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diff --git a/man/groff_char.7.man b/man/groff_char.7.man new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3ddb49 --- /dev/null +++ b/man/groff_char.7.man @@ -0,0 +1,2282 @@ +'\" t +.TH groff_char @MAN7EXT@ "@MDATE@" "groff @VERSION@" +.SH Name +groff_char \- GNU +.I roff +special character and glyph repertoire +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.\" Legal Terms +.\" ==================================================================== +.\" +.\" Copyright (C) 1989-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.\" +.\" This file is part of groff (GNU roff), which is a free software +.\" project. +.\" +.\" You can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU +.\" General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, +.\" either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later +.\" version. +.\" +.\" You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License +.\" along with this program. +.\" +.\" If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-2.0.html>. +. +. +.\" Save and disable compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11). +.do nr *groff_groff_char_7_man_C \n[.cp] +.cp 0 +. +.\" Define fallback for groff 1.23's MR macro if the system lacks it. +.nr do-fallback 0 +.if !\n(.f .nr do-fallback 1 \" mandoc +.if \n(.g .if !d MR .nr do-fallback 1 \" older groff +.if !\n(.g .nr do-fallback 1 \" non-groff *roff +.if \n[do-fallback] \{\ +. de MR +. ie \\n(.$=1 \ +. I \%\\$1 +. el \ +. IR \%\\$1 (\\$2)\\$3 +. . +.\} +.rr do-fallback +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Description +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The GNU +.I roff +typesetting system has a large glyph repertoire suitable for production +of varied literary, +professional, +technical, +and mathematical documents. +. +.I groff +works with +.I characters; +an output device renders +.I glyphs. +. +.IR groff 's +input character set is restricted to that defined by the standards +ISO Latin-1 +(ISO 8859-1) +and CCSID \[lq]code page\[rq] 1047 +(an EBCDIC arrangement of Latin-1). +. +For ease of document maintenance in UTF-8 environments, +it is advisable to use only the Unicode basic Latin code points, +a subset of all of the foregoing historically referred to as \%US-ASCII, +.\" Yes, a subset, albeit a permutation as well in the cp1047 case. +which has only 94 visible, +printable code points. +.\" In groff, 0x20 SP is mapped to a space node, not a glyph node, and +.\" all kinds of special behavior attaches to such nodes, so we count +.\" only to 94 and not 95 as is often done in other ASCII contexts. +In +.I groff, +these are termed +.I "ordinary characters." +. +Often, +many more are desired in output. +. +. +.P +AT&T +.I troff +in the 1970s faced a similar problem: +the available typesetter's glyph repertoire differed from that of the +computers that controlled it. +. +.IR troff 's \" AT&T +solution was a form of escape sequence known as a +.I special character +to access several dozen additional glyphs available in the fonts +prepared for mounting in the phototypesetter. +. +These glyphs were mapped onto a two-character name space for a degree +of mnemonic convenience; +for example, +the escape sequence +.B \e(aa +encoded an acute accent and +.B \e(sc +a section sign. +. +. +.P +.I groff +has lifted historical +.I roff +limitations on special character name lengths, +but recognizes and retains compatibility with the historical names. +. +.I groff +expands the lexicon of glyphs available by name and permits users to +define their own special character escape sequences with the +.B char +request. +. +Special character names are +.I groff +identifiers; +see section \[lq]Identifiers\[rq] in +.MR groff @MAN7EXT@ . +. +Our discussion uses the terms \[lq]glyph name\[rq] and \[lq]special +character name\[rq] interchangeably; +we assume no character translations or redefinitions. +. +. +.P +This document lists all of the glyph names predefined by +.IR groff 's +font description files and presents the systematic notation by which it +enables access to arbitrary Unicode code points and construction of +composite glyphs. +. +Glyphs listed may be unavailable, +or may vary in appearance, +depending on the output device and font chosen when the page was +formatted. +. +This page was rendered for device +.B \*[.T] +using font +.BR \n[.fn] . +. +. +.P +A few escape sequences that are not +.I groff +special characters also produce glyphs; +these exist for syntactical or historical reasons. +. +.BR \e\[aq] , +.BR \e\[ga] , +.BR \e\- , +and +.B \e_ +are translated on input to the special character escape sequences +.BR \e[aa] , +.BR \e[ga] , +.BR \e[\-] , +and +.BR \e[ul] , +respectively. +. +Others include +.BR \e\e , +.B \e.\& +(backslash-dot), +and +.BR \ee ; +see +.MR groff @MAN7EXT@ . +. +A small number of special characters represent glyphs that are not +encoded in Unicode; +examples include the baseline rule +.B \e[ru] +and the Bell System logo +.B \e[bs]. +. +. +.P +In +.IR groff , +you can test output device support for any character +(ordinary or special) +with the conditional expression operator +.RB \[lq] c \[rq]. +. +.RS +.\" https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/ ("In 1984, ...") +.EX +\&.ie c \e[bs] \e{Welcome to the \e[bs] Bell System; +did you get the Wehrmacht helmet or the Death Star?\e} +\&.el No Bell System logo. +.EE +.RE +. +. +.P +For brevity in the remainder of this document, +we shall refer to systems conforming to the +ISO 646:1991 IRV, +ISO 8859, +or +ISO 10646 (\[lq]Unicode\[rq]) +character encoding standards as \[lq]ISO\[rq] systems, +and those employing IBM code page 1047 as \[lq]EBCDIC\[rq] systems. +. +That said, +EBCDIC systems that support +.I groff +are known to also support UTF-8. +. +. +.P +While +.I groff +accepts eight-bit encoded input, +not all such code points are valid as input. +. +.\" src/libs/libgroff/invalid.cpp +On ISO platforms, +character codes +0, +11, +13\[en]31, +and +128\[en]159 +are invalid. +. +(This is all C0 and C1 controls except for +SOH through LF +[Control+A to Control+J], +and FF +[Control+L].) +. +On EBCDIC platforms, +0, +8\[en]9, +11, +13\[en]20, +23\[en]31, +and +48\[en]63 +are invalid. +. +Some of these code points are used by +.I groff +for internal purposes, +which is one reason it does not support UTF-8 natively. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Fundamental character set" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The ordinary characters catalogued above, +plus the space, +tab, +newline, +and leader (Control+A), +form the fundamental character +set for +.I groff +input; +anything in the language, +even over one million code points in Unicode, +can be expressed using it. +. +On ISO systems, +code points in the range 33\[en]126 comprise a common set of +printable glyphs in all of the aforementioned ISO character encoding +standards. +. +It is this character set and +(with some noteworthy exceptions) +the corresponding glyph repertoire for which AT&T +.I troff +was implemented. +. +On EBCDIC systems, +printable characters are in the range 66\[en]201 and 203\[en]254; +those without counterparts in the ISO range 33\[en]126 are discussed +in the next subsection. +.\" From this point, do not talk about numerical character assignments. +. +. +.P +All of the following characters map to glyphs as you would expect. +. +.TS +center box; +Lf(CR). +! # $ % & ( ) * + , . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ +A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ ] _ +a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } +.TE +.\" The bottom border of that box is practically kissin' the tittles. +.if t .sp 0.2v +. +The remaining ordinary characters surprise computing professionals and +others intimately familiar with the ISO character encodings. +. +The developers of AT&T +.I troff +chose mappings for them that would be useful for typesetting technical +literature in a broad range of scientific disciplines: +Bell Labs used the system for preparation of AT&T's patent filings with +the U.S.\& government. +. +Further, +the prevailing character encoding standard in the 1970s, +USAS X3.4-1968 (\[lq]ASCII\[rq]), +deliberately supported semantic ambiguity at some code points, +and outright substitution at several others, +to suit the localization demands of various national standards bodies. +. +. +.P +The table below presents the seven exceptional code points +with their typical keycap engravings, +their glyph mappings and semantics in +.I roff +systems, +and the escape sequences producing the Unicode basic Latin character +they replace. +. +The first, +the neutral double quote, +is a partial exception because it does represent itself, +but since the +.I roff +language also uses it to quote macro arguments, +.I groff +supports a special character escape sequence as an alternative form so +that the glyph can be easily included in macro arguments without +requiring the user to master the quoting rules that AT&T +.I troff +required in that context. +. +(Some requests, +like +.BR ds , +also treat +.B \[dq] +non-literally.) +. +Furthermore, +not all of the special character escape sequences are portable to AT&T +.I troff +and all of its descendants; +these +.I groff +extensions are presented using its special character form +.BR \[rs][] , +whereas portable special character escape sequences are shown in the +traditional +.B \[rs]( +form. +. +.B \[rs]\- +and +.B \[rs]e +are portable to all known +.IR troff s. +. +.B \[rs]e +means \[lq]the glyph of the current escape character\[rq]; +it therefore can produce unexpected output if the +.B ec +request is used. +. +On devices with a limited glyph repertoire, +glyphs in the \[lq]keycap\[rq] and \[lq]appearance\[rq] columns on the +same row of the table may look identical; +except for the neutral double quote, +this will +.I not +be the case on more-capable devices. +. +Review your document using as many different output devices as possible. +. +. +.P +.TS +center box; +L L L. +Keycap Appearance and meaning Special character and meaning +_ +" " neutral double quote \f[CR]\[rs][dq]\f[] neutral double quote +\[aq] \[cq] closing single quote \f[CR]\[rs][aq]\f[] neutral apostrophe +\- - hyphen \f[CR]\[rs]\-\f[] or \f[CR]\[rs][\-]\f[] minus sign/Unix dash +\[rs] (escape character) \f[CR]\[rs]e\f[] or \f[CR]\[rs][rs]\f[] reverse solidus +\[ha] \[u02C6] modifier circumflex \f[CR]\[rs](ha\f[] circumflex/caret/\[lq]hat\[rq] +\[ga] \[oq] opening single quote \f[CR]\[rs](ga\f[] grave accent +\[ti] \[u02DC] modifier tilde \f[CR]\[rs](ti\f[] tilde +.TE +. +. +.P +The hyphen-minus is a particularly unfortunate case of overloading. +. +Its awkward name in ISO 8859 and later standards reflects the many +distinguishable purposes to which it had already been put by the 1980s, +including +a hyphen, +a minus sign, +and +(alone or in repetition) +dashes of varying widths. +. +For best results in +.I roff +systems, +use the +.RB \[lq] \- \[rq] +character in input outside an escape sequence +.I only +to mean a hyphen, +as in the phrase \[lq]long-term\[rq]. +. +For a minus sign in running text or a Unix command-line option dash, +use +.B \[rs]\- +(or +.B \[rs][\-] +in +.I groff +if you find it helps the clarity of the source document). +. +(Another minus sign, +for use in mathematical equations, +is available as +.BR \[rs][mi] ). +. +AT&T +.I troff +supported em-dashes as +.BR \[rs](em , +as does +.IR groff . +. +. +.P +The special character escape sequence for the apostrophe as a neutral +single quote is typically needed only in technical content; +typing words like \[lq]can't\[rq] and \[lq]Anne's\[rq] in a natural way +will render correctly, +because in ordinary prose an apostrophe is typeset either as a closing +single quotation mark or as a neutral single quote, +depending on the capabilities of the output device. +. +By contrast, +special character escape sequences should be used for quotation marks +unless portability to limited or historical +.I troff +implementations is necessary; +on those systems, +the input convention is to pair the grave accent with the apostrophe for +single quotes, +and to double both characters for double quotes. +. +AT&T +.I troff +defined no special characters for quotation marks or the apostrophe. +. +Repeated single quotes +(\[oq]\[oq]thus\[cq]\[cq]) +will be visually distinguishable from double quotes +(\[lq]thus\[rq]) +on terminal devices, +and perhaps on others +(depending on the font selected). +. +.TS +tab(@) center box; +L L. +AT&T \f[I]troff\f[] input@recommended \f[I]groff\f[] input +_ +.T& +Lf(CR) Lf(CR). +A Winter\[aq]s Tale@A Winter\[aq]s Tale +\[ga]U.K.\& outer quotes\[aq]@\[rs][oq]U.K.\& outer quotes\[rs][cq] +\[ga]U.K.\& \[ga]\[ga]inner\[aq]\[aq] quotes\[aq]\ +@\[rs][oq]U.K.\& \[rs][lq]inner\[rs][rq] quotes\[rs][cq] +\[ga]\[ga]U.S.\& outer quotes\[aq]\[aq]\ +@\[rs][lq]U.S.\& outer quotes\[rs][rq] +\[ga]\[ga]U.S.\& \[ga]inner\[aq] quotes\[aq]\[aq]\ +@\[rs][lq]U.S.\& \[rs][oq]inner\[rs][cq] quotes\[rs][rq] +.TE +.\" Keep bottom border of box from sitting on the ascenders below. +.if t .sp 0.2v +. +If you frequently require quotation marks in your document, +see if the macro package you're using supplies strings or macros to +facilitate quotation, +or define them yourself +(except in man pages). +. +. +.P +Using Unicode basic Latin characters to compose boxes and lines is +ill-advised. +. +.I roff +systems have special characters for drawing horizontal and vertical +lines; +see subsection \[lq]Rules and lines\[rq] below. +. +Preprocessors like +.MR @g@tbl @MAN1EXT@ +and +.MR @g@pic @MAN1EXT@ +draw boxes and will produce the best possible output for the device, +falling back to basic Latin glyphs only when necessary. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Eight-bit encodings and Latin-1 supplement" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +ISO 646 is a seven-bit code encoding 128 code points; +eight-bit codes are twice the size. +. +ISO 8859-1 and code page 1047 allocated the additional space to what +Unicode calls \[lq]C1 controls\[rq] +(control characters) +and the \[lq]Latin-1 supplement\[rq]. +. +The C1 controls are neither printable nor usable as +.I groff +input. +. +. +.P +Two Latin-1 supplement characters are handled specially on input. +. +.I @g@troff +never produces them as output. +. +. +.TP +NBSP +encodes a no-break space; +it is mapped to +.BR \[rs]\[ti] , +the adjustable non-breaking space escape sequence. +. +. +.TP +SHY +encodes a soft hyphen; +it is mapped to +.BR \[rs]% , +the hyphenation control escape sequence. +. +. +.P +The remaining characters in the Latin-1 supplement represent +themselves. +. +Although they can be specified directly with the keyboard on systems +configured to use Latin-1 as the character encoding, +it is more portable, +both to other +.I roff +systems and to UTF-8 environments, +to use their special character escape sequences, +shown below. +. +The glyph descriptions we use are non-standard in some cases, +for brevity. +. +. +.P +.TS +L2 Lf(CR)1 L L2 Lf(CR)1 L. +\[r!] \e[r!] inverted exclamation mark \[~N] \e[\[ti]N] N tilde +\[ct] \e[ct] cent sign \[`O] \e[\[ga]O] O grave +\[Po] \e[Po] pound sign \['O] \e[\[aq]O] O acute +\[Cs] \e[Cs] currency sign \[^O] \e[\[ha]O] O circumflex +\[Ye] \e[Ye] yen sign \[~O] \e[\[ti]O] O tilde +\[bb] \e[bb] broken bar \[:O] \e[:O] O dieresis +\[sc] \e[sc] section sign \[mu] \e[mu] multiplication sign +\[ad] \e[ad] dieresis accent \[/O] \e[/O] O slash +\[co] \e[co] copyright sign \[`U] \e[\[ga]U] U grave +\[Of] \e[Of] feminine ordinal indicator \['U] \e[\[aq]U] U acute +\[Fo] \e[Fo] left double chevron \[^U] \e[\[ha]U] U circumflex +\[no] \e[no] logical not \[:U] \e[:U] U dieresis +\[rg] \e[rg] registered sign \['Y] \e[\[aq]Y] Y acute +\[a-] \e[a\-] macron accent \[TP] \e[TP] uppercase thorn +\[de] \e[de] degree sign \[ss] \e[ss] lowercase sharp s +\[+-] \e[+\-] plus-minus \[`a] \e[\[ga]a] a grave +\[S2] \e[S2] superscript two \['a] \e[\[aq]a] a acute +\[S3] \e[S3] superscript three \[^a] \e[\[ha]a] a circumflex +\[aa] \e[aa] acute accent \[~a] \e[\[ti]a] a tilde +\[mc] \e[mc] micro sign \[:a] \e[:a] a dieresis +\[ps] \e[ps] pilcrow sign \[oa] \e[oa] a ring +\[pc] \e[pc] centered period \[ae] \e[ae] ae ligature +\[ac] \e[ac] cedilla accent \[,c] \e[,c] c cedilla +\[S1] \e[S1] superscript one \[`e] \e[\[ga]e] e grave +\[Om] \e[Om] masculine ordinal indicator \['e] \e[\[aq]e] e acute +\[Fc] \e[Fc] right double chevron \[^e] \e[\[ha]e] e circumflex +\[14] \e[14] one quarter symbol \[:e] \e[:e] e dieresis +\[12] \e[12] one half symbol \[`i] \e[\[ga]i] i grave +\[34] \e[34] three quarters symbol \['i] \e[\[aq]i] e acute +\[r?] \e[r?] inverted question mark \[^i] \e[\[ha]i] i circumflex +\[`A] \e[\[ga]A] A grave \[:i] \e[:i] i dieresis +\['A] \e[\[aq]A] A acute \[Sd] \e[Sd] lowercase eth +\[^A] \e[\[ha]A] A circumflex \[~n] \e[\[ti]n] n tilde +\[~A] \e[\[ti]A] A tilde \[`o] \e[\[ga]o] o grave +\[:A] \e[:A] A dieresis \['o] \e[\[aq]o] o acute +\[oA] \e[oA] A ring \[^o] \e[\[ha]o] o circumflex +\[AE] \e[AE] AE ligature \[~o] \e[\[ti]o] o tilde +\[,C] \e[,C] C cedilla \[:o] \e[:o] o dieresis +\[`E] \e[\[ga]E] E grave \[di] \e[di] division sign +\['E] \e[\[aq]E] E acute \[/o] \e[/o] o slash +\[^E] \e[\[ha]E] E circumflex \[`u] \e[\[ga]u] u grave +\[:E] \e[:E] E dieresis \['u] \e[\[aq]u] u acute +\[`I] \e[\[ga]I] I grave \[^u] \e[\[ha]u] u circumflex +\['I] \e[\[aq]I] I acute \[:u] \e[:u] u dieresis +\[^I] \e[\[ha]I] I circumflex \['y] \e[\[aq]y] y acute +\[:I] \e[:I] I dieresis \[Tp] \e[Tp] lowercase thorn +\[-D] \e[\-D] uppercase eth \[:y] \e[:y] y dieresis +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Special character escape forms" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Glyphs that lack a character code in the basic Latin repertoire to +directly represent them are entered by one of several special character +escape forms. +. +Such glyphs can be simple or composite, +and accessed either by name or numerically by code point. +. +Code points and combining properties are determined by character +encoding standards, +whereas glyph names as used here originated in AT&T +.I troff \" AT&T +special character escape sequences. +. +Predefined glyph names use only characters in the basic Latin +repertoire. +. +. +.TP +.BI \[rs]( gl +is a special character escape sequence for the glyph with the +two-character name +.IR gl . +. +This is the original syntax form supported by AT&T +.IR troff . +. +The acute accent, +.BR \[rs](aa , +is an example. +. +. +.TP +.BI \[rs]C\[aq] glyph-name \[aq] +is a special character escape sequence for +.IR glyph-name , +which can be of arbitrary length. +. +The delimiter, +shown here as a neutral apostrophe, +can be any character not occurring in +.IR glyph-name . +. +This syntax form was introduced in later versions of AT&T +device-independent +.IR troff . \" AT&T +. +The foregoing acute accent example can be expressed +as +.BR \[rs]C\[aq]aa\[aq] . +. +. +.TP +.BI \[rs][ glyph-name ] +is a special character escape sequence for +.IR glyph-name , +which can be of arbitrary length but must not contain a closing square +bracket +.RB \[lq] ] \[rq]. +. +(No glyph names predefined by +.I groff +employ +.RB \[lq] ] \[rq].) +. +The foregoing acute accent example can be expressed in +.I groff +as +.BR \[rs][aa] . +. +. +.P +.BI \[rs]C\[aq] c \[aq] +and +.BI \[rs][ c ] +are not synonyms for the ordinary character +.RI \[lq] c \[rq], +but request the special character named +.RB \[lq] \[rs] \c +.IR c \[rq]. +. +For example, +.RB \[lq] \[rs][a] \[rq] +is not \[lq]a\[rq], +but rather a special character with the internal glyph name +(used in font description files and diagnostic messages) +.BR \[rs]a , +which is typically undefined. +. +The only such glyph name +.I groff +predefines is the minus sign, +which can therefore be accessed as +.B \[rs]C\[aq]\-\[aq] +or +.BR \[rs][\-] . +. +. +.TP +.BI \[rs][ "base-char composite-1 composite-2"\~\c +\&.\|.\|.\~\c +.IB composite-n ] +is a composite glyph. +. +Glyphs like a lowercase \[lq]e\[rq] with an acute accent, +as in the word \[lq]caf\[e aa]\[rq], +can be expressed as +.BR "\[rs][e aa]" . +. +See subsection \[lq]Accents\[rq] below for a table of combining glyph +names. +. +. +.P +Unicode encodes far more characters than +.I groff +has glyph names for; +special character escape forms based on numerical code points enable +access to any of them. +. +Frequently used glyphs or glyph combinations can be stored in strings, +and new glyph names can be created +.I "ad hoc" +with the +.B char +request; +see +.MR groff @MAN7EXT@ . +. +. +.TP +.BI \[rs][u nnnn\c +.RI [ n\c +.RI [ n ]]\c +.B ] +is a Unicode numeric special character escape sequence. +. +Any Unicode code point can be accessed with four to six hexadecimal +digits, +with hexadecimal letters accepted in uppercase form only. +. +Thus, +.B \[rs][u02DA] +accesses the (spacing) ring accent, +producing \[lq]\[u02DA]\[rq]. +. +. +.\" Use "GNU troff" in this paragraph because the contrast with AT&T +.\" troff, which antedated Unicode, is important, and that contrast is +.\" obscured with the default empty command prefix on "troff". +.P +Unicode code points can be composed as well; +when they are, +GNU +.I troff \" GNU +requires NFD +(Normalization Form D), +where all Unicode glyphs are maximally decomposed. +. +(Exception: +precomposed characters in the Latin-1 supplement described above are +also accepted. +. +Do not count on this exception remaining in a future +GNU +.I troff \" GNU +that accepts UTF-8 input directly.) +. +. +Thus, +GNU +.I troff \" GNU +accepts +.RB \[lq]caf \[rs][\[aq]e] \[rq], +.RB \[lq]caf \[rs][e\~aa] \[rq], +and +.RB \[lq]caf \[rs][u0065_0301] \[rq], +as ways to input \[lq]caf\['e]\[rq]. +. +(Due to its legacy 8-bit encoding compatibility, +at present it also accepts +.RB \[lq]caf \[rs][u00E9] \[rq] +on ISO Latin-1 systems.) +. +. +.TP +.BI \[rs][u base-char\c +[\c +.BI _ combining-component\c +].\|.\|.] +constructs a composite glyph from Unicode numeric special character +escape sequences. +. +The code points of the base glyph and the combining components are each +expressed in hexadecimal, +with an underscore +.RB ( _ ) +separating each component. +. +Thus, +.B \[rs][u006E_0303] +produces \[lq]\[u006E_0303]\[rq]. +. +. +.TP +.BI \[rs][char nnn ] +expresses an eight-bit code point where +.I nnn +is the code point of the character, +a decimal number between 0 and\~255 +without leading zeroes. +. +This legacy numeric special character escape sequence is used to map +characters onto glyphs via the +.B trin +request in macro files loaded by +.MR grotty @MAN1EXT@ . +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH "Glyph tables" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +In this section, +.IR groff 's +glyph name repertoire is presented in tabular form. +. +The meanings of the columns are as follows. +. +. +.TP 8n +.B Output +shows the glyph as it appears on the device used to render this +document; +although it can have a notably different shape on other devices +(and is subject to user-directed translation and replacement), +.I groff +attempts reasonable equivalency on all output devices. +. +. +.TP +.B Input +shows the +.I groff +character +(ordinary or special) +that normally produces the glyph. +. +Some code points have multiple glyph names. +. +. +.TP +.B Unicode +is the code point notation for the glyph or combining glyph sequence as +described in subsection \[lq]Special character escape forms\[rq] above. +. +It corresponds to the standard notation for Unicode short identifiers +such that +.IR groff 's +.BI u nnnn +is equivalent to Unicode's +.RI U+ nnnn . +.\" And thereby hangs a tale... +.\" https://unicode.org/mail-arch/unicode-ml/y2005-m11/0060.html +. +. +.TP +.B Notes +describes the glyph, +elucidating the mnemonic value of the glyph name where possible. +. +. +.IP +A plus sign \[lq]+\[rq] indicates that the glyph name appears in the +AT&T +.I troff +user's manual, +CSTR\~#54 +(1992 revision). +. +When using the AT&T special character syntax +.BI \[rs]( xx\c +, widespread portability can be expected from such names. +. +. +.IP +Entries marked with \[lq]***\[rq] denote glyphs used for mathematical +purposes. +. +On typesetting devices, +such glyphs are typically drawn from a +.I special +font +(see +.MR groff_font @MAN5EXT@ ). +. +Often, +such glyphs lack bold or italic style forms or have metrics that look +incongruous in ordinary prose. +. +A few which are not uncommon in running text have \[lq]text +variants\[rq], +which should work better in that context. +. +Conversely, +a handful of glyphs that are normally drawn from a text font may be +required in mathematical equations. +. +Both sets of exceptions are noted in the tables where they appear +(\[lq]Logical symbols\[rq] and \[lq]Mathematical symbols\[rq]). +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Basic Latin" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Apart from basic Latin characters with special mappings, +described in subsection \[lq]Fundamental character set\[rq] above, +a few others in that range have special character glyph names. +. +.\" XXX: I surmise that... +These were defined for ease of input on non-U.S.\& keyboards lacking +keycaps for them, +or for symmetry with other special character glyph names serving a +similar purpose. +. +. +.P +The vertical bar is overloaded; +the +.B \[rs][ba] +and +.B \[rs][or] +escape sequences may render differently. +. +See subsection \[lq]Mathematical symbols\[rq] below for special variants +of the plus, +minus, +and equals +signs normally drawn from this range. +. +. +.P +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[dq] \e[dq] u0022 neutral double quote +\[sh] \e[sh] u0023 number sign +\[Do] \e[Do] u0024 dollar sign +\[aq] \e[aq] u0027 apostrophe, neutral single quote +\[sl] \e[sl] u002F slash, solidus + +\[at] \e[at] u0040 at sign +\[lB] \e[lB] u005B left square bracket +\[rs] \e[rs] u005C reverse solidus +\[rB] \e[rB] u005D right square bracket +\[ha] \e[ha] u005E circumflex, caret, \[lq]hat\[rq] +\[lC] \e[lC] u007B left brace +| | u007C bar +\[ba] \e[ba] u007C bar +\[or] \e[or] u007C bitwise or + +\[rC] \e[rC] u007D right brace +\[ti] \e[ti] u007E tilde +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Supplementary Latin letters" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Historically, +.B \[rs][ss] +could be considered a ligature of \[lq]sz\[rq]. +. +An uppercase form is available as +.BR \[rs][u1E9E] , +but in the German language it is of specialized use; +\[ss] does +.I not +normally uppercase-transform to it, +but rather to \[lq]SS\[rq]. +. +\[lq]Lowercase f with hook\[rq] is also used as a function symbol; +see subsection \[lq]Mathematical symbols\[rq] below. +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[-D] \e[\-D] u00D0 uppercase eth +\[Sd] \e[Sd] u00F0 lowercase eth +\[TP] \e[TP] u00DE uppercase thorn +\[Tp] \e[Tp] u00FE lowercase thorn +\[ss] \e[ss] u00DF lowercase sharp s +\[.i] \e[.i] u0131 i without tittle +\[.j] \e[.j] u0237 j without tittle +\[Fn] \e[Fn] u0192 lowercase f with hook, function +\[/L] \e[/L] u0141 L with stroke +\[/l] \e[/l] u0142 l with stroke +\[/O] \e[/O] u00D8 O with stroke +\[/o] \e[/o] u00F8 o with stroke +.TE +. +. +.br +.if t .ne 4v +.if n .ne 5v \" account for horizontal rule +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Ligatures and digraphs" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[ff] \e[ff] u0066_0066 ff ligature + +\[fi] \e[fi] u0066_0069 fi ligature + +\[fl] \e[fl] u0066_006C fl ligature + +\[Fi] \e[Fi] u0066_0066_0069 ffi ligature + +\[Fl] \e[Fl] u0066_0066_006C ffl ligature + +\[AE] \e[AE] u00C6 AE ligature +\[ae] \e[ae] u00E6 ae ligature +\[OE] \e[OE] u0152 OE ligature +\[oe] \e[oe] u0153 oe ligature +\[IJ] \e[IJ] u0132 IJ digraph +\[ij] \e[ij] u0133 ij digraph +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Accents +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Normally, +the formatting of a special character advances the drawing position as +an ordinary character does. +. +.IR groff 's +.B composite +request designates a special character as combining. +. +The +.I composite.tmac +macro file, +loaded automatically by the default +.IR troffrc , +maps the following special characters to the combining characters shown +below. +. +The non-combining code point in parentheses is used when the special +character occurs in isolation +(compare +.RB \[lq] "caf\[rs][e aa]" \[rq] +and +.RB \[lq] "caf\[rs][aa]e" \[rq]). +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 3v +.if n .ne 4v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[a"] \e[a"] u030B (u02DD) double acute accent +\[a-] \e[a\-] u0304 (u00AF) macron accent +\[a.] \e[a.] u0307 (u02D9) dot accent +\[a^] \e[a\[ha]] u0302 (u005E) circumflex accent +\[aa] \e[aa] u0301 (u00B4) acute accent + +\[ga] \e[ga] u0300 (u0060) grave accent + +\[ab] \e[ab] u0306 (u02D8) breve accent +\[ac] \e[ac] u0327 (u00B8) cedilla accent +\[ad] \e[ad] u0308 (u00A8) dieresis accent +\[ah] \e[ah] u030C (u02C7) caron accent +\[ao] \e[ao] u030A (u02DA) ring accent +\[a~] \e[a\[ti]] u0303 (u007E) tilde accent +\[ho] \e[ho] u0328 (u02DB) hook accent +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Accented characters" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +All of these glyphs can be composed using combining glyph names as +described in subsection \[lq]Special character escape forms\[rq] above; +the names below are short aliases for convenience. +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\['A] \e[\[aq]A] u0041_0301 A acute +\['C] \e[\[aq]C] u0043_0301 C acute +\['E] \e[\[aq]E] u0045_0301 E acute +\['I] \e[\[aq]I] u0049_0301 I acute +\['O] \e[\[aq]O] u004F_0301 O acute +\['U] \e[\[aq]U] u0055_0301 U acute +\['Y] \e[\[aq]Y] u0059_0301 Y acute +\['a] \e[\[aq]a] u0061_0301 a acute +\['c] \e[\[aq]c] u0063_0301 c acute +\['e] \e[\[aq]e] u0065_0301 e acute +\['i] \e[\[aq]i] u0069_0301 i acute +\['o] \e[\[aq]o] u006F_0301 o acute +\['u] \e[\[aq]u] u0075_0301 u acute +\['y] \e[\[aq]y] u0079_0301 y acute + +\[:A] \e[:A] u0041_0308 A dieresis +\[:E] \e[:E] u0045_0308 E dieresis +\[:I] \e[:I] u0049_0308 I dieresis +\[:O] \e[:O] u004F_0308 O dieresis +\[:U] \e[:U] u0055_0308 U dieresis +\[:Y] \e[:Y] u0059_0308 Y dieresis +\[:a] \e[:a] u0061_0308 a dieresis +\[:e] \e[:e] u0065_0308 e dieresis +\[:i] \e[:i] u0069_0308 i dieresis +\[:o] \e[:o] u006F_0308 o dieresis +\[:u] \e[:u] u0075_0308 u dieresis +\[:y] \e[:y] u0079_0308 y dieresis + +\[^A] \e[\[ha]A] u0041_0302 A circumflex +\[^E] \e[\[ha]E] u0045_0302 E circumflex +\[^I] \e[\[ha]I] u0049_0302 I circumflex +\[^O] \e[\[ha]O] u004F_0302 O circumflex +\[^U] \e[\[ha]U] u0055_0302 U circumflex +\[^a] \e[\[ha]a] u0061_0302 a circumflex +\[^e] \e[\[ha]e] u0065_0302 e circumflex +\[^i] \e[\[ha]i] u0069_0302 i circumflex +\[^o] \e[\[ha]o] u006F_0302 o circumflex +\[^u] \e[\[ha]u] u0075_0302 u circumflex + +\[`A] \e[\[ga]A] u0041_0300 A grave +\[`E] \e[\[ga]E] u0045_0300 E grave +\[`I] \e[\[ga]I] u0049_0300 I grave +\[`O] \e[\[ga]O] u004F_0300 O grave +\[`U] \e[\[ga]U] u0055_0300 U grave +\[`a] \e[\[ga]a] u0061_0300 a grave +\[`e] \e[\[ga]e] u0065_0300 e grave +\[`i] \e[\[ga]i] u0069_0300 i grave +\[`o] \e[\[ga]o] u006F_0300 o grave +\[`u] \e[\[ga]u] u0075_0300 u grave + +\[~A] \e[\[ti]A] u0041_0303 A tilde +\[~N] \e[\[ti]N] u004E_0303 N tilde +\[~O] \e[\[ti]O] u004F_0303 O tilde +\[~a] \e[\[ti]a] u0061_0303 a tilde +\[~n] \e[\[ti]n] u006E_0303 n tilde +\[~o] \e[\[ti]o] u006F_0303 o tilde + +\[vS] \e[vS] u0053_030C S caron +\[vs] \e[vs] u0073_030C s caron +\[vZ] \e[vZ] u005A_030C Z caron +\[vz] \e[vz] u007A_030C z caron + +\[,C] \e[,C] u0043_0327 C cedilla +\[,c] \e[,c] u0063_0327 c cedilla + +\[oA] \e[oA] u0041_030A A ring +\[oa] \e[oa] u0061_030A a ring +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Quotation marks" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The neutral double quote, +often useful when documenting programming languages, +is also available as a special character for convenient embedding in +macro arguments; +see subsection \[lq]Fundamental character set\[rq] above. +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[Bq] \e[Bq] u201E low double comma quote +\[bq] \e[bq] u201A low single comma quote +\[lq] \e[lq] u201C left double quote +\[rq] \e[rq] u201D right double quote +\[oq] \e[oq] u2018 single opening (left) quote +\[cq] \e[cq] u2019 single closing (right) quote +\[aq] \e[aq] u0027 apostrophe, neutral single quote +\[dq] " u0022 neutral double quote +\[dq] \e[dq] u0022 neutral double quote +\[Fo] \e[Fo] u00AB left double chevron +\[Fc] \e[Fc] u00BB right double chevron +\[fo] \e[fo] u2039 left single chevron +\[fc] \e[fc] u203A right single chevron +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Punctuation +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The Unicode name for U+00B7 is \[lq]middle dot\[rq], +which is unfortunately confusable with the +.I groff +mnemonic for the visually similar but semantically distinct +multiplication dot; +see subsection \[lq]Mathematical symbols\[rq] below. +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[r!] \e[r!] u00A1 inverted exclamation mark +\[r?] \e[r?] u00BF inverted question mark +\[pc] \e[pc] u00B7 centered period +\[em] \e[em] u2014 em-dash + +\[en] \e[en] u2013 en-dash +\[hy] \e[hy] u2010 hyphen + +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Brackets +.\" ==================================================================== +. +On typesetting devices, +the bracket extensions are font-invariant glyphs; +that is, +they are rendered the same way regardless of font +(with a drawing escape sequence). +. +On terminals, +they are +.I not +font-invariant; +.I groff +maps them rather arbitrarily to U+23AA +(\[lq]curly bracket extension\[rq]). +. +In AT&T +.IR troff , +only one glyph was available to vertically extend +brackets, +braces, +and +parentheses: +.BR \[rs](bv . +. +. +. +.P +Not all devices supply bracket pieces that can be piled up with +.B \[rs]b +due to the restrictions of the escape's piling algorithm. +. +A general solution to build brackets out of pieces is the following +macro: +. +. +.RS +.EX +\&.\e" Make a pile centered vertically 0.5em above the baseline. +\&.\e" The first argument is placed at the top. +\&.\e" The pile is returned in string \[aq]pile\[aq]. +\&.eo +\&.de pile\-make +\&.\& nr pile\-wd 0 +\&.\& nr pile\-ht 0 +\&.\& ds pile\-args +\&.\& +\&.\& nr pile\-# \en[.$] +\&.\& while \en[pile\-#] \e{\e +\&.\& nr pile\-wd (\en[pile\-wd] >? \ew\[aq]\e$[\en[pile\-#]]\[aq]) +\&.\& nr pile\-ht +(\en[rst] \- \en[rsb]) +\&.\& as pile\-args \ev\[aq]\en[rsb]u\[aq]\e" +\&.\& as pile\-args \eZ\[aq]\e$[\en[pile\-#]]\[aq]\e" +\&.\& as pile\-args \ev\[aq]\-\en[rst]u\[aq]\e" +\&.\& nr pile\-# \-1 +\&.\& \e} +\&.\& +\&.\& ds pile \ev\[aq](\-0.5m + (\en[pile\-ht]u / 2u))\[aq]\e" +\&.\& as pile \e*[pile\-args]\e" +\&.\& as pile \ev\[aq]((\en[pile\-ht]u / 2u) + 0.5m)\[aq]\e" +\&.\& as pile \eh\[aq]\en[pile\-wd]u\[aq]\e" +\&.. +\&.ec +.EE +.RE +. +. +.P +Another complication is the fact that some glyphs which represent +bracket pieces in AT&T +.I troff +can be used for other mathematical symbols as well, +for example +.B \[rs](lf +and +.BR \[rs](rf , +which provide the floor operator. +. +Some output devices, +such as +.BR dvi , +don't unify such glyphs. +. +For this reason, +the glyphs +.BR \[rs][lf] , +.BR \[rs][rf] , +.BR \[rs][lc] , +and +.B \[rs][rc] +are not unified with similar-looking bracket pieces. +. +In +.IR groff , +only glyphs with long names are guaranteed to pile up correctly for all +devices\[em]provided those glyphs are available. +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[lB] [ u005B left square bracket +\[lB] \e[lB] u005B left square bracket +\[rB] ] u005D right square bracket +\[rB] \e[rB] u005D right square bracket +\[lC] { u007B left brace +\[lC] \e[lC] u007B left brace +\[rC] } u007D right brace +\[rC] \e[rC] u007D right brace +\[la] \e[la] u27E8 left angle bracket +\[ra] \e[ra] u27E9 right angle bracket +\[bv] \e[bv] u23AA brace vertical extension + *** +\[braceex] \e[braceex] u23AA brace vertical extension + +\[bracketlefttp] \e[bracketlefttp] u23A1 left square bracket top +\[bracketleftex] \e[bracketleftex] u23A2 left square bracket extension +\[bracketleftbt] \e[bracketleftbt] u23A3 left square bracket bottom + +\[bracketrighttp] \e[bracketrighttp] u23A4 right square bracket top +\[bracketrightex] \e[bracketrightex] u23A5 right square bracket extension +\[bracketrightbt] \e[bracketrightbt] u23A6 right square bracket bottom + +\[lt] \e[lt] u23A7 left brace top + +\[lk] \e[lk] u23A8 left brace middle + +\[lb] \e[lb] u23A9 left brace bottom + +\[bracelefttp] \e[bracelefttp] u23A7 left brace top +\[braceleftmid] \e[braceleftmid] u23A8 left brace middle +\[braceleftbt] \e[braceleftbt] u23A9 left brace bottom +\[braceleftex] \e[braceleftex] u23AA left brace extension + +\[rt] \e[rt] u23AB right brace top + +\[rk] \e[rk] u23AC right brace middle + +\[rb] \e[rb] u23AD right brace bottom + +\[bracerighttp] \e[bracerighttp] u23AB right brace top +\[bracerightmid] \e[bracerightmid] u23AC right brace middle +\[bracerightbt] \e[bracerightbt] u23AD right brace bottom +\[bracerightex] \e[bracerightex] u23AA right brace extension + +\[parenlefttp] \e[parenlefttp] u239B left parenthesis top +\[parenleftex] \e[parenleftex] u239C left parenthesis extension +\[parenleftbt] \e[parenleftbt] u239D left parenthesis bottom +\[parenrighttp] \e[parenrighttp] u239E right parenthesis top +\[parenrightex] \e[parenrightex] u239F right parenthesis extension +\[parenrightbt] \e[parenrightbt] u23A0 right parenthesis bottom +.TE +. +. +.br +.if t .ne 4v +.if n .ne 5v \" account for horizontal rule +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Arrows +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[<-] \e[<\-] u2190 horizontal arrow left + +\[->] \e[\->] u2192 horizontal arrow right + +\[<>] \e[<>] u2194 bidirectional horizontal arrow +\[da] \e[da] u2193 vertical arrow down + +\[ua] \e[ua] u2191 vertical arrow up + +\[va] \e[va] u2195 bidirectional vertical arrow +\[lA] \e[lA] u21D0 horizontal double arrow left +\[rA] \e[rA] u21D2 horizontal double arrow right +\[hA] \e[hA] u21D4 bidirectional horizontal double arrow +\[dA] \e[dA] u21D3 vertical double arrow down +\[uA] \e[uA] u21D1 vertical double arrow up +\[vA] \e[vA] u21D5 bidirectional vertical double arrow +\[an] \e[an] u23AF horizontal arrow extension +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Rules and lines" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +On typesetting devices, +the font-invariant glyphs +(see subsection \[lq]Brackets\[rq] above) +.BR \[rs][br] , +.BR \[rs][ul] , +and +.B \[rs][rn] +form corners when adjacent; +they can be used to build boxes. +. +On terminal devices, +they are mapped as shown in the table. +. +The Unicode-derived names of these three glyphs are approximations. +. +. +.P +The input character +.B _ +always accesses the underscore glyph in a font; +.\" unless one isn't available, but this seems to be only a theoretical +.\" concern--what font doesn't support every ASCII codepoint these days? +.BR \[rs][ul] , +by contrast, +may be font-invariant on typesetting devices. +. +. +.P +The baseline rule +.B \[rs][ru] +is a font-invariant glyph, +namely a rule of one-half em. +. +. +.P +In AT&T +.IR troff , \" AT&T +.B \[rs][rn] +also served as a one\~en extension of the square root symbol. +. +.I groff +favors +.B \[rs][radicalex] +for this purpose; +see subsection \[lq]Mathematical symbols\[rq] below. +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +| | u007C bar +\[ba] \e[ba] u007C bar +\[br] \e[br] u2502 box rule + +\&_ \&_ u005F underscore, low line + +\[ul] \e[ul] --- underrule + +\[rn] \e[rn] u203E overline + +\[ru] \e[ru] --- baseline rule + +\[bb] \e[bb] u00A6 broken bar +\[sl] / u002F slash, solidus + +\[sl] \e[sl] u002F slash, solidus + +\[rs] \e[rs] u005C reverse solidus +.TE +. +. +.br +.if t .ne 4v +.if n .ne 5v \" account for horizontal rule +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Text markers" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[ci] \e[ci] u25CB circle + +\[bu] \e[bu] u2022 bullet + +\[dg] \e[dg] u2020 dagger + +\[dd] \e[dd] u2021 double dagger + +\[lz] \e[lz] u25CA lozenge, diamond +\[sq] \e[sq] u25A1 square + +\[ps] \e[ps] u00B6 pilcrow sign +\[sc] \e[sc] u00A7 section sign + +\[lh] \e[lh] u261C hand pointing left + +\[rh] \e[rh] u261E hand pointing right + +\[at] @ u0040 at sign +\[at] \e[at] u0040 at sign +\[sh] # u0023 number sign +\[sh] \e[sh] u0023 number sign +\[CR] \e[CR] u21B5 carriage return +\[OK] \e[OK] u2713 check mark +.TE +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Legal symbols" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The Bell System logo is not supported in +.IR groff . +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[co] \e[co] u00A9 copyright sign + +\[rg] \e[rg] u00AE registered sign + +\[tm] \e[tm] u2122 trade mark sign +\[bs] \e[bs] --- Bell System logo + +.TE +. +. +.br +.if t .ne 4v +.if n .ne 5v \" account for horizontal rule +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Currency symbols" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[Do] $ u0024 dollar sign +\[Do] \e[Do] u0024 dollar sign +\[ct] \e[ct] u00A2 cent sign + +\[eu] \e[eu] u20AC Euro sign +\[Eu] \e[Eu] u20AC variant Euro sign +\[Ye] \e[Ye] u00A5 yen sign +\[Po] \e[Po] u00A3 pound sign +\[Cs] \e[Cs] u00A4 currency sign +.TE +. +. +.br +.if t .ne 4v +.if n .ne 5v \" account for horizontal rule +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Units +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[de] \e[de] u00B0 degree sign + +\[%0] \e[%0] u2030 per thousand, per mille sign +\[fm] \e[fm] u2032 arc minute sign, foot mark + +\[sd] \e[sd] u2033 arc second sign +\[mc] \e[mc] u00B5 micro sign +\[Of] \e[Of] u00AA feminine ordinal indicator +\[Om] \e[Om] u00BA masculine ordinal indicator +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Logical symbols" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The variants of the not sign may differ in appearance or spacing +depending on the device and font selected. +. +Unicode does not encode a discrete \[lq]bitwise or\[rq] sign: +on typesetting devices, +it is drawn shorter than the bar, +about the same height as a capital letter. +. +Terminal devices unify +.B \[rs][ba] +and +.BR \[rs][or] . +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[AN] \e[AN] u2227 logical and +\[OR] \e[OR] u2228 logical or +\[no] \e[no] u00AC logical not + *** +\[tno] \e[tno] u00AC text variant of \f[B]\e[no]\f[] +\[te] \e[te] u2203 there exists +\[fa] \e[fa] u2200 for all +\[st] \e[st] u220B such that +\[3d] \e[3d] u2234 therefore +\[tf] \e[tf] u2234 therefore +| | u007C bar +\[or] \e[or] u007C bitwise or + +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Mathematical symbols" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.B \[rs][Fn] +also appears in subsection \[lq]Supplementary Latin letters\[rq] above. +. +Observe the two varieties of the +plus-minus, +multiplication, +and division signs; +.BR \[rs][+\-] , +.BR \[rs][mu] , +and +.B \[rs][di] +are normally drawn from the special font, +but have text font variants. +. +Also be aware of three glyphs available in special font variants that +are normally drawn from text fonts: +the plus, +minus, +and equals signs. +. +These variants may differ in appearance or spacing depending on the +device and font selected. +. +. +.P +In AT&T +.IR troff , +.B \[rs](rn +(\[lq]root en extender\[rq]) +served as the horizontal extension of the radical +(square root) +sign, +.BR \[rs](sr , +and was drawn at the maximum height of the typeface's bounding box; +this enabled the special character to double as an overline +(see subsection \[lq]Rules and lines\[rq] above). +. +A contemporary font's radical sign might not ascend to such an extreme. +. +In +.IR groff , +you can instead use +.B \[rs][radicalex] +to continue the radical sign +.BR \[rs][sr] ; +these special characters are intended for use with text fonts. +. +.B \[rs][sqrt] +and +.B \[rs][sqrtex] +are their counterparts with mathematical spacing. +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[12] \e[12] u00BD one half symbol + +\[14] \e[14] u00BC one quarter symbol + +\[34] \e[34] u00BE three quarters symbol + +\[18] \e[18] u215B one eighth symbol +\[38] \e[38] u215C three eighths symbol +\[58] \e[58] u215D five eighths symbol +\[78] \e[78] u215E seven eighths symbol +\[S1] \e[S1] u00B9 superscript one +\[S2] \e[S2] u00B2 superscript two +\[S3] \e[S3] u00B3 superscript three + ++ + u002B plus +\[pl] \e[pl] u002B special variant of plus + *** +\- \e[\-] u002D minus +\[mi] \e[mi] u2212 special variant of minus + *** +\[-+] \e[\-+] u2213 minus-plus +\[+-] \e[+\-] u00B1 plus-minus + *** +\[t+-] \e[t+\-] u00B1 text variant of \f[B]\e[+\-]\f[] +\[md] \e[md] u22C5 multiplication dot +\[mu] \e[mu] u00D7 multiplication sign + *** +\[tmu] \e[tmu] u00D7 text variant of \f[B]\e[mu]\f[] +\[c*] \e[c*] u2297 circled times +\[c+] \e[c+] u2295 circled plus +\[di] \e[di] u00F7 division sign + *** +\[tdi] \e[tdi] u00F7 text variant of \f[B]\e[di]\f[] +\[f/] \e[f/] u2044 fraction slash +* * u002A asterisk +\[**] \e[**] u2217 mathematical asterisk + + +\[<=] \e[<=] u2264 less than or equal to + +\[>=] \e[>=] u2265 greater than or equal to + +\[<<] \e[<<] u226A much less than +\[>>] \e[>>] u226B much greater than +\&= \&= u003D equals +\[eq] \e[eq] u003D special variant of equals + *** +\[!=] \e[!=] u003D_0338 not equals + +\[==] \e[==] u2261 equivalent + +\[ne] \e[ne] u2261_0338 not equivalent +\[=~] \e[=\[ti]] u2245 approximately equal to +\[|=] \e[|=] u2243 asymptotically equal to + +\[ti] \e[ti] u007E tilde + +\[ap] \e[ap] u223C similar to, tilde operator + +\[~~] \e[\[ti]\[ti]] u2248 almost equal to +\[~=] \e[\[ti]=] u2248 almost equal to +\[pt] \e[pt] u221D proportional to + + +\[es] \e[es] u2205 empty set + +\[mo] \e[mo] u2208 element of a set + +\[nm] \e[nm] u2208_0338 not element of set +\[sb] \e[sb] u2282 proper subset + +\[nb] \e[nb] u2282_0338 not subset +\[sp] \e[sp] u2283 proper superset + +\[nc] \e[nc] u2283_0338 not superset +\[ib] \e[ib] u2286 subset or equal + +\[ip] \e[ip] u2287 superset or equal + +\[ca] \e[ca] u2229 intersection, cap + +\[cu] \e[cu] u222A union, cup + + +\[/_] \e[/_] u2220 angle +\[pp] \e[pp] u22A5 perpendicular +\[is] \e[is] u222B integral + +\[integral] \e[integral] u222B integral *** +\[sum] \e[sum] u2211 summation *** +\[product] \e[product] u220F product *** +\[coproduct] \e[coproduct] u2210 coproduct *** +\[gr] \e[gr] u2207 gradient + +\[sr] \e[sr] u221A radical sign, square root + +\[rn] \e[rn] u203E overline + +\[radicalex] \e[radicalex] --- radical extension +\[sqrt] \e[sqrt] u221A radical sign, square root *** +\[sqrtex] \e[sqrtex] --- radical extension *** + +\[lc] \e[lc] u2308 left ceiling + +\[rc] \e[rc] u2309 right ceiling + +\[lf] \e[lf] u230A left floor + +\[rf] \e[rf] u230B right floor + + +\[if] \e[if] u221E infinity + +\[Ah] \e[Ah] u2135 aleph symbol +\[Fn] \e[Fn] u0192 lowercase f with hook, function +\[Im] \e[Im] u2111 blackletter I, imaginary part +\[Re] \e[Re] u211C blackletter R, real part +\[wp] \e[wp] u2118 Weierstrass p +\[pd] \e[pd] u2202 partial differential +\[-h] \e[\-h] u210F h bar +\[hbar] \e[hbar] u210F h bar +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Greek glyphs" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +These glyphs are intended for technical use, +not for typesetting Greek language text; +normally, +the uppercase letters have upright shape, +and the lowercase ones are slanted. +. +. +.P +.if t .ne 2v +.if n .ne 3v \" account for horizontal rule +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[*A] \e[*A] u0391 uppercase alpha + +\[*B] \e[*B] u0392 uppercase beta + +\[*G] \e[*G] u0393 uppercase gamma + +\[*D] \e[*D] u0394 uppercase delta + +\[*E] \e[*E] u0395 uppercase epsilon + +\[*Z] \e[*Z] u0396 uppercase zeta + +\[*Y] \e[*Y] u0397 uppercase eta + +\[*H] \e[*H] u0398 uppercase theta + +\[*I] \e[*I] u0399 uppercase iota + +\[*K] \e[*K] u039A uppercase kappa + +\[*L] \e[*L] u039B uppercase lambda + +\[*M] \e[*M] u039C uppercase mu + +\[*N] \e[*N] u039D uppercase nu + +\[*C] \e[*C] u039E uppercase xi + +\[*O] \e[*O] u039F uppercase omicron + +\[*P] \e[*P] u03A0 uppercase pi + +\[*R] \e[*R] u03A1 uppercase rho + +\[*S] \e[*S] u03A3 uppercase sigma + +\[*T] \e[*T] u03A4 uppercase tau + +\[*U] \e[*U] u03A5 uppercase upsilon + +\[*F] \e[*F] u03A6 uppercase phi + +\[*X] \e[*X] u03A7 uppercase chi + +\[*Q] \e[*Q] u03A8 uppercase psi + +\[*W] \e[*W] u03A9 uppercase omega + + +\[*a] \e[*a] u03B1 lowercase alpha + +\[*b] \e[*b] u03B2 lowercase beta + +\[*g] \e[*g] u03B3 lowercase gamma + +\[*d] \e[*d] u03B4 lowercase delta + +\[*e] \e[*e] u03B5 lowercase epsilon + +\[*z] \e[*z] u03B6 lowercase zeta + +\[*y] \e[*y] u03B7 lowercase eta + +\[*h] \e[*h] u03B8 lowercase theta + +\[*i] \e[*i] u03B9 lowercase iota + +\[*k] \e[*k] u03BA lowercase kappa + +\[*l] \e[*l] u03BB lowercase lambda + +\[*m] \e[*m] u03BC lowercase mu + +\[*n] \e[*n] u03BD lowercase nu + +\[*c] \e[*c] u03BE lowercase xi + +\[*o] \e[*o] u03BF lowercase omicron + +\[*p] \e[*p] u03C0 lowercase pi + +\[*r] \e[*r] u03C1 lowercase rho + +\[*s] \e[*s] u03C3 lowercase sigma + +\[*t] \e[*t] u03C4 lowercase tau + +\[*u] \e[*u] u03C5 lowercase upsilon + +\[*f] \e[*f] u03D5 lowercase phi + +\[*x] \e[*x] u03C7 lowercase chi + +\[*q] \e[*q] u03C8 lowercase psi + +\[*w] \e[*w] u03C9 lowercase omega + + +\[+e] \e[+e] u03F5 variant epsilon (lunate) +\[+h] \e[+h] u03D1 variant theta (cursive form) +\[+p] \e[+p] u03D6 variant pi (similar to omega) +\[+f] \e[+f] u03C6 variant phi (curly shape) +\[ts] \e[ts] u03C2 terminal lowercase sigma + +.TE +. +. +.br +.if t .ne 4v +.if n .ne 5v \" account for horizontal rule +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Playing card symbols" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TS +L L L Lx. +Output Input Unicode Notes +_ +.T& +L Lf(CR) L Lx. +\[CL] \e[CL] u2663 solid club suit +\[SP] \e[SP] u2660 solid spade suit +\[HE] \e[HE] u2665 solid heart suit +\[DI] \e[DI] u2666 solid diamond suit +.TE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH History +.\" ==================================================================== +. +A consideration of the typefaces originally available to AT&T +.I nroff \" AT&T +and +.I troff \" AT&T +illuminates many conventions that one might regard as idiosyncratic +fifty years afterward. +. +(See section \[lq]History\[rq] of +.MR roff @MAN7EXT@ +for more context.) +. +The face used by the Teletype Model\~37 terminals of the Murray Hill +Unix Room was based on ASCII, +but assigned multiple meanings to several code points, +as suggested by that standard. +. +Decimal 34 +.RB ( \[dq] ) +served as a dieresis accent and neutral double quotation mark; +decimal 39 +.RB ( \[aq] ) +as an acute accent, +apostrophe, +and closing (right) single quotation mark; +decimal 45 +.RB ( \[-] ) +as a hyphen and a minus sign; +decimal 94 +.RB ( \[ha] ) +as a circumflex accent and caret; +decimal 96 +.RB ( \[ga] ) +as a grave accent and opening (left) single quotation mark; +and decimal 126 +.RB ( \[ti] ) +as a tilde accent and +(with a half-line motion) +swung dash. +. +The Model\~37 bore an optional extended character set offering upright +Greek letters and several mathematical symbols; +these were documented as early as the +.IR kbd (VII) +man page of the +(First Edition) +.I Unix Programmer's Manual. +. +. +.br +.ne 2v +.P +At the time Graphic Systems delivered the C/A/T phototypesetter to AT&T, +the ASCII character set was not considered a standard basis for a glyph +repertoire by traditional typographers. +. +In the stock Times roman, +italic, +and bold styles available, +several ASCII characters were not present at all, +nor was most of the Teletype's extended character set. +. +AT&T commissioned a \[lq]special\[rq] font to ensure no loss of +repertoire. +. +. +.br +.ne 2v +.P +A representation of the coverage of the C/A/T's text fonts follows. +. +The glyph resembling an underscore is a baseline rule, +and that resembling a vertical line is a box rule. +. +In italics, +the box rule was not slanted. +. +We also observe that the hyphen and minus sign were already +\[lq]de-unified\[rq] by the fonts provided; +a decision whither to map an input \[lq]\-\[rq] therefore had to be +taken. +. +. +.br +.if t .ne 5v +.if t .ne 7v \" account for box border +.P +.TS +center box; +Lf(R). +A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z +a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z +0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 \[fi] \[fl] \[Fi] \[Fl] +! $ % & ( ) \[oq] \[cq] * + \- . , / : ; = ? [ ] \[br] +\[bu] \[sq] \[em] \[hy] \[ru] \[14] \[12] \[34] \ +\[de] \[dg] \[fm] \[ct] \[rg] \[co] +.TE +. +. +.P +The special font supplied the missing ASCII and Teletype extended +glyphs, +among several others. +. +The plus, +minus, +and equals signs appeared in the special font despite availability in +text fonts \[lq]to insulate the appearance of equations from the choice +of standard [read: text] fonts\[rq]\[em]a priority since +.I troff \" AT&T +was turned to the task of mathematical typesetting as soon as it was +developed. +. +. +.P +We note that AT&T took the opportunity to de-unify the apostrophe/right +single quotation mark from the acute accent +(a choice ISO later duplicated in its 8859 series of standards). +. +A slash intended to be mirror-symmetric with the backslash was also +included, +as was the Bell System logo; +we do not attempt to depict the latter. +. +. +.br +.if t .ne 5v +.if t .ne 7v \" account for box border +.P +.TS +center box; +Lf(I),Lf(R). +\[*a] \[*b] \[*g] \[*d] \[*e] \[*z] \[*y] \[*h] \[*i] \[*k] \[*l] \ +\[*m] \[*n] \[*c] \[*o] \[*p] \[*r] \[*s] \[ts] \[*t] \[*u] \[*f] \ +\[*x] \[*q] \[*w] +\[*G] \[*D] \[*H] \[*L] \[*C] \[*P] \[*S] \[*U] \[*F] \[*Q] \[*W] +\[dq] \[aa] \[rs] \[ha] \[ul] \[ga] \[ti] \[sl] < > { } # @ \ +\[pl] \[mi] \[eq] \[**] +.\" We use \[radicalex] instead of \[rn] for more reliable simulation of +.\" the typeface shown in Table I of CSTR #54 (1976); see subsection +.\" "Mathematical symbols" above. +\[>=] \[<=] \[==] \[~=] \[ap] \[!=] \ +\[ua] \[da] \[<-] \[->] \[mu] \[di] \[+-] \ +\[if] \[pd] \[gr] \[no] \[is] \[pt] \[sr] \[radicalex] \ +\[cu] \[ca] \[sb] \[sp] \[ib] \[ip] \[es] \[mo] +\[sc] \[dd] \[lh] \[rh] \[or] \[ci] \ +\[lt] \[lb] \[rt] \[rb] \[lk] \[rk] \[bv] \[lf] \[rf] \[lc] \[rc] +.TE +. +. +.P +One ASCII character as rendered by the Model 37 was apparently +abandoned. +. +That device printed decimal 124 (\[or]) as a broken vertical line, +like Unicode U+00A6 (\[bb]). +. +No equivalent was available on the C/A/T; +the box rule +.BR \[rs][br] , +brace vertical extension +.\" CSTR #54 (1976 edition) called this the "bold vertical", probably +.\" because it was thicker than the box rule and matched the thickness +.\" of the bracket pieces \(lt, \(lb, \(rt, \(rb, \(lk, \(rk, and so on. +.\" Saying "bold" could be misleading because it appeared only in the +.\" special font, not a bold text font. +.BR \[rs][bv] , +and \[lq]or\[rq] operator +.B \[rs][or] +were used as contextually appropriate. +. +. +.P +.\" In the Holt, Reinhart, Winston edition of the _Unix Programmer's +.\" Manual_, Revised and Expanded Version, Volume 2 (1983), the square +.\" \(sq in Times bold is _not_ shown as filled on page 226. +.\" +.\" ...but in the AT&T USG Unix 4.0 manual (ca. 1981), typeset on the +.\" Autologic APS-5, the Times bold \(sq _is_ filled. +.\" +.\" https://www.tuhs.org/Archive/Documentation/Manuals/Unix_4.0/ +.\" Volume_1/00_Annotated_Table_of_Contents.pdf +.\" Volume_1/C.1.2_NROFF_TROFF_Users_Manual.pdf +.\" -- GBR +Devices supported by AT&T device-independent +.I troff +exhibited some differences in glyph detail. +. +For example, +on the Autologic APS-5 phototypesetter, +the square +.B \[rs](sq +became filled in the Times bold face. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Files +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The files below are loaded automatically by the default +.IR troffrc . +. +. +.TP +.I @MACRODIR@/\:\%composite\:.tmac +assigns alternate mappings for identifiers after the first in a +composite special character escape sequence. +. +See subsection \[lq]Accents\[rq] above. +. +. +.TP +.I @MACRODIR@/\:\%fallbacks\:.tmac +defines fallback mappings for Unicode code points such as the increment +sign (U+2206) and upper- and lowercase Roman numerals. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Authors +.\" ==================================================================== +. +This document was written by +.MT jjc@\:jclark\:.com +James Clark +.ME , +with additions by +.MT wl@\:gnu\:.org +Werner Lemberg +.ME +and +.MT groff\-bernd\:.warken\-72@\:web\:.de +Bernd Warken +.ME , +revised to use +.MR @g@tbl @MAN1EXT@ +by +.MT esr@\:thyrsus\:.com +Eric S.\& Raymond +.ME , +and largely rewritten by +.MT g.branden\:.robinson@\:gmail\:.com +G.\& Branden Robinson +.ME . +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH "See also" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.IR "Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff" , +by Trent A.\& Fisher and Werner Lemberg, +is the primary +.I groff +manual. +. +Section \[lq]Using Symbols\[rq] may be of particular note. +. +You can browse it interactively with \[lq]info \[aq](groff) Using +Symbols\[aq]\[rq]. +. +. +.P +\[lq]An extension to the +.I troff +character set for Europe\[rq], +E.G.\& Keizer, +K.J.\& Simonsen, +J.\& Akkerhuis; +EUUG Newsletter, +Volume 9, +No.\& 2, +Summer 1989 +. +. +.P +.UR http://\:www\:.unicode\:.org +The Unicode Standard +.UE +. +. +.br +.ne 2v +.P +.UR https://\:www\:.aivosto\:.com/\:articles/\:charsets\-7bit\:.html +\[lq]7-bit Character Sets\[rq] +.UE +by Tuomas Salste documents the inherent ambiguity and configurable code +points of the ASCII encoding standard. +. +. +.P +\[lq]Nroff/Troff User's Manual\[rq] +by Joseph F.\& Ossanna, +1976, +AT&T Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report No.\& 54, +features two tables that throw light on the glyph repertoire available +to \[lq]typesetter +.IR roff \[rq] +when it was first written. +. +Be careful of re-typeset versions of this document that can be found on +the Internet. +. +Some do not accurately represent the original document: +several glyphs are obviously missing. +. +More subtly, +lowercase Greek letters are rendered upright, +not slanted as they appeared in the C/A/T's special font and as expected +by +.I troff \" AT&T +users. +. +. +.P +.MR groff_rfc1345 @MAN7EXT@ +describes an alternative set of special character glyph names, +which extends and in some cases overrides the definitions listed above. +. +. +.P +.MR groff @MAN1EXT@ , +.MR troff @MAN1EXT@ , +.MR groff @MAN7EXT@ +. +. +.\" Restore compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11). +.cp \n[*groff_groff_char_7_man_C] +.do rr *groff_groff_char_7_man_C +. +. +.\" Local Variables: +.\" fill-column: 72 +.\" mode: nroff +.\" tab-width: 20 +.\" End: +.\" vim: set filetype=groff tabstop=20 textwidth=72: |