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diff --git a/src/include/cpp-btree/btree_container.h b/src/include/cpp-btree/btree_container.h
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+++ b/src/include/cpp-btree/btree_container.h
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+// Copyright 2018 The Abseil Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <initializer_list>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <type_traits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "btree.h"
+
+namespace btree::internal {
+
+// A common base class for btree_set, btree_map, btree_multiset, and
+// btree_multimap.
+template <typename Tree>
+class btree_container {
+  using params_type = typename Tree::params_type;
+
+ protected:
+  // Alias used for heterogeneous lookup functions.
+  // `key_arg<K>` evaluates to `K` when the functors are transparent and to
+  // `key_type` otherwise. It permits template argument deduction on `K` for the
+  // transparent case.
+  template <class Compare>
+  using is_transparent_t = typename Compare::is_transparent;
+  template <class K>
+  using key_arg =
+    std::conditional_t<
+      std::experimental::is_detected_v<is_transparent_t, typename Tree::key_compare>,
+      K,
+      typename Tree::key_type>;
+
+ public:
+  using key_type = typename Tree::key_type;
+  using value_type = typename Tree::value_type;
+  using size_type = typename Tree::size_type;
+  using difference_type = typename Tree::difference_type;
+  using key_compare = typename Tree::key_compare;
+  using value_compare = typename Tree::value_compare;
+  using allocator_type = typename Tree::allocator_type;
+  using reference = typename Tree::reference;
+  using const_reference = typename Tree::const_reference;
+  using pointer = typename Tree::pointer;
+  using const_pointer = typename Tree::const_pointer;
+  using iterator = typename Tree::iterator;
+  using const_iterator = typename Tree::const_iterator;
+  using reverse_iterator = typename Tree::reverse_iterator;
+  using const_reverse_iterator = typename Tree::const_reverse_iterator;
+
+  // Constructors/assignments.
+  btree_container() : tree_(key_compare(), allocator_type()) {}
+  explicit btree_container(const key_compare &comp,
+                           const allocator_type &alloc = allocator_type())
+      : tree_(comp, alloc) {}
+  btree_container(const btree_container &x) = default;
+  btree_container(btree_container &&x) noexcept = default;
+  btree_container &operator=(const btree_container &x) = default;
+  btree_container &operator=(btree_container &&x) noexcept(
+      std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<Tree>::value) = default;
+
+  // Iterator routines.
+  iterator begin() { return tree_.begin(); }
+  const_iterator begin() const { return tree_.begin(); }
+  const_iterator cbegin() const { return tree_.begin(); }
+  iterator end() { return tree_.end(); }
+  const_iterator end() const { return tree_.end(); }
+  const_iterator cend() const { return tree_.end(); }
+  reverse_iterator rbegin() { return tree_.rbegin(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator rbegin() const { return tree_.rbegin(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator crbegin() const { return tree_.rbegin(); }
+  reverse_iterator rend() { return tree_.rend(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator rend() const { return tree_.rend(); }
+  const_reverse_iterator crend() const { return tree_.rend(); }
+
+  // Lookup routines.
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  iterator find(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+    return tree_.find(key);
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  const_iterator find(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+    return tree_.find(key);
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  bool contains(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+    return find(key) != end();
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  iterator lower_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+    return tree_.lower_bound(key);
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  const_iterator lower_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+    return tree_.lower_bound(key);
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  iterator upper_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+    return tree_.upper_bound(key);
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  const_iterator upper_bound(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+    return tree_.upper_bound(key);
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  std::pair<iterator, iterator> equal_range(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+    return tree_.equal_range(key);
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  std::pair<const_iterator, const_iterator> equal_range(
+      const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+    return tree_.equal_range(key);
+  }
+
+  // Deletion routines. Note that there is also a deletion routine that is
+  // specific to btree_set_container/btree_multiset_container.
+
+  // Erase the specified iterator from the btree. The iterator must be valid
+  // (i.e. not equal to end()).  Return an iterator pointing to the node after
+  // the one that was erased (or end() if none exists).
+  iterator erase(const_iterator iter) { return tree_.erase(iterator(iter)); }
+  iterator erase(iterator iter) { return tree_.erase(iter); }
+  iterator erase(const_iterator first, const_iterator last) {
+    return tree_.erase(iterator(first), iterator(last)).second;
+  }
+
+ public:
+  // Utility routines.
+  void clear() { tree_.clear(); }
+  void swap(btree_container &x) { tree_.swap(x.tree_); }
+  void verify() const { tree_.verify(); }
+
+  // Size routines.
+  size_type size() const { return tree_.size(); }
+  size_type max_size() const { return tree_.max_size(); }
+  bool empty() const { return tree_.empty(); }
+
+  friend bool operator==(const btree_container &x, const btree_container &y) {
+    if (x.size() != y.size()) return false;
+    return std::equal(x.begin(), x.end(), y.begin());
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator!=(const btree_container &x, const btree_container &y) {
+    return !(x == y);
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator<(const btree_container &x, const btree_container &y) {
+    return std::lexicographical_compare(x.begin(), x.end(), y.begin(), y.end());
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator>(const btree_container &x, const btree_container &y) {
+    return y < x;
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator<=(const btree_container &x, const btree_container &y) {
+    return !(y < x);
+  }
+
+  friend bool operator>=(const btree_container &x, const btree_container &y) {
+    return !(x < y);
+  }
+
+  // The allocator used by the btree.
+  allocator_type get_allocator() const { return tree_.get_allocator(); }
+
+  // The key comparator used by the btree.
+  key_compare key_comp() const { return tree_.key_comp(); }
+  value_compare value_comp() const { return tree_.value_comp(); }
+
+ protected:
+  Tree tree_;
+};
+
+// A common base class for btree_set and btree_map.
+template <typename Tree>
+class btree_set_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
+  using super_type = btree_container<Tree>;
+  using params_type = typename Tree::params_type;
+  using init_type = typename params_type::init_type;
+  using is_key_compare_to = typename params_type::is_key_compare_to;
+  friend class BtreeNodePeer;
+
+ protected:
+  template <class K>
+  using key_arg = typename super_type::template key_arg<K>;
+
+ public:
+  using key_type = typename Tree::key_type;
+  using value_type = typename Tree::value_type;
+  using size_type = typename Tree::size_type;
+  using key_compare = typename Tree::key_compare;
+  using allocator_type = typename Tree::allocator_type;
+  using iterator = typename Tree::iterator;
+  using const_iterator = typename Tree::const_iterator;
+
+  // Inherit constructors.
+  using super_type::super_type;
+  btree_set_container() {}
+
+  // Range constructor.
+  template <class InputIterator>
+  btree_set_container(InputIterator b, InputIterator e,
+                      const key_compare &comp = key_compare(),
+                      const allocator_type &alloc = allocator_type())
+      : super_type(comp, alloc) {
+    insert(b, e);
+  }
+
+  // Initializer list constructor.
+  btree_set_container(std::initializer_list<init_type> init,
+                      const key_compare &comp = key_compare(),
+                      const allocator_type &alloc = allocator_type())
+      : btree_set_container(init.begin(), init.end(), comp, alloc) {}
+
+  // Lookup routines.
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  size_type count(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+    return this->tree_.count_unique(key);
+  }
+
+  // Insertion routines.
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(const value_type &x) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(x), x);
+  }
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> insert(value_type &&x) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(x), std::move(x));
+  }
+  template <typename... Args>
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> emplace(Args &&... args) {
+    init_type v(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    return this->tree_.insert_unique(params_type::key(v), std::move(v));
+  }
+  iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type &x) {
+    return this->tree_
+        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(position), params_type::key(x), x)
+        .first;
+  }
+  iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type &&x) {
+    return this->tree_
+        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(position), params_type::key(x),
+                            std::move(x))
+        .first;
+  }
+  template <typename... Args>
+  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args &&... args) {
+    init_type v(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    return this->tree_
+        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(position), params_type::key(v),
+                            std::move(v))
+        .first;
+  }
+  template <typename InputIterator>
+  void insert(InputIterator b, InputIterator e) {
+    this->tree_.insert_iterator_unique(b, e);
+  }
+  void insert(std::initializer_list<init_type> init) {
+    this->tree_.insert_iterator_unique(init.begin(), init.end());
+  }
+  // Deletion routines.
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  size_type erase(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+    return this->tree_.erase_unique(key);
+  }
+  using super_type::erase;
+
+  // Merge routines.
+  // Moves elements from `src` into `this`. If the element already exists in
+  // `this`, it is left unmodified in `src`.
+  template <
+    typename T,
+    typename std::enable_if_t<
+      std::conjunction_v<
+        std::is_same<value_type, typename T::value_type>,
+        std::is_same<allocator_type, typename T::allocator_type>,
+        std::is_same<typename params_type::is_map_container,
+                     typename T::params_type::is_map_container>>,
+      int> = 0>
+  void merge(btree_container<T> &src) {  // NOLINT
+    for (auto src_it = src.begin(); src_it != src.end();) {
+      if (insert(std::move(*src_it)).second) {
+        src_it = src.erase(src_it);
+      } else {
+        ++src_it;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  template <
+    typename T,
+    typename std::enable_if_t<
+      std::conjunction_v<
+        std::is_same<value_type, typename T::value_type>,
+        std::is_same<allocator_type, typename T::allocator_type>,
+        std::is_same<typename params_type::is_map_container,
+                     typename T::params_type::is_map_container>>,
+      int> = 0>
+  void merge(btree_container<T> &&src) {
+    merge(src);
+  }
+};
+
+// A common base class for btree_map and safe_btree_map.
+// Base class for btree_map.
+template <typename Tree>
+class btree_map_container : public btree_set_container<Tree> {
+  using super_type = btree_set_container<Tree>;
+  using params_type = typename Tree::params_type;
+
+ protected:
+  template <class K>
+  using key_arg = typename super_type::template key_arg<K>;
+
+ public:
+  using key_type = typename Tree::key_type;
+  using mapped_type = typename params_type::mapped_type;
+  using value_type = typename Tree::value_type;
+  using key_compare = typename Tree::key_compare;
+  using allocator_type = typename Tree::allocator_type;
+  using iterator = typename Tree::iterator;
+  using const_iterator = typename Tree::const_iterator;
+
+  // Inherit constructors.
+  using super_type::super_type;
+  btree_map_container() {}
+
+  // Insertion routines.
+  template <typename... Args>
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(const key_type &k, Args &&... args) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_unique(
+        k, std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(k),
+        std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+  }
+  template <typename... Args>
+  std::pair<iterator, bool> try_emplace(key_type &&k, Args &&... args) {
+    // Note: `key_ref` exists to avoid a ClangTidy warning about moving from `k`
+    // and then using `k` unsequenced. This is safe because the move is into a
+    // forwarding reference and insert_unique guarantees that `key` is never
+    // referenced after consuming `args`.
+    const key_type& key_ref = k;
+    return this->tree_.insert_unique(
+        key_ref, std::piecewise_construct, std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(k)),
+        std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+  }
+  template <typename... Args>
+  iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, const key_type &k,
+                       Args &&... args) {
+    return this->tree_
+        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(hint), k, std::piecewise_construct,
+                            std::forward_as_tuple(k),
+                            std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...))
+        .first;
+  }
+  template <typename... Args>
+  iterator try_emplace(const_iterator hint, key_type &&k, Args &&... args) {
+    // Note: `key_ref` exists to avoid a ClangTidy warning about moving from `k`
+    // and then using `k` unsequenced. This is safe because the move is into a
+    // forwarding reference and insert_hint_unique guarantees that `key` is
+    // never referenced after consuming `args`.
+    const key_type& key_ref = k;
+    return this->tree_
+        .insert_hint_unique(iterator(hint), key_ref, std::piecewise_construct,
+                            std::forward_as_tuple(std::move(k)),
+                            std::forward_as_tuple(std::forward<Args>(args)...))
+        .first;
+  }
+  mapped_type &operator[](const key_type &k) {
+    return try_emplace(k).first->second;
+  }
+  mapped_type &operator[](key_type &&k) {
+    return try_emplace(std::move(k)).first->second;
+  }
+
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  mapped_type &at(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+    auto it = this->find(key);
+    if (it == this->end())
+      throw std::out_of_range("btree_map::at");
+    return it->second;
+  }
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  const mapped_type &at(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+    auto it = this->find(key);
+    if (it == this->end())
+      throw std::out_of_range("btree_map::at");
+    return it->second;
+  }
+};
+
+// A common base class for btree_multiset and btree_multimap.
+template <typename Tree>
+class btree_multiset_container : public btree_container<Tree> {
+  using super_type = btree_container<Tree>;
+  using params_type = typename Tree::params_type;
+  using init_type = typename params_type::init_type;
+  using is_key_compare_to = typename params_type::is_key_compare_to;
+
+  template <class K>
+  using key_arg = typename super_type::template key_arg<K>;
+
+ public:
+  using key_type = typename Tree::key_type;
+  using value_type = typename Tree::value_type;
+  using size_type = typename Tree::size_type;
+  using key_compare = typename Tree::key_compare;
+  using allocator_type = typename Tree::allocator_type;
+  using iterator = typename Tree::iterator;
+  using const_iterator = typename Tree::const_iterator;
+
+  // Inherit constructors.
+  using super_type::super_type;
+  btree_multiset_container() {}
+
+  // Range constructor.
+  template <class InputIterator>
+  btree_multiset_container(InputIterator b, InputIterator e,
+                           const key_compare &comp = key_compare(),
+                           const allocator_type &alloc = allocator_type())
+      : super_type(comp, alloc) {
+    insert(b, e);
+  }
+
+  // Initializer list constructor.
+  btree_multiset_container(std::initializer_list<init_type> init,
+                           const key_compare &comp = key_compare(),
+                           const allocator_type &alloc = allocator_type())
+      : btree_multiset_container(init.begin(), init.end(), comp, alloc) {}
+
+  // Lookup routines.
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  size_type count(const key_arg<K> &key) const {
+    return this->tree_.count_multi(key);
+  }
+
+  // Insertion routines.
+  iterator insert(const value_type &x) { return this->tree_.insert_multi(x); }
+  iterator insert(value_type &&x) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_multi(std::move(x));
+  }
+  iterator insert(const_iterator position, const value_type &x) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(position), x);
+  }
+  iterator insert(const_iterator position, value_type &&x) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(iterator(position), std::move(x));
+  }
+  template <typename InputIterator>
+  void insert(InputIterator b, InputIterator e) {
+    this->tree_.insert_iterator_multi(b, e);
+  }
+  void insert(std::initializer_list<init_type> init) {
+    this->tree_.insert_iterator_multi(init.begin(), init.end());
+  }
+  template <typename... Args>
+  iterator emplace(Args &&... args) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_multi(init_type(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+  }
+  template <typename... Args>
+  iterator emplace_hint(const_iterator position, Args &&... args) {
+    return this->tree_.insert_hint_multi(
+        iterator(position), init_type(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+  }
+
+  // Deletion routines.
+  template <typename K = key_type>
+  size_type erase(const key_arg<K> &key) {
+    return this->tree_.erase_multi(key);
+  }
+  using super_type::erase;
+
+  // Merge routines.
+  // Moves all elements from `src` into `this`.
+  template <
+      typename T,
+      typename std::enable_if_t<
+          std::conjunction_v<
+              std::is_same<value_type, typename T::value_type>,
+              std::is_same<allocator_type, typename T::allocator_type>,
+              std::is_same<typename params_type::is_map_container,
+                           typename T::params_type::is_map_container>>,
+          int> = 0>
+  void merge(btree_container<T> &src) {  // NOLINT
+    insert(std::make_move_iterator(src.begin()),
+           std::make_move_iterator(src.end()));
+    src.clear();
+  }
+
+  template <
+      typename T,
+      typename std::enable_if_t<
+          std::conjunction_v<
+              std::is_same<value_type, typename T::value_type>,
+              std::is_same<allocator_type, typename T::allocator_type>,
+              std::is_same<typename params_type::is_map_container,
+                           typename T::params_type::is_map_container>>,
+          int> = 0>
+  void merge(btree_container<T> &&src) {
+    merge(src);
+  }
+};
+
+// A base class for btree_multimap.
+template <typename Tree>
+class btree_multimap_container : public btree_multiset_container<Tree> {
+  using super_type = btree_multiset_container<Tree>;
+  using params_type = typename Tree::params_type;
+
+ public:
+  using mapped_type = typename params_type::mapped_type;
+
+  // Inherit constructors.
+  using super_type::super_type;
+  btree_multimap_container() {}
+};
+} // namespace btree::internal