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diff --git a/src/arrow/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-group-by.R b/src/arrow/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-group-by.R
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+++ b/src/arrow/r/tests/testthat/test-dplyr-group-by.R
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+# or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+# distributed with this work for additional information
+# regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+# to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+# "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+# with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+# software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+# "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+# KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+# specific language governing permissions and limitations
+# under the License.
+
+skip_if_not_available("dataset")
+
+library(dplyr, warn.conflicts = FALSE)
+library(stringr)
+
+tbl <- example_data
+
+test_that("group_by groupings are recorded", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(chr) %>%
+      select(int, chr) %>%
+      filter(int > 5) %>%
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("group_by supports creating/renaming", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(chr, numbers = int) %>%
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(chr, numbers = int * 4) %>%
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(int > 4, lgl, foo = int > 5) %>%
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("ungroup", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(chr) %>%
+      select(int, chr) %>%
+      ungroup() %>%
+      filter(int > 5) %>%
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+
+  # to confirm that the above expectation is actually testing what we think it's
+  # testing, verify that compare_dplyr_binding() distinguishes between grouped and
+  # ungrouped tibbles
+  expect_error(
+    compare_dplyr_binding(
+      .input %>%
+        group_by(chr) %>%
+        select(int, chr) %>%
+        (function(x) if (inherits(x, "tbl_df")) ungroup(x) else x) %>%
+        filter(int > 5) %>%
+        collect(),
+      tbl
+    )
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("group_by then rename", {
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(chr) %>%
+      select(string = chr, int) %>%
+      collect(),
+    tbl
+  )
+})
+
+test_that("group_by with .drop", {
+  test_groups <- c("starting_a_fight", "consoling_a_child", "petting_a_dog")
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(!!!syms(test_groups), .drop = TRUE) %>%
+      collect(),
+    example_with_logical_factors
+  )
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(!!!syms(test_groups), .drop = FALSE) %>%
+      collect(),
+    example_with_logical_factors
+  )
+  expect_equal(
+    example_with_logical_factors %>%
+      group_by(!!!syms(test_groups), .drop = TRUE) %>%
+      collect() %>%
+      n_groups(),
+    4L
+  )
+  expect_equal(
+    example_with_logical_factors %>%
+      group_by(!!!syms(test_groups), .drop = FALSE) %>%
+      collect() %>%
+      n_groups(),
+    8L
+  )
+  expect_equal(
+    example_with_logical_factors %>%
+      group_by(!!!syms(test_groups), .drop = FALSE) %>%
+      group_by_drop_default(),
+    FALSE
+  )
+  expect_equal(
+    example_with_logical_factors %>%
+      group_by(!!!syms(test_groups), .drop = TRUE) %>%
+      group_by_drop_default(),
+    TRUE
+  )
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(.drop = FALSE) %>% # no group by vars
+      group_by_drop_default(),
+    example_with_logical_factors
+  )
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by_drop_default(),
+    example_with_logical_factors
+  )
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(!!!syms(test_groups)) %>%
+      group_by_drop_default(),
+    example_with_logical_factors
+  )
+  compare_dplyr_binding(
+    .input %>%
+      group_by(!!!syms(test_groups), .drop = FALSE) %>%
+      ungroup() %>%
+      group_by_drop_default(),
+    example_with_logical_factors
+  )
+})