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diff --git a/doc/groff.html.node/Sentences.html b/doc/groff.html.node/Sentences.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..47d7462 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/groff.html.node/Sentences.html @@ -0,0 +1,174 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> +<!-- Created by GNU Texinfo 7.0.3, https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/ --> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"> +<!-- This manual documents GNU troff version 1.23.0. + +Copyright © 1994-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or +any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no +Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A +copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free +Documentation License". --> +<title>Sentences (The GNU Troff Manual)</title> + +<meta name="description" content="Sentences (The GNU Troff Manual)"> +<meta name="keywords" content="Sentences (The GNU Troff Manual)"> +<meta name="resource-type" content="document"> +<meta name="distribution" content="global"> +<meta name="Generator" content="makeinfo"> +<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"> + +<link href="index.html" rel="start" title="Top"> +<link href="Request-Index.html" rel="index" title="Request Index"> +<link href="index.html#SEC_Contents" rel="contents" title="Table of Contents"> +<link href="Text.html" rel="up" title="Text"> +<link href="Hyphenation.html" rel="next" title="Hyphenation"> +<link href="Filling.html" rel="prev" title="Filling"> +<style type="text/css"> +<!-- +div.example {margin-left: 3.2em} +--> +</style> + + +</head> + +<body lang="en"> +<div class="subsection-level-extent" id="Sentences"> +<div class="nav-panel"> +<p> +Next: <a href="Hyphenation.html" accesskey="n" rel="next">Hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="Filling.html" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Filling</a>, Up: <a href="Text.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">Text</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Request-Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> +<hr> +<h4 class="subsection" id="Sentences-1">5.1.2 Sentences</h4> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sentences"></a> + +<p>A passionate debate has raged for decades among writers of the English +language over whether more space should appear between adjacent +sentences than between words within a sentence, and if so, how much, and +what other circumstances should influence this spacing.<a class="footnote" id="DOCF20" href="groff.html_fot.html#FOOT20"><sup>20</sup></a> +GNU <code class="code">troff</code> follows the example of <abbr class="acronym">AT&T</abbr> <code class="code">troff</code>; +it attempts to detect the boundaries between sentences, and supplies +additional inter-sentence space between them. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted">Hello, world! +Welcome to groff. + ⇒ Hello, world! Welcome to groff. +</pre></div></div> + +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-end_002dof_002dsentence-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-sentence-space"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-space-between-sentences"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-French-spacing"></a> +<p>GNU <code class="code">troff</code> flags certain characters (normally ‘<samp class="samp">!</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">?</samp>’, +and ‘<samp class="samp">.</samp>’) as potentially ending a sentence. When GNU <code class="code">troff</code> +encounters one of these <em class="dfn">end-of-sentence characters</em> at the end of +an input line, or one of them is followed by two (unescaped) spaces on +the same input line, it appends an inter-word space followed by an +inter-sentence space in the output. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted">R. Harper subscribes to a maxim of P. T. Barnum. + ⇒ R. Harper subscribes to a maxim of P. T. Barnum. +</pre></div></div> + +<p>In the above example, inter-sentence space is not added after ‘<samp class="samp">P.</samp>’ +or ‘<samp class="samp">T.</samp>’ because the periods do not occur at the end of an input +line, nor are they followed by two or more spaces. Let’s imagine that +we’ve heard something about defamation from Mr. Harper’s attorney, +recast the sentence, and reflowed it in our text editor. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted">I submit that R. Harper subscribes to a maxim of P. T. +Barnum. + ⇒ I submit that R. Harper subscribes to a maxim of + ⇒ P. T. Barnum. +</pre></div></div> + +<p>“Barnum” doesn’t begin a sentence! What to do? Let us meet our first +<em class="dfn">escape sequence</em>, a series of input characters that give +instructions to GNU <code class="code">troff</code> instead of being used to construct +output device glyphs.<a class="footnote" id="DOCF21" href="groff.html_fot.html#FOOT21"><sup>21</sup></a> An escape sequence begins with the backslash character <code class="code">\</code> +by default, an uncommon character in natural language text, and is +<em class="emph">always</em> followed by at least one other character, hence the term +“sequence”. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005c_0026_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<p>The dummy character escape sequence <code class="code">\&</code> can be used after an +end-of-sentence character to defeat end-of-sentence detection on a +per-instance basis. We can therefore rewrite our input more +defensively. +</p> +<div class="example"> +<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted">I submit that R.\& Harper subscribes to a maxim of P.\& +T.\& Barnum. + ⇒ I submit that R. Harper subscribes to a maxim of + ⇒ P. T. Barnum. +</pre></div></div> + +<p>Adding text caused our input to wrap; now, we don’t need <code class="code">\&</code> after +‘<samp class="samp">T.</samp>’ but we do after ‘<samp class="samp">P.</samp>’. Consistent use of the escape +sequence ensures that potential sentence boundaries are robust to +editing activities. Further advice along these lines will follow in +<a class="ref" href="Input-Conventions.html">Input Conventions</a>. +</p> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-end_002dof_002dsentence-transparent-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-end_002dof_002dsentence-transparent"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dg-glyph_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-dd-glyph_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-rq-glyph_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-cq-glyph_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0022_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0027_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_0029_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_005d_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-_002a_002c-at-end-of-sentence"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-special-characters"></a> +<a class="index-entry-id" id="index-characters_002c-special"></a> +<p>Normally, the occurrence of a visible non-end-of-sentence character (as +opposed to a space or tab) immediately after an end-of-sentence +character cancels detection of the end of a sentence. For example, it +would be incorrect for GNU <code class="code">troff</code> to infer the end of a sentence +after the dot in ‘<samp class="samp">3.14159</samp>’. However, several characters are +treated <em class="emph">transparently</em> after the occurrence of an end-of-sentence +character. That is, GNU <code class="code">troff</code> does not cancel end-of-sentence +detection when it processes them. This is because such characters are +often used as footnote markers or to close quotations and +parentheticals. The default set is ‘<samp class="samp">"</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">'</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">)</samp>’, +‘<samp class="samp">]</samp>’, ‘<samp class="samp">*</samp>’, <code class="code">\[dg]</code>, <code class="code">\[dd]</code>, <code class="code">\[rq]</code>, and +<code class="code">\[cq]</code>. The last four are examples of <em class="dfn">special characters</em>, +escape sequences whose purpose is to obtain glyphs that are not easily +typed at the keyboard, or which have special meaning to GNU <code class="code">troff</code> +(like <code class="code">\</code> itself).<a class="footnote" id="DOCF22" href="groff.html_fot.html#FOOT22"><sup>22</sup></a> +</p> +<div class="example"> +<div class="group"><pre class="example-preformatted">\[lq]The idea that the poor should have leisure has always +been shocking to the rich.\[rq] +(Bertrand Russell, 1935) + ⇒ "The idea that the poor should have + ⇒ leisure has always been shocking to + ⇒ the rich." (Bertrand Russell, 1935) +</pre></div></div> + +<p>The sets of characters that potentially end sentences or are transparent +to sentence endings are configurable. See the <code class="code">cflags</code> request in +<a class="ref" href="Using-Symbols.html">Using Symbols</a>. To change the additional inter-sentence space +amount—even to remove it entirely—see <a class="ref" href="Manipulating-Filling-and-Adjustment.html">Manipulating Filling and Adjustment</a>. +</p> + +</div> +<hr> +<div class="nav-panel"> +<p> +Next: <a href="Hyphenation.html">Hyphenation</a>, Previous: <a href="Filling.html">Filling</a>, Up: <a href="Text.html">Text</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Request-Index.html" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> +</div> + + + +</body> +</html> |