Adding upstream version 2:8.2.2434.upstream/2%8.2.2434upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 8915 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/src/vim9compile.c b/src/vim9compile.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b9f7f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/vim9compile.c
@@ -0,0 +1,8915 @@
+/* vi:set ts=8 sts=4 sw=4 noet:
+ *
+ * VIM - Vi IMproved	by Bram Moolenaar
+ *
+ * Do ":help uganda"  in Vim to read copying and usage conditions.
+ * Do ":help credits" in Vim to see a list of people who contributed.
+ * See README.txt for an overview of the Vim source code.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * vim9compile.c: :def and dealing with instructions
+ */
+
+#define USING_FLOAT_STUFF
+#include "vim.h"
+
+#if defined(FEAT_EVAL) || defined(PROTO)
+
+#ifdef VMS
+# include <float.h>
+#endif
+
+#define DEFINE_VIM9_GLOBALS
+#include "vim9.h"
+
+// values for ctx_skip
+typedef enum {
+    SKIP_NOT,		// condition is a constant, produce code
+    SKIP_YES,		// condition is a constant, do NOT produce code
+    SKIP_UNKNOWN	// condition is not a constant, produce code
+} skip_T;
+
+/*
+ * Chain of jump instructions where the end label needs to be set.
+ */
+typedef struct endlabel_S endlabel_T;
+struct endlabel_S {
+    endlabel_T	*el_next;	    // chain end_label locations
+    int		el_end_label;	    // instruction idx where to set end
+};
+
+/*
+ * info specific for the scope of :if / elseif / else
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    int		is_seen_else;
+    int		is_seen_skip_not;   // a block was unconditionally executed
+    int		is_had_return;	    // every block ends in :return
+    int		is_if_label;	    // instruction idx at IF or ELSEIF
+    endlabel_T	*is_end_label;	    // instructions to set end label
+} ifscope_T;
+
+/*
+ * info specific for the scope of :while
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    int		ws_top_label;	    // instruction idx at WHILE
+    endlabel_T	*ws_end_label;	    // instructions to set end
+} whilescope_T;
+
+/*
+ * info specific for the scope of :for
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    int		fs_top_label;	    // instruction idx at FOR
+    endlabel_T	*fs_end_label;	    // break instructions
+} forscope_T;
+
+/*
+ * info specific for the scope of :try
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    int		ts_try_label;	    // instruction idx at TRY
+    endlabel_T	*ts_end_label;	    // jump to :finally or :endtry
+    int		ts_catch_label;	    // instruction idx of last CATCH
+    int		ts_caught_all;	    // "catch" without argument encountered
+} tryscope_T;
+
+typedef enum {
+    NO_SCOPE,
+    IF_SCOPE,
+    WHILE_SCOPE,
+    FOR_SCOPE,
+    TRY_SCOPE,
+    BLOCK_SCOPE
+} scopetype_T;
+
+/*
+ * Info for one scope, pointed to by "ctx_scope".
+ */
+typedef struct scope_S scope_T;
+struct scope_S {
+    scope_T	*se_outer;	    // scope containing this one
+    scopetype_T se_type;
+    int		se_local_count;	    // ctx_locals.ga_len before scope
+    skip_T	se_skip_save;	    // ctx_skip before the block
+    union {
+	ifscope_T	se_if;
+	whilescope_T	se_while;
+	forscope_T	se_for;
+	tryscope_T	se_try;
+    } se_u;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Entry for "ctx_locals".  Used for arguments and local variables.
+ */
+typedef struct {
+    char_u	*lv_name;
+    type_T	*lv_type;
+    int		lv_idx;		// index of the variable on the stack
+    int		lv_from_outer;	// nesting level, using ctx_outer scope
+    int		lv_const;	// when TRUE cannot be assigned to
+    int		lv_arg;		// when TRUE this is an argument
+} lvar_T;
+
+/*
+ * Context for compiling lines of Vim script.
+ * Stores info about the local variables and condition stack.
+ */
+struct cctx_S {
+    ufunc_T	*ctx_ufunc;	    // current function
+    int		ctx_lnum;	    // line number in current function
+    char_u	*ctx_line_start;    // start of current line or NULL
+    garray_T	ctx_instr;	    // generated instructions
+
+    int		ctx_profiling;	    // when TRUE generate ISN_PROF_START
+
+    garray_T	ctx_locals;	    // currently visible local variables
+    int		ctx_locals_count;   // total number of local variables
+
+    int		ctx_has_closure;    // set to one if a closures was created in
+				    // the function
+
+    garray_T	ctx_imports;	    // imported items
+
+    skip_T	ctx_skip;
+    scope_T	*ctx_scope;	    // current scope, NULL at toplevel
+    int		ctx_had_return;	    // last seen statement was "return"
+
+    cctx_T	*ctx_outer;	    // outer scope for lambda or nested
+				    // function
+    int		ctx_outer_used;	    // var in ctx_outer was used
+
+    garray_T	ctx_type_stack;	    // type of each item on the stack
+    garray_T	*ctx_type_list;	    // list of pointers to allocated types
+
+    int		ctx_has_cmdmod;	    // ISN_CMDMOD was generated
+};
+
+static void delete_def_function_contents(dfunc_T *dfunc, int mark_deleted);
+
+/*
+ * Lookup variable "name" in the local scope and return it in "lvar".
+ * "lvar->lv_from_outer" is incremented accordingly.
+ * If "lvar" is NULL only check if the variable can be found.
+ * Return FAIL if not found.
+ */
+    static int
+lookup_local(char_u *name, size_t len, lvar_T *lvar, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int	    idx;
+    lvar_T  *lvp;
+
+    if (len == 0)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    // Find local in current function scope.
+    for (idx = 0; idx < cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len; ++idx)
+    {
+	lvp = ((lvar_T *)cctx->ctx_locals.ga_data) + idx;
+	if (STRNCMP(name, lvp->lv_name, len) == 0
+					       && STRLEN(lvp->lv_name) == len)
+	{
+	    if (lvar != NULL)
+	    {
+		*lvar = *lvp;
+		lvar->lv_from_outer = 0;
+	    }
+	    return OK;
+	}
+    }
+
+    // Find local in outer function scope.
+    if (cctx->ctx_outer != NULL)
+    {
+	if (lookup_local(name, len, lvar, cctx->ctx_outer) == OK)
+	{
+	    if (lvar != NULL)
+	    {
+		cctx->ctx_outer_used = TRUE;
+		++lvar->lv_from_outer;
+	    }
+	    return OK;
+	}
+    }
+
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Lookup an argument in the current function and an enclosing function.
+ * Returns the argument index in "idxp"
+ * Returns the argument type in "type"
+ * Sets "gen_load_outer" to TRUE if found in outer scope.
+ * Returns OK when found, FAIL otherwise.
+ */
+    static int
+arg_exists(
+	char_u	*name,
+	size_t	len,
+	int	*idxp,
+	type_T	**type,
+	int	*gen_load_outer,
+	cctx_T	*cctx)
+{
+    int	    idx;
+    char_u  *va_name;
+
+    if (len == 0)
+	return FAIL;
+    for (idx = 0; idx < cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_args.ga_len; ++idx)
+    {
+	char_u *arg = FUNCARG(cctx->ctx_ufunc, idx);
+
+	if (STRNCMP(name, arg, len) == 0 && arg[len] == NUL)
+	{
+	    if (idxp != NULL)
+	    {
+		// Arguments are located above the frame pointer.  One further
+		// if there is a vararg argument
+		*idxp = idx - (cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_args.ga_len
+							    + STACK_FRAME_SIZE)
+			      + (cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_va_name != NULL ? -1 : 0);
+
+		if (cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_arg_types != NULL)
+		    *type = cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_arg_types[idx];
+		else
+		    *type = &t_any;
+	    }
+	    return OK;
+	}
+    }
+
+    va_name = cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_va_name;
+    if (va_name != NULL
+		    && STRNCMP(name, va_name, len) == 0 && va_name[len] == NUL)
+    {
+	if (idxp != NULL)
+	{
+	    // varargs is always the last argument
+	    *idxp = -STACK_FRAME_SIZE - 1;
+	    *type = cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_va_type;
+	}
+	return OK;
+    }
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_outer != NULL)
+    {
+	// Lookup the name for an argument of the outer function.
+	if (arg_exists(name, len, idxp, type, gen_load_outer, cctx->ctx_outer)
+									 == OK)
+	{
+	    ++*gen_load_outer;
+	    return OK;
+	}
+    }
+
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Lookup a script-local variable in the current script, possibly defined in a
+ * block that contains the function "cctx->ctx_ufunc".
+ * "cctx" is NULL at the script level.
+ * if "len" is <= 0 "name" must be NUL terminated.
+ * Return NULL when not found.
+ */
+    static sallvar_T *
+find_script_var(char_u *name, size_t len, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scriptitem_T    *si = SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+    hashitem_T	    *hi;
+    int		    cc;
+    sallvar_T	    *sav;
+    ufunc_T	    *ufunc;
+
+    // Find the list of all script variables with the right name.
+    if (len > 0)
+    {
+	cc = name[len];
+	name[len] = NUL;
+    }
+    hi = hash_find(&si->sn_all_vars.dv_hashtab, name);
+    if (len > 0)
+	name[len] = cc;
+    if (HASHITEM_EMPTY(hi))
+	return NULL;
+
+    sav = HI2SAV(hi);
+    if (sav->sav_block_id == 0 || cctx == NULL)
+	// variable defined in the script scope or not in a function.
+	return sav;
+
+    // Go over the variables with this name and find one that was visible
+    // from the function.
+    ufunc = cctx->ctx_ufunc;
+    while (sav != NULL)
+    {
+	int idx;
+
+	// Go over the blocks that this function was defined in.  If the
+	// variable block ID matches it was visible to the function.
+	for (idx = 0; idx < ufunc->uf_block_depth; ++idx)
+	    if (ufunc->uf_block_ids[idx] == sav->sav_block_id)
+		return sav;
+	sav = sav->sav_next;
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if the script context is Vim9 script.
+ */
+    static int
+script_is_vim9()
+{
+    return SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid)->sn_version == SCRIPT_VERSION_VIM9;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Lookup a variable (without s: prefix) in the current script.
+ * If "vim9script" is TRUE the script must be Vim9 script.  Used for "var"
+ * without "s:".
+ * "cctx" is NULL at the script level.
+ * Returns OK or FAIL.
+ */
+    static int
+script_var_exists(char_u *name, size_t len, int vim9script, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int		    is_vim9_script;
+
+    if (current_sctx.sc_sid <= 0)
+	return FAIL;
+    is_vim9_script = script_is_vim9();
+    if (vim9script && !is_vim9_script)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (is_vim9_script)
+    {
+	// Check script variables that were visible where the function was
+	// defined.
+	if (find_script_var(name, len, cctx) != NULL)
+	    return OK;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	hashtab_T	*ht = &SCRIPT_VARS(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+	dictitem_T	*di;
+	int		cc;
+
+	// Check script variables that are currently visible
+	cc = name[len];
+	name[len] = NUL;
+	di = find_var_in_ht(ht, 0, name, TRUE);
+	name[len] = cc;
+	if (di != NULL)
+	    return OK;
+    }
+
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check if "p[len]" is already defined, either in script "import_sid" or in
+ * compilation context "cctx".  "cctx" is NULL at the script level.
+ * Does not check the global namespace.
+ * Return FAIL and give an error if it defined.
+ */
+    int
+check_defined(char_u *p, size_t len, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int		c = p[len];
+    ufunc_T	*ufunc = NULL;
+
+    p[len] = NUL;
+    if (script_var_exists(p, len, FALSE, cctx) == OK
+	    || (cctx != NULL
+		&& (lookup_local(p, len, NULL, cctx) == OK
+		    || arg_exists(p, len, NULL, NULL, NULL, cctx) == OK))
+	    || find_imported(p, len, cctx) != NULL
+	    || (ufunc = find_func_even_dead(p, FALSE, cctx)) != NULL)
+    {
+	// A local or script-local function can shadow a global function.
+	if (ufunc == NULL || !func_is_global(ufunc)
+		|| (p[0] == 'g' && p[1] == ':'))
+	{
+	    p[len] = c;
+	    semsg(_(e_name_already_defined_str), p);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+    p[len] = c;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// Following generate_ functions expect the caller to call ga_grow().
+
+#define RETURN_NULL_IF_SKIP(cctx) if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES) return NULL
+#define RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx) if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES) return OK
+
+/*
+ * Generate an instruction without arguments.
+ * Returns a pointer to the new instruction, NULL if failed.
+ */
+    static isn_T *
+generate_instr(cctx_T *cctx, isntype_T isn_type)
+{
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_NULL_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if (ga_grow(instr, 1) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+    isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + instr->ga_len;
+    isn->isn_type = isn_type;
+    isn->isn_lnum = cctx->ctx_lnum + 1;
+    ++instr->ga_len;
+
+    return isn;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an instruction without arguments.
+ * "drop" will be removed from the stack.
+ * Returns a pointer to the new instruction, NULL if failed.
+ */
+    static isn_T *
+generate_instr_drop(cctx_T *cctx, isntype_T isn_type, int drop)
+{
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_NULL_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    stack->ga_len -= drop;
+    return generate_instr(cctx, isn_type);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate instruction "isn_type" and put "type" on the type stack.
+ */
+    static isn_T *
+generate_instr_type(cctx_T *cctx, isntype_T isn_type, type_T *type)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, isn_type)) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] = type == NULL ? &t_any : type;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+
+    return isn;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If type at "offset" isn't already VAR_STRING then generate ISN_2STRING.
+ * But only for simple types.
+ */
+    static int
+may_generate_2STRING(int offset, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    isntype_T	isntype = ISN_2STRING;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	**type;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data) + stack->ga_len + offset;
+    switch ((*type)->tt_type)
+    {
+	// nothing to be done
+	case VAR_STRING: return OK;
+
+	// conversion possible
+	case VAR_SPECIAL:
+	case VAR_BOOL:
+	case VAR_NUMBER:
+	case VAR_FLOAT:
+			 break;
+
+	// conversion possible (with runtime check)
+	case VAR_ANY:
+	case VAR_UNKNOWN:
+			 isntype = ISN_2STRING_ANY;
+			 break;
+
+	// conversion not possible
+	case VAR_VOID:
+	case VAR_BLOB:
+	case VAR_FUNC:
+	case VAR_PARTIAL:
+	case VAR_LIST:
+	case VAR_DICT:
+	case VAR_JOB:
+	case VAR_CHANNEL:
+			 to_string_error((*type)->tt_type);
+			 return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    *type = &t_string;
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, isntype)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = offset;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+check_number_or_float(vartype_T type1, vartype_T type2, char_u *op)
+{
+    if (!((type1 == VAR_NUMBER || type1 == VAR_FLOAT || type1 == VAR_ANY)
+	    && (type2 == VAR_NUMBER || type2 == VAR_FLOAT
+							 || type2 == VAR_ANY)))
+    {
+	if (*op == '+')
+	    emsg(_(e_wrong_argument_type_for_plus));
+	else
+	    semsg(_(e_char_requires_number_or_float_arguments), *op);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_add_instr(
+	cctx_T *cctx,
+	vartype_T vartype,
+	type_T *type1,
+	type_T *type2)
+{
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    isn_T	*isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx,
+		      vartype == VAR_NUMBER ? ISN_OPNR
+		    : vartype == VAR_LIST ? ISN_ADDLIST
+		    : vartype == VAR_BLOB ? ISN_ADDBLOB
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+		    : vartype == VAR_FLOAT ? ISN_OPFLOAT
+#endif
+		    : ISN_OPANY, 1);
+
+    if (vartype != VAR_LIST && vartype != VAR_BLOB
+	    && type1->tt_type != VAR_ANY
+	    && type2->tt_type != VAR_ANY
+	    && check_number_or_float(
+			type1->tt_type, type2->tt_type, (char_u *)"+") == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (isn != NULL)
+	isn->isn_arg.op.op_type = EXPR_ADD;
+
+    // When concatenating two lists with different member types the member type
+    // becomes "any".
+    if (vartype == VAR_LIST
+	    && type1->tt_type == VAR_LIST && type2->tt_type == VAR_LIST
+	    && type1->tt_member != type2->tt_member)
+	(((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1]) = &t_list_any;
+
+    return isn == NULL ? FAIL : OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the type to use for an instruction for an operation on "type1" and
+ * "type2".  If they are matching use a type-specific instruction. Otherwise
+ * fall back to runtime type checking.
+ */
+    static vartype_T
+operator_type(type_T *type1, type_T *type2)
+{
+    if (type1->tt_type == type2->tt_type
+	    && (type1->tt_type == VAR_NUMBER
+		|| type1->tt_type == VAR_LIST
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+		|| type1->tt_type == VAR_FLOAT
+#endif
+		|| type1->tt_type == VAR_BLOB))
+	return type1->tt_type;
+    return VAR_ANY;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an instruction with two arguments.  The instruction depends on the
+ * type of the arguments.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_two_op(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *op)
+{
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*type1;
+    type_T	*type2;
+    vartype_T	vartype;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+
+    // Get the known type of the two items on the stack.
+    type1 = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 2];
+    type2 = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+    vartype = operator_type(type1, type2);
+
+    switch (*op)
+    {
+	case '+':
+		  if (generate_add_instr(cctx, vartype, type1, type2) == FAIL)
+		      return FAIL;
+		  break;
+
+	case '-':
+	case '*':
+	case '/': if (check_number_or_float(type1->tt_type, type2->tt_type,
+								   op) == FAIL)
+		      return FAIL;
+		  if (vartype == VAR_NUMBER)
+		      isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_OPNR, 1);
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+		  else if (vartype == VAR_FLOAT)
+		      isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_OPFLOAT, 1);
+#endif
+		  else
+		      isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_OPANY, 1);
+		  if (isn != NULL)
+		      isn->isn_arg.op.op_type = *op == '*'
+				 ? EXPR_MULT : *op == '/'? EXPR_DIV : EXPR_SUB;
+		  break;
+
+	case '%': if ((type1->tt_type != VAR_ANY
+					       && type1->tt_type != VAR_NUMBER)
+			  || (type2->tt_type != VAR_ANY
+					      && type2->tt_type != VAR_NUMBER))
+		  {
+		      emsg(_(e_percent_requires_number_arguments));
+		      return FAIL;
+		  }
+		  isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx,
+			      vartype == VAR_NUMBER ? ISN_OPNR : ISN_OPANY, 1);
+		  if (isn != NULL)
+		      isn->isn_arg.op.op_type = EXPR_REM;
+		  break;
+    }
+
+    // correct type of result
+    if (vartype == VAR_ANY)
+    {
+	type_T *type = &t_any;
+
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+	// float+number and number+float results in float
+	if ((type1->tt_type == VAR_NUMBER || type1->tt_type == VAR_FLOAT)
+		&& (type2->tt_type == VAR_NUMBER || type2->tt_type == VAR_FLOAT))
+	    type = &t_float;
+#endif
+	((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1] = type;
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the instruction to use for comparing "type1" with "type2"
+ * Return ISN_DROP when failed.
+ */
+    static isntype_T
+get_compare_isn(exprtype_T exprtype, vartype_T type1, vartype_T type2)
+{
+    isntype_T	isntype = ISN_DROP;
+
+    if (type1 == VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	type1 = VAR_ANY;
+    if (type2 == VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	type2 = VAR_ANY;
+
+    if (type1 == type2)
+    {
+	switch (type1)
+	{
+	    case VAR_BOOL: isntype = ISN_COMPAREBOOL; break;
+	    case VAR_SPECIAL: isntype = ISN_COMPARESPECIAL; break;
+	    case VAR_NUMBER: isntype = ISN_COMPARENR; break;
+	    case VAR_FLOAT: isntype = ISN_COMPAREFLOAT; break;
+	    case VAR_STRING: isntype = ISN_COMPARESTRING; break;
+	    case VAR_BLOB: isntype = ISN_COMPAREBLOB; break;
+	    case VAR_LIST: isntype = ISN_COMPARELIST; break;
+	    case VAR_DICT: isntype = ISN_COMPAREDICT; break;
+	    case VAR_FUNC: isntype = ISN_COMPAREFUNC; break;
+	    default: isntype = ISN_COMPAREANY; break;
+	}
+    }
+    else if (type1 == VAR_ANY || type2 == VAR_ANY
+	    || ((type1 == VAR_NUMBER || type1 == VAR_FLOAT)
+	      && (type2 == VAR_NUMBER || type2 ==VAR_FLOAT)))
+	isntype = ISN_COMPAREANY;
+
+    if ((exprtype == EXPR_IS || exprtype == EXPR_ISNOT)
+	    && (isntype == ISN_COMPAREBOOL
+	    || isntype == ISN_COMPARESPECIAL
+	    || isntype == ISN_COMPARENR
+	    || isntype == ISN_COMPAREFLOAT))
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_cannot_use_str_with_str),
+		exprtype == EXPR_IS ? "is" : "isnot" , vartype_name(type1));
+	return ISN_DROP;
+    }
+    if (isntype == ISN_DROP
+	    || ((exprtype != EXPR_EQUAL && exprtype != EXPR_NEQUAL
+		    && (type1 == VAR_BOOL || type1 == VAR_SPECIAL
+		       || type2 == VAR_BOOL || type2 == VAR_SPECIAL)))
+	    || ((exprtype != EXPR_EQUAL && exprtype != EXPR_NEQUAL
+				 && exprtype != EXPR_IS && exprtype != EXPR_ISNOT
+		    && (type1 == VAR_BLOB || type2 == VAR_BLOB
+			|| type1 == VAR_LIST || type2 == VAR_LIST))))
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_cannot_compare_str_with_str),
+		vartype_name(type1), vartype_name(type2));
+	return ISN_DROP;
+    }
+    return isntype;
+}
+
+    int
+check_compare_types(exprtype_T type, typval_T *tv1, typval_T *tv2)
+{
+    if (get_compare_isn(type, tv1->v_type, tv2->v_type) == ISN_DROP)
+	return FAIL;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_COMPARE* instruction with a boolean result.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_COMPARE(cctx_T *cctx, exprtype_T exprtype, int ic)
+{
+    isntype_T	isntype;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    vartype_T	type1;
+    vartype_T	type2;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+
+    // Get the known type of the two items on the stack.  If they are matching
+    // use a type-specific instruction. Otherwise fall back to runtime type
+    // checking.
+    type1 = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 2]->tt_type;
+    type2 = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1]->tt_type;
+    isntype = get_compare_isn(exprtype, type1, type2);
+    if (isntype == ISN_DROP)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, isntype)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.op.op_type = exprtype;
+    isn->isn_arg.op.op_ic = ic;
+
+    // takes two arguments, puts one bool back
+    if (stack->ga_len >= 2)
+    {
+	--stack->ga_len;
+	((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1] = &t_bool;
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_2BOOL instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_2BOOL(cctx_T *cctx, int invert)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_2BOOL)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = invert;
+
+    // type becomes bool
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1] = &t_bool;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_COND2BOOL instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_COND2BOOL(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_COND2BOOL)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    // type becomes bool
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1] = &t_bool;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_TYPECHECK(
+	cctx_T	    *cctx,
+	type_T	    *expected,
+	int	    offset,
+	int	    argidx)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_CHECKTYPE)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.type.ct_type = alloc_type(expected);
+    isn->isn_arg.type.ct_off = (int8_T)offset;
+    isn->isn_arg.type.ct_arg_idx = (int8_T)argidx;
+
+    // type becomes expected
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len + offset] = expected;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_SETTYPE(
+	cctx_T	    *cctx,
+	type_T	    *expected)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_SETTYPE)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.type.ct_type = alloc_type(expected);
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if "actual" could be "expected" and a runtime typecheck is to be
+ * used.  Return FALSE if the types will never match.
+ */
+    int
+use_typecheck(type_T *actual, type_T *expected)
+{
+    if (actual->tt_type == VAR_ANY
+	    || actual->tt_type == VAR_UNKNOWN
+	    || (actual->tt_type == VAR_FUNC
+		&& (expected->tt_type == VAR_FUNC
+					   || expected->tt_type == VAR_PARTIAL)
+		&& (actual->tt_member == &t_any || actual->tt_argcount < 0)
+		&& ((actual->tt_member == &t_void)
+					 == (expected->tt_member == &t_void))))
+	return TRUE;
+    if ((actual->tt_type == VAR_LIST || actual->tt_type == VAR_DICT)
+				       && actual->tt_type == expected->tt_type)
+	// This takes care of a nested list or dict.
+	return use_typecheck(actual->tt_member, expected->tt_member);
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check that
+ * - "actual" matches "expected" type or
+ * - "actual" is a type that can be "expected" type: add a runtime check; or
+ * - return FAIL.
+ * If "actual_is_const" is TRUE then the type won't change at runtime, do not
+ * generate a TYPECHECK.
+ */
+    int
+need_type(
+	type_T	*actual,
+	type_T	*expected,
+	int	offset,
+	int	arg_idx,
+	cctx_T	*cctx,
+	int	silent,
+	int	actual_is_const)
+{
+    if (expected == &t_bool && actual != &t_bool
+					&& (actual->tt_flags & TTFLAG_BOOL_OK))
+    {
+	// Using "0", "1" or the result of an expression with "&&" or "||" as a
+	// boolean is OK but requires a conversion.
+	generate_2BOOL(cctx, FALSE);
+	return OK;
+    }
+
+    if (check_type(expected, actual, FALSE, arg_idx) == OK)
+	return OK;
+
+    // If the actual type can be the expected type add a runtime check.
+    // If it's a constant a runtime check makes no sense.
+    if (!actual_is_const && use_typecheck(actual, expected))
+    {
+	generate_TYPECHECK(cctx, expected, offset, arg_idx);
+	return OK;
+    }
+
+    if (!silent)
+	arg_type_mismatch(expected, actual, arg_idx);
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check that the top of the type stack has a type that can be used as a
+ * condition.  Give an error and return FAIL if not.
+ */
+    static int
+bool_on_stack(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*type;
+
+    type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+    if (type == &t_bool)
+	return OK;
+
+    if (type == &t_any || type == &t_number)
+	// Number 0 and 1 are OK to use as a bool.  "any" could also be a bool.
+	// This requires a runtime type check.
+	return generate_COND2BOOL(cctx);
+
+    return need_type(type, &t_bool, -1, 0, cctx, FALSE, FALSE);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHNR instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHNR(cctx_T *cctx, varnumber_T number)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHNR, &t_number)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = number;
+
+    if (number == 0 || number == 1)
+	// A 0 or 1 number can also be used as a bool.
+	((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1] = &t_number_bool;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHBOOL instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHBOOL(cctx_T *cctx, varnumber_T number)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHBOOL, &t_bool)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = number;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHSPEC instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHSPEC(cctx_T *cctx, varnumber_T number)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHSPEC, &t_special)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = number;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHF instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHF(cctx_T *cctx, float_T fnumber)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHF, &t_float)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.fnumber = fnumber;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHS instruction.
+ * Consumes "str".
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHS(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *str)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	vim_free(str);
+	return OK;
+    }
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHS, &t_string)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.string = str;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHCHANNEL instruction.
+ * Consumes "channel".
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHCHANNEL(cctx_T *cctx, channel_T *channel)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHCHANNEL, &t_channel)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.channel = channel;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHJOB instruction.
+ * Consumes "job".
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHJOB(cctx_T *cctx, job_T *job)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHJOB, &t_channel)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.job = job;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHBLOB instruction.
+ * Consumes "blob".
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHBLOB(cctx_T *cctx, blob_T *blob)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHBLOB, &t_blob)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.blob = blob;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUSHFUNC instruction with name "name".
+ * Consumes "name".
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUSHFUNC(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *name, type_T *type)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHFUNC, type)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.string = name == NULL ? NULL : vim_strsave(name);
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_GETITEM instruction with "index".
+ */
+    static int
+generate_GETITEM(cctx_T *cctx, int index)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+    type_T	*item_type = &t_any;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+
+    if (type->tt_type != VAR_LIST)
+    {
+	// cannot happen, caller has checked the type
+	emsg(_(e_listreq));
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    item_type = type->tt_member;
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_GETITEM)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = index;
+
+    // add the item type to the type stack
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] = item_type;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_SLICE instruction with "count".
+ */
+    static int
+generate_SLICE(cctx_T *cctx, int count)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_SLICE)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = count;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_CHECKLEN instruction with "min_len".
+ */
+    static int
+generate_CHECKLEN(cctx_T *cctx, int min_len, int more_OK)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_CHECKLEN)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.checklen.cl_min_len = min_len;
+    isn->isn_arg.checklen.cl_more_OK = more_OK;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_STORE instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_STORE(cctx_T *cctx, isntype_T isn_type, int idx, char_u *name)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, isn_type, 1)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (name != NULL)
+	isn->isn_arg.string = vim_strsave(name);
+    else
+	isn->isn_arg.number = idx;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_STOREOUTER instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_STOREOUTER(cctx_T *cctx, int idx, int level)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_STOREOUTER, 1)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.outer.outer_idx = idx;
+    isn->isn_arg.outer.outer_depth = level;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_STORENR instruction (short for ISN_PUSHNR + ISN_STORE)
+ */
+    static int
+generate_STORENR(cctx_T *cctx, int idx, varnumber_T value)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_STORENR)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.storenr.stnr_idx = idx;
+    isn->isn_arg.storenr.stnr_val = value;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_STOREOPT instruction
+ */
+    static int
+generate_STOREOPT(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *name, int opt_flags)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_STOREOPT, 1)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.storeopt.so_name = vim_strsave(name);
+    isn->isn_arg.storeopt.so_flags = opt_flags;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_LOAD or similar instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_LOAD(
+	cctx_T	    *cctx,
+	isntype_T   isn_type,
+	int	    idx,
+	char_u	    *name,
+	type_T	    *type)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, isn_type, type)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (name != NULL)
+	isn->isn_arg.string = vim_strsave(name);
+    else
+	isn->isn_arg.number = idx;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_LOADOUTER instruction
+ */
+    static int
+generate_LOADOUTER(
+	cctx_T	    *cctx,
+	int	    idx,
+	int	    nesting,
+	type_T	    *type)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_LOADOUTER, type)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.outer.outer_idx = idx;
+    isn->isn_arg.outer.outer_depth = nesting;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_LOADV instruction for v:var.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_LOADV(
+	cctx_T	    *cctx,
+	char_u	    *name,
+	int	    error)
+{
+    int	    di_flags;
+    int	    vidx = find_vim_var(name, &di_flags);
+    type_T  *type;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if (vidx < 0)
+    {
+	if (error)
+	    semsg(_(e_variable_not_found_str), name);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    type = typval2type_vimvar(get_vim_var_tv(vidx), cctx->ctx_type_list);
+
+    return generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADV, vidx, NULL, type);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_UNLET instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_UNLET(cctx_T *cctx, isntype_T isn_type, char_u *name, int forceit)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, isn_type)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.unlet.ul_name = vim_strsave(name);
+    isn->isn_arg.unlet.ul_forceit = forceit;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_LOCKCONST instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_LOCKCONST(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_LOCKCONST)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_LOADS instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_OLDSCRIPT(
+	cctx_T	    *cctx,
+	isntype_T   isn_type,
+	char_u	    *name,
+	int	    sid,
+	type_T	    *type)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if (isn_type == ISN_LOADS)
+	isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, isn_type, type);
+    else
+	isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, isn_type, 1);
+    if (isn == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.loadstore.ls_name = vim_strsave(name);
+    isn->isn_arg.loadstore.ls_sid = sid;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_LOADSCRIPT or ISN_STORESCRIPT instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_VIM9SCRIPT(
+	cctx_T	    *cctx,
+	isntype_T   isn_type,
+	int	    sid,
+	int	    idx,
+	type_T	    *type)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    scriptref_T	*sref;
+    scriptitem_T *si = SCRIPT_ITEM(sid);
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if (isn_type == ISN_LOADSCRIPT)
+	isn = generate_instr_type(cctx, isn_type, type);
+    else
+	isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, isn_type, 1);
+    if (isn == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    // This requires three arguments, which doesn't fit in an instruction, thus
+    // we need to allocate a struct for this.
+    sref = ALLOC_ONE(scriptref_T);
+    if (sref == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.script.scriptref = sref;
+    sref->sref_sid = sid;
+    sref->sref_idx = idx;
+    sref->sref_seq = si->sn_script_seq;
+    sref->sref_type = type;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_NEWLIST instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_NEWLIST(cctx_T *cctx, int count)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*type;
+    type_T	*member;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_NEWLIST)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = count;
+
+    // get the member type from all the items on the stack.
+    if (count == 0)
+	member = &t_void;
+    else
+	member = get_member_type_from_stack(
+	    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data) + stack->ga_len, count, 1,
+							  cctx->ctx_type_list);
+    type = get_list_type(member, cctx->ctx_type_list);
+
+    // drop the value types
+    stack->ga_len -= count;
+
+    // add the list type to the type stack
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] = type;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_NEWDICT instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_NEWDICT(cctx_T *cctx, int count)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*type;
+    type_T	*member;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_NEWDICT)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = count;
+
+    if (count == 0)
+	member = &t_void;
+    else
+	member = get_member_type_from_stack(
+	    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data) + stack->ga_len, count, 2,
+							  cctx->ctx_type_list);
+    type = get_dict_type(member, cctx->ctx_type_list);
+
+    // drop the key and value types
+    stack->ga_len -= 2 * count;
+
+    // add the dict type to the type stack
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] = type;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_FUNCREF instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_FUNCREF(cctx_T *cctx, ufunc_T *ufunc)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_FUNCREF)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.funcref.fr_func = ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx;
+    cctx->ctx_has_closure = 1;
+
+    // if the referenced function is a closure, it may use items further up in
+    // the nested context, including this one.
+    if (ufunc->uf_flags & FC_CLOSURE)
+	cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_flags |= FC_CLOSURE;
+
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] =
+	       ufunc->uf_func_type == NULL ? &t_func_any : ufunc->uf_func_type;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_NEWFUNC instruction.
+ * "lambda_name" and "func_name" must be in allocated memory and will be
+ * consumed.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_NEWFUNC(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *lambda_name, char_u *func_name)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	vim_free(lambda_name);
+	vim_free(func_name);
+	return OK;
+    }
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_NEWFUNC)) == NULL)
+    {
+	vim_free(lambda_name);
+	vim_free(func_name);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    isn->isn_arg.newfunc.nf_lambda = lambda_name;
+    isn->isn_arg.newfunc.nf_global = func_name;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_DEF instruction: list functions
+ */
+    static int
+generate_DEF(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *name, size_t len)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_DEF)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (len > 0)
+    {
+	isn->isn_arg.string = vim_strnsave(name, len);
+	if (isn->isn_arg.string == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_JUMP instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_JUMP(cctx_T *cctx, jumpwhen_T when, int where)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_JUMP)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_when = when;
+    isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = where;
+
+    if (when != JUMP_ALWAYS && stack->ga_len > 0)
+	--stack->ga_len;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_FOR(cctx_T *cctx, int loop_idx)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_FOR)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.forloop.for_idx = loop_idx;
+
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    // type doesn't matter, will be stored next
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] = &t_any;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_BCALL instruction.
+ * "method_call" is TRUE for "value->method()"
+ * Return FAIL if the number of arguments is wrong.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_BCALL(cctx_T *cctx, int func_idx, int argcount, int method_call)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    int		argoff;
+    type_T	**argtypes = NULL;
+    type_T	*maptype = NULL;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    argoff = check_internal_func(func_idx, argcount);
+    if (argoff < 0)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (method_call && argoff > 1)
+    {
+	if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_SHUFFLE)) == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	isn->isn_arg.shuffle.shfl_item = argcount;
+	isn->isn_arg.shuffle.shfl_up = argoff - 1;
+    }
+
+    if (argcount > 0)
+    {
+	// Check the types of the arguments.
+	argtypes = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data) + stack->ga_len - argcount;
+	if (internal_func_check_arg_types(argtypes, func_idx, argcount,
+								 cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (internal_func_is_map(func_idx))
+	    maptype = *argtypes;
+    }
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_BCALL)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.bfunc.cbf_idx = func_idx;
+    isn->isn_arg.bfunc.cbf_argcount = argcount;
+
+    // Drop the argument types and push the return type.
+    stack->ga_len -= argcount;
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] =
+			  internal_func_ret_type(func_idx, argcount, argtypes);
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+
+    if (maptype != NULL && maptype->tt_member != NULL
+					       && maptype->tt_member != &t_any)
+	// Check that map() didn't change the item types.
+	generate_TYPECHECK(cctx, maptype, -1, 1);
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_LISTAPPEND instruction.  Works like add().
+ * Argument count is already checked.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_LISTAPPEND(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*list_type;
+    type_T	*item_type;
+    type_T	*expected;
+
+    // Caller already checked that list_type is a list.
+    list_type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 2];
+    item_type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+    expected = list_type->tt_member;
+    if (need_type(item_type, expected, -1, 0, cctx, FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (generate_instr(cctx, ISN_LISTAPPEND) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    --stack->ga_len;	    // drop the argument
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_BLOBAPPEND instruction.  Works like add().
+ * Argument count is already checked.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_BLOBAPPEND(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*item_type;
+
+    // Caller already checked that blob_type is a blob.
+    item_type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+    if (need_type(item_type, &t_number, -1, 0, cctx, FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (generate_instr(cctx, ISN_BLOBAPPEND) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    --stack->ga_len;	    // drop the argument
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return TRUE if "ufunc" should be compiled, taking into account whether
+ * "profile" indicates profiling is to be done.
+ */
+    int
+func_needs_compiling(ufunc_T *ufunc, int profile UNUSED)
+{
+    switch (ufunc->uf_def_status)
+    {
+	case UF_NOT_COMPILED: break;
+	case UF_TO_BE_COMPILED: return TRUE;
+	case UF_COMPILED:
+	{
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+	    dfunc_T *dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data)
+							 + ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx;
+
+	    return profile ? dfunc->df_instr_prof == NULL
+			   : dfunc->df_instr == NULL;
+#else
+	    break;
+#endif
+	}
+	case UF_COMPILING: break;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_DCALL or ISN_UCALL instruction.
+ * Return FAIL if the number of arguments is wrong.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_CALL(cctx_T *cctx, ufunc_T *ufunc, int pushed_argcount)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    int		regular_args = ufunc->uf_args.ga_len;
+    int		argcount = pushed_argcount;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if (argcount > regular_args && !has_varargs(ufunc))
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_toomanyarg), printable_func_name(ufunc));
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    if (argcount < regular_args - ufunc->uf_def_args.ga_len)
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_toofewarg), printable_func_name(ufunc));
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    if (ufunc->uf_def_status != UF_NOT_COMPILED)
+    {
+	int		i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < argcount; ++i)
+	{
+	    type_T *expected;
+	    type_T *actual;
+
+	    if (i < regular_args)
+	    {
+		if (ufunc->uf_arg_types == NULL)
+		    continue;
+		expected = ufunc->uf_arg_types[i];
+	    }
+	    else if (ufunc->uf_va_type == NULL || ufunc->uf_va_type == &t_any)
+		// possibly a lambda or "...: any"
+		expected = &t_any;
+	    else
+		expected = ufunc->uf_va_type->tt_member;
+	    actual = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - argcount + i];
+	    if (need_type(actual, expected, -argcount + i, i + 1, cctx,
+							  TRUE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+	    {
+		arg_type_mismatch(expected, actual, i + 1);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	}
+	if (func_needs_compiling(ufunc, PROFILING(ufunc))
+		&& compile_def_function(ufunc, ufunc->uf_ret_type == NULL,
+					       PROFILING(ufunc), NULL) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx,
+		    ufunc->uf_def_status != UF_NOT_COMPILED ? ISN_DCALL
+							 : ISN_UCALL)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (isn->isn_type == ISN_DCALL)
+    {
+	isn->isn_arg.dfunc.cdf_idx = ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx;
+	isn->isn_arg.dfunc.cdf_argcount = argcount;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	// A user function may be deleted and redefined later, can't use the
+	// ufunc pointer, need to look it up again at runtime.
+	isn->isn_arg.ufunc.cuf_name = vim_strsave(ufunc->uf_name);
+	isn->isn_arg.ufunc.cuf_argcount = argcount;
+    }
+
+    stack->ga_len -= argcount; // drop the arguments
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    // add return value
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] = ufunc->uf_ret_type;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_UCALL instruction when the function isn't defined yet.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_UCALL(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *name, int argcount)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_UCALL)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.ufunc.cuf_name = vim_strsave(name);
+    isn->isn_arg.ufunc.cuf_argcount = argcount;
+
+    stack->ga_len -= argcount; // drop the arguments
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    // add return value
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] = &t_any;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PCALL instruction.
+ * "type" is the type of the FuncRef.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PCALL(
+	cctx_T	*cctx,
+	int	argcount,
+	char_u	*name,
+	type_T	*type,
+	int	at_top)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*ret_type;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+
+    if (type->tt_type == VAR_ANY)
+	ret_type = &t_any;
+    else if (type->tt_type == VAR_FUNC || type->tt_type == VAR_PARTIAL)
+    {
+	if (type->tt_argcount != -1)
+	{
+	    int	    varargs = (type->tt_flags & TTFLAG_VARARGS) ? 1 : 0;
+
+	    if (argcount < type->tt_min_argcount - varargs)
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_toofewarg), name);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    if (!varargs && argcount > type->tt_argcount)
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_toomanyarg), name);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    if (type->tt_args != NULL)
+	    {
+		int i;
+
+		for (i = 0; i < argcount; ++i)
+		{
+		    int	    offset = -argcount + i - 1;
+		    type_T *actual = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[
+						       stack->ga_len + offset];
+		    type_T *expected;
+
+		    if (varargs && i >= type->tt_argcount - 1)
+			expected = type->tt_args[
+					     type->tt_argcount - 1]->tt_member;
+		    else
+			expected = type->tt_args[i];
+		    if (need_type(actual, expected, offset, i + 1,
+						    cctx, TRUE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		    {
+			arg_type_mismatch(expected, actual, i + 1);
+			return FAIL;
+		    }
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	ret_type = type->tt_member;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_not_callable_type_str), name);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PCALL)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.pfunc.cpf_top = at_top;
+    isn->isn_arg.pfunc.cpf_argcount = argcount;
+
+    stack->ga_len -= argcount; // drop the arguments
+
+    // drop the funcref/partial, get back the return value
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1] = ret_type;
+
+    // If partial is above the arguments it must be cleared and replaced with
+    // the return value.
+    if (at_top && generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PCALL_END) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_STRINGMEMBER instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_STRINGMEMBER(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *name, size_t len)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*type;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_STRINGMEMBER)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.string = vim_strnsave(name, len);
+
+    // check for dict type
+    type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+    if (type->tt_type != VAR_DICT && type != &t_any)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_dictreq));
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    // change dict type to dict member type
+    if (type->tt_type == VAR_DICT)
+    {
+	((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1] =
+		      type->tt_member == &t_unknown ? &t_any : type->tt_member;
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_ECHO instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_ECHO(cctx_T *cctx, int with_white, int count)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_ECHO, count)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.echo.echo_with_white = with_white;
+    isn->isn_arg.echo.echo_count = count;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_EXECUTE/ISN_ECHOMSG/ISN_ECHOERR instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_MULT_EXPR(cctx_T *cctx, isntype_T isn_type, int count)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, isn_type, count)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = count;
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an ISN_PUT instruction.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_PUT(cctx_T *cctx, int regname, linenr_T lnum)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PUT)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.put.put_regname = regname;
+    isn->isn_arg.put.put_lnum = lnum;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_EXEC(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *line)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_EXEC)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.string = vim_strsave(line);
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_EXECCONCAT(cctx_T *cctx, int count)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_EXECCONCAT, count)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.number = count;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate ISN_RANGE.  Consumes "range".  Return OK/FAIL.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_RANGE(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *range)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_RANGE)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.string = range;
+
+    if (ga_grow(stack, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] = &t_number;
+    ++stack->ga_len;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_UNPACK(cctx_T *cctx, int var_count, int semicolon)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    RETURN_OK_IF_SKIP(cctx);
+    if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_UNPACK)) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    isn->isn_arg.unpack.unp_count = var_count;
+    isn->isn_arg.unpack.unp_semicolon = semicolon;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an instruction for any command modifiers.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_cmdmods(cctx_T *cctx, cmdmod_T *cmod)
+{
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    if (cmod->cmod_flags != 0
+	    || cmod->cmod_split != 0
+	    || cmod->cmod_verbose != 0
+	    || cmod->cmod_tab != 0
+	    || cmod->cmod_filter_regmatch.regprog != NULL)
+    {
+	cctx->ctx_has_cmdmod = TRUE;
+
+	if ((isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_CMDMOD)) == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	isn->isn_arg.cmdmod.cf_cmdmod = ALLOC_ONE(cmdmod_T);
+	if (isn->isn_arg.cmdmod.cf_cmdmod == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	mch_memmove(isn->isn_arg.cmdmod.cf_cmdmod, cmod, sizeof(cmdmod_T));
+	// filter program now belongs to the instruction
+	cmod->cmod_filter_regmatch.regprog = NULL;
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_undo_cmdmods(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    if (cctx->ctx_has_cmdmod && generate_instr(cctx, ISN_CMDMOD_REV) == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    cctx->ctx_has_cmdmod = FALSE;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    static void
+may_generate_prof_end(cctx_T *cctx, int prof_lnum)
+{
+    if (cctx->ctx_profiling && prof_lnum >= 0)
+	generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_END);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Reserve space for a local variable.
+ * Return the variable or NULL if it failed.
+ */
+    static lvar_T *
+reserve_local(
+	cctx_T	*cctx,
+	char_u	*name,
+	size_t	len,
+	int	isConst,
+	type_T	*type)
+{
+    lvar_T  *lvar;
+
+    if (arg_exists(name, len, NULL, NULL, NULL, cctx) == OK)
+    {
+	emsg_namelen(_(e_str_is_used_as_argument), name, (int)len);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (ga_grow(&cctx->ctx_locals, 1) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+    lvar = ((lvar_T *)cctx->ctx_locals.ga_data) + cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len++;
+    CLEAR_POINTER(lvar);
+
+    // Every local variable uses the next entry on the stack.  We could re-use
+    // the last ones when leaving a scope, but then variables used in a closure
+    // might get overwritten.  To keep things simple do not re-use stack
+    // entries.  This is less efficient, but memory is cheap these days.
+    lvar->lv_idx = cctx->ctx_locals_count++;
+
+    lvar->lv_name = vim_strnsave(name, len == 0 ? STRLEN(name) : len);
+    lvar->lv_const = isConst;
+    lvar->lv_type = type;
+
+    return lvar;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove local variables above "new_top".
+ */
+    static void
+unwind_locals(cctx_T *cctx, int new_top)
+{
+    if (cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len > new_top)
+    {
+	int	idx;
+	lvar_T	*lvar;
+
+	for (idx = new_top; idx < cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len; ++idx)
+	{
+	    lvar = ((lvar_T *)cctx->ctx_locals.ga_data) + idx;
+	    vim_free(lvar->lv_name);
+	}
+    }
+    cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len = new_top;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free all local variables.
+ */
+    static void
+free_locals(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    unwind_locals(cctx, 0);
+    ga_clear(&cctx->ctx_locals);
+}
+
+/*
+ * If "check_writable" is ASSIGN_CONST give an error if the variable was
+ * defined with :final or :const, if "check_writable" is ASSIGN_FINAL give an
+ * error if the variable was defined with :const.
+ */
+    static int
+check_item_writable(svar_T *sv, int check_writable, char_u *name)
+{
+    if ((check_writable == ASSIGN_CONST && sv->sv_const != 0)
+	    || (check_writable == ASSIGN_FINAL
+					      && sv->sv_const == ASSIGN_CONST))
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_readonlyvar), name);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find "name" in script-local items of script "sid".
+ * Pass "check_writable" to check_item_writable().
+ * Returns the index in "sn_var_vals" if found.
+ * If found but not in "sn_var_vals" returns -1.
+ * If not found or the variable is not writable returns -2.
+ */
+    int
+get_script_item_idx(int sid, char_u *name, int check_writable, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    hashtab_T	    *ht;
+    dictitem_T	    *di;
+    scriptitem_T    *si = SCRIPT_ITEM(sid);
+    svar_T	    *sv;
+    int		    idx;
+
+    if (!SCRIPT_ID_VALID(sid))
+	return -1;
+    if (sid == current_sctx.sc_sid)
+    {
+	sallvar_T *sav = find_script_var(name, 0, cctx);
+
+	if (sav == NULL)
+	    return -2;
+	idx = sav->sav_var_vals_idx;
+	sv = ((svar_T *)si->sn_var_vals.ga_data) + idx;
+	if (check_item_writable(sv, check_writable, name) == FAIL)
+	    return -2;
+	return idx;
+    }
+
+    // First look the name up in the hashtable.
+    ht = &SCRIPT_VARS(sid);
+    di = find_var_in_ht(ht, 0, name, TRUE);
+    if (di == NULL)
+	return -2;
+
+    // Now find the svar_T index in sn_var_vals.
+    for (idx = 0; idx < si->sn_var_vals.ga_len; ++idx)
+    {
+	sv = ((svar_T *)si->sn_var_vals.ga_data) + idx;
+	if (sv->sv_tv == &di->di_tv)
+	{
+	    if (check_item_writable(sv, check_writable, name) == FAIL)
+		return -2;
+	    return idx;
+	}
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Find "name" in imported items of the current script or in "cctx" if not
+ * NULL.
+ */
+    imported_T *
+find_imported(char_u *name, size_t len, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int		    idx;
+
+    if (!SCRIPT_ID_VALID(current_sctx.sc_sid))
+	return NULL;
+    if (cctx != NULL)
+	for (idx = 0; idx < cctx->ctx_imports.ga_len; ++idx)
+	{
+	    imported_T *import = ((imported_T *)cctx->ctx_imports.ga_data)
+									 + idx;
+
+	    if (len == 0 ? STRCMP(name, import->imp_name) == 0
+			 : STRLEN(import->imp_name) == len
+				  && STRNCMP(name, import->imp_name, len) == 0)
+		return import;
+	}
+
+    return find_imported_in_script(name, len, current_sctx.sc_sid);
+}
+
+    imported_T *
+find_imported_in_script(char_u *name, size_t len, int sid)
+{
+    scriptitem_T    *si;
+    int		    idx;
+
+    if (!SCRIPT_ID_VALID(sid))
+	return NULL;
+    si = SCRIPT_ITEM(sid);
+    for (idx = 0; idx < si->sn_imports.ga_len; ++idx)
+    {
+	imported_T *import = ((imported_T *)si->sn_imports.ga_data) + idx;
+
+	if (len == 0 ? STRCMP(name, import->imp_name) == 0
+		     : STRLEN(import->imp_name) == len
+				  && STRNCMP(name, import->imp_name, len) == 0)
+	    return import;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free all imported variables.
+ */
+    static void
+free_imported(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int idx;
+
+    for (idx = 0; idx < cctx->ctx_imports.ga_len; ++idx)
+    {
+	imported_T *import = ((imported_T *)cctx->ctx_imports.ga_data) + idx;
+
+	vim_free(import->imp_name);
+    }
+    ga_clear(&cctx->ctx_imports);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return a pointer to the next line that isn't empty or only contains a
+ * comment. Skips over white space.
+ * Returns NULL if there is none.
+ */
+    char_u *
+peek_next_line_from_context(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int lnum = cctx->ctx_lnum;
+
+    while (++lnum < cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_lines.ga_len)
+    {
+	char_u *line = ((char_u **)cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_lines.ga_data)[lnum];
+	char_u *p;
+
+	// ignore NULLs inserted for continuation lines
+	if (line != NULL)
+	{
+	    p = skipwhite(line);
+	    if (*p != NUL && !vim9_comment_start(p))
+		return p;
+	}
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called when checking for a following operator at "arg".  When the rest of
+ * the line is empty or only a comment, peek the next line.  If there is a next
+ * line return a pointer to it and set "nextp".
+ * Otherwise skip over white space.
+ */
+    static char_u *
+may_peek_next_line(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *arg, char_u **nextp)
+{
+    char_u *p = skipwhite(arg);
+
+    *nextp = NULL;
+    if (*p == NUL || (VIM_ISWHITE(*arg) && vim9_comment_start(p)))
+    {
+	*nextp = peek_next_line_from_context(cctx);
+	if (*nextp != NULL)
+	    return *nextp;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get the next line of the function from "cctx".
+ * Skips over empty lines.  Skips over comment lines if "skip_comment" is TRUE.
+ * Returns NULL when at the end.
+ */
+    char_u *
+next_line_from_context(cctx_T *cctx, int skip_comment)
+{
+    char_u	*line;
+
+    do
+    {
+	++cctx->ctx_lnum;
+	if (cctx->ctx_lnum >= cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_lines.ga_len)
+	{
+	    line = NULL;
+	    break;
+	}
+	line = ((char_u **)cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_lines.ga_data)[cctx->ctx_lnum];
+	cctx->ctx_line_start = line;
+	SOURCING_LNUM = cctx->ctx_lnum + 1;
+    } while (line == NULL || *skipwhite(line) == NUL
+		     || (skip_comment && vim9_comment_start(skipwhite(line))));
+    return line;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Skip over white space at "whitep" and assign to "*arg".
+ * If "*arg" is at the end of the line, advance to the next line.
+ * Also when "whitep" points to white space and "*arg" is on a "#".
+ * Return FAIL if beyond the last line, "*arg" is unmodified then.
+ */
+    static int
+may_get_next_line(char_u *whitep, char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    *arg = skipwhite(whitep);
+    if (**arg == NUL || (VIM_ISWHITE(*whitep) && vim9_comment_start(*arg)))
+    {
+	char_u *next = next_line_from_context(cctx, TRUE);
+
+	if (next == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	*arg = skipwhite(next);
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Idem, and give an error when failed.
+ */
+    static int
+may_get_next_line_error(char_u *whitep, char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    if (may_get_next_line(whitep, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+    {
+	SOURCING_LNUM = cctx->ctx_lnum + 1;
+	emsg(_(e_line_incomplete));
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+
+// Structure passed between the compile_expr* functions to keep track of
+// constants that have been parsed but for which no code was produced yet.  If
+// possible expressions on these constants are applied at compile time.  If
+// that is not possible, the code to push the constants needs to be generated
+// before other instructions.
+// Using 50 should be more than enough of 5 levels of ().
+#define PPSIZE 50
+typedef struct {
+    typval_T	pp_tv[PPSIZE];	// stack of ppconst constants
+    int		pp_used;	// active entries in pp_tv[]
+    int		pp_is_const;	// all generated code was constants, used for a
+				// list or dict with constant members
+} ppconst_T;
+
+static int compile_expr0_ext(char_u **arg,  cctx_T *cctx, int *is_const);
+static int compile_expr0(char_u **arg,  cctx_T *cctx);
+static int compile_expr1(char_u **arg,  cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst);
+
+/*
+ * Generate a PUSH instruction for "tv".
+ * "tv" will be consumed or cleared.
+ * Nothing happens if "tv" is NULL or of type VAR_UNKNOWN;
+ */
+    static int
+generate_tv_PUSH(cctx_T *cctx, typval_T *tv)
+{
+    if (tv != NULL)
+    {
+	switch (tv->v_type)
+	{
+	    case VAR_UNKNOWN:
+		break;
+	    case VAR_BOOL:
+		generate_PUSHBOOL(cctx, tv->vval.v_number);
+		break;
+	    case VAR_SPECIAL:
+		generate_PUSHSPEC(cctx, tv->vval.v_number);
+		break;
+	    case VAR_NUMBER:
+		generate_PUSHNR(cctx, tv->vval.v_number);
+		break;
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+	    case VAR_FLOAT:
+		generate_PUSHF(cctx, tv->vval.v_float);
+		break;
+#endif
+	    case VAR_BLOB:
+		generate_PUSHBLOB(cctx, tv->vval.v_blob);
+		tv->vval.v_blob = NULL;
+		break;
+	    case VAR_STRING:
+		generate_PUSHS(cctx, tv->vval.v_string);
+		tv->vval.v_string = NULL;
+		break;
+	    default:
+		iemsg("constant type not supported");
+		clear_tv(tv);
+		return FAIL;
+	}
+	tv->v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate code for any ppconst entries.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_ppconst(cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    int	    i;
+    int	    ret = OK;
+    int	    save_skip = cctx->ctx_skip;
+
+    cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_NOT;
+    for (i = 0; i < ppconst->pp_used; ++i)
+	if (generate_tv_PUSH(cctx, &ppconst->pp_tv[i]) == FAIL)
+	    ret = FAIL;
+    ppconst->pp_used = 0;
+    cctx->ctx_skip = save_skip;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Clear ppconst constants.  Used when failing.
+ */
+    static void
+clear_ppconst(ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    int	    i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < ppconst->pp_used; ++i)
+	clear_tv(&ppconst->pp_tv[i]);
+    ppconst->pp_used = 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate an instruction to load script-local variable "name", without the
+ * leading "s:".
+ * Also finds imported variables.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_load_scriptvar(
+	cctx_T *cctx,
+	char_u *name,	    // variable NUL terminated
+	char_u *start,	    // start of variable
+	char_u **end,	    // end of variable
+	int    error)	    // when TRUE may give error
+{
+    scriptitem_T    *si;
+    int		    idx;
+    imported_T	    *import;
+
+    if (!SCRIPT_ID_VALID(current_sctx.sc_sid))
+	return FAIL;
+    si = SCRIPT_ITEM(current_sctx.sc_sid);
+    idx = get_script_item_idx(current_sctx.sc_sid, name, 0, cctx);
+    if (idx == -1 || si->sn_version != SCRIPT_VERSION_VIM9)
+    {
+	// variable is not in sn_var_vals: old style script.
+	return generate_OLDSCRIPT(cctx, ISN_LOADS, name, current_sctx.sc_sid,
+								       &t_any);
+    }
+    if (idx >= 0)
+    {
+	svar_T		*sv = ((svar_T *)si->sn_var_vals.ga_data) + idx;
+
+	generate_VIM9SCRIPT(cctx, ISN_LOADSCRIPT,
+					current_sctx.sc_sid, idx, sv->sv_type);
+	return OK;
+    }
+
+    import = find_imported(name, 0, cctx);
+    if (import != NULL)
+    {
+	if (import->imp_flags & IMP_FLAGS_STAR)
+	{
+	    char_u	*p = skipwhite(*end);
+	    char_u	*exp_name;
+	    int		cc;
+	    ufunc_T	*ufunc;
+	    type_T	*type;
+
+	    // Used "import * as Name", need to lookup the member.
+	    if (*p != '.')
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_expected_dot_after_name_str), start);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    ++p;
+	    if (VIM_ISWHITE(*p))
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_no_white_space_allowed_after_dot));
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+
+	    // isolate one name
+	    exp_name = p;
+	    while (eval_isnamec(*p))
+		++p;
+	    cc = *p;
+	    *p = NUL;
+
+	    idx = find_exported(import->imp_sid, exp_name, &ufunc, &type, cctx);
+	    *p = cc;
+	    p = skipwhite(p);
+
+	    // TODO: what if it is a function?
+	    if (idx < 0)
+		return FAIL;
+	    *end = p;
+
+	    generate_VIM9SCRIPT(cctx, ISN_LOADSCRIPT,
+		    import->imp_sid,
+		    idx,
+		    type);
+	}
+	else if (import->imp_funcname != NULL)
+	    generate_PUSHFUNC(cctx, import->imp_funcname, import->imp_type);
+	else
+	    generate_VIM9SCRIPT(cctx, ISN_LOADSCRIPT,
+		    import->imp_sid,
+		    import->imp_var_vals_idx,
+		    import->imp_type);
+	return OK;
+    }
+
+    if (error)
+	semsg(_(e_item_not_found_str), name);
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+    static int
+generate_funcref(cctx_T *cctx, char_u *name)
+{
+    ufunc_T *ufunc = find_func(name, FALSE, cctx);
+
+    if (ufunc == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    // Need to compile any default values to get the argument types.
+    if (func_needs_compiling(ufunc, PROFILING(ufunc))
+	    && compile_def_function(ufunc, TRUE, PROFILING(ufunc), NULL)
+								       == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    return generate_PUSHFUNC(cctx, ufunc->uf_name, ufunc->uf_func_type);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile a variable name into a load instruction.
+ * "end" points to just after the name.
+ * "is_expr" is TRUE when evaluating an expression, might be a funcref.
+ * When "error" is FALSE do not give an error when not found.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_load(
+	char_u **arg,
+	char_u *end_arg,
+	cctx_T	*cctx,
+	int	is_expr,
+	int	error)
+{
+    type_T	*type;
+    char_u	*name = NULL;
+    char_u	*end = end_arg;
+    int		res = FAIL;
+    int		prev_called_emsg = called_emsg;
+
+    if (*(*arg + 1) == ':')
+    {
+	// load namespaced variable
+	if (end <= *arg + 2)
+	{
+	    isntype_T  isn_type;
+
+	    switch (**arg)
+	    {
+		case 'g': isn_type = ISN_LOADGDICT; break;
+		case 'w': isn_type = ISN_LOADWDICT; break;
+		case 't': isn_type = ISN_LOADTDICT; break;
+		case 'b': isn_type = ISN_LOADBDICT; break;
+		default:
+		    semsg(_(e_namespace_not_supported_str), *arg);
+		    goto theend;
+	    }
+	    if (generate_instr_type(cctx, isn_type, &t_dict_any) == NULL)
+		goto theend;
+	    res = OK;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    isntype_T  isn_type = ISN_DROP;
+
+	    name = vim_strnsave(*arg + 2, end - (*arg + 2));
+	    if (name == NULL)
+		return FAIL;
+
+	    switch (**arg)
+	    {
+		case 'v': res = generate_LOADV(cctx, name, error);
+			  break;
+		case 's': res = compile_load_scriptvar(cctx, name,
+							    NULL, NULL, error);
+			  break;
+		case 'g': if (vim_strchr(name, AUTOLOAD_CHAR) == NULL)
+			      isn_type = ISN_LOADG;
+			  else
+			  {
+			      isn_type = ISN_LOADAUTO;
+			      vim_free(name);
+			      name = vim_strnsave(*arg, end - *arg);
+			      if (name == NULL)
+				  return FAIL;
+			  }
+			  break;
+		case 'w': isn_type = ISN_LOADW; break;
+		case 't': isn_type = ISN_LOADT; break;
+		case 'b': isn_type = ISN_LOADB; break;
+		default:  // cannot happen, just in case
+			  semsg(_(e_namespace_not_supported_str), *arg);
+			  goto theend;
+	    }
+	    if (isn_type != ISN_DROP)
+	    {
+		// Global, Buffer-local, Window-local and Tabpage-local
+		// variables can be defined later, thus we don't check if it
+		// exists, give error at runtime.
+		res = generate_LOAD(cctx, isn_type, 0, name, &t_any);
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	size_t	    len = end - *arg;
+	int	    idx;
+	int	    gen_load = FALSE;
+	int	    gen_load_outer = 0;
+
+	name = vim_strnsave(*arg, end - *arg);
+	if (name == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	if (arg_exists(*arg, len, &idx, &type, &gen_load_outer, cctx) == OK)
+	{
+	    if (gen_load_outer == 0)
+		gen_load = TRUE;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    lvar_T lvar;
+
+	    if (lookup_local(*arg, len, &lvar, cctx) == OK)
+	    {
+		type = lvar.lv_type;
+		idx = lvar.lv_idx;
+		if (lvar.lv_from_outer != 0)
+		    gen_load_outer = lvar.lv_from_outer;
+		else
+		    gen_load = TRUE;
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		// "var" can be script-local even without using "s:" if it
+		// already exists in a Vim9 script or when it's imported.
+		if (script_var_exists(*arg, len, TRUE, cctx) == OK
+			|| find_imported(name, 0, cctx) != NULL)
+		   res = compile_load_scriptvar(cctx, name, *arg, &end, FALSE);
+
+		// When evaluating an expression and the name starts with an
+		// uppercase letter or "x:" it can be a user defined function.
+		// TODO: this is just guessing
+		if (res == FAIL && is_expr
+				   && (ASCII_ISUPPER(*name) || name[1] == ':'))
+		    res = generate_funcref(cctx, name);
+	    }
+	}
+	if (gen_load)
+	    res = generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOAD, idx, NULL, type);
+	if (gen_load_outer > 0)
+	{
+	    res = generate_LOADOUTER(cctx, idx, gen_load_outer, type);
+	    cctx->ctx_outer_used = TRUE;
+	}
+    }
+
+    *arg = end;
+
+theend:
+    if (res == FAIL && error && called_emsg == prev_called_emsg)
+	semsg(_(e_variable_not_found_str), name);
+    vim_free(name);
+    return res;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile the argument expressions.
+ * "arg" points to just after the "(" and is advanced to after the ")"
+ */
+    static int
+compile_arguments(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, int *argcount)
+{
+    char_u  *p = *arg;
+    char_u  *whitep = *arg;
+    int	    must_end = FALSE;
+
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	if (may_get_next_line(whitep, &p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    goto failret;
+	if (*p == ')')
+	{
+	    *arg = p + 1;
+	    return OK;
+	}
+	if (must_end)
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_missing_comma_before_argument_str), p);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	++*argcount;
+
+	if (*p != ',' && *skipwhite(p) == ',')
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_no_white_space_allowed_before_str), ",");
+	    p = skipwhite(p);
+	}
+	if (*p == ',')
+	{
+	    ++p;
+	    if (*p != NUL && !VIM_ISWHITE(*p))
+		semsg(_(e_white_space_required_after_str), ",");
+	}
+	else
+	    must_end = TRUE;
+	whitep = p;
+	p = skipwhite(p);
+    }
+failret:
+    emsg(_(e_missing_close));
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile a function call:  name(arg1, arg2)
+ * "arg" points to "name", "arg + varlen" to the "(".
+ * "argcount_init" is 1 for "value->method()"
+ * Instructions:
+ *	EVAL arg1
+ *	EVAL arg2
+ *	BCALL / DCALL / UCALL
+ */
+    static int
+compile_call(
+	char_u	    **arg,
+	size_t	    varlen,
+	cctx_T	    *cctx,
+	ppconst_T   *ppconst,
+	int	    argcount_init)
+{
+    char_u	*name = *arg;
+    char_u	*p;
+    int		argcount = argcount_init;
+    char_u	namebuf[100];
+    char_u	fname_buf[FLEN_FIXED + 1];
+    char_u	*tofree = NULL;
+    int		error = FCERR_NONE;
+    ufunc_T	*ufunc = NULL;
+    int		res = FAIL;
+    int		is_autoload;
+
+    // we can evaluate "has('name')" at compile time
+    if (varlen == 3 && STRNCMP(*arg, "has", 3) == 0)
+    {
+	char_u	    *s = skipwhite(*arg + varlen + 1);
+	typval_T    argvars[2];
+
+	argvars[0].v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
+	if (*s == '"')
+	    (void)eval_string(&s, &argvars[0], TRUE);
+	else if (*s == '\'')
+	    (void)eval_lit_string(&s, &argvars[0], TRUE);
+	s = skipwhite(s);
+	if (*s == ')' && argvars[0].v_type == VAR_STRING
+		&& !dynamic_feature(argvars[0].vval.v_string))
+	{
+	    typval_T	*tv = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst->pp_used];
+
+	    *arg = s + 1;
+	    argvars[1].v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
+	    tv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
+	    tv->vval.v_number = 0;
+	    f_has(argvars, tv);
+	    clear_tv(&argvars[0]);
+	    ++ppconst->pp_used;
+	    return OK;
+	}
+	clear_tv(&argvars[0]);
+    }
+
+    if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (varlen >= sizeof(namebuf))
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_name_too_long_str), name);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    vim_strncpy(namebuf, *arg, varlen);
+    name = fname_trans_sid(namebuf, fname_buf, &tofree, &error);
+
+    *arg = skipwhite(*arg + varlen + 1);
+    if (compile_arguments(arg, cctx, &argcount) == FAIL)
+	goto theend;
+
+    is_autoload = vim_strchr(name, AUTOLOAD_CHAR) != NULL;
+    if (ASCII_ISLOWER(*name) && name[1] != ':' && !is_autoload)
+    {
+	int	    idx;
+
+	// builtin function
+	idx = find_internal_func(name);
+	if (idx >= 0)
+	{
+	    if (STRCMP(name, "add") == 0 && argcount == 2)
+	    {
+		garray_T    *stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+		type_T	    *type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[
+							    stack->ga_len - 2];
+
+		// add() can be compiled to instructions if we know the type
+		if (type->tt_type == VAR_LIST)
+		{
+		    // inline "add(list, item)" so that the type can be checked
+		    res = generate_LISTAPPEND(cctx);
+		    idx = -1;
+		}
+		else if (type->tt_type == VAR_BLOB)
+		{
+		    // inline "add(blob, nr)" so that the type can be checked
+		    res = generate_BLOBAPPEND(cctx);
+		    idx = -1;
+		}
+	    }
+
+	    if (idx >= 0)
+		res = generate_BCALL(cctx, idx, argcount, argcount_init == 1);
+	}
+	else
+	    semsg(_(e_unknownfunc), namebuf);
+	goto theend;
+    }
+
+    // An argument or local variable can be a function reference, this
+    // overrules a function name.
+    if (lookup_local(namebuf, varlen, NULL, cctx) == FAIL
+	    && arg_exists(namebuf, varlen, NULL, NULL, NULL, cctx) != OK)
+    {
+	// If we can find the function by name generate the right call.
+	// Skip global functions here, a local funcref takes precedence.
+	ufunc = find_func(name, FALSE, cctx);
+	if (ufunc != NULL && !func_is_global(ufunc))
+	{
+	    res = generate_CALL(cctx, ufunc, argcount);
+	    goto theend;
+	}
+    }
+
+    // If the name is a variable, load it and use PCALL.
+    // Not for g:Func(), we don't know if it is a variable or not.
+    // Not for eome#Func(), it will be loaded later.
+    p = namebuf;
+    if (STRNCMP(namebuf, "g:", 2) != 0 && !is_autoload
+	    && compile_load(&p, namebuf + varlen, cctx, FALSE, FALSE) == OK)
+    {
+	garray_T    *stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+	type_T	    *type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+
+	res = generate_PCALL(cctx, argcount, namebuf, type, FALSE);
+	goto theend;
+    }
+
+    // If we can find a global function by name generate the right call.
+    if (ufunc != NULL)
+    {
+	res = generate_CALL(cctx, ufunc, argcount);
+	goto theend;
+    }
+
+    // A global function may be defined only later.  Need to figure out at
+    // runtime.  Also handles a FuncRef at runtime.
+    if (STRNCMP(namebuf, "g:", 2) == 0 || is_autoload)
+	res = generate_UCALL(cctx, name, argcount);
+    else
+	semsg(_(e_unknownfunc), namebuf);
+
+theend:
+    vim_free(tofree);
+    return res;
+}
+
+// like NAMESPACE_CHAR but with 'a' and 'l'.
+#define VIM9_NAMESPACE_CHAR	(char_u *)"bgstvw"
+
+/*
+ * Find the end of a variable or function name.  Unlike find_name_end() this
+ * does not recognize magic braces.
+ * When "use_namespace" is TRUE recognize "b:", "s:", etc.
+ * Return a pointer to just after the name.  Equal to "arg" if there is no
+ * valid name.
+ */
+    char_u *
+to_name_end(char_u *arg, int use_namespace)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+
+    // Quick check for valid starting character.
+    if (!eval_isnamec1(*arg))
+	return arg;
+
+    for (p = arg + 1; *p != NUL && eval_isnamec(*p); MB_PTR_ADV(p))
+	// Include a namespace such as "s:var" and "v:var".  But "n:" is not
+	// and can be used in slice "[n:]".
+	if (*p == ':' && (p != arg + 1
+			     || !use_namespace
+			     || vim_strchr(VIM9_NAMESPACE_CHAR, *arg) == NULL))
+	    break;
+    return p;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Like to_name_end() but also skip over a list or dict constant.
+ * This intentionally does not handle line continuation.
+ */
+    char_u *
+to_name_const_end(char_u *arg)
+{
+    char_u	*p = to_name_end(arg, TRUE);
+    typval_T	rettv;
+
+    if (p == arg && *arg == '[')
+    {
+
+	// Can be "[1, 2, 3]->Func()".
+	if (eval_list(&p, &rettv, NULL, FALSE) == FAIL)
+	    p = arg;
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/*
+ * parse a list: [expr, expr]
+ * "*arg" points to the '['.
+ * ppconst->pp_is_const is set if all items are a constant.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_list(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    char_u	*p = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
+    char_u	*whitep = *arg + 1;
+    int		count = 0;
+    int		is_const;
+    int		is_all_const = TRUE;	// reset when non-const encountered
+
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	if (may_get_next_line(whitep, &p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_list_end), *arg);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	if (*p == ',')
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_no_white_space_allowed_before_str), ",");
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	if (*p == ']')
+	{
+	    ++p;
+	    break;
+	}
+	if (compile_expr0_ext(&p, cctx, &is_const) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (!is_const)
+	    is_all_const = FALSE;
+	++count;
+	if (*p == ',')
+	{
+	    ++p;
+	    if (*p != ']' && !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(*p))
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_white_space_required_after_str), ",");
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	}
+	whitep = p;
+	p = skipwhite(p);
+    }
+    *arg = p;
+
+    ppconst->pp_is_const = is_all_const;
+    return generate_NEWLIST(cctx, count);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse a lambda: "(arg, arg) => expr"
+ * "*arg" points to the '{'.
+ * Returns OK/FAIL when a lambda is recognized, NOTDONE if it's not a lambda.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_lambda(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int		r;
+    typval_T	rettv;
+    ufunc_T	*ufunc;
+    evalarg_T	evalarg;
+
+    CLEAR_FIELD(evalarg);
+    evalarg.eval_flags = EVAL_EVALUATE;
+    evalarg.eval_cctx = cctx;
+
+    // Get the funcref in "rettv".
+    r = get_lambda_tv(arg, &rettv, TRUE, &evalarg);
+    if (r != OK)
+    {
+	clear_evalarg(&evalarg, NULL);
+	return r;
+    }
+
+    // "rettv" will now be a partial referencing the function.
+    ufunc = rettv.vval.v_partial->pt_func;
+    ++ufunc->uf_refcount;
+    clear_tv(&rettv);
+
+    // Compile the function into instructions.
+    compile_def_function(ufunc, TRUE, PROFILING(ufunc), cctx);
+
+    clear_evalarg(&evalarg, NULL);
+
+    if (ufunc->uf_def_status == UF_COMPILED)
+    {
+	// The return type will now be known.
+	set_function_type(ufunc);
+
+	// The function reference count will be 1.  When the ISN_FUNCREF
+	// instruction is deleted the reference count is decremented and the
+	// function is freed.
+	return generate_FUNCREF(cctx, ufunc);
+    }
+
+    func_ptr_unref(ufunc);
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * parse a dict: {key: val, [key]: val}
+ * "*arg" points to the '{'.
+ * ppconst->pp_is_const is set if all item values are a constant.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_dict(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    int		count = 0;
+    dict_T	*d = dict_alloc();
+    dictitem_T	*item;
+    char_u	*whitep = *arg + 1;
+    char_u	*p;
+    int		is_const;
+    int		is_all_const = TRUE;	// reset when non-const encountered
+
+    if (d == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	char_u	    *key = NULL;
+
+	if (may_get_next_line(whitep, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    *arg = NULL;
+	    goto failret;
+	}
+
+	if (**arg == '}')
+	    break;
+
+	if (**arg == '[')
+	{
+	    isn_T	*isn;
+
+	    // {[expr]: value} uses an evaluated key.
+	    *arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
+	    if (compile_expr0(arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + instr->ga_len - 1;
+	    if (isn->isn_type == ISN_PUSHS)
+		key = isn->isn_arg.string;
+	    else
+	    {
+		type_T *keytype = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)
+						       [stack->ga_len - 1];
+		if (need_type(keytype, &t_string, -1, 0, cctx,
+						     FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    *arg = skipwhite(*arg);
+	    if (**arg != ']')
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_missing_matching_bracket_after_dict_key));
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    ++*arg;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    // {"name": value},
+	    // {'name': value},
+	    // {name: value} use "name" as a literal key
+	    key = get_literal_key(arg);
+	    if (key == NULL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    if (generate_PUSHS(cctx, key) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	// Check for duplicate keys, if using string keys.
+	if (key != NULL)
+	{
+	    item = dict_find(d, key, -1);
+	    if (item != NULL)
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_duplicate_key), key);
+		goto failret;
+	    }
+	    item = dictitem_alloc(key);
+	    if (item != NULL)
+	    {
+		item->di_tv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
+		item->di_tv.v_lock = 0;
+		if (dict_add(d, item) == FAIL)
+		    dictitem_free(item);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (**arg != ':')
+	{
+	    if (*skipwhite(*arg) == ':')
+		semsg(_(e_no_white_space_allowed_before_str), ":");
+	    else
+		semsg(_(e_missing_dict_colon), *arg);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	whitep = *arg + 1;
+	if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(*whitep))
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_white_space_required_after_str), ":");
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (may_get_next_line(whitep, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    *arg = NULL;
+	    goto failret;
+	}
+
+	if (compile_expr0_ext(arg, cctx, &is_const) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (!is_const)
+	    is_all_const = FALSE;
+	++count;
+
+	whitep = *arg;
+	if (may_get_next_line(whitep, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    *arg = NULL;
+	    goto failret;
+	}
+	if (**arg == '}')
+	    break;
+	if (**arg != ',')
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_missing_dict_comma), *arg);
+	    goto failret;
+	}
+	if (IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(*whitep))
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_no_white_space_allowed_before_str), ",");
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	whitep = *arg + 1;
+	if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(*whitep))
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_white_space_required_after_str), ",");
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	*arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
+    }
+
+    *arg = *arg + 1;
+
+    // Allow for following comment, after at least one space.
+    p = skipwhite(*arg);
+    if (VIM_ISWHITE(**arg) && vim9_comment_start(p))
+	*arg += STRLEN(*arg);
+
+    dict_unref(d);
+    ppconst->pp_is_const = is_all_const;
+    return generate_NEWDICT(cctx, count);
+
+failret:
+    if (*arg == NULL)
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_missing_dict_end), _("[end of lines]"));
+	*arg = (char_u *)"";
+    }
+    dict_unref(d);
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile "&option".
+ */
+    static int
+compile_get_option(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    typval_T	rettv;
+    char_u	*start = *arg;
+    int		ret;
+
+    // parse the option and get the current value to get the type.
+    rettv.v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
+    ret = eval_option(arg, &rettv, TRUE);
+    if (ret == OK)
+    {
+	// include the '&' in the name, eval_option() expects it.
+	char_u	*name = vim_strnsave(start, *arg - start);
+	type_T	*type = rettv.v_type == VAR_BOOL ? &t_bool
+			  : rettv.v_type == VAR_NUMBER ? &t_number : &t_string;
+
+	ret = generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADOPT, 0, name, type);
+	vim_free(name);
+    }
+    clear_tv(&rettv);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile "$VAR".
+ */
+    static int
+compile_get_env(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*start = *arg;
+    int		len;
+    int		ret;
+    char_u	*name;
+
+    ++*arg;
+    len = get_env_len(arg);
+    if (len == 0)
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_syntax_error_at_str), start - 1);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    // include the '$' in the name, eval_env_var() expects it.
+    name = vim_strnsave(start, len + 1);
+    ret = generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADENV, 0, name, &t_string);
+    vim_free(name);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile "@r".
+ */
+    static int
+compile_get_register(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int		ret;
+
+    ++*arg;
+    if (**arg == NUL)
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_syntax_error_at_str), *arg - 1);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    if (!valid_yank_reg(**arg, FALSE))
+    {
+	emsg_invreg(**arg);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    ret = generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADREG, **arg, NULL, &t_string);
+    ++*arg;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Apply leading '!', '-' and '+' to constant "rettv".
+ * When "numeric_only" is TRUE do not apply '!'.
+ */
+    static int
+apply_leader(typval_T *rettv, int numeric_only, char_u *start, char_u **end)
+{
+    char_u *p = *end;
+
+    // this works from end to start
+    while (p > start)
+    {
+	--p;
+	if (*p == '-' || *p == '+')
+	{
+	    // only '-' has an effect, for '+' we only check the type
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+	    if (rettv->v_type == VAR_FLOAT)
+	    {
+		if (*p == '-')
+		    rettv->vval.v_float = -rettv->vval.v_float;
+	    }
+	    else
+#endif
+	    {
+		varnumber_T	val;
+		int		error = FALSE;
+
+		// tv_get_number_chk() accepts a string, but we don't want that
+		// here
+		if (check_not_string(rettv) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+		val = tv_get_number_chk(rettv, &error);
+		clear_tv(rettv);
+		if (error)
+		    return FAIL;
+		if (*p == '-')
+		    val = -val;
+		rettv->v_type = VAR_NUMBER;
+		rettv->vval.v_number = val;
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (numeric_only)
+	{
+	    ++p;
+	    break;
+	}
+	else if (*p == '!')
+	{
+	    int v = tv2bool(rettv);
+
+	    // '!' is permissive in the type.
+	    clear_tv(rettv);
+	    rettv->v_type = VAR_BOOL;
+	    rettv->vval.v_number = v ? VVAL_FALSE : VVAL_TRUE;
+	}
+    }
+    *end = p;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Recognize v: variables that are constants and set "rettv".
+ */
+    static void
+get_vim_constant(char_u **arg, typval_T *rettv)
+{
+    if (STRNCMP(*arg, "v:true", 6) == 0)
+    {
+	rettv->v_type = VAR_BOOL;
+	rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_TRUE;
+	*arg += 6;
+    }
+    else if (STRNCMP(*arg, "v:false", 7) == 0)
+    {
+	rettv->v_type = VAR_BOOL;
+	rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_FALSE;
+	*arg += 7;
+    }
+    else if (STRNCMP(*arg, "v:null", 6) == 0)
+    {
+	rettv->v_type = VAR_SPECIAL;
+	rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_NULL;
+	*arg += 6;
+    }
+    else if (STRNCMP(*arg, "v:none", 6) == 0)
+    {
+	rettv->v_type = VAR_SPECIAL;
+	rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_NONE;
+	*arg += 6;
+    }
+}
+
+    exprtype_T
+get_compare_type(char_u *p, int *len, int *type_is)
+{
+    exprtype_T	type = EXPR_UNKNOWN;
+    int		i;
+
+    switch (p[0])
+    {
+	case '=':   if (p[1] == '=')
+			type = EXPR_EQUAL;
+		    else if (p[1] == '~')
+			type = EXPR_MATCH;
+		    break;
+	case '!':   if (p[1] == '=')
+			type = EXPR_NEQUAL;
+		    else if (p[1] == '~')
+			type = EXPR_NOMATCH;
+		    break;
+	case '>':   if (p[1] != '=')
+		    {
+			type = EXPR_GREATER;
+			*len = 1;
+		    }
+		    else
+			type = EXPR_GEQUAL;
+		    break;
+	case '<':   if (p[1] != '=')
+		    {
+			type = EXPR_SMALLER;
+			*len = 1;
+		    }
+		    else
+			type = EXPR_SEQUAL;
+		    break;
+	case 'i':   if (p[1] == 's')
+		    {
+			// "is" and "isnot"; but not a prefix of a name
+			if (p[2] == 'n' && p[3] == 'o' && p[4] == 't')
+			    *len = 5;
+			i = p[*len];
+			if (!isalnum(i) && i != '_')
+			{
+			    type = *len == 2 ? EXPR_IS : EXPR_ISNOT;
+			    *type_is = TRUE;
+			}
+		    }
+		    break;
+    }
+    return type;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Skip over an expression, ignoring most errors.
+ */
+    static void
+skip_expr_cctx(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    evalarg_T	evalarg;
+
+    CLEAR_FIELD(evalarg);
+    evalarg.eval_cctx = cctx;
+    skip_expr(arg, &evalarg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile code to apply '-', '+' and '!'.
+ * When "numeric_only" is TRUE do not apply '!'.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_leader(cctx_T *cctx, int numeric_only, char_u *start, char_u **end)
+{
+    char_u	*p = *end;
+
+    // this works from end to start
+    while (p > start)
+    {
+	--p;
+	while (VIM_ISWHITE(*p))
+	    --p;
+	if (*p == '-' || *p == '+')
+	{
+	    int	    negate = *p == '-';
+	    isn_T   *isn;
+
+	    // TODO: check type
+	    while (p > start && (p[-1] == '-' || p[-1] == '+'))
+	    {
+		--p;
+		if (*p == '-')
+		    negate = !negate;
+	    }
+	    // only '-' has an effect, for '+' we only check the type
+	    if (negate)
+		isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_NEGATENR);
+	    else
+		isn = generate_instr(cctx, ISN_CHECKNR);
+	    if (isn == NULL)
+		return FAIL;
+	}
+	else if (numeric_only)
+	{
+	    ++p;
+	    break;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    int  invert = *p == '!';
+
+	    while (p > start && (p[-1] == '!' || VIM_ISWHITE(p[-1])))
+	    {
+		if (p[-1] == '!')
+		    invert = !invert;
+		--p;
+	    }
+	    if (generate_2BOOL(cctx, invert) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+    *end = p;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile "(expression)": recursive!
+ * Return FAIL/OK.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_parenthesis(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    int	    ret;
+    char_u  *p = *arg + 1;
+
+    if (may_get_next_line_error(p, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (ppconst->pp_used <= PPSIZE - 10)
+    {
+	ret = compile_expr1(arg, cctx, ppconst);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	// Not enough space in ppconst, flush constants.
+	if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	ret = compile_expr0(arg, cctx);
+    }
+    if (may_get_next_line_error(*arg, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (**arg == ')')
+	++*arg;
+    else if (ret == OK)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_missing_close));
+	ret = FAIL;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile whatever comes after "name" or "name()".
+ * Advances "*arg" only when something was recognized.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_subscript(
+	char_u **arg,
+	cctx_T *cctx,
+	char_u *start_leader,
+	char_u **end_leader,
+	ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    char_u	*name_start = *end_leader;
+
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	char_u *p = skipwhite(*arg);
+
+	if (*p == NUL || (VIM_ISWHITE(**arg) && vim9_comment_start(p)))
+	{
+	    char_u *next = peek_next_line_from_context(cctx);
+
+	    // If a following line starts with "->{" or "->X" advance to that
+	    // line, so that a line break before "->" is allowed.
+	    // Also if a following line starts with ".x".
+	    if (next != NULL &&
+		    ((next[0] == '-' && next[1] == '>'
+				 && (next[2] == '{' || ASCII_ISALPHA(next[2])))
+		    || (next[0] == '.' && eval_isdictc(next[1]))))
+	    {
+		next = next_line_from_context(cctx, TRUE);
+		if (next == NULL)
+		    return FAIL;
+		*arg = next;
+		p = skipwhite(*arg);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	// Do not skip over white space to find the "(", "execute 'x' ()" is
+	// not a function call.
+	if (**arg == '(')
+	{
+	    garray_T    *stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+	    type_T	*type;
+	    int		argcount = 0;
+
+	    if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    ppconst->pp_is_const = FALSE;
+
+	    // funcref(arg)
+	    type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+
+	    *arg = skipwhite(p + 1);
+	    if (compile_arguments(arg, cctx, &argcount) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    if (generate_PCALL(cctx, argcount, name_start, type, TRUE) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	}
+	else if (*p == '-' && p[1] == '>')
+	{
+	    char_u *pstart = p;
+
+	    if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    ppconst->pp_is_const = FALSE;
+
+	    // something->method()
+	    // Apply the '!', '-' and '+' first:
+	    //   -1.0->func() works like (-1.0)->func()
+	    if (compile_leader(cctx, TRUE, start_leader, end_leader) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+
+	    p += 2;
+	    *arg = skipwhite(p);
+	    // No line break supported right after "->".
+	    if (**arg == '(')
+	    {
+		int	    argcount = 1;
+		char_u	    *expr;
+		garray_T    *stack;
+		type_T	    *type;
+
+		// Funcref call:  list->(Refs[2])(arg)
+		// or lambda:	  list->((arg) => expr)(arg)
+		// Fist compile the arguments.
+		expr = *arg;
+		*arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
+		skip_expr_cctx(arg, cctx);
+		*arg = skipwhite(*arg);
+		if (**arg != ')')
+		{
+		    semsg(_(e_missing_paren), *arg);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+		++*arg;
+		if (**arg != '(')
+		{
+		    if (*skipwhite(*arg) == '(')
+			emsg(_(e_nowhitespace));
+		    else
+			semsg(_(e_missing_paren), *arg);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+
+		*arg = skipwhite(*arg + 1);
+		if (compile_arguments(arg, cctx, &argcount) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+
+		// Compile the function expression.
+		if (compile_parenthesis(&expr, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+
+		stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+		type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+		if (generate_PCALL(cctx, argcount,
+				(char_u *)"[expression]", type, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		// method call:  list->method()
+		p = *arg;
+		if (!eval_isnamec1(*p))
+		{
+		    semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), pstart);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+		if (ASCII_ISALPHA(*p) && p[1] == ':')
+		    p += 2;
+		for ( ; eval_isnamec(*p); ++p)
+		    ;
+		if (*p != '(')
+		{
+		    semsg(_(e_missing_paren), *arg);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+		// TODO: base value may not be the first argument
+		if (compile_call(arg, p - *arg, cctx, ppconst, 1) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (**arg == '[')
+	{
+	    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+	    type_T	**typep;
+	    type_T	*valtype;
+	    vartype_T	vtype;
+	    int		is_slice = FALSE;
+
+	    // list index: list[123]
+	    // dict member: dict[key]
+	    // string index: text[123]
+	    // TODO: blob index
+	    // TODO: more arguments
+	    // TODO: recognize list or dict at runtime
+	    if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    ppconst->pp_is_const = FALSE;
+
+	    ++p;
+	    if (may_get_next_line_error(p, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    if (**arg == ':')
+	    {
+		// missing first index is equal to zero
+		generate_PUSHNR(cctx, 0);
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		if (compile_expr0(arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+		if (**arg == ':')
+		{
+		    semsg(_(e_white_space_required_before_and_after_str_at_str),
+								    ":", *arg);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+		if (may_get_next_line_error(*arg, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+		*arg = skipwhite(*arg);
+	    }
+	    if (**arg == ':')
+	    {
+		is_slice = TRUE;
+		++*arg;
+		if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(**arg) && **arg != ']')
+		{
+		    semsg(_(e_white_space_required_before_and_after_str_at_str),
+								    ":", *arg);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+		if (may_get_next_line_error(*arg, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+		if (**arg == ']')
+		    // missing second index is equal to end of string
+		    generate_PUSHNR(cctx, -1);
+		else
+		{
+		    if (compile_expr0(arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		    if (may_get_next_line_error(*arg, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		    *arg = skipwhite(*arg);
+		}
+	    }
+
+	    if (**arg != ']')
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_missbrac));
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    *arg = *arg + 1;
+
+	    // We can index a list and a dict.  If we don't know the type
+	    // we can use the index value type.
+	    // TODO: If we don't know use an instruction to figure it out at
+	    // runtime.
+	    typep = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data) + stack->ga_len
+							  - (is_slice ? 3 : 2);
+	    vtype = (*typep)->tt_type;
+	    valtype = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+	    // If the index is a string, the variable must be a Dict.
+	    if (*typep == &t_any && valtype == &t_string)
+		vtype = VAR_DICT;
+	    if (vtype == VAR_STRING || vtype == VAR_LIST || vtype == VAR_BLOB)
+	    {
+		if (need_type(valtype, &t_number, -1, 0, cctx,
+							 FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+		if (is_slice)
+		{
+		    valtype = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 2];
+		    if (need_type(valtype, &t_number, -2, 0, cctx,
+							 FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		}
+	    }
+
+	    if (vtype == VAR_DICT)
+	    {
+		if (is_slice)
+		{
+		    emsg(_(e_cannot_slice_dictionary));
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+		if ((*typep)->tt_type == VAR_DICT)
+		{
+		    *typep = (*typep)->tt_member;
+		    if (*typep == &t_unknown)
+			// empty dict was used
+			*typep = &t_any;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+		    if (need_type(*typep, &t_dict_any, -2, 0, cctx,
+							 FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		    *typep = &t_any;
+		}
+		if (may_generate_2STRING(-1, cctx) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+		if (generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_MEMBER, 1) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    else if (vtype == VAR_STRING)
+	    {
+		*typep = &t_string;
+		if ((is_slice
+			? generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_STRSLICE, 2)
+			: generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_STRINDEX, 1)) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    else if (vtype == VAR_BLOB)
+	    {
+		emsg("Sorry, blob index and slice not implemented yet");
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    else if (vtype == VAR_LIST || *typep == &t_any)
+	    {
+		if (is_slice)
+		{
+		    if (generate_instr_drop(cctx,
+			     vtype == VAR_LIST ?  ISN_LISTSLICE : ISN_ANYSLICE,
+								    2) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+		    if ((*typep)->tt_type == VAR_LIST)
+		    {
+			*typep = (*typep)->tt_member;
+			if (*typep == &t_unknown)
+			    // empty list was used
+			    *typep = &t_any;
+		    }
+		    if (generate_instr_drop(cctx,
+			     vtype == VAR_LIST ?  ISN_LISTINDEX : ISN_ANYINDEX,
+								    1) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		}
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_string_list_dict_or_blob_required));
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	}
+	else if (*p == '.' && p[1] != '.')
+	{
+	    // dictionary member: dict.name
+	    if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    ppconst->pp_is_const = FALSE;
+
+	    *arg = p + 1;
+	    if (may_get_next_line(*arg, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_missing_name_after_dot));
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    p = *arg;
+	    if (eval_isdictc(*p))
+		while (eval_isnamec(*p))
+		    MB_PTR_ADV(p);
+	    if (p == *arg)
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_syntax_error_at_str), *arg);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    if (generate_STRINGMEMBER(cctx, *arg, p - *arg) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    *arg = p;
+	}
+	else
+	    break;
+    }
+
+    // TODO - see handle_subscript():
+    // Turn "dict.Func" into a partial for "Func" bound to "dict".
+    // Don't do this when "Func" is already a partial that was bound
+    // explicitly (pt_auto is FALSE).
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile an expression at "*arg" and add instructions to "cctx->ctx_instr".
+ * "arg" is advanced until after the expression, skipping white space.
+ *
+ * If the value is a constant "ppconst->pp_used" will be non-zero.
+ * Before instructions are generated, any values in "ppconst" will generated.
+ *
+ * This is the compiling equivalent of eval1(), eval2(), etc.
+ */
+
+/*
+ *  number		number constant
+ *  0zFFFFFFFF		Blob constant
+ *  "string"		string constant
+ *  'string'		literal string constant
+ *  &option-name	option value
+ *  @r			register contents
+ *  identifier		variable value
+ *  function()		function call
+ *  $VAR		environment variable
+ *  (expression)	nested expression
+ *  [expr, expr]	List
+ *  {key: val, [key]: val}   Dictionary
+ *
+ *  Also handle:
+ *  ! in front		logical NOT
+ *  - in front		unary minus
+ *  + in front		unary plus (ignored)
+ *  trailing (arg)	funcref/partial call
+ *  trailing []		subscript in String or List
+ *  trailing .name	entry in Dictionary
+ *  trailing ->name()	method call
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr7(
+	char_u **arg,
+	cctx_T *cctx,
+	ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    char_u	*start_leader, *end_leader;
+    int		ret = OK;
+    typval_T	*rettv = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst->pp_used];
+    int		used_before = ppconst->pp_used;
+
+    ppconst->pp_is_const = FALSE;
+
+    /*
+     * Skip '!', '-' and '+' characters.  They are handled later.
+     */
+    start_leader = *arg;
+    if (eval_leader(arg, TRUE) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    end_leader = *arg;
+
+    rettv->v_type = VAR_UNKNOWN;
+    switch (**arg)
+    {
+	/*
+	 * Number constant.
+	 */
+	case '0':	// also for blob starting with 0z
+	case '1':
+	case '2':
+	case '3':
+	case '4':
+	case '5':
+	case '6':
+	case '7':
+	case '8':
+	case '9':
+	case '.':   if (eval_number(arg, rettv, TRUE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		    // Apply "-" and "+" just before the number now, right to
+		    // left.  Matters especially when "->" follows.  Stops at
+		    // '!'.
+		    if (apply_leader(rettv, TRUE,
+					    start_leader, &end_leader) == FAIL)
+		    {
+			clear_tv(rettv);
+			return FAIL;
+		    }
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * String constant: "string".
+	 */
+	case '"':   if (eval_string(arg, rettv, TRUE) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * Literal string constant: 'str''ing'.
+	 */
+	case '\'':  if (eval_lit_string(arg, rettv, TRUE) == FAIL)
+			return FAIL;
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * Constant Vim variable.
+	 */
+	case 'v':   get_vim_constant(arg, rettv);
+		    ret = NOTDONE;
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * "true" constant
+	 */
+	case 't':   if (STRNCMP(*arg, "true", 4) == 0
+						   && !eval_isnamec((*arg)[4]))
+		    {
+			*arg += 4;
+			rettv->v_type = VAR_BOOL;
+			rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_TRUE;
+		    }
+		    else
+			ret = NOTDONE;
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * "false" constant
+	 */
+	case 'f':   if (STRNCMP(*arg, "false", 5) == 0
+						   && !eval_isnamec((*arg)[5]))
+		    {
+			*arg += 5;
+			rettv->v_type = VAR_BOOL;
+			rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_FALSE;
+		    }
+		    else
+			ret = NOTDONE;
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * "null" constant
+	 */
+	case 'n':   if (STRNCMP(*arg, "null", 4) == 0
+						   && !eval_isnamec((*arg)[5]))
+		    {
+			*arg += 4;
+			rettv->v_type = VAR_SPECIAL;
+			rettv->vval.v_number = VVAL_NULL;
+		    }
+		    else
+			ret = NOTDONE;
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * List: [expr, expr]
+	 */
+	case '[':   ret = compile_list(arg, cctx, ppconst);
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * Dictionary: {'key': val, 'key': val}
+	 */
+	case '{':   ret = compile_dict(arg, cctx, ppconst);
+		    break;
+
+	/*
+	 * Option value: &name
+	 */
+	case '&':	if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+			    return FAIL;
+			ret = compile_get_option(arg, cctx);
+			break;
+
+	/*
+	 * Environment variable: $VAR.
+	 */
+	case '$':	if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+			    return FAIL;
+			ret = compile_get_env(arg, cctx);
+			break;
+
+	/*
+	 * Register contents: @r.
+	 */
+	case '@':	if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+			    return FAIL;
+			ret = compile_get_register(arg, cctx);
+			break;
+	/*
+	 * nested expression: (expression).
+	 * lambda: (arg, arg) => expr
+	 * funcref: (arg, arg) => { statement }
+	 */
+	case '(':   // if compile_lambda returns NOTDONE then it must be (expr)
+		    ret = compile_lambda(arg, cctx);
+		    if (ret == NOTDONE)
+			ret = compile_parenthesis(arg, cctx, ppconst);
+		    break;
+
+	default:    ret = NOTDONE;
+		    break;
+    }
+    if (ret == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (rettv->v_type != VAR_UNKNOWN && used_before == ppconst->pp_used)
+    {
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+	    clear_tv(rettv);
+	else
+	    // A constant expression can possibly be handled compile time,
+	    // return the value instead of generating code.
+	    ++ppconst->pp_used;
+    }
+    else if (ret == NOTDONE)
+    {
+	char_u	    *p;
+	int	    r;
+
+	if (!eval_isnamec1(**arg))
+	{
+	    if (ends_excmd(*skipwhite(*arg)))
+		semsg(_(e_empty_expression_str), *arg);
+	    else
+		semsg(_(e_name_expected_str), *arg);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	// "name" or "name()"
+	p = to_name_end(*arg, TRUE);
+	if (*p == '(')
+	{
+	    r = compile_call(arg, p - *arg, cctx, ppconst, 0);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    if (generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    r = compile_load(arg, p, cctx, TRUE, TRUE);
+	}
+	if (r == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    // Handle following "[]", ".member", etc.
+    // Then deal with prefixed '-', '+' and '!', if not done already.
+    if (compile_subscript(arg, cctx, start_leader, &end_leader,
+							     ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    if (ppconst->pp_used > 0)
+    {
+	// apply the '!', '-' and '+' before the constant
+	rettv = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst->pp_used - 1];
+	if (apply_leader(rettv, FALSE, start_leader, &end_leader) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	return OK;
+    }
+    if (compile_leader(cctx, FALSE, start_leader, &end_leader) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Give the "white on both sides" error, taking the operator from "p[len]".
+ */
+    void
+error_white_both(char_u *op, int len)
+{
+    char_u	buf[10];
+
+    vim_strncpy(buf, op, len);
+    semsg(_(e_white_space_required_before_and_after_str_at_str), buf, op);
+}
+
+/*
+ * <type>expr7: runtime type check / conversion
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr7t(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    type_T *want_type = NULL;
+
+    // Recognize <type>
+    if (**arg == '<' && eval_isnamec1((*arg)[1]))
+    {
+	++*arg;
+	want_type = parse_type(arg, cctx->ctx_type_list, TRUE);
+	if (want_type == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	if (**arg != '>')
+	{
+	    if (*skipwhite(*arg) == '>')
+		semsg(_(e_no_white_space_allowed_before_str), ">");
+	    else
+		emsg(_(e_missing_gt));
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	++*arg;
+	if (may_get_next_line_error(*arg, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    if (compile_expr7(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (want_type != NULL)
+    {
+	garray_T    *stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+	type_T	    *actual;
+
+	generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+	actual = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+	if (check_type(want_type, actual, FALSE, 0) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    if (need_type(actual, want_type, -1, 0, cctx, FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ *	*	number multiplication
+ *	/	number division
+ *	%	number modulo
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr6(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    char_u	*op;
+    char_u	*next;
+    int		ppconst_used = ppconst->pp_used;
+
+    // get the first expression
+    if (compile_expr7t(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    /*
+     * Repeat computing, until no "*", "/" or "%" is following.
+     */
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	op = may_peek_next_line(cctx, *arg, &next);
+	if (*op != '*' && *op != '/' && *op != '%')
+	    break;
+	if (next != NULL)
+	{
+	    *arg = next_line_from_context(cctx, TRUE);
+	    op = skipwhite(*arg);
+	}
+
+	if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(**arg) || !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(op[1]))
+	{
+	    error_white_both(op, 1);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	if (may_get_next_line_error(op + 1, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	// get the second expression
+	if (compile_expr7t(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	if (ppconst->pp_used == ppconst_used + 2
+		&& ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used].v_type == VAR_NUMBER
+		&& ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used + 1].v_type == VAR_NUMBER)
+	{
+	    typval_T	    *tv1 = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used];
+	    typval_T	    *tv2 = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used + 1];
+	    varnumber_T	    res = 0;
+	    int		    failed = FALSE;
+
+	    // both are numbers: compute the result
+	    switch (*op)
+	    {
+		case '*': res = tv1->vval.v_number * tv2->vval.v_number;
+			  break;
+		case '/': res = num_divide(tv1->vval.v_number,
+						  tv2->vval.v_number, &failed);
+			  break;
+		case '%': res = num_modulus(tv1->vval.v_number,
+						  tv2->vval.v_number, &failed);
+			  break;
+	    }
+	    if (failed)
+		return FAIL;
+	    tv1->vval.v_number = res;
+	    --ppconst->pp_used;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+	    generate_two_op(cctx, op);
+	}
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ *      +	number addition
+ *      -	number subtraction
+ *      ..	string concatenation
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr5(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    char_u	*op;
+    char_u	*next;
+    int		oplen;
+    int		ppconst_used = ppconst->pp_used;
+
+    // get the first variable
+    if (compile_expr6(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    /*
+     * Repeat computing, until no "+", "-" or ".." is following.
+     */
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	op = may_peek_next_line(cctx, *arg, &next);
+	if (*op != '+' && *op != '-' && !(*op == '.' && *(op + 1) == '.'))
+	    break;
+	oplen = (*op == '.' ? 2 : 1);
+	if (next != NULL)
+	{
+	    *arg = next_line_from_context(cctx, TRUE);
+	    op = skipwhite(*arg);
+	}
+
+	if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(**arg) || !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(op[oplen]))
+	{
+	    error_white_both(op, oplen);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (may_get_next_line_error(op + oplen, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	// get the second expression
+	if (compile_expr6(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	if (ppconst->pp_used == ppconst_used + 2
+		&& (*op == '.'
+		    ? (ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used].v_type == VAR_STRING
+		    && ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used + 1].v_type == VAR_STRING)
+		    : (ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used].v_type == VAR_NUMBER
+		    && ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used + 1].v_type == VAR_NUMBER)))
+	{
+	    typval_T *tv1 = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used];
+	    typval_T *tv2 = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used + 1];
+
+	    // concat/subtract/add constant numbers
+	    if (*op == '+')
+		tv1->vval.v_number = tv1->vval.v_number + tv2->vval.v_number;
+	    else if (*op == '-')
+		tv1->vval.v_number = tv1->vval.v_number - tv2->vval.v_number;
+	    else
+	    {
+		// concatenate constant strings
+		char_u *s1 = tv1->vval.v_string;
+		char_u *s2 = tv2->vval.v_string;
+		size_t len1 = STRLEN(s1);
+
+		tv1->vval.v_string = alloc((int)(len1 + STRLEN(s2) + 1));
+		if (tv1->vval.v_string == NULL)
+		{
+		    clear_ppconst(ppconst);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+		mch_memmove(tv1->vval.v_string, s1, len1);
+		STRCPY(tv1->vval.v_string + len1, s2);
+		vim_free(s1);
+		vim_free(s2);
+	    }
+	    --ppconst->pp_used;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+	    if (*op == '.')
+	    {
+		if (may_generate_2STRING(-2, cctx) == FAIL
+			|| may_generate_2STRING(-1, cctx) == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+		generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_CONCAT, 1);
+	    }
+	    else
+		generate_two_op(cctx, op);
+	}
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * expr5a == expr5b
+ * expr5a =~ expr5b
+ * expr5a != expr5b
+ * expr5a !~ expr5b
+ * expr5a > expr5b
+ * expr5a >= expr5b
+ * expr5a < expr5b
+ * expr5a <= expr5b
+ * expr5a is expr5b
+ * expr5a isnot expr5b
+ *
+ * Produces instructions:
+ *	EVAL expr5a		Push result of "expr5a"
+ *	EVAL expr5b		Push result of "expr5b"
+ *	COMPARE			one of the compare instructions
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr4(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    exprtype_T	type = EXPR_UNKNOWN;
+    char_u	*p;
+    char_u	*next;
+    int		len = 2;
+    int		type_is = FALSE;
+    int		ppconst_used = ppconst->pp_used;
+
+    // get the first variable
+    if (compile_expr5(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    p = may_peek_next_line(cctx, *arg, &next);
+    type = get_compare_type(p, &len, &type_is);
+
+    /*
+     * If there is a comparative operator, use it.
+     */
+    if (type != EXPR_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	int ic = FALSE;  // Default: do not ignore case
+
+	if (next != NULL)
+	{
+	    *arg = next_line_from_context(cctx, TRUE);
+	    p = skipwhite(*arg);
+	}
+	if (type_is && (p[len] == '?' || p[len] == '#'))
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_invexpr2), *arg);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	// extra question mark appended: ignore case
+	if (p[len] == '?')
+	{
+	    ic = TRUE;
+	    ++len;
+	}
+	// extra '#' appended: match case (ignored)
+	else if (p[len] == '#')
+	    ++len;
+	// nothing appended: match case
+
+	if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(**arg) || !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(p[len]))
+	{
+	    error_white_both(p, len);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	// get the second variable
+	if (may_get_next_line_error(p + len, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	if (compile_expr5(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	if (ppconst->pp_used == ppconst_used + 2)
+	{
+	    typval_T *	tv1 = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst->pp_used - 2];
+	    typval_T	*tv2 = &ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst->pp_used - 1];
+	    int		ret;
+
+	    // Both sides are a constant, compute the result now.
+	    // First check for a valid combination of types, this is more
+	    // strict than typval_compare().
+	    if (check_compare_types(type, tv1, tv2) == FAIL)
+		ret = FAIL;
+	    else
+	    {
+		ret = typval_compare(tv1, tv2, type, ic);
+		tv1->v_type = VAR_BOOL;
+		tv1->vval.v_number = tv1->vval.v_number
+						      ? VVAL_TRUE : VVAL_FALSE;
+		clear_tv(tv2);
+		--ppconst->pp_used;
+	    }
+	    return ret;
+	}
+
+	generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+	return generate_COMPARE(cctx, type, ic);
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+static int compile_expr3(char_u **arg,  cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst);
+
+/*
+ * Compile || or &&.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_and_or(
+	char_u **arg,
+	cctx_T	*cctx,
+	char	*op,
+	ppconst_T *ppconst,
+	int	ppconst_used UNUSED)
+{
+    char_u	*next;
+    char_u	*p = may_peek_next_line(cctx, *arg, &next);
+    int		opchar = *op;
+
+    if (p[0] == opchar && p[1] == opchar)
+    {
+	garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+	garray_T	end_ga;
+
+	/*
+	 * Repeat until there is no following "||" or "&&"
+	 */
+	ga_init2(&end_ga, sizeof(int), 10);
+	while (p[0] == opchar && p[1] == opchar)
+	{
+	    if (next != NULL)
+	    {
+		*arg = next_line_from_context(cctx, TRUE);
+		p = skipwhite(*arg);
+	    }
+
+	    if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(**arg) || !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(p[2]))
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_white_space_required_before_and_after_str_at_str),
+								     op, *arg);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+
+	    // TODO: use ppconst if the value is a constant and check
+	    // evaluating to bool
+	    generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+
+	    // Every part must evaluate to a bool.
+	    if (bool_on_stack(cctx) == FAIL)
+	    {
+		ga_clear(&end_ga);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+
+	    if (ga_grow(&end_ga, 1) == FAIL)
+	    {
+		ga_clear(&end_ga);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    *(((int *)end_ga.ga_data) + end_ga.ga_len) = instr->ga_len;
+	    ++end_ga.ga_len;
+	    generate_JUMP(cctx, opchar == '|'
+				 ?  JUMP_IF_COND_TRUE : JUMP_IF_COND_FALSE, 0);
+
+	    // eval the next expression
+	    if (may_get_next_line_error(p + 2, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    {
+		ga_clear(&end_ga);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+
+	    if ((opchar == '|' ? compile_expr3(arg, cctx, ppconst)
+				  : compile_expr4(arg, cctx, ppconst)) == FAIL)
+	    {
+		ga_clear(&end_ga);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+
+	    p = may_peek_next_line(cctx, *arg, &next);
+	}
+	generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+
+	// Every part must evaluate to a bool.
+	if (bool_on_stack(cctx) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    ga_clear(&end_ga);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	// Fill in the end label in all jumps.
+	while (end_ga.ga_len > 0)
+	{
+	    isn_T	*isn;
+
+	    --end_ga.ga_len;
+	    isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data)
+				  + *(((int *)end_ga.ga_data) + end_ga.ga_len);
+	    isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = instr->ga_len;
+	}
+	ga_clear(&end_ga);
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * expr4a && expr4a && expr4a	    logical AND
+ *
+ * Produces instructions:
+ *	EVAL expr4a		Push result of "expr4a"
+ *	COND2BOOL		convert to bool if needed
+ *	JUMP_IF_COND_FALSE end
+ *	EVAL expr4b		Push result of "expr4b"
+ *	JUMP_IF_COND_FALSE end
+ *	EVAL expr4c		Push result of "expr4c"
+ * end:
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr3(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    int		ppconst_used = ppconst->pp_used;
+
+    // get the first variable
+    if (compile_expr4(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    // || and && work almost the same
+    return compile_and_or(arg, cctx, "&&", ppconst, ppconst_used);
+}
+
+/*
+ * expr3a || expr3b || expr3c	    logical OR
+ *
+ * Produces instructions:
+ *	EVAL expr3a		Push result of "expr3a"
+ *	COND2BOOL		convert to bool if needed
+ *	JUMP_IF_COND_TRUE end
+ *	EVAL expr3b		Push result of "expr3b"
+ *	JUMP_IF_COND_TRUE end
+ *	EVAL expr3c		Push result of "expr3c"
+ * end:
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr2(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    int		ppconst_used = ppconst->pp_used;
+
+    // eval the first expression
+    if (compile_expr3(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    // || and && work almost the same
+    return compile_and_or(arg, cctx, "||", ppconst, ppconst_used);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Toplevel expression: expr2 ? expr1a : expr1b
+ * Produces instructions:
+ *	EVAL expr2		Push result of "expr2"
+ *      JUMP_IF_FALSE alt	jump if false
+ *      EVAL expr1a
+ *      JUMP_ALWAYS end
+ * alt:	EVAL expr1b
+ * end:
+ *
+ * Toplevel expression: expr2 ?? expr1
+ * Produces instructions:
+ *	EVAL expr2		    Push result of "expr2"
+ *      JUMP_AND_KEEP_IF_TRUE end   jump if true
+ *      EVAL expr1
+ * end:
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr1(char_u **arg, cctx_T *cctx, ppconst_T *ppconst)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+    int		ppconst_used = ppconst->pp_used;
+    char_u	*next;
+
+    // Ignore all kinds of errors when not producing code.
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	skip_expr_cctx(arg, cctx);
+	return OK;
+    }
+
+    // Evaluate the first expression.
+    if (compile_expr2(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    p = may_peek_next_line(cctx, *arg, &next);
+    if (*p == '?')
+    {
+	int		op_falsy = p[1] == '?';
+	garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+	garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+	int		alt_idx = instr->ga_len;
+	int		end_idx = 0;
+	isn_T		*isn;
+	type_T		*type1 = NULL;
+	int		has_const_expr = FALSE;
+	int		const_value = FALSE;
+	int		save_skip = cctx->ctx_skip;
+
+	if (next != NULL)
+	{
+	    *arg = next_line_from_context(cctx, TRUE);
+	    p = skipwhite(*arg);
+	}
+
+	if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(**arg) || !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(p[1 + op_falsy]))
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_white_space_required_before_and_after_str_at_str),
+						  op_falsy ? "??" : "?", *arg);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (ppconst->pp_used == ppconst_used + 1)
+	{
+	    // the condition is a constant, we know whether the ? or the :
+	    // expression is to be evaluated.
+	    has_const_expr = TRUE;
+	    if (op_falsy)
+		const_value = tv2bool(&ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used]);
+	    else
+	    {
+		int error = FALSE;
+
+		const_value = tv_get_bool_chk(&ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used],
+								       &error);
+		if (error)
+		    return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    cctx->ctx_skip = save_skip == SKIP_YES ||
+		 (op_falsy ? const_value : !const_value) ? SKIP_YES : SKIP_NOT;
+
+	    if (op_falsy && cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+		// "left ?? right" and "left" is truthy: produce "left"
+		generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+	    else
+	    {
+		clear_tv(&ppconst->pp_tv[ppconst_used]);
+		--ppconst->pp_used;
+	    }
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+	    if (op_falsy)
+		end_idx = instr->ga_len;
+	    generate_JUMP(cctx, op_falsy
+				   ? JUMP_AND_KEEP_IF_TRUE : JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
+	    if (op_falsy)
+		type1 = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len];
+	}
+
+	// evaluate the second expression; any type is accepted
+	if (may_get_next_line_error(p + 1 + op_falsy, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (compile_expr1(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	if (!has_const_expr)
+	{
+	    generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+
+	    if (!op_falsy)
+	    {
+		// remember the type and drop it
+		--stack->ga_len;
+		type1 = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len];
+
+		end_idx = instr->ga_len;
+		generate_JUMP(cctx, JUMP_ALWAYS, 0);
+
+		// jump here from JUMP_IF_FALSE
+		isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + alt_idx;
+		isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = instr->ga_len;
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (!op_falsy)
+	{
+	    // Check for the ":".
+	    p = may_peek_next_line(cctx, *arg, &next);
+	    if (*p != ':')
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_missing_colon));
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    if (next != NULL)
+	    {
+		*arg = next_line_from_context(cctx, TRUE);
+		p = skipwhite(*arg);
+	    }
+
+	    if (!IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(**arg) || !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(p[1]))
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_white_space_required_before_and_after_str_at_str),
+								       ":", p);
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+
+	    // evaluate the third expression
+	    if (has_const_expr)
+		cctx->ctx_skip = save_skip == SKIP_YES || const_value
+							 ? SKIP_YES : SKIP_NOT;
+	    if (may_get_next_line_error(p + 1, arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    if (compile_expr1(arg, cctx, ppconst) == FAIL)
+		return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (!has_const_expr)
+	{
+	    type_T	**typep;
+
+	    generate_ppconst(cctx, ppconst);
+
+	    // If the types differ, the result has a more generic type.
+	    typep = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data) + stack->ga_len - 1;
+	    common_type(type1, *typep, typep, cctx->ctx_type_list);
+
+	    // jump here from JUMP_ALWAYS or JUMP_AND_KEEP_IF_TRUE
+	    isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + end_idx;
+	    isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = instr->ga_len;
+	}
+
+	cctx->ctx_skip = save_skip;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Toplevel expression.
+ * Sets "is_const" (if not NULL) to indicate the value is a constant.
+ * Returns OK or FAIL.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr0_ext(char_u **arg,  cctx_T *cctx, int *is_const)
+{
+    ppconst_T	ppconst;
+
+    CLEAR_FIELD(ppconst);
+    if (compile_expr1(arg, cctx, &ppconst) == FAIL)
+    {
+	clear_ppconst(&ppconst);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    if (is_const != NULL)
+	*is_const = ppconst.pp_used > 0 || ppconst.pp_is_const;
+    if (generate_ppconst(cctx, &ppconst) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Toplevel expression.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_expr0(char_u **arg,  cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    return compile_expr0_ext(arg, cctx, NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "return [expr]"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_return(char_u *arg, int check_return_type, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*p = arg;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    type_T	*stack_type;
+
+    if (*p != NUL && *p != '|' && *p != '\n')
+    {
+	// compile return argument into instructions
+	if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+	{
+	    stack_type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+	    if (check_return_type && (cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_ret_type == NULL
+				|| cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_ret_type == &t_unknown
+				|| cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_ret_type == &t_any))
+	    {
+		cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_ret_type = stack_type;
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		if (cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_ret_type->tt_type == VAR_VOID
+			&& stack_type->tt_type != VAR_VOID
+			&& stack_type->tt_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+		{
+		    emsg(_(e_returning_value_in_function_without_return_type));
+		    return NULL;
+		}
+		if (need_type(stack_type, cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_ret_type, -1,
+						0, cctx, FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		    return NULL;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	// "check_return_type" cannot be TRUE, only used for a lambda which
+	// always has an argument.
+	if (cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_ret_type->tt_type != VAR_VOID
+		&& cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_ret_type->tt_type != VAR_UNKNOWN)
+	{
+	    emsg(_(e_missing_return_value));
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// No argument, return zero.
+	generate_PUSHNR(cctx, 0);
+    }
+
+    // Undo any command modifiers.
+    generate_undo_cmdmods(cctx);
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES && generate_instr(cctx, ISN_RETURN) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    // "return val | endif" is possible
+    return skipwhite(p);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Get a line from the compilation context, compatible with exarg_T getline().
+ * Return a pointer to the line in allocated memory.
+ * Return NULL for end-of-file or some error.
+ */
+    static char_u *
+exarg_getline(
+	int c UNUSED,
+	void *cookie,
+	int indent UNUSED,
+	getline_opt_T options UNUSED)
+{
+    cctx_T  *cctx = (cctx_T *)cookie;
+    char_u  *p;
+
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	if (cctx->ctx_lnum >= cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_lines.ga_len - 1)
+	    return NULL;
+	++cctx->ctx_lnum;
+	p = ((char_u **)cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_lines.ga_data)[cctx->ctx_lnum];
+	// Comment lines result in NULL pointers, skip them.
+	if (p != NULL)
+	    return vim_strsave(p);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile a nested :def command.
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_nested_function(exarg_T *eap, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    int		is_global = *eap->arg == 'g' && eap->arg[1] == ':';
+    char_u	*name_start = eap->arg;
+    char_u	*name_end = to_name_end(eap->arg, TRUE);
+    char_u	*lambda_name;
+    ufunc_T	*ufunc;
+    int		r = FAIL;
+
+    if (eap->forceit)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_cannot_use_bang_with_nested_def));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (*name_start == '/')
+    {
+	name_end = skip_regexp(name_start + 1, '/', TRUE);
+	if (*name_end == '/')
+	    ++name_end;
+	eap->nextcmd = check_nextcmd(name_end);
+    }
+    if (name_end == name_start || *skipwhite(name_end) != '(')
+    {
+	if (!ends_excmd2(name_start, name_end))
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_invalid_command_str), eap->cmd);
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+
+	// "def" or "def Name": list functions
+	if (generate_DEF(cctx, name_start, name_end - name_start) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+	return eap->nextcmd == NULL ? (char_u *)"" : eap->nextcmd;
+    }
+
+    // Only g:Func() can use a namespace.
+    if (name_start[1] == ':' && !is_global)
+    {
+	semsg(_(e_namespace_not_supported_str), name_start);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    if (check_defined(name_start, name_end - name_start, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    eap->arg = name_end;
+    eap->getline = exarg_getline;
+    eap->cookie = cctx;
+    eap->skip = cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES;
+    eap->forceit = FALSE;
+    lambda_name = vim_strsave(get_lambda_name());
+    if (lambda_name == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+    ufunc = define_function(eap, lambda_name);
+
+    if (ufunc == NULL)
+    {
+	r = eap->skip ? OK : FAIL;
+	goto theend;
+    }
+    if (func_needs_compiling(ufunc, PROFILING(ufunc))
+	    && compile_def_function(ufunc, TRUE, PROFILING(ufunc), cctx)
+								       == FAIL)
+    {
+	func_ptr_unref(ufunc);
+	goto theend;
+    }
+
+    if (is_global)
+    {
+	char_u *func_name = vim_strnsave(name_start + 2,
+						    name_end - name_start - 2);
+
+	if (func_name == NULL)
+	    r = FAIL;
+	else
+	{
+	    r = generate_NEWFUNC(cctx, lambda_name, func_name);
+	    lambda_name = NULL;
+	}
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	// Define a local variable for the function reference.
+	lvar_T	*lvar = reserve_local(cctx, name_start, name_end - name_start,
+						    TRUE, ufunc->uf_func_type);
+	int block_depth = cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_block_depth;
+
+	if (lvar == NULL)
+	    goto theend;
+	if (generate_FUNCREF(cctx, ufunc) == FAIL)
+	    goto theend;
+	r = generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STORE, lvar->lv_idx, NULL);
+
+	// copy over the block scope IDs
+	if (block_depth > 0)
+	{
+	    ufunc->uf_block_ids = ALLOC_MULT(int, block_depth);
+	    if (ufunc->uf_block_ids != NULL)
+	    {
+		mch_memmove(ufunc->uf_block_ids, cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_block_ids,
+						    sizeof(int) * block_depth);
+		ufunc->uf_block_depth = block_depth;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+    // TODO: warning for trailing text?
+    r = OK;
+
+theend:
+    vim_free(lambda_name);
+    return r == FAIL ? NULL : (char_u *)"";
+}
+
+/*
+ * Return the length of an assignment operator, or zero if there isn't one.
+ */
+    int
+assignment_len(char_u *p, int *heredoc)
+{
+    if (*p == '=')
+    {
+	if (p[1] == '<' && p[2] == '<')
+	{
+	    *heredoc = TRUE;
+	    return 3;
+	}
+	return 1;
+    }
+    if (vim_strchr((char_u *)"+-*/%", *p) != NULL && p[1] == '=')
+	return 2;
+    if (STRNCMP(p, "..=", 3) == 0)
+	return 3;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+// words that cannot be used as a variable
+static char *reserved[] = {
+    "true",
+    "false",
+    "null",
+    NULL
+};
+
+// Destination for an assignment or ":unlet" with an index.
+typedef enum {
+    dest_local,
+    dest_option,
+    dest_env,
+    dest_global,
+    dest_buffer,
+    dest_window,
+    dest_tab,
+    dest_vimvar,
+    dest_script,
+    dest_reg,
+    dest_expr,
+} assign_dest_T;
+
+// Used by compile_lhs() to store information about the LHS of an assignment
+// and one argument of ":unlet" with an index.
+typedef struct {
+    assign_dest_T   lhs_dest;	    // type of destination
+
+    char_u	    *lhs_name;	    // allocated name including
+				    // "[expr]" or ".name".
+    size_t	    lhs_varlen;	    // length of the variable without
+				    // "[expr]" or ".name"
+    char_u	    *lhs_dest_end;  // end of the destination, including
+				    // "[expr]" or ".name".
+
+    int		    lhs_has_index;  // has "[expr]" or ".name"
+
+    int		    lhs_new_local;  // create new local variable
+    int		    lhs_opt_flags;  // for when destination is an option
+    int		    lhs_vimvaridx;  // for when destination is a v:var
+
+    lvar_T	    lhs_local_lvar; // used for existing local destination
+    lvar_T	    lhs_arg_lvar;   // used for argument destination
+    lvar_T	    *lhs_lvar;	    // points to destination lvar
+    int		    lhs_scriptvar_sid;
+    int		    lhs_scriptvar_idx;
+
+    int		    lhs_has_type;   // type was specified
+    type_T	    *lhs_type;
+    type_T	    *lhs_member_type;
+} lhs_T;
+
+/*
+ * Generate the load instruction for "name".
+ */
+    static void
+generate_loadvar(
+	cctx_T		*cctx,
+	assign_dest_T	dest,
+	char_u		*name,
+	lvar_T		*lvar,
+	type_T		*type)
+{
+    switch (dest)
+    {
+	case dest_option:
+	    // TODO: check the option exists
+	    generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADOPT, 0, name, type);
+	    break;
+	case dest_global:
+	    if (vim_strchr(name, AUTOLOAD_CHAR) == NULL)
+		generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADG, 0, name + 2, type);
+	    else
+		generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADAUTO, 0, name, type);
+	    break;
+	case dest_buffer:
+	    generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADB, 0, name + 2, type);
+	    break;
+	case dest_window:
+	    generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADW, 0, name + 2, type);
+	    break;
+	case dest_tab:
+	    generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADT, 0, name + 2, type);
+	    break;
+	case dest_script:
+	    compile_load_scriptvar(cctx,
+		    name + (name[1] == ':' ? 2 : 0), NULL, NULL, TRUE);
+	    break;
+	case dest_env:
+	    // Include $ in the name here
+	    generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADENV, 0, name, type);
+	    break;
+	case dest_reg:
+	    generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOADREG, name[1], NULL, &t_string);
+	    break;
+	case dest_vimvar:
+	    generate_LOADV(cctx, name + 2, TRUE);
+	    break;
+	case dest_local:
+	    if (lvar->lv_from_outer > 0)
+		generate_LOADOUTER(cctx, lvar->lv_idx, lvar->lv_from_outer,
+									 type);
+	    else
+		generate_LOAD(cctx, ISN_LOAD, lvar->lv_idx, NULL, type);
+	    break;
+	case dest_expr:
+	    // list or dict value should already be on the stack.
+	    break;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Skip over "[expr]" or ".member".
+ * Does not check for any errors.
+ */
+    static char_u *
+skip_index(char_u *start)
+{
+    char_u *p = start;
+
+    if (*p == '[')
+    {
+	p = skipwhite(p + 1);
+	(void)skip_expr(&p, NULL);
+	p = skipwhite(p);
+	if (*p == ']')
+	    return p + 1;
+	return p;
+    }
+    // if (*p == '.')
+    return to_name_end(p + 1, TRUE);
+}
+
+    void
+vim9_declare_error(char_u *name)
+{
+    char *scope = "";
+
+    switch (*name)
+    {
+	case 'g': scope = _("global"); break;
+	case 'b': scope = _("buffer"); break;
+	case 'w': scope = _("window"); break;
+	case 't': scope = _("tab"); break;
+	case 'v': scope = "v:"; break;
+	case '$': semsg(_(e_cannot_declare_an_environment_variable), name);
+		  return;
+	case '&': semsg(_(e_cannot_declare_an_option), name);
+		  return;
+	case '@': semsg(_(e_cannot_declare_a_register_str), name);
+		  return;
+	default: return;
+    }
+    semsg(_(e_cannot_declare_a_scope_variable), scope, name);
+}
+
+/*
+ * For one assignment figure out the type of destination.  Return it in "dest".
+ * When not recognized "dest" is not set.
+ * For an option "opt_flags" is set.
+ * For a v:var "vimvaridx" is set.
+ * "type" is set to the destination type if known, unchanted otherwise.
+ * Return FAIL if an error message was given.
+ */
+    static int
+get_var_dest(
+	char_u		*name,
+	assign_dest_T	*dest,
+	int		cmdidx,
+	int		*opt_flags,
+	int		*vimvaridx,
+	type_T		**type,
+	cctx_T		*cctx)
+{
+    char_u *p;
+
+    if (*name == '&')
+    {
+	int		cc;
+	long		numval;
+	getoption_T	opt_type;
+
+	*dest = dest_option;
+	if (cmdidx == CMD_final || cmdidx == CMD_const)
+	{
+	    emsg(_(e_const_option));
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	p = name;
+	p = find_option_end(&p, opt_flags);
+	if (p == NULL)
+	{
+	    // cannot happen?
+	    emsg(_(e_letunexp));
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	cc = *p;
+	*p = NUL;
+	opt_type = get_option_value(skip_option_env_lead(name),
+						    &numval, NULL, *opt_flags);
+	*p = cc;
+	switch (opt_type)
+	{
+	    case gov_unknown:
+		    semsg(_(e_unknown_option), name);
+		    return FAIL;
+	    case gov_string:
+	    case gov_hidden_string:
+		    *type = &t_string;
+		    break;
+	    case gov_bool:
+	    case gov_hidden_bool:
+		    *type = &t_bool;
+		    break;
+	    case gov_number:
+	    case gov_hidden_number:
+		    *type = &t_number;
+		    break;
+	}
+    }
+    else if (*name == '$')
+    {
+	*dest = dest_env;
+	*type = &t_string;
+    }
+    else if (*name == '@')
+    {
+	if (!valid_yank_reg(name[1], FALSE) || name[1] == '.')
+	{
+	    emsg_invreg(name[1]);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	*dest = dest_reg;
+	*type = &t_string;
+    }
+    else if (STRNCMP(name, "g:", 2) == 0)
+    {
+	*dest = dest_global;
+    }
+    else if (STRNCMP(name, "b:", 2) == 0)
+    {
+	*dest = dest_buffer;
+    }
+    else if (STRNCMP(name, "w:", 2) == 0)
+    {
+	*dest = dest_window;
+    }
+    else if (STRNCMP(name, "t:", 2) == 0)
+    {
+	*dest = dest_tab;
+    }
+    else if (STRNCMP(name, "v:", 2) == 0)
+    {
+	typval_T	*vtv;
+	int		di_flags;
+
+	*vimvaridx = find_vim_var(name + 2, &di_flags);
+	if (*vimvaridx < 0)
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_variable_not_found_str), name);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	// We use the current value of "sandbox" here, is that OK?
+	if (var_check_ro(di_flags, name, FALSE))
+	    return FAIL;
+	*dest = dest_vimvar;
+	vtv = get_vim_var_tv(*vimvaridx);
+	*type = typval2type_vimvar(vtv, cctx->ctx_type_list);
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Generate a STORE instruction for "dest", not being "dest_local".
+ * Return FAIL when out of memory.
+ */
+    static int
+generate_store_var(
+	cctx_T		*cctx,
+	assign_dest_T	dest,
+	int		opt_flags,
+	int		vimvaridx,
+	int		scriptvar_idx,
+	int		scriptvar_sid,
+	type_T		*type,
+	char_u		*name)
+{
+    switch (dest)
+    {
+	case dest_option:
+	    return generate_STOREOPT(cctx, skip_option_env_lead(name),
+								    opt_flags);
+	case dest_global:
+	    // include g: with the name, easier to execute that way
+	    return generate_STORE(cctx, vim_strchr(name, AUTOLOAD_CHAR) == NULL
+					? ISN_STOREG : ISN_STOREAUTO, 0, name);
+	case dest_buffer:
+	    // include b: with the name, easier to execute that way
+	    return generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STOREB, 0, name);
+	case dest_window:
+	    // include w: with the name, easier to execute that way
+	    return generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STOREW, 0, name);
+	case dest_tab:
+	    // include t: with the name, easier to execute that way
+	    return generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STORET, 0, name);
+	case dest_env:
+	    return generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STOREENV, 0, name + 1);
+	case dest_reg:
+	    return generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STOREREG, name[1], NULL);
+	case dest_vimvar:
+	    return generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STOREV, vimvaridx, NULL);
+	case dest_script:
+	    if (scriptvar_idx < 0)
+	    {
+		char_u  *name_s = name;
+		int	r;
+
+		// "s:" is included in the name.
+		r = generate_OLDSCRIPT(cctx, ISN_STORES, name_s,
+							  scriptvar_sid, type);
+		if (name_s != name)
+		    vim_free(name_s);
+		return r;
+	    }
+	    return generate_VIM9SCRIPT(cctx, ISN_STORESCRIPT,
+					   scriptvar_sid, scriptvar_idx, type);
+	case dest_local:
+	case dest_expr:
+	    // cannot happen
+	    break;
+    }
+    return FAIL;
+}
+
+    static int
+is_decl_command(int cmdidx)
+{
+    return cmdidx == CMD_let || cmdidx == CMD_var
+				 || cmdidx == CMD_final || cmdidx == CMD_const;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Figure out the LHS type and other properties for an assignment or one item
+ * of ":unlet" with an index.
+ * Returns OK or FAIL.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_lhs(
+	char_u	*var_start,
+	lhs_T	*lhs,
+	int	cmdidx,
+	int	heredoc,
+	int	oplen,
+	cctx_T	*cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*var_end;
+    int		is_decl = is_decl_command(cmdidx);
+
+    CLEAR_POINTER(lhs);
+    lhs->lhs_dest = dest_local;
+    lhs->lhs_vimvaridx = -1;
+    lhs->lhs_scriptvar_idx = -1;
+
+    // "dest_end" is the end of the destination, including "[expr]" or
+    // ".name".
+    // "var_end" is the end of the variable/option/etc. name.
+    lhs->lhs_dest_end = skip_var_one(var_start, FALSE);
+    if (*var_start == '@')
+	var_end = var_start + 2;
+    else
+    {
+	// skip over the leading "&", "&l:", "&g:" and "$"
+	var_end = skip_option_env_lead(var_start);
+	var_end = to_name_end(var_end, TRUE);
+    }
+
+    // "a: type" is declaring variable "a" with a type, not dict "a:".
+    if (is_decl && lhs->lhs_dest_end == var_start + 2
+					       && lhs->lhs_dest_end[-1] == ':')
+	--lhs->lhs_dest_end;
+    if (is_decl && var_end == var_start + 2 && var_end[-1] == ':')
+	--var_end;
+
+    // compute the length of the destination without "[expr]" or ".name"
+    lhs->lhs_varlen = var_end - var_start;
+    lhs->lhs_name = vim_strnsave(var_start, lhs->lhs_varlen);
+    if (lhs->lhs_name == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (lhs->lhs_dest_end > var_start + lhs->lhs_varlen)
+	// Something follows after the variable: "var[idx]" or "var.key".
+	lhs->lhs_has_index = TRUE;
+
+    if (heredoc)
+	lhs->lhs_type = &t_list_string;
+    else
+	lhs->lhs_type = &t_any;
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	int	    declare_error = FALSE;
+
+	if (get_var_dest(lhs->lhs_name, &lhs->lhs_dest, cmdidx,
+				      &lhs->lhs_opt_flags, &lhs->lhs_vimvaridx,
+						 &lhs->lhs_type, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (lhs->lhs_dest != dest_local)
+	{
+	    // Specific kind of variable recognized.
+	    declare_error = is_decl;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    int	    idx;
+
+	    // No specific kind of variable recognized, just a name.
+	    for (idx = 0; reserved[idx] != NULL; ++idx)
+		if (STRCMP(reserved[idx], lhs->lhs_name) == 0)
+		{
+		    semsg(_(e_cannot_use_reserved_name), lhs->lhs_name);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+
+
+	    if (lookup_local(var_start, lhs->lhs_varlen,
+					     &lhs->lhs_local_lvar, cctx) == OK)
+		lhs->lhs_lvar = &lhs->lhs_local_lvar;
+	    else
+	    {
+		CLEAR_FIELD(lhs->lhs_arg_lvar);
+		if (arg_exists(var_start, lhs->lhs_varlen,
+			 &lhs->lhs_arg_lvar.lv_idx, &lhs->lhs_arg_lvar.lv_type,
+			    &lhs->lhs_arg_lvar.lv_from_outer, cctx) == OK)
+		{
+		    if (is_decl)
+		    {
+			semsg(_(e_str_is_used_as_argument), lhs->lhs_name);
+			return FAIL;
+		    }
+		    lhs->lhs_lvar = &lhs->lhs_arg_lvar;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (lhs->lhs_lvar != NULL)
+	    {
+		if (is_decl)
+		{
+		    semsg(_(e_variable_already_declared), lhs->lhs_name);
+		    return FAIL;
+		}
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		int script_namespace = lhs->lhs_varlen > 1
+				       && STRNCMP(var_start, "s:", 2) == 0;
+		int script_var = (script_namespace
+			? script_var_exists(var_start + 2, lhs->lhs_varlen - 2,
+							       FALSE, cctx)
+			  : script_var_exists(var_start, lhs->lhs_varlen,
+							    TRUE, cctx)) == OK;
+		imported_T  *import =
+			       find_imported(var_start, lhs->lhs_varlen, cctx);
+
+		if (script_namespace || script_var || import != NULL)
+		{
+		    char_u	*rawname = lhs->lhs_name
+					   + (lhs->lhs_name[1] == ':' ? 2 : 0);
+
+		    if (is_decl)
+		    {
+			if (script_namespace)
+			    semsg(_(e_cannot_declare_script_variable_in_function),
+								lhs->lhs_name);
+			else
+			    semsg(_(e_variable_already_declared_in_script),
+								lhs->lhs_name);
+			return FAIL;
+		    }
+		    else if (cctx->ctx_ufunc->uf_script_ctx_version
+							 == SCRIPT_VERSION_VIM9
+				    && script_namespace
+				    && !script_var && import == NULL)
+		    {
+			semsg(_(e_unknown_variable_str), lhs->lhs_name);
+			return FAIL;
+		    }
+
+		    lhs->lhs_dest = dest_script;
+
+		    // existing script-local variables should have a type
+		    lhs->lhs_scriptvar_sid = current_sctx.sc_sid;
+		    if (import != NULL)
+			lhs->lhs_scriptvar_sid = import->imp_sid;
+		    if (SCRIPT_ID_VALID(lhs->lhs_scriptvar_sid))
+		    {
+			// Check writable only when no index follows.
+			lhs->lhs_scriptvar_idx = get_script_item_idx(
+					       lhs->lhs_scriptvar_sid, rawname,
+			      lhs->lhs_has_index ? ASSIGN_FINAL : ASSIGN_CONST,
+									 cctx);
+			if (lhs->lhs_scriptvar_idx >= 0)
+			{
+			    scriptitem_T *si = SCRIPT_ITEM(
+						       lhs->lhs_scriptvar_sid);
+			    svar_T	 *sv =
+					    ((svar_T *)si->sn_var_vals.ga_data)
+						      + lhs->lhs_scriptvar_idx;
+			    lhs->lhs_type = sv->sv_type;
+			}
+		    }
+		}
+		else if (check_defined(var_start, lhs->lhs_varlen, cctx)
+								       == FAIL)
+		    return FAIL;
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (declare_error)
+	{
+	    vim9_declare_error(lhs->lhs_name);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+
+    // handle "a:name" as a name, not index "name" on "a"
+    if (lhs->lhs_varlen > 1 || var_start[lhs->lhs_varlen] != ':')
+	var_end = lhs->lhs_dest_end;
+
+    if (lhs->lhs_dest != dest_option)
+    {
+	if (is_decl && *var_end == ':')
+	{
+	    char_u *p;
+
+	    // parse optional type: "let var: type = expr"
+	    if (!VIM_ISWHITE(var_end[1]))
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_white_space_required_after_str), ":");
+		return FAIL;
+	    }
+	    p = skipwhite(var_end + 1);
+	    lhs->lhs_type = parse_type(&p, cctx->ctx_type_list, TRUE);
+	    if (lhs->lhs_type == NULL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    lhs->lhs_has_type = TRUE;
+	}
+	else if (lhs->lhs_lvar != NULL)
+	    lhs->lhs_type = lhs->lhs_lvar->lv_type;
+    }
+
+    if (oplen == 3 && !heredoc && lhs->lhs_dest != dest_global
+		    && lhs->lhs_type->tt_type != VAR_STRING
+		    && lhs->lhs_type->tt_type != VAR_ANY)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_can_only_concatenate_to_string));
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    if (lhs->lhs_lvar == NULL && lhs->lhs_dest == dest_local
+						 && cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	if (oplen > 1 && !heredoc)
+	{
+	    // +=, /=, etc. require an existing variable
+	    semsg(_(e_cannot_use_operator_on_new_variable), lhs->lhs_name);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	if (!is_decl)
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_unknown_variable_str), lhs->lhs_name);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	// new local variable
+	if ((lhs->lhs_type->tt_type == VAR_FUNC
+				      || lhs->lhs_type->tt_type == VAR_PARTIAL)
+				   && var_wrong_func_name(lhs->lhs_name, TRUE))
+	    return FAIL;
+	lhs->lhs_lvar = reserve_local(cctx, var_start, lhs->lhs_varlen,
+		    cmdidx == CMD_final || cmdidx == CMD_const, lhs->lhs_type);
+	if (lhs->lhs_lvar == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	lhs->lhs_new_local = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    lhs->lhs_member_type = lhs->lhs_type;
+    if (lhs->lhs_has_index)
+    {
+	// Something follows after the variable: "var[idx]" or "var.key".
+	// TODO: should we also handle "->func()" here?
+	if (is_decl)
+	{
+	    emsg(_(e_cannot_use_index_when_declaring_variable));
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+
+	if (var_start[lhs->lhs_varlen] == '['
+					  || var_start[lhs->lhs_varlen] == '.')
+	{
+	    char_u	*after = var_start + lhs->lhs_varlen;
+	    char_u	*p;
+
+	    // Only the last index is used below, if there are others
+	    // before it generate code for the expression.  Thus for
+	    // "ll[1][2]" the expression is "ll[1]" and "[2]" is the index.
+	    for (;;)
+	    {
+		p = skip_index(after);
+		if (*p != '[' && *p != '.')
+		    break;
+		after = p;
+	    }
+	    if (after > var_start + lhs->lhs_varlen)
+	    {
+		lhs->lhs_varlen = after - var_start;
+		lhs->lhs_dest = dest_expr;
+		// We don't know the type before evaluating the expression,
+		// use "any" until then.
+		lhs->lhs_type = &t_any;
+	    }
+
+	    if (lhs->lhs_type->tt_member == NULL)
+		lhs->lhs_member_type = &t_any;
+	    else
+		lhs->lhs_member_type = lhs->lhs_type->tt_member;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    semsg("Not supported yet: %s", var_start);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Assignment to a list or dict member, or ":unlet" for the item, using the
+ * information in "lhs".
+ * Returns OK or FAIL.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_assign_unlet(
+	char_u	*var_start,
+	lhs_T	*lhs,
+	int	is_assign,
+	type_T	*rhs_type,
+	cctx_T	*cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*p;
+    int		r;
+    vartype_T	dest_type;
+    size_t	varlen = lhs->lhs_varlen;
+    garray_T    *stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+
+    // Compile the "idx" in "var[idx]" or "key" in "var.key".
+    p = var_start + varlen;
+    if (*p == '[')
+    {
+	p = skipwhite(p + 1);
+	r = compile_expr0(&p, cctx);
+	if (r == OK && *skipwhite(p) != ']')
+	{
+	    // this should not happen
+	    emsg(_(e_missbrac));
+	    r = FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+    else // if (*p == '.')
+    {
+	char_u *key_end = to_name_end(p + 1, TRUE);
+	char_u *key = vim_strnsave(p + 1, key_end - p - 1);
+
+	r = generate_PUSHS(cctx, key);
+    }
+    if (r == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    if (lhs->lhs_type == &t_any)
+    {
+	// Index on variable of unknown type: check at runtime.
+	dest_type = VAR_ANY;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	dest_type = lhs->lhs_type->tt_type;
+	if (dest_type == VAR_DICT && may_generate_2STRING(-1, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (dest_type == VAR_LIST
+		&& need_type(((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1],
+				 &t_number, -1, 0, cctx, FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    // Load the dict or list.  On the stack we then have:
+    // - value (for assignment, not for :unlet)
+    // - index
+    // - variable
+    if (lhs->lhs_dest == dest_expr)
+    {
+	int	    c = var_start[varlen];
+
+	// Evaluate "ll[expr]" of "ll[expr][idx]"
+	p = var_start;
+	var_start[varlen] = NUL;
+	if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == OK && p != var_start + varlen)
+	{
+	    // this should not happen
+	    emsg(_(e_missbrac));
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	var_start[varlen] = c;
+
+	lhs->lhs_type = stack->ga_len == 0 ? &t_void
+		  : ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+	// now we can properly check the type
+	if (lhs->lhs_type->tt_member != NULL && rhs_type != &t_void
+		&& need_type(rhs_type, lhs->lhs_type->tt_member, -2, 0, cctx,
+							 FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+    }
+    else
+	generate_loadvar(cctx, lhs->lhs_dest, lhs->lhs_name,
+						 lhs->lhs_lvar, lhs->lhs_type);
+
+    if (dest_type == VAR_LIST || dest_type == VAR_DICT || dest_type == VAR_ANY)
+    {
+	if (is_assign)
+	{
+	    isn_T	*isn = generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_STOREINDEX, 3);
+
+	    if (isn == NULL)
+		return FAIL;
+	    isn->isn_arg.vartype = dest_type;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    if (generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_UNLETINDEX, 2) == NULL)
+		return FAIL;
+	}
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_indexable_type_required));
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile declaration and assignment:
+ * "let name"
+ * "var name = expr"
+ * "final name = expr"
+ * "const name = expr"
+ * "name = expr"
+ * "arg" points to "name".
+ * Return NULL for an error.
+ * Return "arg" if it does not look like a variable list.
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_assignment(char_u *arg, exarg_T *eap, cmdidx_T cmdidx, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*var_start;
+    char_u	*p;
+    char_u	*end = arg;
+    char_u	*ret = NULL;
+    int		var_count = 0;
+    int		var_idx;
+    int		semicolon = 0;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    garray_T    *stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    char_u	*op;
+    int		oplen = 0;
+    int		heredoc = FALSE;
+    type_T	*rhs_type = &t_any;
+    char_u	*sp;
+    int		is_decl = is_decl_command(cmdidx);
+    lhs_T	lhs;
+
+    // Skip over the "var" or "[var, var]" to get to any "=".
+    p = skip_var_list(arg, TRUE, &var_count, &semicolon, TRUE);
+    if (p == NULL)
+	return *arg == '[' ? arg : NULL;
+
+    if (var_count > 0 && is_decl)
+    {
+	// TODO: should we allow this, and figure out type inference from list
+	// members?
+	emsg(_(e_cannot_use_list_for_declaration));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    lhs.lhs_name = NULL;
+
+    sp = p;
+    p = skipwhite(p);
+    op = p;
+    oplen = assignment_len(p, &heredoc);
+
+    if (var_count > 0 && oplen == 0)
+	// can be something like "[1, 2]->func()"
+	return arg;
+
+    if (oplen > 0 && (!VIM_ISWHITE(*sp) || !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(op[oplen])))
+    {
+	error_white_both(op, oplen);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (heredoc)
+    {
+	list_T	   *l;
+	listitem_T *li;
+
+	// [let] varname =<< [trim] {end}
+	eap->getline = exarg_getline;
+	eap->cookie = cctx;
+	l = heredoc_get(eap, op + 3, FALSE);
+	if (l == NULL)
+	    return NULL;
+
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+	{
+	    // Push each line and the create the list.
+	    FOR_ALL_LIST_ITEMS(l, li)
+	    {
+		generate_PUSHS(cctx, li->li_tv.vval.v_string);
+		li->li_tv.vval.v_string = NULL;
+	    }
+	    generate_NEWLIST(cctx, l->lv_len);
+	}
+	list_free(l);
+	p += STRLEN(p);
+	end = p;
+    }
+    else if (var_count > 0)
+    {
+	char_u *wp;
+
+	// for "[var, var] = expr" evaluate the expression here, loop over the
+	// list of variables below.
+	// A line break may follow the "=".
+
+	wp = op + oplen;
+	if (may_get_next_line_error(wp, &p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+	end = p;
+
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+	{
+	    type_T	*stacktype;
+
+	    stacktype = stack->ga_len == 0 ? &t_void
+			      : ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+	    if (stacktype->tt_type == VAR_VOID)
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_cannot_use_void_value));
+		goto theend;
+	    }
+	    if (need_type(stacktype, &t_list_any, -1, 0, cctx,
+							 FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		goto theend;
+	    // TODO: check the length of a constant list here
+	    generate_CHECKLEN(cctx, semicolon ? var_count - 1 : var_count,
+								    semicolon);
+	    if (stacktype->tt_member != NULL)
+		rhs_type = stacktype->tt_member;
+	}
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Loop over variables in "[var, var] = expr".
+     * For "var = expr" and "let var: type" this is done only once.
+     */
+    if (var_count > 0)
+	var_start = skipwhite(arg + 1);  // skip over the "["
+    else
+	var_start = arg;
+    for (var_idx = 0; var_idx == 0 || var_idx < var_count; var_idx++)
+    {
+	int		instr_count = -1;
+
+	vim_free(lhs.lhs_name);
+
+	/*
+	 * Figure out the LHS type and other properties.
+	 */
+	if (compile_lhs(var_start, &lhs, cmdidx, heredoc, oplen, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    goto theend;
+
+	if (!lhs.lhs_has_index && lhs.lhs_lvar == &lhs.lhs_arg_lvar)
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_cannot_assign_to_argument), lhs.lhs_name);
+	    goto theend;
+	}
+	if (!is_decl && lhs.lhs_lvar != NULL
+			       && lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_const && !lhs.lhs_has_index)
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_cannot_assign_to_constant), lhs.lhs_name);
+	    goto theend;
+	}
+
+	if (!heredoc)
+	{
+	    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+	    {
+		if (oplen > 0 && var_count == 0)
+		{
+		    // skip over the "=" and the expression
+		    p = skipwhite(op + oplen);
+		    compile_expr0(&p, cctx);
+		}
+	    }
+	    else if (oplen > 0)
+	    {
+		int	is_const = FALSE;
+		char_u	*wp;
+
+		// For "var = expr" evaluate the expression.
+		if (var_count == 0)
+		{
+		    int	r;
+
+		    // for "+=", "*=", "..=" etc. first load the current value
+		    if (*op != '=')
+		    {
+			generate_loadvar(cctx, lhs.lhs_dest, lhs.lhs_name,
+						   lhs.lhs_lvar, lhs.lhs_type);
+
+			if (lhs.lhs_has_index)
+			{
+			    // TODO: get member from list or dict
+			    emsg("Index with operation not supported yet");
+			    goto theend;
+			}
+		    }
+
+		    // Compile the expression.  Temporarily hide the new local
+		    // variable here, it is not available to this expression.
+		    if (lhs.lhs_new_local)
+			--cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len;
+		    instr_count = instr->ga_len;
+		    wp = op + oplen;
+		    if (may_get_next_line_error(wp, &p, cctx) == FAIL)
+		    {
+			if (lhs.lhs_new_local)
+			    ++cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len;
+			goto theend;
+		    }
+		    r = compile_expr0_ext(&p, cctx, &is_const);
+		    if (lhs.lhs_new_local)
+			++cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len;
+		    if (r == FAIL)
+			goto theend;
+		}
+		else if (semicolon && var_idx == var_count - 1)
+		{
+		    // For "[var; var] = expr" get the rest of the list
+		    if (generate_SLICE(cctx, var_count - 1) == FAIL)
+			goto theend;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+		    // For "[var, var] = expr" get the "var_idx" item from the
+		    // list.
+		    if (generate_GETITEM(cctx, var_idx) == FAIL)
+			goto theend;
+		}
+
+		rhs_type = stack->ga_len == 0 ? &t_void
+			      : ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+		if (lhs.lhs_lvar != NULL && (is_decl || !lhs.lhs_has_type))
+		{
+		    if ((rhs_type->tt_type == VAR_FUNC
+				|| rhs_type->tt_type == VAR_PARTIAL)
+			    && var_wrong_func_name(lhs.lhs_name, TRUE))
+			goto theend;
+
+		    if (lhs.lhs_new_local && !lhs.lhs_has_type)
+		    {
+			if (rhs_type->tt_type == VAR_VOID)
+			{
+			    emsg(_(e_cannot_use_void_value));
+			    goto theend;
+			}
+			else
+			{
+			    // An empty list or dict has a &t_unknown member,
+			    // for a variable that implies &t_any.
+			    if (rhs_type == &t_list_empty)
+				lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_type = &t_list_any;
+			    else if (rhs_type == &t_dict_empty)
+				lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_type = &t_dict_any;
+			    else if (rhs_type == &t_unknown)
+				lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_type = &t_any;
+			    else
+				lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_type = rhs_type;
+			}
+		    }
+		    else if (*op == '=')
+		    {
+			type_T *use_type = lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_type;
+
+			// without operator check type here, otherwise below
+			if (lhs.lhs_has_index)
+			    use_type = lhs.lhs_member_type;
+			if (need_type(rhs_type, use_type, -1, 0, cctx,
+						      FALSE, is_const) == FAIL)
+			    goto theend;
+		    }
+		}
+		else if (*p != '=' && need_type(rhs_type, lhs.lhs_member_type,
+					    -1, 0, cctx, FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		    goto theend;
+	    }
+	    else if (cmdidx == CMD_final)
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_final_requires_a_value));
+		goto theend;
+	    }
+	    else if (cmdidx == CMD_const)
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_const_requires_a_value));
+		goto theend;
+	    }
+	    else if (!lhs.lhs_has_type || lhs.lhs_dest == dest_option)
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_type_or_initialization_required));
+		goto theend;
+	    }
+	    else
+	    {
+		// variables are always initialized
+		if (ga_grow(instr, 1) == FAIL)
+		    goto theend;
+		switch (lhs.lhs_member_type->tt_type)
+		{
+		    case VAR_BOOL:
+			generate_PUSHBOOL(cctx, VVAL_FALSE);
+			break;
+		    case VAR_FLOAT:
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+			generate_PUSHF(cctx, 0.0);
+#endif
+			break;
+		    case VAR_STRING:
+			generate_PUSHS(cctx, NULL);
+			break;
+		    case VAR_BLOB:
+			generate_PUSHBLOB(cctx, blob_alloc());
+			break;
+		    case VAR_FUNC:
+			generate_PUSHFUNC(cctx, NULL, &t_func_void);
+			break;
+		    case VAR_LIST:
+			generate_NEWLIST(cctx, 0);
+			break;
+		    case VAR_DICT:
+			generate_NEWDICT(cctx, 0);
+			break;
+		    case VAR_JOB:
+			generate_PUSHJOB(cctx, NULL);
+			break;
+		    case VAR_CHANNEL:
+			generate_PUSHCHANNEL(cctx, NULL);
+			break;
+		    case VAR_NUMBER:
+		    case VAR_UNKNOWN:
+		    case VAR_ANY:
+		    case VAR_PARTIAL:
+		    case VAR_VOID:
+		    case VAR_SPECIAL:  // cannot happen
+			generate_PUSHNR(cctx, 0);
+			break;
+		}
+	    }
+	    if (var_count == 0)
+		end = p;
+	}
+
+	// no need to parse more when skipping
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+	    break;
+
+	if (oplen > 0 && *op != '=')
+	{
+	    type_T	    *expected;
+	    type_T	    *stacktype;
+
+	    if (*op == '.')
+		expected = &t_string;
+	    else
+		expected = lhs.lhs_member_type;
+	    stacktype = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+	    if (
+#ifdef FEAT_FLOAT
+		// If variable is float operation with number is OK.
+		!(expected == &t_float && stacktype == &t_number) &&
+#endif
+		    need_type(stacktype, expected, -1, 0, cctx,
+							 FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+		goto theend;
+
+	    if (*op == '.')
+	    {
+		if (generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_CONCAT, 1) == NULL)
+		    goto theend;
+	    }
+	    else if (*op == '+')
+	    {
+		if (generate_add_instr(cctx,
+			    operator_type(lhs.lhs_member_type, stacktype),
+				       lhs.lhs_member_type, stacktype) == FAIL)
+		    goto theend;
+	    }
+	    else if (generate_two_op(cctx, op) == FAIL)
+		goto theend;
+	}
+
+	if (lhs.lhs_has_index)
+	{
+	    // Use the info in "lhs" to store the value at the index in the
+	    // list or dict.
+	    if (compile_assign_unlet(var_start, &lhs, TRUE, rhs_type, cctx)
+								       == FAIL)
+		goto theend;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    if (is_decl && cmdidx == CMD_const && (lhs.lhs_dest == dest_script
+						|| lhs.lhs_dest == dest_local))
+		// ":const var": lock the value, but not referenced variables
+		generate_LOCKCONST(cctx);
+
+	    if (is_decl
+		    && (lhs.lhs_type->tt_type == VAR_DICT
+					  || lhs.lhs_type->tt_type == VAR_LIST)
+		    && lhs.lhs_type->tt_member != NULL
+		    && lhs.lhs_type->tt_member != &t_any
+		    && lhs.lhs_type->tt_member != &t_unknown)
+		// Set the type in the list or dict, so that it can be checked,
+		// also in legacy script.
+		generate_SETTYPE(cctx, lhs.lhs_type);
+
+	    if (lhs.lhs_dest != dest_local)
+	    {
+		if (generate_store_var(cctx, lhs.lhs_dest,
+			    lhs.lhs_opt_flags, lhs.lhs_vimvaridx,
+			    lhs.lhs_scriptvar_idx, lhs.lhs_scriptvar_sid,
+					   lhs.lhs_type, lhs.lhs_name) == FAIL)
+		    goto theend;
+	    }
+	    else if (lhs.lhs_lvar != NULL)
+	    {
+		isn_T *isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data)
+						   + instr->ga_len - 1;
+
+		// optimization: turn "var = 123" from ISN_PUSHNR +
+		// ISN_STORE into ISN_STORENR
+		if (lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_from_outer == 0
+				&& instr->ga_len == instr_count + 1
+				&& isn->isn_type == ISN_PUSHNR)
+		{
+		    varnumber_T val = isn->isn_arg.number;
+
+		    isn->isn_type = ISN_STORENR;
+		    isn->isn_arg.storenr.stnr_idx = lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_idx;
+		    isn->isn_arg.storenr.stnr_val = val;
+		    if (stack->ga_len > 0)
+			--stack->ga_len;
+		}
+		else if (lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_from_outer > 0)
+		    generate_STOREOUTER(cctx, lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_idx,
+						  lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_from_outer);
+		else
+		    generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STORE, lhs.lhs_lvar->lv_idx, NULL);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (var_idx + 1 < var_count)
+	    var_start = skipwhite(lhs.lhs_dest_end + 1);
+    }
+
+    // for "[var, var] = expr" drop the "expr" value
+    if (var_count > 0 && !semicolon)
+    {
+	if (generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_DROP, 1) == NULL)
+	    goto theend;
+    }
+
+    ret = skipwhite(end);
+
+theend:
+    vim_free(lhs.lhs_name);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check for an assignment at "eap->cmd", compile it if found.
+ * Return NOTDONE if there is none, FAIL for failure, OK if done.
+ */
+    static int
+may_compile_assignment(exarg_T *eap, char_u **line, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u  *pskip;
+    char_u  *p;
+
+    // Assuming the command starts with a variable or function name,
+    // find what follows.
+    // Skip over "var.member", "var[idx]" and the like.
+    // Also "&opt = val", "$ENV = val" and "@r = val".
+    pskip = (*eap->cmd == '&' || *eap->cmd == '$' || *eap->cmd == '@')
+						 ? eap->cmd + 1 : eap->cmd;
+    p = to_name_end(pskip, TRUE);
+    if (p > eap->cmd && *p != NUL)
+    {
+	char_u *var_end;
+	int	oplen;
+	int	heredoc;
+
+	if (eap->cmd[0] == '@')
+	    var_end = eap->cmd + 2;
+	else
+	    var_end = find_name_end(pskip, NULL, NULL,
+					FNE_CHECK_START | FNE_INCL_BR);
+	oplen = assignment_len(skipwhite(var_end), &heredoc);
+	if (oplen > 0)
+	{
+	    size_t len = p - eap->cmd;
+
+	    // Recognize an assignment if we recognize the variable
+	    // name:
+	    // "g:var = expr"
+	    // "local = expr"  where "local" is a local var.
+	    // "script = expr"  where "script" is a script-local var.
+	    // "import = expr"  where "import" is an imported var
+	    // "&opt = expr"
+	    // "$ENV = expr"
+	    // "@r = expr"
+	    if (*eap->cmd == '&'
+		    || *eap->cmd == '$'
+		    || *eap->cmd == '@'
+		    || ((len) > 2 && eap->cmd[1] == ':')
+		    || lookup_local(eap->cmd, len, NULL, cctx) == OK
+		    || arg_exists(eap->cmd, len, NULL, NULL, NULL, cctx) == OK
+		    || script_var_exists(eap->cmd, len, FALSE, cctx) == OK
+		    || find_imported(eap->cmd, len, cctx) != NULL)
+	    {
+		*line = compile_assignment(eap->cmd, eap, CMD_SIZE, cctx);
+		if (*line == NULL || *line == eap->cmd)
+		    return FAIL;
+		return OK;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (*eap->cmd == '[')
+    {
+	// [var, var] = expr
+	*line = compile_assignment(eap->cmd, eap, CMD_SIZE, cctx);
+	if (*line == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (*line != eap->cmd)
+	    return OK;
+    }
+    return NOTDONE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Check if "name" can be "unlet".
+ */
+    int
+check_vim9_unlet(char_u *name)
+{
+    if (name[1] != ':' || vim_strchr((char_u *)"gwtb", *name) == NULL)
+    {
+	// "unlet s:var" is allowed in legacy script.
+	if (*name == 's' && !script_is_vim9())
+	    return OK;
+	semsg(_(e_cannot_unlet_str), name);
+	return FAIL;
+    }
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Callback passed to ex_unletlock().
+ */
+    static int
+compile_unlet(
+    lval_T  *lvp,
+    char_u  *name_end,
+    exarg_T *eap,
+    int	    deep UNUSED,
+    void    *coookie)
+{
+    cctx_T	*cctx = coookie;
+    char_u	*p = lvp->ll_name;
+    int		cc = *name_end;
+    int		ret = OK;
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+	return OK;
+
+    *name_end = NUL;
+    if (*p == '$')
+    {
+	// :unlet $ENV_VAR
+	ret = generate_UNLET(cctx, ISN_UNLETENV, p + 1, eap->forceit);
+    }
+    else if (vim_strchr(p, '.') != NULL || vim_strchr(p, '[') != NULL)
+    {
+	lhs_T	    lhs;
+
+	// This is similar to assigning: lookup the list/dict, compile the
+	// idx/key.  Then instead of storing the value unlet the item.
+	// unlet {list}[idx]
+	// unlet {dict}[key]  dict.key
+	//
+	// Figure out the LHS type and other properties.
+	//
+	ret = compile_lhs(p, &lhs, CMD_unlet, FALSE, 0, cctx);
+
+	// : unlet an indexed item
+	if (!lhs.lhs_has_index)
+	{
+	    iemsg("called compile_lhs() without an index");
+	    ret = FAIL;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    // Use the info in "lhs" to unlet the item at the index in the
+	    // list or dict.
+	    ret = compile_assign_unlet(p, &lhs, FALSE, &t_void, cctx);
+	}
+
+	vim_free(lhs.lhs_name);
+    }
+    else if (check_vim9_unlet(p) == FAIL)
+    {
+	ret = FAIL;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	// Normal name.  Only supports g:, w:, t: and b: namespaces.
+	ret = generate_UNLET(cctx, ISN_UNLET, p, eap->forceit);
+    }
+
+    *name_end = cc;
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "unlet var", "lock var" and "unlock var"
+ * "arg" points to "var".
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_unletlock(char_u *arg, exarg_T *eap, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u *p = arg;
+
+    if (eap->cmdidx != CMD_unlet)
+    {
+	emsg("Sorry, :lock and unlock not implemented yet");
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    ex_unletlock(eap, p, 0, GLV_NO_AUTOLOAD | GLV_COMPILING,
+							  compile_unlet, cctx);
+    return eap->nextcmd == NULL ? (char_u *)"" : eap->nextcmd;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile an :import command.
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_import(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    return handle_import(arg, &cctx->ctx_imports, 0, NULL, cctx);
+}
+
+/*
+ * generate a jump to the ":endif"/":endfor"/":endwhile"/":finally"/":endtry".
+ */
+    static int
+compile_jump_to_end(endlabel_T **el, jumpwhen_T when, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    endlabel_T  *endlabel = ALLOC_CLEAR_ONE(endlabel_T);
+
+    if (endlabel == NULL)
+	return FAIL;
+    endlabel->el_next = *el;
+    *el = endlabel;
+    endlabel->el_end_label = instr->ga_len;
+
+    generate_JUMP(cctx, when, 0);
+    return OK;
+}
+
+    static void
+compile_fill_jump_to_end(endlabel_T **el, int jump_where, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+
+    while (*el != NULL)
+    {
+	endlabel_T  *cur = (*el);
+	isn_T	    *isn;
+
+	isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + cur->el_end_label;
+	isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = jump_where;
+	*el = cur->el_next;
+	vim_free(cur);
+    }
+}
+
+    static void
+compile_free_jump_to_end(endlabel_T **el)
+{
+    while (*el != NULL)
+    {
+	endlabel_T  *cur = (*el);
+
+	*el = cur->el_next;
+	vim_free(cur);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Create a new scope and set up the generic items.
+ */
+    static scope_T *
+new_scope(cctx_T *cctx, scopetype_T type)
+{
+    scope_T *scope = ALLOC_CLEAR_ONE(scope_T);
+
+    if (scope == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+    scope->se_outer = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    cctx->ctx_scope = scope;
+    scope->se_type = type;
+    scope->se_local_count = cctx->ctx_locals.ga_len;
+    return scope;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free the current scope and go back to the outer scope.
+ */
+    static void
+drop_scope(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scope_T *scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+
+    if (scope == NULL)
+    {
+	iemsg("calling drop_scope() without a scope");
+	return;
+    }
+    cctx->ctx_scope = scope->se_outer;
+    switch (scope->se_type)
+    {
+	case IF_SCOPE:
+	    compile_free_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_if.is_end_label); break;
+	case FOR_SCOPE:
+	    compile_free_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_for.fs_end_label); break;
+	case WHILE_SCOPE:
+	    compile_free_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_while.ws_end_label); break;
+	case TRY_SCOPE:
+	    compile_free_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_try.ts_end_label); break;
+	case NO_SCOPE:
+	case BLOCK_SCOPE:
+	    break;
+    }
+    vim_free(scope);
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "if expr"
+ *
+ * "if expr" Produces instructions:
+ *	EVAL expr		Push result of "expr"
+ *	JUMP_IF_FALSE end
+ *	... body ...
+ * end:
+ *
+ * "if expr | else" Produces instructions:
+ *	EVAL expr		Push result of "expr"
+ *	JUMP_IF_FALSE else
+ *	... body ...
+ *	JUMP_ALWAYS end
+ * else:
+ *	... body ...
+ * end:
+ *
+ * "if expr1 | elseif expr2 | else" Produces instructions:
+ *	EVAL expr		Push result of "expr"
+ *	JUMP_IF_FALSE elseif
+ *	... body ...
+ *	JUMP_ALWAYS end
+ * elseif:
+ *	EVAL expr		Push result of "expr"
+ *	JUMP_IF_FALSE else
+ *	... body ...
+ *	JUMP_ALWAYS end
+ * else:
+ *	... body ...
+ * end:
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_if(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*p = arg;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    int		instr_count = instr->ga_len;
+    scope_T	*scope;
+    skip_T	skip_save = cctx->ctx_skip;
+    ppconst_T	ppconst;
+
+    CLEAR_FIELD(ppconst);
+    if (compile_expr1(&p, cctx, &ppconst) == FAIL)
+    {
+	clear_ppconst(&ppconst);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+	clear_ppconst(&ppconst);
+    else if (instr->ga_len == instr_count && ppconst.pp_used == 1)
+    {
+	int error = FALSE;
+	int v;
+
+	// The expression results in a constant.
+	v = tv_get_bool_chk(&ppconst.pp_tv[0], &error);
+	clear_ppconst(&ppconst);
+	if (error)
+	    return NULL;
+	cctx->ctx_skip = v ? SKIP_NOT : SKIP_YES;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	// Not a constant, generate instructions for the expression.
+	cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_UNKNOWN;
+	if (generate_ppconst(cctx, &ppconst) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+	if (bool_on_stack(cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+    }
+
+    scope = new_scope(cctx, IF_SCOPE);
+    if (scope == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+    scope->se_skip_save = skip_save;
+    // "is_had_return" will be reset if any block does not end in :return
+    scope->se_u.se_if.is_had_return = TRUE;
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	// "where" is set when ":elseif", "else" or ":endif" is found
+	scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label = instr->ga_len;
+	generate_JUMP(cctx, JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
+    }
+    else
+	scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label = -1;
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    if (cctx->ctx_profiling && cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES
+						      && skip_save != SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	// generated a profile start, need to generate a profile end, since it
+	// won't be done after returning
+	cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_NOT;
+	generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_END);
+	cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_YES;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return p;
+}
+
+    static char_u *
+compile_elseif(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*p = arg;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    int		instr_count = instr->ga_len;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    ppconst_T	ppconst;
+    skip_T	save_skip = cctx->ctx_skip;
+
+    if (scope == NULL || scope->se_type != IF_SCOPE)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_elseif_without_if));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    unwind_locals(cctx, scope->se_local_count);
+    if (!cctx->ctx_had_return)
+	scope->se_u.se_if.is_had_return = FALSE;
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_NOT)
+    {
+	// previous block was executed, this one and following will not
+	cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_YES;
+	scope->se_u.se_if.is_seen_skip_not = TRUE;
+    }
+    if (scope->se_u.se_if.is_seen_skip_not)
+    {
+	// A previous block was executed, skip over expression and bail out.
+	// Do not count the "elseif" for profiling.
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+	if (cctx->ctx_profiling && ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data)[instr->ga_len - 1]
+						   .isn_type == ISN_PROF_START)
+	    --instr->ga_len;
+#endif
+	skip_expr_cctx(&p, cctx);
+	return p;
+    }
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_UNKNOWN)
+    {
+	if (compile_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_if.is_end_label,
+						    JUMP_ALWAYS, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+	// previous "if" or "elseif" jumps here
+	isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label;
+	isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = instr->ga_len;
+    }
+
+    // compile "expr"; if we know it evaluates to FALSE skip the block
+    CLEAR_FIELD(ppconst);
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_UNKNOWN;
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+	if (cctx->ctx_profiling)
+	{
+	    // the previous block was skipped, need to profile this line
+	    generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_START);
+	    instr_count = instr->ga_len;
+	}
+#endif
+    }
+    if (compile_expr1(&p, cctx, &ppconst) == FAIL)
+    {
+	clear_ppconst(&ppconst);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    cctx->ctx_skip = save_skip;
+    if (scope->se_skip_save == SKIP_YES)
+	clear_ppconst(&ppconst);
+    else if (instr->ga_len == instr_count && ppconst.pp_used == 1)
+    {
+	int error = FALSE;
+	int v;
+
+	// The expression results in a constant.
+	// TODO: how about nesting?
+	v = tv_get_bool_chk(&ppconst.pp_tv[0], &error);
+	if (error)
+	    return NULL;
+	cctx->ctx_skip = v ? SKIP_NOT : SKIP_YES;
+	clear_ppconst(&ppconst);
+	scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label = -1;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	// Not a constant, generate instructions for the expression.
+	cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_UNKNOWN;
+	if (generate_ppconst(cctx, &ppconst) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+	if (bool_on_stack(cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+
+	// "where" is set when ":elseif", "else" or ":endif" is found
+	scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label = instr->ga_len;
+	generate_JUMP(cctx, JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0);
+    }
+
+    return p;
+}
+
+    static char_u *
+compile_else(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*p = arg;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+
+    if (scope == NULL || scope->se_type != IF_SCOPE)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_else_without_if));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    unwind_locals(cctx, scope->se_local_count);
+    if (!cctx->ctx_had_return)
+	scope->se_u.se_if.is_had_return = FALSE;
+    scope->se_u.se_if.is_seen_else = TRUE;
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    if (cctx->ctx_profiling)
+    {
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_NOT
+		&& ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data)[instr->ga_len - 1]
+						   .isn_type == ISN_PROF_START)
+	    // the previous block was executed, do not count "else" for profiling
+	    --instr->ga_len;
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES && !scope->se_u.se_if.is_seen_skip_not)
+	{
+	    // the previous block was not executed, this one will, do count the
+	    // "else" for profiling
+	    cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_NOT;
+	    generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_END);
+	    generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_START);
+	    cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_YES;
+	}
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (!scope->se_u.se_if.is_seen_skip_not && scope->se_skip_save != SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	// jump from previous block to the end, unless the else block is empty
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_UNKNOWN)
+	{
+	    if (!cctx->ctx_had_return
+		    && compile_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_if.is_end_label,
+						    JUMP_ALWAYS, cctx) == FAIL)
+		return NULL;
+	}
+
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_UNKNOWN)
+	{
+	    if (scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label >= 0)
+	    {
+		// previous "if" or "elseif" jumps here
+		isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label;
+		isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = instr->ga_len;
+		scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label = -1;
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_UNKNOWN)
+	    cctx->ctx_skip = cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES ? SKIP_NOT : SKIP_YES;
+    }
+
+    return p;
+}
+
+    static char_u *
+compile_endif(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    ifscope_T	*ifscope;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    if (scope == NULL || scope->se_type != IF_SCOPE)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_endif_without_if));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    ifscope = &scope->se_u.se_if;
+    unwind_locals(cctx, scope->se_local_count);
+    if (!cctx->ctx_had_return)
+	ifscope->is_had_return = FALSE;
+
+    if (scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label >= 0)
+    {
+	// previous "if" or "elseif" jumps here
+	isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_if.is_if_label;
+	isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = instr->ga_len;
+    }
+    // Fill in the "end" label in jumps at the end of the blocks.
+    compile_fill_jump_to_end(&ifscope->is_end_label, instr->ga_len, cctx);
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    // even when skipping we count the endif as executed, unless the block it's
+    // in is skipped
+    if (cctx->ctx_profiling && cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES
+					    && scope->se_skip_save != SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	cctx->ctx_skip = SKIP_NOT;
+	generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_START);
+    }
+#endif
+    cctx->ctx_skip = scope->se_skip_save;
+
+    // If all the blocks end in :return and there is an :else then the
+    // had_return flag is set.
+    cctx->ctx_had_return = ifscope->is_had_return && ifscope->is_seen_else;
+
+    drop_scope(cctx);
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Compile "for var in expr":
+ *
+ * Produces instructions:
+ *       PUSHNR -1
+ *       STORE loop-idx		Set index to -1
+ *       EVAL expr		result of "expr" on top of stack
+ * top:  FOR loop-idx, end	Increment index, use list on bottom of stack
+ *				- if beyond end, jump to "end"
+ *				- otherwise get item from list and push it
+ *       STORE var		Store item in "var"
+ *       ... body ...
+ *       JUMP top		Jump back to repeat
+ * end:	 DROP			Drop the result of "expr"
+ *
+ * Compile "for [var1, var2] in expr" - as above, but instead of "STORE var":
+ *	 UNPACK 2		Split item in 2
+ *       STORE var1		Store item in "var1"
+ *       STORE var2		Store item in "var2"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_for(char_u *arg_start, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*arg;
+    char_u	*arg_end;
+    char_u	*name = NULL;
+    char_u	*p;
+    char_u	*wp;
+    int		var_count = 0;
+    int		semicolon = FALSE;
+    size_t	varlen;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    garray_T	*stack = &cctx->ctx_type_stack;
+    scope_T	*scope;
+    lvar_T	*loop_lvar;	// loop iteration variable
+    lvar_T	*var_lvar;	// variable for "var"
+    type_T	*vartype;
+    type_T	*item_type = &t_any;
+    int		idx;
+
+    p = skip_var_list(arg_start, TRUE, &var_count, &semicolon, FALSE);
+    if (p == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+    if (var_count == 0)
+	var_count = 1;
+
+    // consume "in"
+    wp = p;
+    if (may_get_next_line_error(wp, &p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+    if (STRNCMP(p, "in", 2) != 0 || !IS_WHITE_OR_NUL(p[2]))
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_missing_in));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    wp = p + 2;
+    if (may_get_next_line_error(wp, &p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    scope = new_scope(cctx, FOR_SCOPE);
+    if (scope == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    // Reserve a variable to store the loop iteration counter and initialize it
+    // to -1.
+    loop_lvar = reserve_local(cctx, (char_u *)"", 0, FALSE, &t_number);
+    if (loop_lvar == NULL)
+    {
+	// out of memory
+	drop_scope(cctx);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    generate_STORENR(cctx, loop_lvar->lv_idx, -1);
+
+    // compile "expr", it remains on the stack until "endfor"
+    arg = p;
+    if (compile_expr0(&arg, cctx) == FAIL)
+    {
+	drop_scope(cctx);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    arg_end = arg;
+
+    // Now that we know the type of "var", check that it is a list, now or at
+    // runtime.
+    vartype = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+    if (need_type(vartype, &t_list_any, -1, 0, cctx, FALSE, FALSE) == FAIL)
+    {
+	drop_scope(cctx);
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (vartype->tt_type == VAR_LIST && vartype->tt_member->tt_type != VAR_ANY)
+    {
+	if (var_count == 1)
+	    item_type = vartype->tt_member;
+	else if (vartype->tt_member->tt_type == VAR_LIST
+		      && vartype->tt_member->tt_member->tt_type != VAR_ANY)
+	    item_type = vartype->tt_member->tt_member;
+    }
+
+    // "for_end" is set when ":endfor" is found
+    scope->se_u.se_for.fs_top_label = instr->ga_len;
+    generate_FOR(cctx, loop_lvar->lv_idx);
+
+    arg = arg_start;
+    if (var_count > 1)
+    {
+	generate_UNPACK(cctx, var_count, semicolon);
+	arg = skipwhite(arg + 1);	// skip white after '['
+
+	// the list item is replaced by a number of items
+	if (ga_grow(stack, var_count - 1) == FAIL)
+	{
+	    drop_scope(cctx);
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+	--stack->ga_len;
+	for (idx = 0; idx < var_count; ++idx)
+	{
+	    ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len] =
+				(semicolon && idx == 0) ? vartype : item_type;
+	    ++stack->ga_len;
+	}
+    }
+
+    for (idx = 0; idx < var_count; ++idx)
+    {
+	assign_dest_T	dest = dest_local;
+	int		opt_flags = 0;
+	int		vimvaridx = -1;
+	type_T		*type = &t_any;
+
+	p = skip_var_one(arg, FALSE);
+	varlen = p - arg;
+	name = vim_strnsave(arg, varlen);
+	if (name == NULL)
+	    goto failed;
+
+	// TODO: script var not supported?
+	if (get_var_dest(name, &dest, CMD_for, &opt_flags,
+					      &vimvaridx, &type, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    goto failed;
+	if (dest != dest_local)
+	{
+	    if (generate_store_var(cctx, dest, opt_flags, vimvaridx,
+						     0, 0, type, name) == FAIL)
+		goto failed;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    if (lookup_local(arg, varlen, NULL, cctx) == OK)
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_variable_already_declared), arg);
+		goto failed;
+	    }
+
+	    if (STRNCMP(name, "s:", 2) == 0)
+	    {
+		semsg(_(e_cannot_declare_script_variable_in_function), name);
+		goto failed;
+	    }
+
+	    // Reserve a variable to store "var".
+	    // TODO: check for type
+	    var_lvar = reserve_local(cctx, arg, varlen, FALSE, &t_any);
+	    if (var_lvar == NULL)
+		// out of memory or used as an argument
+		goto failed;
+
+	    if (semicolon && idx == var_count - 1)
+		var_lvar->lv_type = vartype;
+	    else
+		var_lvar->lv_type = item_type;
+	    generate_STORE(cctx, ISN_STORE, var_lvar->lv_idx, NULL);
+	}
+
+	if (*p == ':')
+	    p = skip_type(skipwhite(p + 1), FALSE);
+	if (*p == ',' || *p == ';')
+	    ++p;
+	arg = skipwhite(p);
+	vim_free(name);
+    }
+
+    return arg_end;
+
+failed:
+    vim_free(name);
+    drop_scope(cctx);
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "endfor"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_endfor(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    forscope_T	*forscope;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    if (scope == NULL || scope->se_type != FOR_SCOPE)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_for));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    forscope = &scope->se_u.se_for;
+    cctx->ctx_scope = scope->se_outer;
+    unwind_locals(cctx, scope->se_local_count);
+
+    // At end of ":for" scope jump back to the FOR instruction.
+    generate_JUMP(cctx, JUMP_ALWAYS, forscope->fs_top_label);
+
+    // Fill in the "end" label in the FOR statement so it can jump here
+    isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + forscope->fs_top_label;
+    isn->isn_arg.forloop.for_end = instr->ga_len;
+
+    // Fill in the "end" label any BREAK statements
+    compile_fill_jump_to_end(&forscope->fs_end_label, instr->ga_len, cctx);
+
+    // Below the ":for" scope drop the "expr" list from the stack.
+    if (generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_DROP, 1) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    vim_free(scope);
+
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "while expr"
+ *
+ * Produces instructions:
+ * top:  EVAL expr		Push result of "expr"
+ *       JUMP_IF_FALSE end	jump if false
+ *       ... body ...
+ *       JUMP top		Jump back to repeat
+ * end:
+ *
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_while(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*p = arg;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    scope_T	*scope;
+
+    scope = new_scope(cctx, WHILE_SCOPE);
+    if (scope == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    // "endwhile" jumps back here, one before when profiling
+    scope->se_u.se_while.ws_top_label = instr->ga_len;
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    if (cctx->ctx_profiling && ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data)[instr->ga_len - 1]
+						   .isn_type == ISN_PROF_START)
+	--scope->se_u.se_while.ws_top_label;
+#endif
+
+    // compile "expr"
+    if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    if (bool_on_stack(cctx) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    // "while_end" is set when ":endwhile" is found
+    if (compile_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_while.ws_end_label,
+						  JUMP_IF_FALSE, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    return p;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "endwhile"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_endwhile(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+
+    if (scope == NULL || scope->se_type != WHILE_SCOPE)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_while));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+    cctx->ctx_scope = scope->se_outer;
+    unwind_locals(cctx, scope->se_local_count);
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    // count the endwhile before jumping
+    may_generate_prof_end(cctx, cctx->ctx_lnum);
+#endif
+
+    // At end of ":for" scope jump back to the FOR instruction.
+    generate_JUMP(cctx, JUMP_ALWAYS, scope->se_u.se_while.ws_top_label);
+
+    // Fill in the "end" label in the WHILE statement so it can jump here.
+    // And in any jumps for ":break"
+    compile_fill_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_while.ws_end_label,
+							  instr->ga_len, cctx);
+
+    vim_free(scope);
+
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "continue"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_continue(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	if (scope == NULL)
+	{
+	    emsg(_(e_continue));
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+	if (scope->se_type == FOR_SCOPE || scope->se_type == WHILE_SCOPE)
+	    break;
+	scope = scope->se_outer;
+    }
+
+    // Jump back to the FOR or WHILE instruction.
+    generate_JUMP(cctx, JUMP_ALWAYS,
+	    scope->se_type == FOR_SCOPE ? scope->se_u.se_for.fs_top_label
+					  : scope->se_u.se_while.ws_top_label);
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "break"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_break(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    endlabel_T	**el;
+
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	if (scope == NULL)
+	{
+	    emsg(_(e_break));
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+	if (scope->se_type == FOR_SCOPE || scope->se_type == WHILE_SCOPE)
+	    break;
+	scope = scope->se_outer;
+    }
+
+    // Jump to the end of the FOR or WHILE loop.
+    if (scope->se_type == FOR_SCOPE)
+	el = &scope->se_u.se_for.fs_end_label;
+    else
+	el = &scope->se_u.se_while.ws_end_label;
+    if (compile_jump_to_end(el, JUMP_ALWAYS, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "{" start of block
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_block(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    if (new_scope(cctx, BLOCK_SCOPE) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+    return skipwhite(arg + 1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile end of block: drop one scope
+ */
+    static void
+compile_endblock(cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+
+    cctx->ctx_scope = scope->se_outer;
+    unwind_locals(cctx, scope->se_local_count);
+    vim_free(scope);
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "try"
+ * Creates a new scope for the try-endtry, pointing to the first catch and
+ * finally.
+ * Creates another scope for the "try" block itself.
+ * TRY instruction sets up exception handling at runtime.
+ *
+ *	"try"
+ *	    TRY -> catch1, -> finally  push trystack entry
+ *	    ... try block
+ *	"throw {exception}"
+ *	    EVAL {exception}
+ *	    THROW		create exception
+ *	    ... try block
+ *	" catch {expr}"
+ *	    JUMP -> finally
+ * catch1:  PUSH exception
+ *	    EVAL {expr}
+ *	    MATCH
+ *	    JUMP nomatch -> catch2
+ *	    CATCH   remove exception
+ *	    ... catch block
+ *	" catch"
+ *	    JUMP -> finally
+ * catch2:  CATCH   remove exception
+ *	    ... catch block
+ *	" finally"
+ * finally:
+ *	    ... finally block
+ *	" endtry"
+ *	    ENDTRY  pop trystack entry, may rethrow
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_try(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    scope_T	*try_scope;
+    scope_T	*scope;
+
+    // scope that holds the jumps that go to catch/finally/endtry
+    try_scope = new_scope(cctx, TRY_SCOPE);
+    if (try_scope == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	// "catch" is set when the first ":catch" is found.
+	// "finally" is set when ":finally" or ":endtry" is found
+	try_scope->se_u.se_try.ts_try_label = instr->ga_len;
+	if (generate_instr(cctx, ISN_TRY) == NULL)
+	    return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // scope for the try block itself
+    scope = new_scope(cctx, BLOCK_SCOPE);
+    if (scope == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "catch {expr}"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_catch(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx UNUSED)
+{
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    char_u	*p;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    // end block scope from :try or :catch
+    if (scope != NULL && scope->se_type == BLOCK_SCOPE)
+	compile_endblock(cctx);
+    scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+
+    // Error if not in a :try scope
+    if (scope == NULL || scope->se_type != TRY_SCOPE)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_catch));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (scope->se_u.se_try.ts_caught_all)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_catch_unreachable_after_catch_all));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+    {
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+	// the profile-start should be after the jump
+	if (cctx->ctx_profiling && ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data)[instr->ga_len - 1]
+						   .isn_type == ISN_PROF_START)
+	    --instr->ga_len;
+#endif
+	// Jump from end of previous block to :finally or :endtry
+	if (compile_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_try.ts_end_label,
+						    JUMP_ALWAYS, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+
+	// End :try or :catch scope: set value in ISN_TRY instruction
+	isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_try.ts_try_label;
+	if (isn->isn_arg.try.try_catch == 0)
+	    isn->isn_arg.try.try_catch = instr->ga_len;
+	if (scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label != 0)
+	{
+	    // Previous catch without match jumps here
+	    isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label;
+	    isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = instr->ga_len;
+	}
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+	if (cctx->ctx_profiling)
+	{
+	    // a "throw" that jumps here needs to be counted
+	    generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_END);
+	    // the "catch" is also counted
+	    generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_START);
+	}
+#endif
+    }
+
+    p = skipwhite(arg);
+    if (ends_excmd2(arg, p))
+    {
+	scope->se_u.se_try.ts_caught_all = TRUE;
+	scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label = 0;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	char_u *end;
+	char_u *pat;
+	char_u *tofree = NULL;
+	int	dropped = 0;
+	int	len;
+
+	// Push v:exception, push {expr} and MATCH
+	generate_instr_type(cctx, ISN_PUSHEXC, &t_string);
+
+	end = skip_regexp_ex(p + 1, *p, TRUE, &tofree, &dropped, NULL);
+	if (*end != *p)
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_separator_mismatch_str), p);
+	    vim_free(tofree);
+	    return FAIL;
+	}
+	if (tofree == NULL)
+	    len = (int)(end - (p + 1));
+	else
+	    len = (int)(end - tofree);
+	pat = vim_strnsave(tofree == NULL ? p + 1 : tofree, len);
+	vim_free(tofree);
+	p += len + 2 + dropped;
+	if (pat == NULL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	if (generate_PUSHS(cctx, pat) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+
+	if (generate_COMPARE(cctx, EXPR_MATCH, FALSE) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+
+	scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label = instr->ga_len;
+	if (generate_JUMP(cctx, JUMP_IF_FALSE, 0) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES && generate_instr(cctx, ISN_CATCH) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    if (new_scope(cctx, BLOCK_SCOPE) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+    return p;
+}
+
+    static char_u *
+compile_finally(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+    int		this_instr;
+
+    // end block scope from :try or :catch
+    if (scope != NULL && scope->se_type == BLOCK_SCOPE)
+	compile_endblock(cctx);
+    scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+
+    // Error if not in a :try scope
+    if (scope == NULL || scope->se_type != TRY_SCOPE)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_finally));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // End :catch or :finally scope: set value in ISN_TRY instruction
+    isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_try.ts_try_label;
+    if (isn->isn_arg.try.try_finally != 0)
+    {
+	emsg(_(e_finally_dup));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    this_instr = instr->ga_len;
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    if (cctx->ctx_profiling && ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data)[instr->ga_len - 1]
+						   .isn_type == ISN_PROF_START)
+	// jump to the profile start of the "finally"
+	--this_instr;
+#endif
+
+    // Fill in the "end" label in jumps at the end of the blocks.
+    compile_fill_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_try.ts_end_label,
+							     this_instr, cctx);
+
+    isn->isn_arg.try.try_finally = this_instr;
+    if (scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label != 0)
+    {
+	// Previous catch without match jumps here
+	isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label;
+	isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = this_instr;
+	scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label = 0;
+    }
+
+    // TODO: set index in ts_finally_label jumps
+
+    return arg;
+}
+
+    static char_u *
+compile_endtry(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    scope_T	*scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+    garray_T	*instr = &cctx->ctx_instr;
+    isn_T	*isn;
+
+    // end block scope from :catch or :finally
+    if (scope != NULL && scope->se_type == BLOCK_SCOPE)
+	compile_endblock(cctx);
+    scope = cctx->ctx_scope;
+
+    // Error if not in a :try scope
+    if (scope == NULL || scope->se_type != TRY_SCOPE)
+    {
+	if (scope == NULL)
+	    emsg(_(e_no_endtry));
+	else if (scope->se_type == WHILE_SCOPE)
+	    emsg(_(e_endwhile));
+	else if (scope->se_type == FOR_SCOPE)
+	    emsg(_(e_endfor));
+	else
+	    emsg(_(e_endif));
+	return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+    {
+	isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_try.ts_try_label;
+	if (isn->isn_arg.try.try_catch == 0
+					  && isn->isn_arg.try.try_finally == 0)
+	{
+	    emsg(_(e_missing_catch_or_finally));
+	    return NULL;
+	}
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    if (cctx->ctx_profiling && ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data)[instr->ga_len - 1]
+						   .isn_type == ISN_PROF_START)
+	// move the profile start after "endtry" so that it's not counted when
+	// the exception is rethrown.
+	--instr->ga_len;
+#endif
+
+	// Fill in the "end" label in jumps at the end of the blocks, if not
+	// done by ":finally".
+	compile_fill_jump_to_end(&scope->se_u.se_try.ts_end_label,
+							  instr->ga_len, cctx);
+
+	// End :catch or :finally scope: set value in ISN_TRY instruction
+	if (isn->isn_arg.try.try_catch == 0)
+	    isn->isn_arg.try.try_catch = instr->ga_len;
+	if (isn->isn_arg.try.try_finally == 0)
+	    isn->isn_arg.try.try_finally = instr->ga_len;
+
+	if (scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label != 0)
+	{
+	    // Last catch without match jumps here
+	    isn = ((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + scope->se_u.se_try.ts_catch_label;
+	    isn->isn_arg.jump.jump_where = instr->ga_len;
+	}
+    }
+
+    compile_endblock(cctx);
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip != SKIP_YES && generate_instr(cctx, ISN_ENDTRY) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+	if (cctx->ctx_profiling)
+	    generate_instr(cctx, ISN_PROF_START);
+#endif
+    return arg;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "throw {expr}"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_throw(char_u *arg, cctx_T *cctx UNUSED)
+{
+    char_u *p = skipwhite(arg);
+
+    if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+	return p;
+    if (may_generate_2STRING(-1, cctx) == FAIL)
+	return NULL;
+    if (generate_instr_drop(cctx, ISN_THROW, 1) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    return p;
+}
+
+/*
+ * compile "echo expr"
+ * compile "echomsg expr"
+ * compile "echoerr expr"
+ * compile "execute expr"
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_mult_expr(char_u *arg, int cmdidx, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*p = arg;
+    char_u	*prev = arg;
+    int		count = 0;
+
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	if (ends_excmd2(prev, p))
+	    break;
+	if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+	++count;
+	prev = p;
+	p = skipwhite(p);
+    }
+
+    if (count > 0)
+    {
+	if (cmdidx == CMD_echo || cmdidx == CMD_echon)
+	    generate_ECHO(cctx, cmdidx == CMD_echo, count);
+	else if (cmdidx == CMD_execute)
+	    generate_MULT_EXPR(cctx, ISN_EXECUTE, count);
+	else if (cmdidx == CMD_echomsg)
+	    generate_MULT_EXPR(cctx, ISN_ECHOMSG, count);
+	else
+	    generate_MULT_EXPR(cctx, ISN_ECHOERR, count);
+    }
+    return p;
+}
+
+/*
+ * If "eap" has a range that is not a constant generate an ISN_RANGE
+ * instruction to compute it and return OK.
+ * Otherwise return FAIL, the caller must deal with any range.
+ */
+    static int
+compile_variable_range(exarg_T *eap, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u *range_end = skip_range(eap->cmd, TRUE, NULL);
+    char_u *p = skipdigits(eap->cmd);
+
+    if (p == range_end)
+	return FAIL;
+    return generate_RANGE(cctx, vim_strnsave(eap->cmd, range_end - eap->cmd));
+}
+
+/*
+ * :put r
+ * :put ={expr}
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_put(char_u *arg, exarg_T *eap, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*line = arg;
+    linenr_T	lnum;
+    char	*errormsg;
+    int		above = eap->forceit;
+
+    eap->regname = *line;
+
+    if (eap->regname == '=')
+    {
+	char_u *p = line + 1;
+
+	if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == FAIL)
+	    return NULL;
+	line = p;
+    }
+    else if (eap->regname != NUL)
+	++line;
+
+    if (compile_variable_range(eap, cctx) == OK)
+    {
+	lnum = above ? LNUM_VARIABLE_RANGE_ABOVE : LNUM_VARIABLE_RANGE;
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	// Either no range or a number.
+	// "errormsg" will not be set because the range is ADDR_LINES.
+	if (parse_cmd_address(eap, &errormsg, FALSE) == FAIL)
+	    // cannot happen
+	    return NULL;
+	if (eap->addr_count == 0)
+	    lnum = -1;
+	else
+	    lnum = eap->line2;
+	if (above)
+	    --lnum;
+    }
+
+    generate_PUT(cctx, eap->regname, lnum);
+    return line;
+}
+
+/*
+ * A command that is not compiled, execute with legacy code.
+ */
+    static char_u *
+compile_exec(char_u *line, exarg_T *eap, cctx_T *cctx)
+{
+    char_u  *p;
+    int	    has_expr = FALSE;
+    char_u  *nextcmd = (char_u *)"";
+
+    if (cctx->ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+	goto theend;
+
+    if (eap->cmdidx >= 0 && eap->cmdidx < CMD_SIZE)
+    {
+	long	argt = eap->argt;
+	int	usefilter = FALSE;
+
+	has_expr = argt & (EX_XFILE | EX_EXPAND);
+
+	// If the command can be followed by a bar, find the bar and truncate
+	// it, so that the following command can be compiled.
+	// The '|' is overwritten with a NUL, it is put back below.
+	if ((eap->cmdidx == CMD_write || eap->cmdidx == CMD_read)
+							   && *eap->arg == '!')
+	    // :w !filter or :r !filter or :r! filter
+	    usefilter = TRUE;
+	if ((argt & EX_TRLBAR) && !usefilter)
+	{
+	    eap->argt = argt;
+	    separate_nextcmd(eap);
+	    if (eap->nextcmd != NULL)
+		nextcmd = eap->nextcmd;
+	}
+	else if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_wincmd)
+	{
+	    p = eap->arg;
+	    if (*p != NUL)
+		++p;
+	    if (*p == 'g' || *p == Ctrl_G)
+		++p;
+	    p = skipwhite(p);
+	    if (*p == '|')
+	    {
+		*p = NUL;
+		nextcmd = p + 1;
+	    }
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_syntax && STRNCMP(eap->arg, "include ", 8) == 0)
+    {
+	// expand filename in "syntax include [@group] filename"
+	has_expr = TRUE;
+	eap->arg = skipwhite(eap->arg + 7);
+	if (*eap->arg == '@')
+	    eap->arg = skiptowhite(eap->arg);
+    }
+
+    if ((eap->cmdidx == CMD_global || eap->cmdidx == CMD_vglobal)
+						       && STRLEN(eap->arg) > 4)
+    {
+	int delim = *eap->arg;
+
+	p = skip_regexp_ex(eap->arg + 1, delim, TRUE, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+	if (*p == delim)
+	{
+	    eap->arg = p + 1;
+	    has_expr = TRUE;
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (eap->cmdidx == CMD_folddoopen || eap->cmdidx == CMD_folddoclosed)
+    {
+	// TODO: should only expand when appropriate for the command
+	eap->arg = skiptowhite(eap->arg);
+	has_expr = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    if (has_expr && (p = (char_u *)strstr((char *)eap->arg, "`=")) != NULL)
+    {
+	int	count = 0;
+	char_u	*start = skipwhite(line);
+
+	// :cmd xxx`=expr1`yyy`=expr2`zzz
+	// PUSHS ":cmd xxx"
+	// eval expr1
+	// PUSHS "yyy"
+	// eval expr2
+	// PUSHS "zzz"
+	// EXECCONCAT 5
+	for (;;)
+	{
+	    if (p > start)
+	    {
+		generate_PUSHS(cctx, vim_strnsave(start, p - start));
+		++count;
+	    }
+	    p += 2;
+	    if (compile_expr0(&p, cctx) == FAIL)
+		return NULL;
+	    may_generate_2STRING(-1, cctx);
+	    ++count;
+	    p = skipwhite(p);
+	    if (*p != '`')
+	    {
+		emsg(_(e_missing_backtick));
+		return NULL;
+	    }
+	    start = p + 1;
+
+	    p = (char_u *)strstr((char *)start, "`=");
+	    if (p == NULL)
+	    {
+		if (*skipwhite(start) != NUL)
+		{
+		    generate_PUSHS(cctx, vim_strsave(start));
+		    ++count;
+		}
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+	generate_EXECCONCAT(cctx, count);
+    }
+    else
+	generate_EXEC(cctx, line);
+
+theend:
+    if (*nextcmd != NUL)
+    {
+	// the parser expects a pointer to the bar, put it back
+	--nextcmd;
+	*nextcmd = '|';
+    }
+
+    return nextcmd;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Add a function to the list of :def functions.
+ * This sets "ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx" but the function isn't compiled yet.
+ */
+    static int
+add_def_function(ufunc_T *ufunc)
+{
+    dfunc_T *dfunc;
+
+    if (def_functions.ga_len == 0)
+    {
+	// The first position is not used, so that a zero uf_dfunc_idx means it
+	// wasn't set.
+	if (ga_grow(&def_functions, 1) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	++def_functions.ga_len;
+    }
+
+    // Add the function to "def_functions".
+    if (ga_grow(&def_functions, 1) == FAIL)
+	return FAIL;
+    dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data) + def_functions.ga_len;
+    CLEAR_POINTER(dfunc);
+    dfunc->df_idx = def_functions.ga_len;
+    ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx = dfunc->df_idx;
+    dfunc->df_ufunc = ufunc;
+    dfunc->df_name = vim_strsave(ufunc->uf_name);
+    ++dfunc->df_refcount;
+    ++def_functions.ga_len;
+    return OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * After ex_function() has collected all the function lines: parse and compile
+ * the lines into instructions.
+ * Adds the function to "def_functions".
+ * When "check_return_type" is set then set ufunc->uf_ret_type to the type of
+ * the return statement (used for lambda).  When uf_ret_type is already set
+ * then check that it matches.
+ * When "profiling" is true add ISN_PROF_START instructions.
+ * "outer_cctx" is set for a nested function.
+ * This can be used recursively through compile_lambda(), which may reallocate
+ * "def_functions".
+ * Returns OK or FAIL.
+ */
+    int
+compile_def_function(
+	ufunc_T	    *ufunc,
+	int	    check_return_type,
+	int	    profiling UNUSED,
+	cctx_T	    *outer_cctx)
+{
+    char_u	*line = NULL;
+    char_u	*p;
+    char	*errormsg = NULL;	// error message
+    cctx_T	cctx;
+    garray_T	*instr;
+    int		did_emsg_before = did_emsg;
+    int		ret = FAIL;
+    sctx_T	save_current_sctx = current_sctx;
+    int		save_estack_compiling = estack_compiling;
+    int		do_estack_push;
+    int		new_def_function = FALSE;
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    int		prof_lnum = -1;
+#endif
+
+    // When using a function that was compiled before: Free old instructions.
+    // The index is reused.  Otherwise add a new entry in "def_functions".
+    if (ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx > 0)
+    {
+	dfunc_T *dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data)
+							 + ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx;
+	delete_def_function_contents(dfunc, FALSE);
+    }
+    else
+    {
+	if (add_def_function(ufunc) == FAIL)
+	    return FAIL;
+	new_def_function = TRUE;
+    }
+
+    ufunc->uf_def_status = UF_COMPILING;
+
+    CLEAR_FIELD(cctx);
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    cctx.ctx_profiling = profiling;
+#endif
+    cctx.ctx_ufunc = ufunc;
+    cctx.ctx_lnum = -1;
+    cctx.ctx_outer = outer_cctx;
+    ga_init2(&cctx.ctx_locals, sizeof(lvar_T), 10);
+    ga_init2(&cctx.ctx_type_stack, sizeof(type_T *), 50);
+    ga_init2(&cctx.ctx_imports, sizeof(imported_T), 10);
+    cctx.ctx_type_list = &ufunc->uf_type_list;
+    ga_init2(&cctx.ctx_instr, sizeof(isn_T), 50);
+    instr = &cctx.ctx_instr;
+
+    // Set the context to the function, it may be compiled when called from
+    // another script.  Set the script version to the most modern one.
+    // The line number will be set in next_line_from_context().
+    current_sctx = ufunc->uf_script_ctx;
+    current_sctx.sc_version = SCRIPT_VERSION_VIM9;
+
+    // Make sure error messages are OK.
+    do_estack_push = !estack_top_is_ufunc(ufunc, 1);
+    if (do_estack_push)
+	estack_push_ufunc(ufunc, 1);
+    estack_compiling = TRUE;
+
+    if (ufunc->uf_def_args.ga_len > 0)
+    {
+	int	count = ufunc->uf_def_args.ga_len;
+	int	first_def_arg = ufunc->uf_args.ga_len - count;
+	int	i;
+	char_u	*arg;
+	int	off = STACK_FRAME_SIZE + (ufunc->uf_va_name != NULL ? 1 : 0);
+	int	did_set_arg_type = FALSE;
+
+	// Produce instructions for the default values of optional arguments.
+	// Store the instruction index in uf_def_arg_idx[] so that we know
+	// where to start when the function is called, depending on the number
+	// of arguments.
+	ufunc->uf_def_arg_idx = ALLOC_CLEAR_MULT(int, count + 1);
+	if (ufunc->uf_def_arg_idx == NULL)
+	    goto erret;
+	for (i = 0; i < count; ++i)
+	{
+	    garray_T	*stack = &cctx.ctx_type_stack;
+	    type_T	*val_type;
+	    int		arg_idx = first_def_arg + i;
+
+	    ufunc->uf_def_arg_idx[i] = instr->ga_len;
+	    arg = ((char_u **)(ufunc->uf_def_args.ga_data))[i];
+	    if (compile_expr0(&arg, &cctx) == FAIL)
+		goto erret;
+
+	    // If no type specified use the type of the default value.
+	    // Otherwise check that the default value type matches the
+	    // specified type.
+	    val_type = ((type_T **)stack->ga_data)[stack->ga_len - 1];
+	    if (ufunc->uf_arg_types[arg_idx] == &t_unknown)
+	    {
+		did_set_arg_type = TRUE;
+		ufunc->uf_arg_types[arg_idx] = val_type;
+	    }
+	    else if (check_type(ufunc->uf_arg_types[arg_idx], val_type,
+						    TRUE, arg_idx + 1) == FAIL)
+		goto erret;
+
+	    if (generate_STORE(&cctx, ISN_STORE, i - count - off, NULL) == FAIL)
+		goto erret;
+	}
+	ufunc->uf_def_arg_idx[count] = instr->ga_len;
+
+	if (did_set_arg_type)
+	    set_function_type(ufunc);
+    }
+
+    /*
+     * Loop over all the lines of the function and generate instructions.
+     */
+    for (;;)
+    {
+	exarg_T	    ea;
+	int	    starts_with_colon = FALSE;
+	char_u	    *cmd;
+	cmdmod_T    local_cmdmod;
+
+	// Bail out on the first error to avoid a flood of errors and report
+	// the right line number when inside try/catch.
+	if (did_emsg_before != did_emsg)
+	    goto erret;
+
+	if (line != NULL && *line == '|')
+	    // the line continues after a '|'
+	    ++line;
+	else if (line != NULL && *skipwhite(line) != NUL
+		&& !(*line == '#' && (line == cctx.ctx_line_start
+						    || VIM_ISWHITE(line[-1]))))
+	{
+	    semsg(_(e_trailing_arg), line);
+	    goto erret;
+	}
+	else
+	{
+	    line = next_line_from_context(&cctx, FALSE);
+	    if (cctx.ctx_lnum >= ufunc->uf_lines.ga_len)
+	    {
+		// beyond the last line
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+		if (cctx.ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+		    may_generate_prof_end(&cctx, prof_lnum);
+#endif
+		break;
+	    }
+	}
+
+	CLEAR_FIELD(ea);
+	ea.cmdlinep = &line;
+	ea.cmd = skipwhite(line);
+
+	if (*ea.cmd == '#')
+	{
+	    // "#" starts a comment
+	    line = (char_u *)"";
+	    continue;
+	}
+
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+	if (cctx.ctx_profiling && cctx.ctx_lnum != prof_lnum &&
+						     cctx.ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+	{
+	    may_generate_prof_end(&cctx, prof_lnum);
+
+	    prof_lnum = cctx.ctx_lnum;
+	    generate_instr(&cctx, ISN_PROF_START);
+	}
+#endif
+
+	// Some things can be recognized by the first character.
+	switch (*ea.cmd)
+	{
+	    case '}':
+		{
+		    // "}" ends a block scope
+		    scopetype_T stype = cctx.ctx_scope == NULL
+					  ? NO_SCOPE : cctx.ctx_scope->se_type;
+
+		    if (stype == BLOCK_SCOPE)
+		    {
+			compile_endblock(&cctx);
+			line = ea.cmd;
+		    }
+		    else
+		    {
+			emsg(_(e_using_rcurly_outside_if_block_scope));
+			goto erret;
+		    }
+		    if (line != NULL)
+			line = skipwhite(ea.cmd + 1);
+		    continue;
+		}
+
+	    case '{':
+		// "{" starts a block scope
+		// "{'a': 1}->func() is something else
+		if (ends_excmd(*skipwhite(ea.cmd + 1)))
+		{
+		    line = compile_block(ea.cmd, &cctx);
+		    continue;
+		}
+		break;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * COMMAND MODIFIERS
+	 */
+	cctx.ctx_has_cmdmod = FALSE;
+	if (parse_command_modifiers(&ea, &errormsg, &local_cmdmod, FALSE)
+								       == FAIL)
+	{
+	    if (errormsg != NULL)
+		goto erret;
+	    // empty line or comment
+	    line = (char_u *)"";
+	    continue;
+	}
+	generate_cmdmods(&cctx, &local_cmdmod);
+	undo_cmdmod(&local_cmdmod);
+
+	// Check if there was a colon after the last command modifier or before
+	// the current position.
+	for (p = ea.cmd; p >= line; --p)
+	{
+	    if (*p == ':')
+		starts_with_colon = TRUE;
+	    if (p < ea.cmd && !VIM_ISWHITE(*p))
+		break;
+	}
+
+	// Skip ":call" to get to the function name.
+	p = ea.cmd;
+	if (checkforcmd(&ea.cmd, "call", 3))
+	{
+	    if (*ea.cmd == '(')
+		// not for "call()"
+		ea.cmd = p;
+	    else
+		ea.cmd = skipwhite(ea.cmd);
+	}
+
+	if (!starts_with_colon)
+	{
+	    int	    assign;
+
+	    // Check for assignment after command modifiers.
+	    assign = may_compile_assignment(&ea, &line, &cctx);
+	    if (assign == OK)
+		goto nextline;
+	    if (assign == FAIL)
+		goto erret;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * COMMAND after range
+	 * 'text'->func() should not be confused with 'a mark
+	 */
+	cmd = ea.cmd;
+	if (*cmd != '\'' || starts_with_colon)
+	{
+	    ea.cmd = skip_range(ea.cmd, TRUE, NULL);
+	    if (ea.cmd > cmd)
+	    {
+		if (!starts_with_colon)
+		{
+		    semsg(_(e_colon_required_before_range_str), cmd);
+		    goto erret;
+		}
+		if (ends_excmd2(line, ea.cmd))
+		{
+		    // A range without a command: jump to the line.
+		    // TODO: compile to a more efficient command, possibly
+		    // calling parse_cmd_address().
+		    ea.cmdidx = CMD_SIZE;
+		    line = compile_exec(line, &ea, &cctx);
+		    goto nextline;
+		}
+	    }
+	}
+	p = find_ex_command(&ea, NULL, starts_with_colon ? NULL
+		   : (int (*)(char_u *, size_t, void *, cctx_T *))lookup_local,
+									&cctx);
+
+	if (p == NULL)
+	{
+	    if (cctx.ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+		emsg(_(e_ambiguous_use_of_user_defined_command));
+	    goto erret;
+	}
+
+	if (p == ea.cmd && ea.cmdidx != CMD_SIZE)
+	{
+	    if (cctx.ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+	    {
+		line += STRLEN(line);
+		goto nextline;
+	    }
+
+	    // Expression or function call.
+	    if (ea.cmdidx != CMD_eval)
+	    {
+		// CMD_var cannot happen, compile_assignment() above would be
+		// used.  Most likely an assignment to a non-existing variable.
+		semsg(_(e_command_not_recognized_str), ea.cmd);
+		goto erret;
+	    }
+	}
+
+	if (cctx.ctx_had_return
+		&& ea.cmdidx != CMD_elseif
+		&& ea.cmdidx != CMD_else
+		&& ea.cmdidx != CMD_endif
+		&& ea.cmdidx != CMD_endfor
+		&& ea.cmdidx != CMD_endwhile
+		&& ea.cmdidx != CMD_catch
+		&& ea.cmdidx != CMD_finally
+		&& ea.cmdidx != CMD_endtry)
+	{
+	    emsg(_(e_unreachable_code_after_return));
+	    goto erret;
+	}
+
+	p = skipwhite(p);
+	if (ea.cmdidx != CMD_SIZE
+			    && ea.cmdidx != CMD_write && ea.cmdidx != CMD_read)
+	{
+	    if (ea.cmdidx >= 0)
+		ea.argt = excmd_get_argt(ea.cmdidx);
+	    if ((ea.argt & EX_BANG) && *p == '!')
+	    {
+		ea.forceit = TRUE;
+		p = skipwhite(p + 1);
+	    }
+	}
+
+	switch (ea.cmdidx)
+	{
+	    case CMD_def:
+		    ea.arg = p;
+		    line = compile_nested_function(&ea, &cctx);
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_function:
+		    // TODO: should we allow this, e.g. to declare a global
+		    // function?
+		    emsg(_(e_cannot_use_function_inside_def));
+		    goto erret;
+
+	    case CMD_return:
+		    line = compile_return(p, check_return_type, &cctx);
+		    cctx.ctx_had_return = TRUE;
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_let:
+		    emsg(_(e_cannot_use_let_in_vim9_script));
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_var:
+	    case CMD_final:
+	    case CMD_const:
+		    line = compile_assignment(p, &ea, ea.cmdidx, &cctx);
+		    if (line == p)
+			line = NULL;
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_unlet:
+	    case CMD_unlockvar:
+	    case CMD_lockvar:
+		    line = compile_unletlock(p, &ea, &cctx);
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_import:
+		    line = compile_import(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_if:
+		    line = compile_if(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_elseif:
+		    line = compile_elseif(p, &cctx);
+		    cctx.ctx_had_return = FALSE;
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_else:
+		    line = compile_else(p, &cctx);
+		    cctx.ctx_had_return = FALSE;
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_endif:
+		    line = compile_endif(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_while:
+		    line = compile_while(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_endwhile:
+		    line = compile_endwhile(p, &cctx);
+		    cctx.ctx_had_return = FALSE;
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_for:
+		    line = compile_for(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_endfor:
+		    line = compile_endfor(p, &cctx);
+		    cctx.ctx_had_return = FALSE;
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_continue:
+		    line = compile_continue(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_break:
+		    line = compile_break(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_try:
+		    line = compile_try(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_catch:
+		    line = compile_catch(p, &cctx);
+		    cctx.ctx_had_return = FALSE;
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_finally:
+		    line = compile_finally(p, &cctx);
+		    cctx.ctx_had_return = FALSE;
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_endtry:
+		    line = compile_endtry(p, &cctx);
+		    cctx.ctx_had_return = FALSE;
+		    break;
+	    case CMD_throw:
+		    line = compile_throw(p, &cctx);
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_eval:
+		    if (compile_expr0(&p, &cctx) == FAIL)
+			goto erret;
+
+		    // drop the result
+		    generate_instr_drop(&cctx, ISN_DROP, 1);
+
+		    line = skipwhite(p);
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_echo:
+	    case CMD_echon:
+	    case CMD_execute:
+	    case CMD_echomsg:
+	    case CMD_echoerr:
+		    line = compile_mult_expr(p, ea.cmdidx, &cctx);
+		    break;
+
+	    case CMD_put:
+		    ea.cmd = cmd;
+		    line = compile_put(p, &ea, &cctx);
+		    break;
+
+	    // TODO: any other commands with an expression argument?
+
+	    case CMD_append:
+	    case CMD_change:
+	    case CMD_insert:
+	    case CMD_t:
+	    case CMD_xit:
+		    not_in_vim9(&ea);
+		    goto erret;
+
+	    case CMD_SIZE:
+		    if (cctx.ctx_skip != SKIP_YES)
+		    {
+			semsg(_(e_invalid_command_str), ea.cmd);
+			goto erret;
+		    }
+		    // We don't check for a next command here.
+		    line = (char_u *)"";
+		    break;
+
+	    default:
+		    if (cctx.ctx_skip == SKIP_YES)
+		    {
+			// We don't check for a next command here.
+			line = (char_u *)"";
+		    }
+		    else
+		    {
+			// Not recognized, execute with do_cmdline_cmd().
+			ea.arg = p;
+			line = compile_exec(line, &ea, &cctx);
+		    }
+		    break;
+	}
+nextline:
+	if (line == NULL)
+	    goto erret;
+	line = skipwhite(line);
+
+	// Undo any command modifiers.
+	generate_undo_cmdmods(&cctx);
+
+	if (cctx.ctx_type_stack.ga_len < 0)
+	{
+	    iemsg("Type stack underflow");
+	    goto erret;
+	}
+    }
+
+    if (cctx.ctx_scope != NULL)
+    {
+	if (cctx.ctx_scope->se_type == IF_SCOPE)
+	    emsg(_(e_endif));
+	else if (cctx.ctx_scope->se_type == WHILE_SCOPE)
+	    emsg(_(e_endwhile));
+	else if (cctx.ctx_scope->se_type == FOR_SCOPE)
+	    emsg(_(e_endfor));
+	else
+	    emsg(_(e_missing_rcurly));
+	goto erret;
+    }
+
+    if (!cctx.ctx_had_return)
+    {
+	if (ufunc->uf_ret_type->tt_type != VAR_VOID)
+	{
+	    emsg(_(e_missing_return_statement));
+	    goto erret;
+	}
+
+	// Return zero if there is no return at the end.
+	generate_instr(&cctx, ISN_RETURN_ZERO);
+    }
+
+    {
+	dfunc_T	*dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data)
+							 + ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx;
+	dfunc->df_deleted = FALSE;
+	dfunc->df_script_seq = current_sctx.sc_seq;
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+	if (cctx.ctx_profiling)
+	{
+	    dfunc->df_instr_prof = instr->ga_data;
+	    dfunc->df_instr_prof_count = instr->ga_len;
+	}
+	else
+#endif
+	{
+	    dfunc->df_instr = instr->ga_data;
+	    dfunc->df_instr_count = instr->ga_len;
+	}
+	dfunc->df_varcount = cctx.ctx_locals_count;
+	dfunc->df_has_closure = cctx.ctx_has_closure;
+	if (cctx.ctx_outer_used)
+	    ufunc->uf_flags |= FC_CLOSURE;
+	ufunc->uf_def_status = UF_COMPILED;
+    }
+
+    ret = OK;
+
+erret:
+    if (ret == FAIL)
+    {
+	int idx;
+	dfunc_T	*dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data)
+							 + ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx;
+
+	for (idx = 0; idx < instr->ga_len; ++idx)
+	    delete_instr(((isn_T *)instr->ga_data) + idx);
+	ga_clear(instr);
+	VIM_CLEAR(dfunc->df_name);
+
+	// If using the last entry in the table and it was added above, we
+	// might as well remove it.
+	if (!dfunc->df_deleted && new_def_function
+			    && ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx == def_functions.ga_len - 1)
+	{
+	    --def_functions.ga_len;
+	    ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx = 0;
+	}
+	ufunc->uf_def_status = UF_NOT_COMPILED;
+
+	while (cctx.ctx_scope != NULL)
+	    drop_scope(&cctx);
+
+	// Don't execute this function body.
+	ga_clear_strings(&ufunc->uf_lines);
+
+	if (errormsg != NULL)
+	    emsg(errormsg);
+	else if (did_emsg == did_emsg_before)
+	    emsg(_(e_compiling_def_function_failed));
+    }
+
+    current_sctx = save_current_sctx;
+    estack_compiling = save_estack_compiling;
+    if (do_estack_push)
+	estack_pop();
+
+    free_imported(&cctx);
+    free_locals(&cctx);
+    ga_clear(&cctx.ctx_type_stack);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+    void
+set_function_type(ufunc_T *ufunc)
+{
+    int varargs = ufunc->uf_va_name != NULL;
+    int argcount = ufunc->uf_args.ga_len;
+
+    // Create a type for the function, with the return type and any
+    // argument types.
+    // A vararg is included in uf_args.ga_len but not in uf_arg_types.
+    // The type is included in "tt_args".
+    if (argcount > 0 || varargs)
+    {
+	ufunc->uf_func_type = alloc_func_type(ufunc->uf_ret_type,
+					   argcount, &ufunc->uf_type_list);
+	// Add argument types to the function type.
+	if (func_type_add_arg_types(ufunc->uf_func_type,
+				    argcount + varargs,
+				    &ufunc->uf_type_list) == FAIL)
+	    return;
+	ufunc->uf_func_type->tt_argcount = argcount + varargs;
+	ufunc->uf_func_type->tt_min_argcount =
+				      argcount - ufunc->uf_def_args.ga_len;
+	if (ufunc->uf_arg_types == NULL)
+	{
+	    int i;
+
+	    // lambda does not have argument types.
+	    for (i = 0; i < argcount; ++i)
+		ufunc->uf_func_type->tt_args[i] = &t_any;
+	}
+	else
+	    mch_memmove(ufunc->uf_func_type->tt_args,
+			 ufunc->uf_arg_types, sizeof(type_T *) * argcount);
+	if (varargs)
+	{
+	    ufunc->uf_func_type->tt_args[argcount] =
+		    ufunc->uf_va_type == NULL ? &t_any : ufunc->uf_va_type;
+	    ufunc->uf_func_type->tt_flags = TTFLAG_VARARGS;
+	}
+    }
+    else
+	// No arguments, can use a predefined type.
+	ufunc->uf_func_type = get_func_type(ufunc->uf_ret_type,
+					   argcount, &ufunc->uf_type_list);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Delete an instruction, free what it contains.
+ */
+    void
+delete_instr(isn_T *isn)
+{
+    switch (isn->isn_type)
+    {
+	case ISN_DEF:
+	case ISN_EXEC:
+	case ISN_LOADAUTO:
+	case ISN_LOADB:
+	case ISN_LOADENV:
+	case ISN_LOADG:
+	case ISN_LOADOPT:
+	case ISN_LOADT:
+	case ISN_LOADW:
+	case ISN_PUSHEXC:
+	case ISN_PUSHFUNC:
+	case ISN_PUSHS:
+	case ISN_RANGE:
+	case ISN_STOREAUTO:
+	case ISN_STOREB:
+	case ISN_STOREENV:
+	case ISN_STOREG:
+	case ISN_STORET:
+	case ISN_STOREW:
+	case ISN_STRINGMEMBER:
+	    vim_free(isn->isn_arg.string);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_LOADS:
+	case ISN_STORES:
+	    vim_free(isn->isn_arg.loadstore.ls_name);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_UNLET:
+	case ISN_UNLETENV:
+	    vim_free(isn->isn_arg.unlet.ul_name);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_STOREOPT:
+	    vim_free(isn->isn_arg.storeopt.so_name);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_PUSHBLOB:   // push blob isn_arg.blob
+	    blob_unref(isn->isn_arg.blob);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_PUSHJOB:
+#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
+	    job_unref(isn->isn_arg.job);
+#endif
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_PUSHCHANNEL:
+#ifdef FEAT_JOB_CHANNEL
+	    channel_unref(isn->isn_arg.channel);
+#endif
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_UCALL:
+	    vim_free(isn->isn_arg.ufunc.cuf_name);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_FUNCREF:
+	    {
+		dfunc_T *dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data)
+					       + isn->isn_arg.funcref.fr_func;
+		ufunc_T *ufunc = dfunc->df_ufunc;
+
+		if (ufunc != NULL && func_name_refcount(ufunc->uf_name))
+		    func_ptr_unref(ufunc);
+	    }
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_DCALL:
+	    {
+		dfunc_T *dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data)
+					       + isn->isn_arg.dfunc.cdf_idx;
+
+		if (dfunc->df_ufunc != NULL
+			       && func_name_refcount(dfunc->df_ufunc->uf_name))
+		    func_ptr_unref(dfunc->df_ufunc);
+	    }
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_NEWFUNC:
+	    {
+		char_u  *lambda = isn->isn_arg.newfunc.nf_lambda;
+		ufunc_T *ufunc = find_func_even_dead(lambda, TRUE, NULL);
+
+		if (ufunc != NULL)
+		{
+		    unlink_def_function(ufunc);
+		    func_ptr_unref(ufunc);
+		}
+
+		vim_free(lambda);
+		vim_free(isn->isn_arg.newfunc.nf_global);
+	    }
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_CHECKTYPE:
+	case ISN_SETTYPE:
+	    free_type(isn->isn_arg.type.ct_type);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_CMDMOD:
+	    vim_regfree(isn->isn_arg.cmdmod.cf_cmdmod
+					       ->cmod_filter_regmatch.regprog);
+	    vim_free(isn->isn_arg.cmdmod.cf_cmdmod);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_LOADSCRIPT:
+	case ISN_STORESCRIPT:
+	    vim_free(isn->isn_arg.script.scriptref);
+	    break;
+
+	case ISN_2BOOL:
+	case ISN_2STRING:
+	case ISN_2STRING_ANY:
+	case ISN_ADDBLOB:
+	case ISN_ADDLIST:
+	case ISN_ANYINDEX:
+	case ISN_ANYSLICE:
+	case ISN_BCALL:
+	case ISN_BLOBAPPEND:
+	case ISN_CATCH:
+	case ISN_CHECKLEN:
+	case ISN_CHECKNR:
+	case ISN_CMDMOD_REV:
+	case ISN_COMPAREANY:
+	case ISN_COMPAREBLOB:
+	case ISN_COMPAREBOOL:
+	case ISN_COMPAREDICT:
+	case ISN_COMPAREFLOAT:
+	case ISN_COMPAREFUNC:
+	case ISN_COMPARELIST:
+	case ISN_COMPARENR:
+	case ISN_COMPARESPECIAL:
+	case ISN_COMPARESTRING:
+	case ISN_CONCAT:
+	case ISN_COND2BOOL:
+	case ISN_DROP:
+	case ISN_ECHO:
+	case ISN_ECHOERR:
+	case ISN_ECHOMSG:
+	case ISN_ENDTRY:
+	case ISN_EXECCONCAT:
+	case ISN_EXECUTE:
+	case ISN_FOR:
+	case ISN_GETITEM:
+	case ISN_JUMP:
+	case ISN_LISTAPPEND:
+	case ISN_LISTINDEX:
+	case ISN_LISTSLICE:
+	case ISN_LOAD:
+	case ISN_LOADBDICT:
+	case ISN_LOADGDICT:
+	case ISN_LOADOUTER:
+	case ISN_LOADREG:
+	case ISN_LOADTDICT:
+	case ISN_LOADV:
+	case ISN_LOADWDICT:
+	case ISN_LOCKCONST:
+	case ISN_MEMBER:
+	case ISN_NEGATENR:
+	case ISN_NEWDICT:
+	case ISN_NEWLIST:
+	case ISN_OPANY:
+	case ISN_OPFLOAT:
+	case ISN_OPNR:
+	case ISN_PCALL:
+	case ISN_PCALL_END:
+	case ISN_PROF_END:
+	case ISN_PROF_START:
+	case ISN_PUSHBOOL:
+	case ISN_PUSHF:
+	case ISN_PUSHNR:
+	case ISN_PUSHSPEC:
+	case ISN_PUT:
+	case ISN_RETURN:
+	case ISN_RETURN_ZERO:
+	case ISN_SHUFFLE:
+	case ISN_SLICE:
+	case ISN_STORE:
+	case ISN_STOREINDEX:
+	case ISN_STORENR:
+	case ISN_STOREOUTER:
+	case ISN_STOREREG:
+	case ISN_STOREV:
+	case ISN_STRINDEX:
+	case ISN_STRSLICE:
+	case ISN_THROW:
+	case ISN_TRY:
+	case ISN_UNLETINDEX:
+	case ISN_UNPACK:
+	    // nothing allocated
+	    break;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Free all instructions for "dfunc" except df_name.
+ */
+    static void
+delete_def_function_contents(dfunc_T *dfunc, int mark_deleted)
+{
+    int idx;
+
+    ga_clear(&dfunc->df_def_args_isn);
+
+    if (dfunc->df_instr != NULL)
+    {
+	for (idx = 0; idx < dfunc->df_instr_count; ++idx)
+	    delete_instr(dfunc->df_instr + idx);
+	VIM_CLEAR(dfunc->df_instr);
+	dfunc->df_instr = NULL;
+    }
+#ifdef FEAT_PROFILE
+    if (dfunc->df_instr_prof != NULL)
+    {
+	for (idx = 0; idx < dfunc->df_instr_prof_count; ++idx)
+	    delete_instr(dfunc->df_instr_prof + idx);
+	VIM_CLEAR(dfunc->df_instr_prof);
+	dfunc->df_instr_prof = NULL;
+    }
+#endif
+
+    if (mark_deleted)
+	dfunc->df_deleted = TRUE;
+    if (dfunc->df_ufunc != NULL)
+	dfunc->df_ufunc->uf_def_status = UF_NOT_COMPILED;
+}
+
+/*
+ * When a user function is deleted, clear the contents of any associated def
+ * function, unless another user function still uses it.
+ * The position in def_functions can be re-used.
+ */
+    void
+unlink_def_function(ufunc_T *ufunc)
+{
+    if (ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx > 0)
+    {
+	dfunc_T *dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data)
+							 + ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx;
+
+	if (--dfunc->df_refcount <= 0)
+	    delete_def_function_contents(dfunc, TRUE);
+	ufunc->uf_def_status = UF_NOT_COMPILED;
+	ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx = 0;
+	if (dfunc->df_ufunc == ufunc)
+	    dfunc->df_ufunc = NULL;
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * Used when a user function refers to an existing dfunc.
+ */
+    void
+link_def_function(ufunc_T *ufunc)
+{
+    if (ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx > 0)
+    {
+	dfunc_T *dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data)
+							 + ufunc->uf_dfunc_idx;
+
+	++dfunc->df_refcount;
+    }
+}
+
+#if defined(EXITFREE) || defined(PROTO)
+/*
+ * Free all functions defined with ":def".
+ */
+    void
+free_def_functions(void)
+{
+    int idx;
+
+    for (idx = 0; idx < def_functions.ga_len; ++idx)
+    {
+	dfunc_T *dfunc = ((dfunc_T *)def_functions.ga_data) + idx;
+
+	delete_def_function_contents(dfunc, TRUE);
+	vim_free(dfunc->df_name);
+    }
+
+    ga_clear(&def_functions);
+}
+#endif
+
+
+#endif // FEAT_EVAL