\fR(5),
\fBsecuretty\fR(5),
\fBgetty\fR(8)\&.