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authorDaniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>2024-04-13 14:11:00 +0000
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+
+ FreeRADIUS server and the Simultaneous-Use parameter.
+
+
+0. INTRODUCTION
+
+ Lots of people want to limit the number of times one user account can
+ login, usually to one. This is hard to do with the radius protocol;
+ the nature of the accounting stuff is such that the idea the radius server
+ has about the list of logged-in users might be different from the idea
+ the terminal server has about it.
+
+ However, most terminal servers have an alternative way to get a list
+ of logged-in users. Most support some way through telnet, some have
+ a finger-daemon builtin and a lot of them support SNMP. So if the
+ radius server thinks that someone is trying to login a second time,
+ it is possible to check on the terminal server itself if the first
+ login is indeed still active. Only then access is denied for the
+ second login.
+
+
+1. PREREQUISITES
+
+ You need to have perl installed.
+
+ For SNMP checks, you have 2 options. You can use the `snmpget' program
+ from the cmu-snmp tools. You can probably get precompiled ones,
+ maybe even packaged for your system (Debian/Linux, Redhat/Linux, FreeBSD
+ ports collection etc). The source code is at
+ http://www.net.cmu.edu/projects/snmp/snmpapps/. The Linux-specific
+ version of this is at http://www.gaertner.de/snmp/
+
+ The other option is to install the SNMP_Session and BER modules that
+ for example the well known `mrtg' package uses. This is recommended.
+ In that case you need no external snmpget program, checkrad will
+ speak SNMP directly. See http://www.switch.ch/misc/leinen/snmp/perl/
+
+ The checkroutine for USR/3Com Total Control racks uses the Net::Telnet
+ module from CPAN, at least version 3.00. If you need that, obtain it from
+ your local CPAN mirror (or see http://www.perl.com/CPAN/). The checkrad.pl
+ perl script will autodetect if that module is installed.
+
+2. USAGE.
+
+ It works by adding the `check' parameter "Simultaneous-Use" to the entry
+ for a users or DEFAULT in /etc/raddb/users. It should be at least one;
+ it defines the maximum number of users logged in with the same account name.
+ For example:
+
+ #
+ # Simultaneous use restrictions.
+ #
+ DEFAULT Group == "staff", Simultaneous-Use := 4
+ Fall-Through = 1
+ DEFAULT Group == "business", Simultaneous-Use := 2
+ Fall-Through = 1
+ DEFAULT Simultaneous-Use := 1
+ Fall-Through = 1
+
+
+ NOTE!!! The "Simultaneous-Use" parameter is in the "check" A/V pairs,
+ and not in the Reply A/V pairs (it _is_ a check).
+
+ For SQL, after creating and populating your schema, you should
+ execute the following statement (for MySQL, others may vary):
+
+ INSERT INTO radgroupcheck (GroupName, Attribute, op, Value) values("dialup", "Simultaneous-Use", ":=", "1");
+
+ Once that is done, your users should be limited to only one login at a time.
+
+3. IMPLEMENTATION
+
+ The server keeps a list of logged-in users in the /var/log/radutmp file.
+ This is also called "the session database". When you execute "radwho",
+ all that radwho really does is list the entries in this file in a pretty
+ format. Only when someone tries to login who _already_ has an active
+ session according to the radutmp file, the server executes the perl
+ script /usr/local/sbin/checkrad (or /usr/sbin/checkrad, it checks for
+ the presence of both and in that order). This script queries the terminal
+ server to see if the user indeed already has an active session.
+
+ The script uses SNMP for Livingston Portmasters and Ciscos, finger for
+ Portslave, Computone and Ascend, and Net::Telnet for USR/3Com TC.
+
+ Since the script has been witten in perl, it's easy to adjust for
+ any type of terminal server. There are implementations in the script for
+ checks using SNMP, finger, and telnet, so it should be easy to add
+ your own check routine if your terminal server is not supported yet.
+
+ You can find the script in the file src/checkrad.pl.
+
+ You need to set the correct type in the file /etc/raddb/naslist so that
+ checkrad KNOWS how it should interrogate the terminal server. At this
+ time you can define the following types:
+
+ type Vendor Uses method needs Need naspasswd
+ ==== ====== =========== ===== ==============
+ ascend Lucent SNMP SNMP No
+ bay Nortel finger finger command No
+ cisco Cisco SNMP SNMP Optional [1]
+ computone Computone finger finger command No
+ cvx Nortel SNMP SNMP No
+ digitro Digitro rusers rusers command No
+ livingston Livingston SNMP SNMP No [2]
+ max40xx Lucent finger finger command No
+ netserver USR/3com telnet CPAN Net::Telnet Yes
+ pathras Cyclades telnet CPAN Net::Telnet Yes
+ patton Patton SNMP SNMP No
+ portslave ? finger finger command No
+ pr3000 Cyclades SNMP snmpwalk command No
+ pr4000 Cyclades SNMP snmpwalk command No
+ tc USR/3com telnet CPAN Net::Telnet Yes
+ usrhyper USR/3com SNMP SNMP No [3]
+ versanet VersaNet SNMP SNMP No
+
+ other none N/A - No
+
+ [1] In naspasswd file: set username to SNMP, password is community.
+ [2] Needs at least ComOS 3.5, SNMP enabled.
+ [3] Set "Reported Port Density" to 256 (default)
+
+ "other" means "don't bother checking, I believe what radutmp says".
+ This really is not recommended, if a user has a "stuck" entry in the
+ session database she will not be able to login again - hence the
+ extra check that "checkrad" does.
+
+4. IF IT DOESN'T WORK
+
+ Note that you need to add the Simultaneous-Use parameter to the
+ check item (first line), not the reply item, using the ':=' operator.
+
+ You can edit the `checkrad' perl script and turn on debugging. Then
+ watch the debug file. The `radius.log' file also gives some hints.
+
+ You can also run the "checkrad" script manually, use the "-d"
+ switch to get debug output on standard output instead of in the log.
+
+ See also:
+
+ http://wrath.geoweb.ge/simult.html
+
+ which has a good discussion of the use of Simultaneous-Use.
+
+
+5. CAVEATS
+
+ This solution checks the radutmp file. This file is kept up-to-date from
+ the Accounting records the NAS sends. Since some NASes delay these records
+ for quite some time, it is possible to get a double login by logging in
+ twice at _exactly_ the same time (plus or minus the mentioned delay time),
+ since neither of the logins are registered yet.
+
+ The solution would be to create a small 1-minute cache of Authentication
+ records, that is also checked for double login attempts. Perhaps in the
+ next version.
+
+ When implementing this one thing was considered the most important: when
+ trying to detect double logins, we always try to err on the safe side. So
+ in rare cases, a double login is possible but we try never to limit access
+ for a legitimate login.
+
+6. PROBLEMS WITH DROPPED CONNECTIONS
+
+ Our PM3, with 2 ISDN-30 lines coming into it, had the habit of sometimes
+ dropping connections. In a few cases, the portmaster thought the session was
+ still alive so if the user tried to login again, he or she was denied access.
+ In our case, this problem was caused by a bad PRI line from the phone
+ company.
+
+ We tried to compensate this by setting the Idle-Timeout to 15 minutes. That
+ way, even if a user did get locked out the portmaster would clear the rogue
+ session within 15 minutes and the user could login again.
+