summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/man/zh_CN/man8/newusers.8
blob: 190defa6ed6597e688dfb6ebbf30457999d01226 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
'\" t
.\"     Title: newusers
.\"    Author: Julianne Frances Haugh
.\" Generator: DocBook XSL Stylesheets v1.79.1 <http://docbook.sf.net/>
.\"      Date: 2020-01-23
.\"    Manual: 系统管理命令
.\"    Source: shadow-utils 4.8.1
.\"  Language: Chinese Simplified
.\"
.TH "NEWUSERS" "8" "2020-01-23" "shadow\-utils 4\&.8\&.1" "系统管理命令"
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * Define some portability stuff
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.\" http://bugs.debian.org/507673
.\" http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/groff/2009-02/msg00013.html
.\" ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
.el       .ds Aq '
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * set default formatting
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" disable hyphenation
.nh
.\" disable justification (adjust text to left margin only)
.ad l
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.\" * MAIN CONTENT STARTS HERE *
.\" -----------------------------------------------------------------
.SH "名称"
newusers \- 批量更新和创建新用户
.SH "大纲"
.HP \w'\fBnewusers\fR\ 'u
\fBnewusers\fR [\fI选项\fR] [\fI文件\fR]
.SH "描述"
.PP
The
\fBnewusers\fR
command reads a
\fIfile\fR
(or the standard input by default) and uses this information to update a set of existing users or to create new users\&. Each line is in the same format as the standard password file (see
\fBpasswd\fR(5)) with the exceptions explained below:
.PP
pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell
.PP
\fIpw_name\fR
.RS 4
这是用户的用户名。
.sp
It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created before by
\fBnewusers\fR)\&. In case of an existing user, the user\*(Aqs information will be changed, otherwise a new user will be created\&.
.RE
.PP
\fIpw_passwd\fR
.RS 4
此字段将被加密然后用于加密后密码的新值。
.RE
.PP
\fIpw_uid\fR
.RS 4
此字段用于定义用户的 UID。
.sp
If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
.sp
如果此字段包含一个数字,此数字会用于 UID。
.sp
If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created before by
\fBnewusers\fR), the UID of the specified user will be used\&.
.sp
如果一个现有用户更改了 UID,此用户的文件所有权需要手动修复。
.RE
.PP
\fIpw_gid\fR
.RS 4
此字段用于定义用户的主组 ID。
.sp
If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
\fBnewusers\fR), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user\&.
.sp
如果此字段是一个数字,此数字会被用作此用户的主组 ID。如果没有对应此 GID 的现有组,将会使用此 GID 创建一个新组,名称和用户名相同。
.sp
If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a GID will be automatically defined by
\fBnewusers\fR
to be used as the primary group ID for the user and as the GID for the new group\&.
.sp
If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created before by
\fBnewusers\fR), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID will be automatically defined by
\fBnewusers\fR
to be used as the primary group ID for the user and GID for the new group\&.
.RE
.PP
\fIpw_gecos\fR
.RS 4
此字段复制到用户的 GECOS 字段。
.RE
.PP
\fIpw_dir\fR
.RS 4
此字段用于定义用户的主目录。
.sp
如果此字段指定的不是现有的目录,将会创建指定的目录,所有权设置为创建或更新的用户及其主组。
.sp
If the home directory of an existing user is changed,
\fBnewusers\fR
does not move or copy the content of the old directory to the new location\&. This should be done manually\&.
.RE
.PP
\fIpw_shell\fR
.RS 4
此字段定义了用户的 shell。对此字段不进行任何检查。
.RE
.PP
\fBnewusers\fR
first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these changes to the user or group databases\&. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to the databases), no changes are committed to the databases\&.
.PP
此命令一般用于在大型的应用环境中,对大量账户进行一次性更新。
.SH "选项"
.PP
The options which apply to the
\fBnewusers\fR
command are:
.PP
\fB\-\-badname\fR\ \&
.RS 4
Allow names that do not conform to standards\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-c\fR, \fB\-\-crypt\-method\fR
.RS 4
使用指定的方法加密密码。
.sp
可用的方法有 DES, MD5, NONE, and SHA256 或 SHA512,前提是您的 libc 支持这写方法。
.RE
.PP
\fB\-h\fR, \fB\-\-help\fR
.RS 4
现实帮助信息并退出。
.RE
.PP
\fB\-r\fR, \fB\-\-system\fR
.RS 4
创建一个系统账户。
.sp
System users will be created with no aging information in
/etc/shadow, and their numeric identifiers are chosen in the
\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR\-\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR
range, defined in
login\&.defs, instead of
\fBUID_MIN\fR\-\fBUID_MAX\fR
(and their
\fBGID\fR
counterparts for the creation of groups)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-R\fR, \fB\-\-root\fR\ \&\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
.RS 4
Apply changes in the
\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
directory and use the configuration files from the
\fICHROOT_DIR\fR
directory\&.
.RE
.PP
\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-sha\-rounds\fR
.RS 4
使用指定次数的轮转来加密密码。
.sp
值 0 表示让系统为加密方法选择默认的轮转次数 (5000)。
.sp
会强制最小 1,000,最大 9,9999,9999
.sp
您只可以对 SHA256 或 SHA512 使用此选项。
.sp
By default, the number of rounds is defined by the SHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS and SHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS variables in
/etc/login\&.defs\&.
.RE
.SH "CAVEATS"
.PP
输入文件必须受到保护,因为它包含未加密的密码。
.PP
您需要确保你吗和加密方法符合系统的密码策略。
.SH "配置文件"
.PP
The following configuration variables in
/etc/login\&.defs
change the behavior of this tool:
.PP
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR (string)
.RS 4
这定义了系统加密密码的默认算法(如果没有在命令行上指定算法)。
.sp
It can take one of these values:
\fIDES\fR
(default),
\fIMD5\fR, \fISHA256\fR, \fISHA512\fR\&.
.sp
Note: this parameter overrides the
\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR
variable\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBGID_MAX\fR (number), \fBGID_MIN\fR (number)
.RS 4
Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by
\fBuseradd\fR,
\fBgroupadd\fR, or
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
.sp
The default value for
\fBGID_MIN\fR
(resp\&.
\fBGID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBHOME_MODE\fR (number)
.RS 4
The mode for new home directories\&. If not specified, the
\fBUMASK\fR
is used to create the mode\&.
.sp
\fBuseradd\fR
and
\fBnewusers\fR
use this to set the mode of the home directory they create\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBMAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP\fR (number)
.RS 4
Maximum members per group entry\&. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line) is started in
/etc/group
(with the same name, same password, and same GID)\&.
.sp
默认值是 0,意味着组中的成员数没有限制。
.sp
此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。
.sp
如果要强制这个限制,可以使用 25。
.sp
注意:分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量,除非真的需要。
.RE
.PP
\fBMD5_CRYPT_ENAB\fR (boolean)
.RS 4
Indicate if passwords must be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm\&. If set to
\fIyes\fR, new passwords will be encrypted using the MD5\-based algorithm compatible with the one used by recent releases of FreeBSD\&. It supports passwords of unlimited length and longer salt strings\&. Set to
\fIno\fR
if you need to copy encrypted passwords to other systems which don\*(Aqt understand the new algorithm\&. Default is
\fIno\fR\&.
.sp
This variable is superseded by the
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
variable or by any command line option used to configure the encryption algorithm\&.
.sp
This variable is deprecated\&. You should use
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBPASS_MAX_DAYS\fR (number)
.RS 4
一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧,将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定,就假定为 \-1,这会禁用这个限制。
.RE
.PP
\fBPASS_MIN_DAYS\fR (number)
.RS 4
两次更改密码时间的最小间隔。将会拒绝任何早于此的更改密码的尝试。如果不指定,假定为 \-1,将会禁用这个限制。
.RE
.PP
\fBPASS_WARN_AGE\fR (number)
.RS 4
密码过期之前给出警告的天数。0 表示只有只在过期的当天警告,负值表示不警告。如果没有指定,不会给警告。
.RE
.PP
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR (number), \fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR (number)
.RS 4
When
\fBENCRYPT_METHOD\fR
is set to
\fISHA256\fR
or
\fISHA512\fR, this defines the number of SHA rounds used by the encryption algorithm by default (when the number of rounds is not specified on the command line)\&.
.sp
使用很多轮转,会让暴力破解更加困难。但是需要注意,认证用户时也会需要更多的 CPU 资源。
.sp
如果没有指定,libc 会选择默认的轮转数(5000)。
.sp
值必须在 1000 \- 999,999,999 之间。
.sp
If only one of the
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
or
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR
values is set, then this value will be used\&.
.sp
If
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MIN_ROUNDS\fR
>
\fBSHA_CRYPT_MAX_ROUNDS\fR, the highest value will be used\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR (number)
.RS 4
If
/etc/subuid
exists, the commands
\fBuseradd\fR
and
\fBnewusers\fR
(unless the user already have subordinate group IDs) allocate
\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
unused group IDs from the range
\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR
to
\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR
for each new user\&.
.sp
The default values for
\fBSUB_GID_MIN\fR,
\fBSUB_GID_MAX\fR,
\fBSUB_GID_COUNT\fR
are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR (number)
.RS 4
If
/etc/subuid
exists, the commands
\fBuseradd\fR
and
\fBnewusers\fR
(unless the user already have subordinate user IDs) allocate
\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
unused user IDs from the range
\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR
to
\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR
for each new user\&.
.sp
The default values for
\fBSUB_UID_MIN\fR,
\fBSUB_UID_MAX\fR,
\fBSUB_UID_COUNT\fR
are respectively 100000, 600100000 and 65536\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR (number)
.RS 4
Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by
\fBuseradd\fR,
\fBgroupadd\fR, or
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
.sp
The default value for
\fBSYS_GID_MIN\fR
(resp\&.
\fBSYS_GID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
\fBGID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR (number), \fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR (number)
.RS 4
Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by
\fBuseradd\fR
or
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
.sp
The default value for
\fBSYS_UID_MIN\fR
(resp\&.
\fBSYS_UID_MAX\fR) is 101 (resp\&.
\fBUID_MIN\fR\-1)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBUID_MAX\fR (number), \fBUID_MIN\fR (number)
.RS 4
Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by
\fBuseradd\fR
or
\fBnewusers\fR\&.
.sp
The default value for
\fBUID_MIN\fR
(resp\&.
\fBUID_MAX\fR) is 1000 (resp\&. 60000)\&.
.RE
.PP
\fBUMASK\fR (number)
.RS 4
文件模式创建掩码初始化为此值。如果没有指定,掩码初始化为 022。
.sp
\fBuseradd\fR
and
\fBnewusers\fR
use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create if
\fBHOME_MODE\fR
is not set\&.
.sp
It is also used by
\fBlogin\fR
to define users\*(Aq initial umask\&. Note that this mask can be overridden by the user\*(Aqs GECOS line (if
\fBQUOTAS_ENAB\fR
is set) or by the specification of a limit with the
\fIK\fR
identifier in
\fBlimits\fR(5)\&.
.RE
.SH "文件"
.PP
/etc/passwd
.RS 4
用户账户信息。
.RE
.PP
/etc/shadow
.RS 4
安全用户账户信息。
.RE
.PP
/etc/group
.RS 4
组账户信息。
.RE
.PP
/etc/gshadow
.RS 4
安全组账户信息。
.RE
.PP
/etc/login\&.defs
.RS 4
Shadow 密码套件配置。
.RE
.PP
/etc/subgid
.RS 4
Per user subordinate group IDs\&.
.RE
.PP
/etc/subuid
.RS 4
Per user subordinate user IDs\&.
.RE
.SH "参见"
.PP
\fBlogin.defs\fR(5),
\fBpasswd\fR(1),
\fBsubgid\fR(5), \fBsubuid\fR(5),
\fBuseradd\fR(8)\&.