From e6918187568dbd01842d8d1d2c808ce16a894239 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Date: Sun, 21 Apr 2024 13:54:28 +0200
Subject: Adding upstream version 18.2.2.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
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+---
+title: "Using the Arrow C++ Library in R"
+description: "This document describes the low-level interface to the Apache Arrow C++ library in R and reviews the patterns and conventions of the R package."
+output: rmarkdown::html_vignette
+vignette: >
+  %\VignetteIndexEntry{Using the Arrow C++ Library in R}
+  %\VignetteEngine{knitr::rmarkdown}
+  %\VignetteEncoding{UTF-8}
+---
+
+The Apache Arrow C++ library provides rich, powerful features for working with columnar data. The `arrow` R package provides both a low-level interface to the C++ library and some higher-level, R-flavored tools for working with it. This vignette provides an overview of how the pieces fit together, and it describes the conventions that the classes and methods follow in R.
+
+# Features
+
+## Multi-file datasets
+
+The `arrow` package lets you work efficiently with large, multi-file datasets
+using `dplyr` methods. See `vignette("dataset", package = "arrow")` for an overview.
+
+## Reading and writing files
+
+`arrow` provides some simple functions for using the Arrow C++ library to read and write files.
+These functions are designed to drop into your normal R workflow
+without requiring any knowledge of the Arrow C++ library
+and use naming conventions and arguments that follow popular R packages, particularly `readr`.
+The readers return `data.frame`s
+(or if you use the `tibble` package, they will act like `tbl_df`s),
+and the writers take `data.frame`s.
+
+Importantly, `arrow` provides basic read and write support for the [Apache
+Parquet](https://parquet.apache.org/) columnar data file format.
+
+```r
+library(arrow)
+df <- read_parquet("path/to/file.parquet")
+```
+
+Just as you can read, you can write Parquet files:
+
+```r
+write_parquet(df, "path/to/different_file.parquet")
+```
+
+The `arrow` package also includes a faster and more robust implementation of the
+[Feather](https://github.com/wesm/feather) file format, providing `read_feather()` and
+`write_feather()`. This implementation depends
+on the same underlying C++ library as the Python version does,
+resulting in more reliable and consistent behavior across the two languages, as
+well as [improved performance](https://wesmckinney.com/blog/feather-arrow-future/).
+`arrow` also by default writes the Feather V2 format,
+which supports a wider range of data types, as well as compression.
+
+For CSV and line-delimited JSON, there are `read_csv_arrow()` and `read_json_arrow()`, respectively.
+While `read_csv_arrow()` currently has fewer parsing options for dealing with
+every CSV format variation in the wild, for the files it can read, it is
+often significantly faster than other R CSV readers, such as
+`base::read.csv`, `readr::read_csv`, and `data.table::fread`.
+
+## Working with Arrow data in Python
+
+Using [`reticulate`](https://rstudio.github.io/reticulate/), `arrow` lets you
+share data between R and Python (`pyarrow`) efficiently, enabling you to take
+advantage of the vibrant ecosystem of Python packages that build on top of
+Apache Arrow. See `vignette("python", package = "arrow")` for details.
+
+## Access to Arrow messages, buffers, and streams
+
+The `arrow` package also provides many lower-level bindings to the C++ library, which enable you
+to access and manipulate Arrow objects. You can use these to build connectors
+to other applications and services that use Arrow. One example is Spark: the
+[`sparklyr`](https://spark.rstudio.com/) package has support for using Arrow to
+move data to and from Spark, yielding [significant performance
+gains](http://arrow.apache.org/blog/2019/01/25/r-spark-improvements/).
+
+# Object hierarchy
+
+## Metadata objects
+
+Arrow defines the following classes for representing metadata:
+
+| Class      | Description                                        | How to create an instance        |
+| ---------- | -------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------- |
+| `DataType` | attribute controlling how values are represented   | functions in `help("data-type")` |
+| `Field`    | a character string name and a `DataType`           | `field(name, type)`              |
+| `Schema`   | list of `Field`s                                   | `schema(...)`                    |
+
+## Data objects
+
+Arrow defines the following classes for representing zero-dimensional (scalar),
+one-dimensional (array/vector-like), and two-dimensional (tabular/data
+frame-like) data:
+
+| Dim | Class          | Description                               | How to create an instance                                                                             |
+| --- | -------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| 0   | `Scalar`       | single value and its `DataType`           | `Scalar$create(value, type)`                                                                          |
+| 1   | `Array`        | vector of values and its `DataType`       | `Array$create(vector, type)`                                                                          | 
+| 1   | `ChunkedArray` | vectors of values and their `DataType`    | `ChunkedArray$create(..., type)` or alias `chunked_array(..., type)`                                  |
+| 2   | `RecordBatch`  | list of `Array`s with a `Schema`          | `RecordBatch$create(...)` or alias `record_batch(...)`                                                |
+| 2   | `Table`        | list of `ChunkedArray` with a `Schema`    | `Table$create(...)`, alias `arrow_table(...)`, or `arrow::read_*(file, as_data_frame = FALSE)`        |
+| 2   | `Dataset`      | list of `Table`s  with the same `Schema`  | `Dataset$create(sources, schema)` or alias `open_dataset(sources, schema)`                            |
+
+Each of these is defined as an `R6` class in the `arrow` R package and
+corresponds to a class of the same name in the Arrow C++ library. The `arrow`
+package provides a variety of `R6` and S3 methods for interacting with instances
+of these classes.
+
+For convenience, the `arrow` package also defines several synthetic classes that
+do not exist in the C++ library, including:
+
+* `ArrowDatum`: inherited by `Scalar`, `Array`, and `ChunkedArray`
+* `ArrowTabular`: inherited by `RecordBatch` and `Table`
+* `ArrowObject`: inherited by all Arrow objects
+
+# Internals
+
+## Mapping of R <--> Arrow types
+
+Arrow has a rich data type system that includes direct parallels with R's data types and much more.
+
+In the tables, entries with a `-` are not currently implemented.
+
+### R to Arrow
+
+| R type                   | Arrow type |
+|--------------------------|------------|
+| logical                  | boolean    |
+| integer                  | int32      |
+| double ("numeric")       | float64^1^ |
+| character                | utf8^2^    |
+| factor                   | dictionary |
+| raw                      | uint8      |
+| Date                     | date32     |
+| POSIXct                  | timestamp  |
+| POSIXlt                  | struct     |
+| data.frame               | struct     |
+| list^3^                  | list       |
+| bit64::integer64         | int64      |
+| difftime                 | time32     |
+| vctrs::vctrs_unspecified | null       |
+
+
+
+^1^: `float64` and `double` are the same concept and data type in Arrow C++; 
+however, only `float64()` is used in arrow as the function `double()` already 
+exists in base R
+
+^2^: If the character vector exceeds 2GB of strings, it will be converted to a 
+`large_utf8` Arrow type
+
+^3^: Only lists where all elements are the same type are able to be translated 
+to Arrow list type (which is a "list of" some type).
+
+
+### Arrow to R
+
+| Arrow type        | R type                       |
+|-------------------|------------------------------|
+| boolean           | logical                      |
+| int8              | integer                      |
+| int16             | integer                      |
+| int32             | integer                      |
+| int64             | integer^1^                   |
+| uint8             | integer                      |
+| uint16            | integer                      |
+| uint32            | integer^1^                   |
+| uint64            | integer^1^                   |
+| float16           | -^2^                         |
+| float32           | double                       |
+| float64           | double                       |
+| utf8              | character                    |
+| large_utf8        | character                    |
+| binary            | arrow_binary ^3^             |
+| large_binary      | arrow_large_binary ^3^       |
+| fixed_size_binary | arrow_fixed_size_binary ^3^  |
+| date32            | Date                         |
+| date64            | POSIXct                      |
+| time32            | hms::difftime                |
+| time64            | hms::difftime                |
+| timestamp         | POSIXct                      |
+| duration          | -^2^                         |
+| decimal           | double                       |
+| dictionary        | factor^4^                    |
+| list              | arrow_list ^5^               |
+| large_list        | arrow_large_list ^5^         |
+| fixed_size_list   | arrow_fixed_size_list ^5^    |
+| struct            | data.frame                   |
+| null              | vctrs::vctrs_unspecified     |
+| map               | -^2^                         |
+| union             | -^2^                         |
+
+^1^: These integer types may contain values that exceed the range of R's 
+`integer` type (32-bit signed integer). When they do, `uint32` and `uint64` are 
+converted to `double` ("numeric") and `int64` is converted to 
+`bit64::integer64`. This conversion can be disabled (so that `int64` always
+yields a `bit64::integer64` vector) by setting `options(arrow.int64_downcast = FALSE)`.
+
+^2^: Some Arrow data types do not currently have an R equivalent and will raise an error
+if cast to or mapped to via a schema.
+
+^3^: `arrow*_binary` classes are implemented as lists of raw vectors. 
+
+^4^: Due to the limitation of R factors, Arrow `dictionary` values are coerced
+to string when translated to R if they are not already strings.
+
+^5^: `arrow*_list` classes are implemented as subclasses of `vctrs_list_of` 
+with a `ptype` attribute set to what an empty Array of the value type converts to. 
+
+
+### R object attributes
+
+Arrow supports custom key-value metadata attached to Schemas. When we convert a `data.frame` to an Arrow Table or RecordBatch, the package stores any `attributes()` attached to the columns of the `data.frame` in the Arrow object's Schema. These attributes are stored under the "r" key; you can assign additional string metadata under any other key you wish, like `x$metadata$new_key <- "new value"`.
+
+This metadata is preserved when writing the table to Feather or Parquet, and when reading those files into R, or when calling `as.data.frame()` on a Table/RecordBatch, the column attributes are restored to the columns of the resulting `data.frame`. This means that custom data types, including `haven::labelled`, `vctrs` annotations, and others, are preserved when doing a round-trip through Arrow.
+
+Note that the `attributes()` stored in `$metadata$r` are only understood by R. If you write a `data.frame` with `haven` columns to a Feather file and read that in Pandas, the `haven` metadata won't be recognized there. (Similarly, Pandas writes its own custom metadata, which the R package does not consume.) You are free, however, to define custom metadata conventions for your application and assign any (string) values you want to other metadata keys. For more details, see the documentation for `schema()`.
+
+## Class structure and package conventions
+
+C++ is an object-oriented language, so the core logic of the Arrow library is encapsulated in classes and methods. In the R package, these classes are implemented as `R6` reference classes, most of which are exported from the namespace.
+
+In order to match the C++ naming conventions, the `R6` classes are in TitleCase, e.g. `RecordBatch`. This makes it easy to look up the relevant C++ implementations in the [code](https://github.com/apache/arrow/tree/master/cpp) or [documentation](https://arrow.apache.org/docs/cpp/). To simplify things in R, the C++ library namespaces are generally dropped or flattened; that is, where the C++ library has `arrow::io::FileOutputStream`, it is just `FileOutputStream` in the R package. One exception is for the file readers, where the namespace is necessary to disambiguate. So `arrow::csv::TableReader` becomes `CsvTableReader`, and `arrow::json::TableReader` becomes `JsonTableReader`.
+
+Some of these classes are not meant to be instantiated directly; they may be base classes or other kinds of helpers. For those that you should be able to create, use the `$create()` method to instantiate an object. For example, `rb <- RecordBatch$create(int = 1:10, dbl = as.numeric(1:10))` will create a `RecordBatch`. Many of these factory methods that an R user might most often encounter also have a `snake_case` alias, in order to be more familiar for contemporary R users. So `record_batch(int = 1:10, dbl = as.numeric(1:10))` would do the same as `RecordBatch$create()` above.
+
+The typical user of the `arrow` R package may never deal directly with the `R6` objects. We provide more R-friendly wrapper functions as a higher-level interface to the C++ library. An R user can call `read_parquet()` without knowing or caring that they're instantiating a `ParquetFileReader` object and calling the `$ReadFile()` method on it. The classes are there and available to the advanced programmer who wants fine-grained control over how the C++ library is used.
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