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diff --git a/contrib/mom/momdoc/inlines.html b/contrib/mom/momdoc/inlines.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8613161 --- /dev/null +++ b/contrib/mom/momdoc/inlines.html @@ -0,0 +1,1112 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!-- +This file is part of groff, the GNU roff type-setting system. + +Copyright (C) 2004-2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Written by Peter Schaffter (peter@schaffter.ca). + +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no +Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover +Texts. + +A copy of the Free Documentation License is included as a file called +FDL in the main directory of the groff source package. +--> + +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> + <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8"/> + <title>Mom -- Inline escapes</title> + <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="stylesheet.css" /> +</head> + +<body style="background-color: #f5faff;"> + +<!-- ==================================================================== --> + +<div id="top" class="page"> + +<!-- Navigation links --> +<table style="width: 100%;"> +<tr> + <td><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td> + <td style="text-align: right;"><a href="color.html#top">Next: Coloured text</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h1 id="inline-escapes" class="docs">Inline escapes</h1> + +<div style="text-align: center;"> +<a href="#index-inlines">List of inline escapes</a> +</div> + +<div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> + +<h2 id="intro-inlines" class="docs">Introduction</h2> +<p> +Inline escapes, as described in the +<a href="definitions.html#inlines">groff terms</a> +section of this manual, are typesetting commands that appear in text +<a href="definitions.html#inputline">input lines</a>, +as opposed to macros and other +<a href="definitions.html#controllines">control lines</a> +that must appear on lines by themselves. +</p> + +<p> +Aside from altering type parameters within a line, inlines also tell +groff about special characters—em-dashes, bullets, +<a href="definitions.html#figurespace">figure/digit-width spaces</a>, +and so on. It is beyond the scope of this manual to provide +a complete list of groff’s inline functions and special +characters. I recommend having a look at the +<a href="intro.html#canonical">canonical reference materials</a> +should you need more information than is contained herein. +</p> + +<p> +In groff, the escape character is the backslash (<kbd>\</kbd>). +Groff interprets everything following the backslash as instructions, +not literal text, until the escape sequence is complete. Should +you need the actual backslash character as part of a line of text, +simply enter it twice (<kbd>\\</kbd>). Groff understands that this +means “please print a backslash character.” +</p> + +<p> +You can also use <kbd>\e</kbd> to print a literal backslash, or use +<a href="goodies.html#esc-char">ESC_CHAR</a> to change the escape +character to something other than the backslash, which lets you +use a single backslash as a literal backslash. +</p> + +<p> +Groff has a number of ways of recognizing what constitutes a +complete escape sequence. This is both a boon and a curse; some +escape sequences have no terminating delimiter and consequently +become difficult to distinguish from real input text. Others +require the use of an opening parenthesis with no corresponding +closing parenthesis. Still others need to be enclosed in square +brackets. +</p> + +<p> +Mom recognizes that certain escapes get used more often than others. +For these, she has a consistent input style that takes the form +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[...]</span></kbd>, which makes them stand out well +from the text of your documents. These escapes are the ones listed +under +<a href="#inlines-mom">Mom’s personal inline escapes</a>. +</p> + +<p> +Despite mom’s best intentions, there are still +a number of typesetting functions that can only be accomplished +with groff’s native inline escapes. I’ve listed the +ones that strike me as essential, but there are many others. If you +want to know what they are, please read the +<a href="intro.html#canonical">canonical reference materials</a> +pertaining to groff. +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="tip">Helpful bit of information:</span> +Inline escapes can be used in +<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a> +that take +<a href="definitions.html#stringargument">string arguments</a>. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="macro-list-container"> +<h3 id="index-inlines" class="macro-list">List of inline escapes</h3> + +<ul class="macro-list"> +<li id="inlines-mom"><a href="#inlines-mom-top">Mom’s personal inline escapes</a> +<ul class="no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -1.5em;"> + <li><a href="#inline-fonts-mom">Changing fonts</a></li> + <li><a href="#inline-size-mom">Changing point size</a></li> + <li><a href="#uc-lc">Capitalise a section of type</a></li> + <li><a href="#inline-kerning-mom">Pairwise kerning</a></li> + <li><a href="#inline-horizontal-mom">Horizontal movement</a></li> + <li><a href="#inline-vertical-mom">Vertical movement</a></li> + <li><a href="#inline-b-mom">Terminate a line without advancing on the page</a></li> + <li><a href="#tb-plus-mom">Call the next sequential tab without advancing on the page</a></li> + <li><a href="#inline-rule-mom">Full measure rules</a> + <ul class="sublist" style="font-size: 100%;"> + <li><a href="#rule-weight">Macro to control the weight of rules</a></li> + </ul></li> +</ul></li> +<li id="inlines-groff"><a href="#inlines-groff-top">Commonly-used groff inline escapes</a> +<ul class="no-enumerator" style="margin-left: -1.5em;"> + <li><kbd>\f</kbd> <a href="#inline-fonts-groff">Font control</a></li> + <li><kbd>\h</kbd> <a href="#inline-horizontal-groff">Inline horizontal motions</a></li> + <li><kbd>\v</kbd> <a href="#inline-vertical-groff">Inline vertical motions</a></li> + <li><kbd>\w</kbd> <a href="#inline-stringwidth-groff">String width function</a></li> + <li><kbd>\l</kbd> <a href="#inline-linedrawing-groff">Horizontal line drawing function</a></li> + <li style="margin-left: 1.6em;"><a href="#inline-characters-groff">Special characters</a></li> +</ul></li> +</ul> +</div> + +<div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> + +<!-- -INLINE_FONTS_MOM- --> + +<h2 id="inlines-mom-top" class="macro-group">Mom’s personal inline escapes</h2> + +<h3 id="inline-fonts-mom" class="docs">Changing fonts</h3> + +<p> +Mom provides five escapes for changing fonts inline: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[ROM] Change to the medium roman font + \*[IT] Change to the medium italic font + \*[BD] Change to the bold roman font + \*[BDI] Change to the bold italic font + \*[PREV] Revert to the previous font (once only)* +</span> +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">*Note:</span> +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[PREV]</span></kbd> does not operate "stack +style". It returns to the previous font once only, and +afterwards has no effect. In other words, in the case of +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[PREV]\*[PREV]</span></kbd>, only the first +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[PREV]</span></kbd> is respected; the second one is silently +ignored. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +These escapes are provided for merely for convenience, legibility, +and consistency when typesetting with mom. For more complete and +flexible inline font control, please see +<a href="#inline-fonts-groff">font control with <kbd>\f</kbd></a>. +</p> + +<div class="box-notes"> +<h3 id="inlines-docprocessing-fonts" class="docs notes">Notes concerning document processing</h3> +<p style="margin-top: .5em;"> +If you’re using the +<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a>, +inline font changes remain in effect only for the duration of the +current document element tag. +</p> + +<p class="tip-bottom"> +Additionally, if you’re designing your own +<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a> +and want to use mom’s inline escapes for changing fonts as +part of the left, centre and/or right strings, or in the strings +for +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a> +and/or +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a> +HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to +<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>, +you must enter the inlines beginning with <kbd>\E*</kbd> +rather than just <kbd><span class="nobr">\*</span></kbd>, e.g. +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BD]</span></kbd>. You may, in such cases, prefer to +use the simpler groff inline escape +<a href="#inline-fonts-groff"><kbd>\f</kbd></a>. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_SIZE_MOM- --> + +<h3 id="inline-size-mom" class="docs">Changing point size</h3> +<p> +Mom has two inline escapes for changing point size: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[SIZE <size>] +</span> +and +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*S[<size>] +</span> +where “size” is the new size you want. You can use +either; they behave exactly the same way. For example, to change +the point size of type inline to 12 points, you could enter either +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[SIZE 12] +</span> +or +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*S[12] +</span> +Entering either <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[SIZE]</span></kbd> or +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*S[]</span></kbd> with no argument reverts to the former +point size. +</p> + +<p> +The advantage of the first form is that it’s easy to remember, +and follows mom’s usual inline syntax. The advantage of the +second is that it’s more concise. +</p> + +<p> +Notice that in both cases, the new size does not require a +<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>; +<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a> +is assumed. However, a unit of measure may be appended to the size +if that’s what you wish. Fractional sizes are, of course, +allowed. +</p> + +<p> +The size given to <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[SIZE <size>]</span></kbd> +or <kbd><span class="nobr">\*S[<size>]</span></kbd> may be expressed in +plus or minus terms, which can be very useful. In the following +examples, the word “mom” will be output 2 points larger +than the point size of the rest of the line. +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + While she isn't perfect, \*S[+2]mom\*S[-2] isn't half bad. + While she isn't perfect, \*[SIZE +2]mom\*[SIZE -2] isn't half bad. +</span> +Please note that inline size changes do not update the leading if +<a href="typesetting.html#autolead">AUTOLEAD</a> +is enabled. +</p> + +<div class="box-notes"> +<h3 id="inline-docprocessing-ps" class="docs notes">NOTE CONCERNING DOCUMENT PROCESSING</h3> +<p style="margin-top: .5em;"> +If you’re using the +<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a> +and wish to design your own +<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a> +using mom’s inline escape for changing point size as part of +the left, centre and/or right strings, or in the strings for +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a> +and/or +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a> +HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to +<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>, +you <i>must</i> use the form <kbd><span class="nobr">\*S[<n>]</span></kbd> +and enter the inline beginning with <kbd>\E*</kbd>, like this: +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*S[<+|-><n>]</span></kbd>. +</p> + +<p class="tip-bottom"> +<span class="additional-note">Additional note:</span> +If you’re accustomed to groff’s usual way of handling +inline size requests <kbd>(\sN, \s±N, \s(NN, \s±(NN, \s[NNN], +\s±[NNN]),</kbd> feel free to continue with your old habits. Mom +doesn’t care. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -CAPITALISATION- --> + +<h3 id="uc-lc" class="docs">Capitalise a section of type</h3> +<p> +If you need to capitalise a region of type inline, +bracket the region of type with the inline escapes, +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[UC]</span></kbd> (Upper Case) and +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[LC]</span></kbd> (Lower Case), like this: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + All work \*[UC]and\*[LC] no play makes Jack a dull boy. +</span> +The above produces, on output +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + All work AND no play makes Jack a dull boy. +</span> +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +<kbd>\*[UC]</kbd> and <kbd>\*[LC]</kbd> must not be used inside the +<a href="definitions.html#stringargument">string arguments</a> +passed to the +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-strings">HEADER_<POSITION></a> +macro. Instead, use the control macro +<a href="headfootpage.html#_caps">HEADER_<POSITION>_CAPS.</a> +For +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">HEADER_RECTO</a> +(or _VERSO) or +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">FOOTER_RECTO</a> +(or _VERSO), supply the <kbd>CAPS</kbd> option to the appropriate +macro. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_KERNING_MOM- --> + +<h3 id="inline-kerning-mom" class="docs">Pairwise kerning</h3> +<p> +Pairwise kerning means moving specific letter pairs closer +together or further apart (see +<a href="definitions.html#kern">Typesetting terms, kerning</a> +for more details). +</p> + +<p> +Mom permits inline pairwise kerning through the use of the inline +escapes +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[BU <n>] Closes the space between letters (Back Units). + \*[FU <n>] Opens the space between letters (Forward Units). +</span> +<b><n></b> is the number of +<a href="definitions.html#kernunit">kern units</a> +by which to close or open the space between letters. +</p> + +<p> +For example, +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + THE HUMAN COST OF COMMODIF\*[FU 1]YING FRESH W\*[BU 4]A\*[BU 5]TER +</span> +moves the letter Y in “COMMODIFYING” one kern unit away +from the letter F, and the letter A in “WATER” four +kern units closer to the letter W. Additionally, the letter T in +“WATER” is moved five kern units closer to the letter A. +</p> + +<p> +For backward compatibility, the forms +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[BU1]...\*[BU36] Move backward 1...36 <a href="definitions.html#kernunit">kern units</a> + \*[FU1]...\*[FU36] Move forward 1...36 <a href="definitions.html#kernunit">kern units</a> +</span> +also exist (i.e. with no space before the number of kern units desired, +up to a limit of 36). +</p> + +<p id="kernunit"> +The default size of a kern unit is 1/36 of the current point size; +this may be changed by invoking the macro <kbd>.KERN_UNIT</kbd> +with the desired value, which represents a fraction of the current +point size. For example, to change the kern unit to 1/54 of the +current point size, +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + .KERN_UNIT 54 +</span> +To restore the kern unit to its default, invoke +<kbd>.KERN_UNIT</kbd> with an argument of <kbd>DEFAULT</kbd>. +</p> + + +<div class="box-notes"> +<h3 id="inlines-docprocessing-kerning" class="docs notes">Notes concerning document processing</h3> +<p style="margin-top: .5em;"> +If you’re using the +<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a> +and wish to design your own +<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a> +using mom’s inline escapes for kerning as part of the left, +centre and/or right strings, or in the strings for +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a> +and/or +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a> +HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to +<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>, +you <i>must</i> use the forms +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BU<n>]</span></kbd> and +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[FU<n>]</span></kbd> (i.e. with no space), +and enter the inline beginning with <kbd><span class="nobr">\E*</span></kbd> +rather than just <kbd><span class="nobr">\*</span></kbd>, e.g. +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BU4]</span></kbd>. +</p> + +<p class="tip-bottom"> +<span class="additional-note">Additional note:</span> +Using the <kbd>BU</kbd> or <kbd>FU</kbd> escapes between characters +pairs that are already automatically kerned (see +<a href="typesetting.html#kern">KERN</a>) +disables the automatic kerning and uses the value you give to +<kbd>BU</kbd> or <kbd>FU</kbd> instead. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_HORIZONTAL_MOM- --> + +<h3 id="inline-horizontal-mom" class="docs">Horizontal inline movement</h3> +<p> +Sometimes, you may need to insert a specified amount of white +space into an +<a href="definitions.html#outputline">output line</a>, +or—occasionally—back up to a previous position on an +<a href="definitions.html#inputline">output</a> +line in order to create special typographic effects. +</p> + +<p> +Mom’s inline escapes for these horizontal movements are +<br/> +<span id="bck" class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[BCK <n unit>] Move backward inline the specified number of + <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a>; decimal fractions are allowed. +</span> +and +<span id="fwd" class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[FWD <n unit>] Move forward inline the specified number of + <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a>; decimal fractions are allowed. +</span> +</p> + +<p> +For example, +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + 1.\*[FWD 12p]The Free Trade Play-Offs: WalMart 100, Mexico 0 +</span> +puts 12 points of space between <kbd>1.</kbd> and +<kbd>The</kbd>. +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +For backward compatibility, the forms +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[BP.25]...\*[BP12.75] Move backward .25...12.75 points + \*[FP.25]...\*[FP12.75] Move forward .25...12.75 points +</span> +also exist (i.e. with no space before the digit and points being +the unit of measure, hence no unit of measure required). Both +accept quarter points, so it’s possible to do, +for example, <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[FP.5]</span></kbd> or +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[BP1.25]</span></kbd> up to a limit of 12.75 points. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="box-notes"> +<h3 id="inlines-docprocessing-horizontal" class="docs notes">Note concerning document processing</h3> +<p style="margin-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em;"> +If you’re using the +<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a> +and wish to design your own +<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a> +using mom’s inline escapes for horizontal movements as part of +the left, centre and/or right strings, or in the strings for +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a> +and/or +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a> +HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to +<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>, +you <i>must</i> use the forms +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BP<n>]</span></kbd> and +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[FP<n>]</span></kbd> (i.e. with no space), +and enter the inline beginning with <kbd><span class="nobr">\E*</span></kbd> +rather than just <kbd><span class="nobr">\*</span></kbd>, e.g. +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[BP.75]</span></kbd>. You may, in such cases, prefer +to use the native groff inline escape +<a href="#inline-horizontal-groff"><kbd>\h</kbd></a>. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_VERTICAL_MOM- --> + +<h3 id="inline-vertical-mom" class="docs">Vertical inline movement</h3> +<p> +If you need to move portions of type up or down on a line, mom +provides the following inline escapes: +<br/> +<span id="down" class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[DOWN <n unit>] Move down inline the specified number of + <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a> + + <span id="up">\*[UP <n unit>] Move up inline the specified number of + <a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">units of measure</a></span> +</span> +For example, +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + Tel: 905\*[UP 1p]-\*[DOWN 1p]4072 +</span> +moves the hyphen in the telephone number up by 1 point, then +moves back down by the same amount. +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[UP]</span></kbd> and +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[DOWN]</span></kbd> +do not work in conjunction with the inline escape, +<a href="#inline-rule-mom"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd></a>. +</p> + +<p> +<span class="additional-note">Additional note:</span> +For backward compatibility, the following are also available: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[ALD.25]...\*[ALD12.75] Advance lead .25...12.75 points (move downward) + \*[RLD.25]...\*[RLD12.75] Reverse lead .25...12.75 points (move upward) +</span> +</p> + +<p class="tip-bottom"> +Both <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[ALD]</span></kbd> and +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RLD]</span></kbd> work in points, hence you +mustn’t use a unit of measure. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="box-notes"> +<h3 id="inline-docprocessing-vertical" class="docs notes">Note concerning document processing</h3> +<p style="margin-top: .5em; padding-bottom: .5em;"> +If you’re using the +<a href="docprocessing.html#docprocessing">document processing macros</a> +and wish to design your own +<a href="headfootpage.html#headfootpage-intro">HEADERS or FOOTERS</a> +using mom’s inline escapes for vertical movements as part of +the left, centre and/or right strings, or in the strings for +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">recto</a> +and/or +<a href="headfootpage.html#hdrftr-rectoverso">verso</a> +HEADERS or FOOTERS, or in the strings passed to +<a href="headfootpage.html#headers-and-footers">HEADERS_AND_FOOTERS</a>, +you <i>must</i> use the forms +<kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[ALD<n>]</span></kbd> and +<kbd>\E*[RLD<n>]</kbd> (i.e. with no space), and enter the +inline beginning with <kbd><span class="nobr">\E*</span></kbd> rather than just +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*</span></kbd>, +e.g. <kbd><span class="nobr">\E*[ALD.5]</span></kbd>. +You may, in such cases, prefer to use the native groff inline +escape +<a href="#inline-vertical-groff"><kbd>\v</kbd></a>. + +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_B_MOM- --> + +<h3 id="inline-b-mom" class="docs">Terminate a line without advancing on the page</h3> +<p> +Sometimes, you want mom to break a line but not advance on the page. +This can be accomplished with the macro +<a href="typesetting.html#el">EL</a> +or with the escape <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[B]</span></kbd>. Simply attach +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[B]</span></kbd> to the end of any input line. Using +the example given in the document entry for EL, you’d use +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[B]</span></kbd> like this: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + .LEFT + .LS 12.5 + A line of text.\*[B] + .ALD 24p + The next line of text. +</span> + +<kbd>\*[B]</kbd> works reliably regardless of the current +<a href="definitions.html#filled">fill mode</a>. +</p> + +<!-- -INLINE_TB+_MOM- --> + +<h3 id="tb-plus-mom" class="docs">Call the next sequential tab without advancing on the page</h3> +<p> +Sometimes, you want mom to move to the next tab in sequence (e.g. +from TAB 1 to TAB 2, or TAB 8 to TAB 9) without mom advancing on the +page. (See the NOTE +<a href="typesetting.html#note-tn">here</a> +if you’re not clear how mom manages tabs and linebreaks.) To +do so, simply attach the escape <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[TB+]</span></kbd> to +the end of the input line in previous tab, like this: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + .TAB 1 + Some text\*[TB+] \" In tab 1 + Some more text \" In tab 2, same baseline. +</span> + +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[TB+]</span></kbd> works reliably regardless of the +current +<a href="definitions.html#filled">fill mode</a>. +</p> + +<!-- -INLINE_RULE_MOM- --> + +<h3 id="inline-rule-mom" class="docs">Full measure rules</h3> +<p> +I find I often need rules drawn to the full measure of the +current line or tab length. The official way to do this is +<kbd><span class="nobr">\l'\n[.l]u'</span></kbd>, which is annoying to type, +and doesn’t mean a whole heck of a lot if you’re new +to groff. The inline, <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd>, is a +simple replacement for <kbd><span class="nobr">\l'\n[.l]u'</span></kbd>. Use it +whenever you need a rule drawn to the full measure of the current +line or tab length, for example: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + .LL 6P + \*[RULE] +</span> + +The above draws a rule the full measure of the 6-pica line length. +For another way to draw full measure rules, see the macro +<a href="graphical.html#drh">DRH</a>. +</p> + +<p> +<kbd>\*[RULE]</kbd> must appear on an +<a href="definitions.html#inputline">input line</a> +by itself, and always causes a break when entered after a normal +input line of text. It does not, however, deposit a break when used +immediately after a macro. +</p> + +<p> +The weight of the rule drawn with <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd> +is controlled with the macro +<a href="#rule-weight">RULE_WEIGHT</a>. +Mom’s default is 1/2 point. +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +<kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd> draws the rule to the full measure, +hence it cannot be used to fill the remainder of a partial line with +a rule in this way: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + Signature__________________________________________ +</span> +If you wish to accomplish this effect, you have to use +<kbd>\*[RULE]</kbd> in conjunction with the +<a href="goodies.html#pad">PAD</a> +macro and +<a href="typesetting.html#string-tabs">string tabs</a>. +(See the +<a href="goodies.html#pad-example">example</a> +provided with PAD.) +<a name="RULE_EXCEPTION"></a> +</p> + +<p> +Please also note that the inline escapes +<a href="#up"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[UP]</span></kbd></a> +and +<a href="#down"><kbd>\*[DOWN]</kbd></a> +cannot be used in conjunction with <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd>. +</p> + +<p> +This <i>doesn’t</i> work: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \*[DOWN 2p]\*[RULE]\*[UP 2p] +</span> +whereas this does: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + .ALD 2p + \*[RULE] + .RLD 2p +</span> +</p> + +<p class="tip-bottom"> +See groff’s +<a href="#inline-linedrawing-groff">Horizontal line drawing function</a> +for more information on drawing horizontal rules. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -RULE_WEIGHT- --> + +<div id="rule-weight" class="box-macro-args"> +Macro: <b>RULE_WEIGHT</b> <kbd><weight in points></kbd> +</div> + +<p class="requires"> +• Must <span class="normal">not</span> have a +<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> +appended. +<br/> + Argument must be greater than 0 and less than 100; decimal +fractions are allowed. +</p> + +<p> +RULE_WEIGHT allows you to tell mom how heavy (in other words, how +“thick”) you want the rules drawn with the inline +escape, +<a href="#inline-rule-mom"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd></a>. +It takes a single argument: the weight of the rule in +<a href="definitions.html#picaspoints">points</a> +<i>but without the</i> +<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> +<kbd>p</kbd> <i>attached</i>. Thus, to set the weight of rules +drawn with <kbd><span class="nobr">\*[RULE]</span></kbd> to 1-1/4 points, +you’d do +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + .RULE_WEIGHT 1.25 +</span> +</p> + +<p> +RULE_WEIGHT also sets the weight of rules drawn +with +<a href="graphical.html#drh"><kbd>.DRH</kbd></a> +when DRH is not given any arguments. +</p> + +<div class="rule-medium"><hr/></div> + +<!-- -INLINE_FONT_GROFF- --> + +<h2 id="inlines-groff-top" class="macro-group">Commonly-used groff inline escapes</h2> + +<h3 id="inline-fonts-groff" class="docs">Font control (<kbd style="text-transform: none">\f</kbd>)</h3> + +<p> +Groff’s basic mechanism for inline font control is the escape +<kbd>\f[<font>]</kbd>. +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \f[R] Change to the medium roman font (equivalent to mom's \*[ROM]) + \f[I] Change to the medium italic font (equivalent to mom's \*[IT]) + \f[B] Change to the bold roman font (equivalent to mom's \*[BD]) + \f[BI] Change to the bold italic font (equivalent to mom's \*[BDI]) + \f[P] Revert to the previous font (equivalent to mom's \*[PREV]) +</span> +</p> + +<p> +<kbd>\f[<font>]</kbd> can be used with any valid +<a href="definitions.html#font">font style</a> +registered with groff. (See +<a href="appendices.html#style-extensions">here</a> +for a list of pre-registered font styles provided by mom). +</p> + +<p> +<kbd>\f[<family><font>]</kbd> can also take a complete valid +family+font name combo. This is especially useful should you +need to change both family and font inline. For example, if your +prevailing family and font are Times Roman and you want a few words +in Courier Bold Italic, you could do this: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + .FAM T + .FT R + The command \f[CBI]ls -l\f[P] gives a "long" directory listing. +</span> +The Unix command <kbd>ls -l</kbd> will appear in Courier Bold Italic +in a line that is otherwise in Times Roman. +</p> + +<!-- -INLINE_HORIZONTAL_GROFF- --> + +<h3 id="inline-horizontal-groff" class="docs">Inline horizontal motions (<kbd style="text-transform: none;">\h</kbd>)</h3> + +<p> +Whenever you need to move forward or backward on a line, use the +inline +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \h'<distance>' +</span> +In order to avoid unpleasant surprises, always append a +<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> +to <kbd><distance></kbd>. For example, +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \h'1.25i' +</span> +moves you 1.25 inches to the right (forward) of the horizontal +position on the current +<a href="definitions.html#outputline">output line</a>. +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +<kbd>\h'<distance>'</kbd> is exactly equivalent to a +<a href="#fwd"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[FWD n<unit>]</span></kbd></a>. +</p> +</div> + +<p> +To move backwards by the same amount, do +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \h'-1.25i' +</span> +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip" style="margin-top: -1em;"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +<kbd>\h'-<distance>'</kbd> is exactly equivalent to +<a href="#bck"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[BCK n<unit>]</span></kbd></a>. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_VERTICAL_GROFF- --> + +<h3 id="inline-vertical-groff" class="docs">Inline vertical motions (<kbd style="text-transform: none;">\v</kbd>)</h3> + +<p> +If you need to raise or lower type on a line (say, for sub- or +superscripts, or any other special effect), use +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \v'<distance>' +</span> +In order to avoid unpleasant surprises, always append a +<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a> +to <kbd><distance></kbd>. For example, +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \v'.6m' +</span> +moves you (approx.) 2/3 of an +<a href="definitions.html#em">em</a> +downward on the current +<a href="definitions.html#outputline">output line</a>. +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +<kbd>\v'<distance>'</kbd> is exactly equivalent to +<a href="#down"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[DOWN n<unit>]</span></kbd></a>. +</p> +</div> + +<p style="margin-top: -.5em;"> +To move upward an equivalent amount, do +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + \v'-.6m' +</span> +</p> + +<div class="box-tip" style="margin-top: -1em;"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +<kbd>\v'<-distance>'</kbd> is exactly equivalent to +<a href="#up"><kbd><span class="nobr">\*[UP n<unit>]</span></kbd></a>. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="box-important"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="important">Important:</span> +The vertical motion of <kbd>\v</kbd> only affects type on the +current +<a href="definitions.html#outputline">output line</a>. +When groff breaks the output line, the effect of +<kbd>\v</kbd> is cancelled; the baseline of the next output line +is where it would be if you hadn’t used <kbd>\v</kbd>. +</p> +</div> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="tip">Tip:</span> +When using <kbd>\v</kbd> for occasional effects in a line, +don’t forget to reverse it when you’ve done what you +want to do. Otherwise, the remaining type will be set too high (if +you used <kbd>\v</kbd> with the minus sign) or too low (if you used +<kbd>\v</kbd> without the minus sign). +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_STRINGWIDTH_GROFF- --> + +<h3 id="inline-stringwidth-groff" class="docs">String width function (<kbd style="text-transform: none;">\w</kbd>)</h3> + +<p> +In the context of mom, the string width inline +<kbd>\w'<string>'</kbd> primarily serves to let you establish the +horizontal measure of something (e.g. indents) based on the length +of a bit of text. For example, if you want a left indent the length +of the word “Examples:” plus a space, you can set it with +the <kbd>\w</kbd> inline escape: +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + .IL "\w'Examples: '" +</span> +</p> + +<div class="box-tip" style="margin-top: -1em;"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +Whenever you pass <kbd>\w'string'</kbd> +to a macro that normally requires a +<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>, +<i>do NOT add a unit of measure to the</i> +<kbd>\w'string'</kbd> <i>argument.</i> +</p> + +<p class="tip-bottom"> +Furthermore, if the <kbd>\w</kbd> is used in place of a +<a href="definitions.html#numericargument">numeric argument</a> +to a macro and <kbd>string</kbd> is composed of several words +separated by spaces, you must surround the whole escape with double +quotes, as in the example above. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_LINEDRAWING_GROFF- --> + +<h3 id="inline-linedrawing-groff" class="docs">Horizontal line drawing function (<kbd style="text-transform: none;">\l</kbd>)</h3> + +<p> +The <kbd>\l'distance'</kbd> inline allows you to draw a horizontal +rule of the specified distance. You must supply a +<a href="definitions.html#unitofmeasure">unit of measure</a>. +Therefore, to set a 3-pica rule into a line of text, you’d do +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + A line of text with a superfluous \l'3P' 3-pica rule in it. +</span> +<kbd>\l'3P'</kbd>, above, not only draws the rule, but advances 3 +picas horizontally as well, just as you’d expect. +</p> + +<p> +For an easy way of drawing rules to the full measure of the current +line or tab length, see +<a href="#inline-rule-mom">Full measure rules</a>. +</p> + +<p> +The weight (thickness) of rules varies according to the point +size in effect when you invoke <kbd>\l</kbd>, but you can’t fix +the weight with any real precision. A point size of 12 produces +a tastefully moderate rule weight of between one-half and one +point (depending on your printer). +</p> + +<div class="box-tip"> +<p class="tip"> +<span class="note">Note:</span> +Besides <kbd>\l</kbd>, <b>groff</b> provides a number of more +sophisticated “drawing” escapes. It is well beyond +the scope of this documentation to demonstrate their usage; see +<br/> +<span class="pre-in-pp"> + info groff \\D +</span> +for directions concerning their use. The drawing escapes can be a +bit unwieldy, so mom provides “user-friendly” macros for +the +<a href="graphical.html#top">graphical objects</a> +most commonly encountered in typesetting: horizontal and vertical +rules, boxes, and circles (ellipses). +</p> + +<p class="tip-bottom"> +Additionally, groff comes with two “preprocessors” that +let you create ruled tables and vector diagrams (line drawings): +<b>tbl</b> and <b>pic</b>. The documentation for <b>tbl</b> can be +downloaded from +<br/> + <a style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 2em; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em" href="http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/doc/76/tbl.ps.gz">http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/doc/76/tbl.ps.gz</a> +<br/> +and <b>pic</b> from +<br/> + <a style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 2em; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em" href="http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/gpic.raymond.ps">http://www.kohala.com/start/troff/gpic.raymond.ps</a> +<br/> +Both are powerful tools, but they can be nasty to learn—at +first, anyway. You may prefer to use a vector drawing program +to create diagrams and tables; inserting the results into a +document is easy enough with +<a href="images.html#pdf-image">PDF_IMAGE</a> +or +<a href="images.html#pspic">PSPIC</a>. +</p> +</div> + +<!-- -INLINE_CHARACTERS_GROFF- --> + +<h3 id="inline-characters-groff" class="docs">Special characters and symbols</h3> +<p> +Here follows a short list of commonly-used special characters +available via inline escapes. If you’re not sure of the +meaning of some of these characters, consult the +<a href="definitions.html#top">Definitions of Terms</a>. +</p> + +<p> +For a complete list of special characters and glyphs (i.e. just +about anything you’d ever want to appear on the printed +page, including mathematical symbols, accented characters, unusual +ligatures and letters unique to various European languages), consult +<kbd>man groff_char</kbd>. +</p> + +<span class="pre"> + CHARACTER ESCAPE SEQUENCE + --------- --------------- + Comment line \# or .\" + Fixed-width space \<space> + Unbreakable space \~ + Digit-width (figure) space \0 + Zero-width character \& + Discretionary hyphen \% + Backslash \\ or \e + Plus/minus (arithmetic) \[+-] + Subtract (arithmetic) \[mi] + Multiply (arithmetic) \[mu] + Divide (arithmetic) \[di] + Em-dash \[em] + En-dash \[en] + Left double-quote \[lq] + Right double-quote \[rq] + Open (left) single-quote \[oq] + Close (right) single-quote \[cq] + Bullet \[bu] + Ballot box \[sq] + One-quarter \[14] + One-half \[12] + Three-quarters \[34] + Degree sign \[de] + Dagger \[dg] + Foot mark \[fm] + Cent sign \[ct] + Registered trademark \[rg] + Copyright \[co] + Section symbol \[se] +</span> +<br/> + +<div class="rule-long"><hr/></div> + +<!-- Navigation links --> +<table style="width: 100%; margin-top: 12px;"> +<tr> + <td style="width: 33%;"><a href="toc.html">Back to Table of Contents</a></td> + <td style="width: 33%; text-align: center;"><a href="#top">Top</a></td> + <td style="width: 33%; text-align: right;"><a href="color.html#top">Next: Coloured text</a></td> +</tr> +</table> + +</div> + +<div class="bottom-spacer"><br/></div> + +</body> +</html> |