From d318611dd6f23fcfedd50e9b9e24620b102ba96a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
Date: Mon, 15 Apr 2024 21:44:05 +0200
Subject: Adding upstream version 1.23.0.

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>
---
 HACKING | 178 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 178 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 HACKING

(limited to 'HACKING')

diff --git a/HACKING b/HACKING
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+++ b/HACKING
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+    Copyright 2022-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+    Copying and distribution of this file, with or without
+    modification, are permitted in any medium without royalty provided
+    the copyright notice and this notice are preserved.
+
+This file contains advice on developing and contributing to groff.  It
+assumes that developers will install the 'git' revision control
+system and build groff using the instructions in 'INSTALL.repo'.
+Familiarize yourself with the structure of the source tree by studying
+its 'MANIFEST' file at the top level.
+
+Implementation languages
+------------------------
+
+Beyond what is said under "Dependencies" in 'INSTALL.extra',
+contributors should note that due to the age of the code base, much of
+the C++ dialect employed by groff components, while standard, is older
+than C++98--closer to Annotated Reference Manual C++ (Ellis, Stroustrup;
+Addison-Wesley, 1990).  groff implements its own string class and the
+Standard Template Library is little used.  A modest effort is underway
+to update the code to more idiomatic C++98.  Where a C++11 feature
+promises to be advantageous, it may be annotated in a code comment.
+
+
+Automake
+--------
+
+A document explaining the basics of GNU Automake and its usage in groff
+is available in 'doc/automake.mom'; peruse a PDF rendering in
+'doc/automake.pdf' in your build tree.
+
+
+Testing
+-------
+
+Running the test suite with 'make check' after building any substantive
+change to groff logic is encouraged.  You should certainly do so, and
+confirm that the tests pass, before submitting patches to the groff
+mailing list <groff@gnu.org> or Savannah issue tracker.
+
+If you find a defect in a test script, that can be reported via Savannah
+like any other bug.
+
+
+Documenting changes
+-------------------
+
+The groff project has a long history and a large, varied audience.
+Changes may need to be documented in up to three places depending on
+their impact.
+
+1.  Changes should of course be documented in the Git commit message.
+    If a change alters only comments or formatting of source code, or
+    makes editorial changes to documentation, and does not resolve a
+    Savannah ticket, you can stop at that.
+
+2.  The 'ChangeLog' file follows the format and practices documented in
+    the GNU Coding Standards.
+      https://www.gnu.org/prep/standards/html_node/Change-Logs.html
+
+    The sub-projects in the 'contrib' directory each have their own
+    dedicated ChangeLog files.  The file specifications documented there
+    are relative to the sub-project, not the root of the groff source
+    tree.  When converted to a commit message, add 'contrib/$SUBPROJECT'
+    to the entries.
+
+    Apart from 'contrib', groff uses a single (current) 'ChangeLog' file
+    for the rest of its source tree.
+
+    It is convenient to write the ChangeLog entry or entries first, then
+    construct a commit message from it (or them).
+
+3.  The 'NEWS' file documents changes to groff that a user, not just a
+    developer, would notice, not including the resolution of defects.
+
+    As a hypothetical example, correcting a rendering error in tbl(1)
+    such that any table with more than 20 rows no longer had the text
+    "FOOBAR" spuriously added to some entries would not be a 'NEWS'
+    item, because the appearance of such text in the first place is a
+    surprising deviation from tbl's ideal and historical behavior.  In
+    contrast, adding a command-line option to tbl, or changing the
+    meaning of its "expand" region option such that it no longer
+    horizontally compresses tables as well, _would_ be 'NEWS'-worthy.
+
+
+Writing Tests
+-------------
+
+Here are some portability notes on writing automated tests.
+
+* Write to the POSIX standard for the shell and utilities where
+  possible.  Issue 4 from 1994 is old enough that no contemporary system
+  has a good reason for not conforming.  A copy of the standard is
+  available at the Open Group's web site.
+    https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009656399/toc.pdf
+
+* The GNU coreutils "seq" command is handy but not standardized by
+  POSIX.  Replace it with a while loop.
+
+    # emulate "seq 53"
+    n=1; while [ $n -le 53 ]; do echo $n; n=$(( n + 1 )); done; unset n
+
+* The "od" command on macOS can put extra space characters (i.e., spaces
+  that don't correspond to the input) at the ends of lines when using
+  the "od -t c" format; GNU od does not.
+
+  So a regex like this that works with GNU od:
+    grep -Eqx '0000000 +A +\\b +B +\\b +C       D +\\n'
+  might need to be weakened to the following on macOS.
+    grep -Eqx '0000000 +A +\\b +B +\\b +C       D +\\n *'
+
+* The "od" command on macOS does not respect the environment variable
+  assignment "LC_ALL=C" when processing byte values 127<x<256 decimal
+  and using the "character" output format (option "-t c").  An
+  alternative output must be used, like bytewise octal (option "-t o1").
+  (macOS od may be non-conforming here, despite the claim of its man
+  page.  POSIX Issue 4 od's description says "The type specifier
+  character c specifies that bytes will be interpreted as characters
+  specified by the current setting of the LC_CTYPE locale category. ...
+  Other non-printable characters will be written as one three-digit
+  octal number for each byte in the character." (p. 538)  The language
+  in Issue 7 (2018) appears unchanged.
+    https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/od.html )
+
+* macOS sed requires semicolons after commands even if they are followed
+  immediately by a closing brace.
+
+  Rewrite
+    sed -n '/Foo\./{n;s/^$/FAILURE/;p}'
+  as follows.
+    sed -n '/Foo\./{n;s/^$/FAILURE/;p;}'
+
+  But see below regarding the opening braces.
+
+* POSIX doesn't say that sed has to accept semicolons as command
+  separators after label (':') and branch ('t') commands, or after brace
+  commands, so macOS sed doesn't.  GNU sed does.
+
+  So rewrite tidy, compact sed scripts like this:
+    sed -n '/Foo\./{n;s/^$/FAILURE/;tA;s/.*/SUCCESS/;:A;p}'
+  as this more cumbersome alternative.
+    sed -n \
+      -e '/Foo\./{n;s/^$/FAILURE/;tA;' \
+      -e 's/.*/SUCCESS/;:A;' \
+      -e 'p;}')
+
+  But see below regarding the opening braces.
+
+  Similarly, a brace sequence like that in this partial sed script:
+    /f1/p}}}}}}
+  must be rewritten as follows (or with '-e' expressions).
+    /f1/p;}
+    }
+    }
+    }
+    }
+    }
+
+* macOS and GNU sed don't require newlines (or '-e' expression endings)
+  after _opening_ braces, but Solaris 11 sed does.
+
+  So the sed script
+    /i/{N;/Table of Contents/{N;/Foo[. ][. ]*1/p;};}
+  must be rewritten as follows (or with '-e' expressions).
+    /i/{
+    N;/Table of Contents/{
+    N;/Foo[. ][. ]*1/p;
+    };
+    }
+
+
+##### Editor settings
+Local Variables:
+fill-column: 72
+mode: text
+End:
+vim: set autoindent textwidth=72:
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