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diff --git a/src/arrow/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-distinct.R b/src/arrow/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-distinct.R
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/src/arrow/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-distinct.R
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+skip_if_not_available("dataset")
+
+library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
+
+tbl <- example_data
+tbl$some_grouping <- rep(c(1, 2), 5)
+
+test_that("distinct()", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      distinct(some_grouping, lgl) %>%
+      collect() %>%
+      arrange(some_grouping, lgl),
+    tbl
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("distinct() works without any variables", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      distinct() %>%
+      arrange(int) %>%
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(x = int + 1) %>%
+      distinct() %>%
+      # Even though we have group_by(x), all cols (including int) are kept
+      arrange(int) %>%
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("distinct() can retain groups", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(some_grouping, int) %>%
+      distinct(lgl) %>%
+      collect() %>%
+      arrange(lgl, int),
+    tbl
+  )
+
+  # With expressions here
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(y = some_grouping, int) %>%
+      distinct(x = lgl) %>%
+      collect() %>%
+      arrange(int),
+    tbl
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("distinct() can contain expressions", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      distinct(lgl, x = some_grouping + 1) %>%
+      collect() %>%
+      arrange(lgl, x),
+    tbl
+  )
+
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(lgl, int) %>%
+      distinct(x = some_grouping + 1) %>%
+      collect() %>%
+      arrange(int),
+    tbl
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("distinct() can return all columns", {
+  skip("ARROW-13993 - need this to return correct rows from other cols")
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      distinct(lgl, .keep_all = TRUE) %>%
+      collect() %>%
+      arrange(int),
+    tbl
+  )
+})