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diff --git a/doc/14-features.md b/doc/14-features.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19cb54b --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/14-features.md @@ -0,0 +1,1438 @@ +# Icinga 2 Features <a id="icinga2-features"></a> + +## Logging <a id="logging"></a> + +Icinga 2 supports three different types of logging: + +* File logging +* Syslog (on Linux/UNIX) +* Console logging (`STDOUT` on tty) + +You can enable additional loggers using the `icinga2 feature enable` +and `icinga2 feature disable` commands to configure loggers: + +Feature | Description +----------------|------------ +debuglog | Debug log (path: `/var/log/icinga2/debug.log`, severity: `debug` or higher) +journald | Systemd Journal (severity: `warning` or higher) +mainlog | Main log (path: `/var/log/icinga2/icinga2.log`, severity: `information` or higher) +syslog | Syslog (severity: `warning` or higher) +windowseventlog | Windows Event Log (severity: `information` or higher) + +By default file the `mainlog` feature is enabled. When running Icinga 2 +on a terminal log messages with severity `information` or higher are +written to the console. + +### Log Rotation <a id="logging-logrotate"></a> + +Packages provide a configuration file for [logrotate](https://linux.die.net/man/8/logrotate) +on Linux/Unix. Typically this is installed into `/etc/logrotate.d/icinga2` +and modifications won't be overridden on upgrade. + +Instead of sending the reload HUP signal, logrotate +sends the USR1 signal to notify the Icinga daemon +that it has rotate the log file. Icinga reopens the log +files then: + +* `/var/log/icinga2/icinga2.log` (requires `mainlog` enabled) +* `/var/log/icinga2/debug.log` (requires `debuglog` enabled) +* `/var/log/icinga2/error.log` + +By default, log files will be rotated daily. + +## Core Backends <a id="core-backends"></a> + +### REST API <a id="core-backends-api"></a> + +The REST API is documented [here](12-icinga2-api.md#icinga2-api) as a core feature. + +### Icinga DB <a id="core-backends-icingadb"></a> + +Icinga DB is a set of components for publishing, synchronizing and +visualizing monitoring data in the Icinga ecosystem, consisting of: + +* Icinga 2 with its `icingadb` feature enabled, + responsible for publishing monitoring data to a Redis server, i.e. configuration and its runtime updates, + check results, state changes, downtimes, acknowledgements, notifications, and other events such as flapping +* The [Icinga DB daemon](https://icinga.com/docs/icinga-db), + which synchronizes the data between the Redis server and a database +* And Icinga Web with the + [Icinga DB Web](https://icinga.com/docs/icinga-db-web) module enabled, + which connects to both Redis and the database to display and work with the most up-to-date data + + + +To set up a Redis server and the Icinga DB feature, please follow the steps from the +Icinga 2 [Installation](02-installation.md) guide. For the feature configuration options, +see its [Icinga DB object type](09-object-types.md#icingadb) documentation. + +## Metrics <a id="metrics"></a> + +Whenever a host or service check is executed, or received via the REST API, +best practice is to provide performance data. + +This data is parsed by features sending metrics to time series databases (TSDB): + +* [Graphite](14-features.md#graphite-carbon-cache-writer) +* [InfluxDB](14-features.md#influxdb-writer) +* [OpenTSDB](14-features.md#opentsdb-writer) + +Metrics, state changes and notifications can be managed with the following integrations: + +* [Elastic Stack](14-features.md#elastic-stack-integration) +* [Graylog](14-features.md#graylog-integration) + + +### Graphite Writer <a id="graphite-carbon-cache-writer"></a> + +[Graphite](13-addons.md#addons-graphing-graphite) is a tool stack for storing +metrics and needs to be running prior to enabling the `graphite` feature. + +Icinga 2 writes parsed metrics directly to Graphite's Carbon Cache +TCP port, defaulting to `2003`. + +You can enable the feature using + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable graphite +``` + +By default the [GraphiteWriter](09-object-types.md#objecttype-graphitewriter) feature +expects the Graphite Carbon Cache to listen at `127.0.0.1` on TCP port `2003`. + +#### Graphite Schema <a id="graphite-carbon-cache-writer-schema"></a> + +The current naming schema is defined as follows. The [Icinga Web 2 Graphite module](https://icinga.com/products/integrations/graphite/) +depends on this schema. + +The default prefix for hosts and services is configured using +[runtime macros](03-monitoring-basics.md#runtime-macros)like this: + +``` +icinga2.$host.name$.host.$host.check_command$ +icinga2.$host.name$.services.$service.name$.$service.check_command$ +``` + +You can customize the prefix name by using the `host_name_template` and +`service_name_template` configuration attributes. + +The additional levels will allow fine granular filters and also template +capabilities, e.g. by using the check command `disk` for specific +graph templates in web applications rendering the Graphite data. + +The following characters are escaped in prefix labels: + + Character | Escaped character + --------------|-------------------------- + whitespace | _ + . | _ + \ | _ + / | _ + +Metric values are stored like this: + +``` +<prefix>.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.value +``` + +The following characters are escaped in performance labels +parsed from plugin output: + + Character | Escaped character + --------------|-------------------------- + whitespace | _ + \ | _ + / | _ + :: | . + +Note that labels may contain dots (`.`) allowing to +add more subsequent levels inside the Graphite tree. +`::` adds support for [multi performance labels](http://my-plugin.de/wiki/projects/check_multi/configuration/performance) +and is therefore replaced by `.`. + +By enabling `enable_send_thresholds` Icinga 2 automatically adds the following threshold metrics: + +``` +<prefix>.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.min +<prefix>.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.max +<prefix>.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.warn +<prefix>.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.crit +``` + +By enabling `enable_send_metadata` Icinga 2 automatically adds the following metadata metrics: + +``` +<prefix>.metadata.current_attempt +<prefix>.metadata.downtime_depth +<prefix>.metadata.acknowledgement +<prefix>.metadata.execution_time +<prefix>.metadata.latency +<prefix>.metadata.max_check_attempts +<prefix>.metadata.reachable +<prefix>.metadata.state +<prefix>.metadata.state_type +``` + +Metadata metric overview: + + metric | description + -------------------|------------------------------------------ + current_attempt | current check attempt + max_check_attempts | maximum check attempts until the hard state is reached + reachable | checked object is reachable + downtime_depth | number of downtimes this object is in + acknowledgement | whether the object is acknowledged or not + execution_time | check execution time + latency | check latency + state | current state of the checked object + state_type | 0=SOFT, 1=HARD state + +The following example illustrates how to configure the storage schemas for Graphite Carbon +Cache. + +``` +[icinga2_default] +# intervals like PNP4Nagios uses them per default +pattern = ^icinga2\. +retentions = 1m:2d,5m:10d,30m:90d,360m:4y +``` + +#### Graphite in Cluster HA Zones <a id="graphite-carbon-cache-writer-cluster-ha"></a> + +The Graphite feature supports [high availability](06-distributed-monitoring.md#distributed-monitoring-high-availability-features) +in cluster zones since 2.11. + +By default, all endpoints in a zone will activate the feature and start +writing metrics to a Carbon Cache socket. In HA enabled scenarios, +it is possible to set `enable_ha = true` in all feature configuration +files. This allows each endpoint to calculate the feature authority, +and only one endpoint actively writes metrics, the other endpoints +pause the feature. + +When the cluster connection breaks at some point, the remaining endpoint(s) +in that zone will automatically resume the feature. This built-in failover +mechanism ensures that metrics are written even if the cluster fails. + +The recommended way of running Graphite in this scenario is a dedicated server +where Carbon Cache/Relay is running as receiver. + + +### InfluxDB Writer <a id="influxdb-writer"></a> + +Once there are new metrics available, Icinga 2 will directly write them to the +defined InfluxDB v1/v2 HTTP API. + +You can enable the feature using + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable influxdb +``` + +or + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable influxdb2 +``` + +By default the +[InfluxdbWriter](09-object-types.md#objecttype-influxdbwriter)/[Influxdb2Writer](09-object-types.md#objecttype-influxdb2writer) +features expect the InfluxDB daemon to listen at `127.0.0.1` on port `8086`. + +Measurement names and tags are fully configurable by the end user. The Influxdb(2)Writer +object will automatically add a `metric` tag to each data point. This correlates to the +perfdata label. Fields (value, warn, crit, min, max, unit) are created from data if available +and the configuration allows it. If a value associated with a tag is not able to be +resolved, it will be dropped and not sent to the target host. + +Backslashes are allowed in tag keys, tag values and field keys, however they are also +escape characters when followed by a space or comma, but cannot be escaped themselves. +As a result all trailling slashes in these fields are replaced with an underscore. This +predominantly affects Windows paths e.g. `C:\` becomes `C:_`. + +The database/bucket is assumed to exist so this object will make no attempt to create it currently. + +If [SELinux](22-selinux.md#selinux) is enabled, it will not allow access for Icinga 2 to InfluxDB until the [boolean](22-selinux.md#selinux-policy-booleans) +`icinga2_can_connect_all` is set to true as InfluxDB is not providing its own policy. + +More configuration details can be found [here for v1](09-object-types.md#objecttype-influxdbwriter) +and [here for v2](09-object-types.md#objecttype-influxdb2writer). + +#### Instance Tagging <a id="influxdb-writer-instance-tags"></a> + +Consider the following service check: + +``` +apply Service "disk" for (disk => attributes in host.vars.disks) { + import "generic-service" + check_command = "disk" + display_name = "Disk " + disk + vars.disk_partitions = disk + assign where host.vars.disks +} +``` + +This is a typical pattern for checking individual disks, NICs, TLS certificates etc associated +with a host. What would be useful is to have the data points tagged with the specific instance +for that check. This would allow you to query time series data for a check on a host and for a +specific instance e.g. /dev/sda. To do this quite simply add the instance to the service variables: + +``` +apply Service "disk" for (disk => attributes in host.vars.disks) { + ... + vars.instance = disk + ... +} +``` + +Then modify your writer configuration to add this tag to your data points if the instance variable +is associated with the service: + +``` +object InfluxdbWriter "influxdb" { + ... + service_template = { + measurement = "$service.check_command$" + tags = { + hostname = "$host.name$" + service = "$service.name$" + instance = "$service.vars.instance$" + } + } + ... +} +``` + +#### InfluxDB in Cluster HA Zones <a id="influxdb-writer-cluster-ha"></a> + +The InfluxDB feature supports [high availability](06-distributed-monitoring.md#distributed-monitoring-high-availability-features) +in cluster zones since 2.11. + +By default, all endpoints in a zone will activate the feature and start +writing metrics to the InfluxDB HTTP API. In HA enabled scenarios, +it is possible to set `enable_ha = true` in all feature configuration +files. This allows each endpoint to calculate the feature authority, +and only one endpoint actively writes metrics, the other endpoints +pause the feature. + +When the cluster connection breaks at some point, the remaining endpoint(s) +in that zone will automatically resume the feature. This built-in failover +mechanism ensures that metrics are written even if the cluster fails. + +The recommended way of running InfluxDB in this scenario is a dedicated server +where the InfluxDB HTTP API or Telegraf as Proxy are running. + +### Elastic Stack Integration <a id="elastic-stack-integration"></a> + +[Icingabeat](https://icinga.com/products/integrations/elastic/) is an Elastic Beat that fetches data +from the Icinga 2 API and sends it either directly to [Elasticsearch](https://www.elastic.co/products/elasticsearch) +or [Logstash](https://www.elastic.co/products/logstash). + +More integrations: + +* [Logstash output](https://icinga.com/products/integrations/elastic/) for the Icinga 2 API. +* [Logstash Grok Pattern](https://icinga.com/products/integrations/elastic/) for Icinga 2 logs. + +#### Elasticsearch Writer <a id="elasticsearch-writer"></a> + +This feature forwards check results, state changes and notification events +to an [Elasticsearch](https://www.elastic.co/products/elasticsearch) installation over its HTTP API. + +The check results include parsed performance data metrics if enabled. + +> **Note** +> +> Elasticsearch 5.x or 6.x are required. This feature has been successfully tested with +> Elasticsearch 5.6.7 and 6.3.1. + + + +Enable the feature and restart Icinga 2. + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable elasticsearch +``` + +The default configuration expects an Elasticsearch instance running on `localhost` on port `9200` + and writes to an index called `icinga2`. + +More configuration details can be found [here](09-object-types.md#objecttype-elasticsearchwriter). + +#### Current Elasticsearch Schema <a id="elastic-writer-schema"></a> + +The following event types are written to Elasticsearch: + +* icinga2.event.checkresult +* icinga2.event.statechange +* icinga2.event.notification + +Performance data metrics must be explicitly enabled with the `enable_send_perfdata` +attribute. + +Metric values are stored like this: + +``` +check_result.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.value +``` + +The following characters are escaped in perfdata labels: + + Character | Escaped character + ------------|-------------------------- + whitespace | _ + \ | _ + / | _ + :: | . + +Note that perfdata labels may contain dots (`.`) allowing to +add more subsequent levels inside the tree. +`::` adds support for [multi performance labels](http://my-plugin.de/wiki/projects/check_multi/configuration/performance) +and is therefore replaced by `.`. + +Icinga 2 automatically adds the following threshold metrics +if existing: + +``` +check_result.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.min +check_result.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.max +check_result.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.warn +check_result.perfdata.<perfdata-label>.crit +``` + +#### Elasticsearch in Cluster HA Zones <a id="elasticsearch-writer-cluster-ha"></a> + +The Elasticsearch feature supports [high availability](06-distributed-monitoring.md#distributed-monitoring-high-availability-features) +in cluster zones since 2.11. + +By default, all endpoints in a zone will activate the feature and start +writing events to the Elasticsearch HTTP API. In HA enabled scenarios, +it is possible to set `enable_ha = true` in all feature configuration +files. This allows each endpoint to calculate the feature authority, +and only one endpoint actively writes events, the other endpoints +pause the feature. + +When the cluster connection breaks at some point, the remaining endpoint(s) +in that zone will automatically resume the feature. This built-in failover +mechanism ensures that events are written even if the cluster fails. + +The recommended way of running Elasticsearch in this scenario is a dedicated server +where you either have the Elasticsearch HTTP API, or a TLS secured HTTP proxy, +or Logstash for additional filtering. + +### Graylog Integration <a id="graylog-integration"></a> + +#### GELF Writer <a id="gelfwriter"></a> + +The `Graylog Extended Log Format` (short: [GELF](https://docs.graylog.org/en/latest/pages/gelf.html)) +can be used to send application logs directly to a TCP socket. + +While it has been specified by the [Graylog](https://www.graylog.org) project as their +[input resource standard](https://docs.graylog.org/en/latest/pages/sending_data.html), other tools such as +[Logstash](https://www.elastic.co/products/logstash) also support `GELF` as +[input type](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/logstash/current/plugins-inputs-gelf.html). + +You can enable the feature using + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable gelf +``` + +By default the `GelfWriter` object expects the GELF receiver to listen at `127.0.0.1` on TCP port `12201`. +The default `source` attribute is set to `icinga2`. You can customize that for your needs if required. + +Currently these events are processed: +* Check results +* State changes +* Notifications + +#### Graylog/GELF in Cluster HA Zones <a id="gelf-writer-cluster-ha"></a> + +The Gelf feature supports [high availability](06-distributed-monitoring.md#distributed-monitoring-high-availability-features) +in cluster zones since 2.11. + +By default, all endpoints in a zone will activate the feature and start +writing events to the Graylog HTTP API. In HA enabled scenarios, +it is possible to set `enable_ha = true` in all feature configuration +files. This allows each endpoint to calculate the feature authority, +and only one endpoint actively writes events, the other endpoints +pause the feature. + +When the cluster connection breaks at some point, the remaining endpoint(s) +in that zone will automatically resume the feature. This built-in failover +mechanism ensures that events are written even if the cluster fails. + +The recommended way of running Graylog in this scenario is a dedicated server +where you have the Graylog HTTP API listening. + +### OpenTSDB Writer <a id="opentsdb-writer"></a> + +While there are some OpenTSDB collector scripts and daemons like tcollector available for +Icinga 1.x it's more reasonable to directly process the check and plugin performance +in memory in Icinga 2. Once there are new metrics available, Icinga 2 will directly +write them to the defined TSDB TCP socket. + +You can enable the feature using + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable opentsdb +``` + +By default the `OpenTsdbWriter` object expects the TSD to listen at +`127.0.0.1` on port `4242`. + +The current default naming schema is: + +``` +icinga.host.<perfdata_metric_label> +icinga.service.<servicename>.<perfdata_metric_label> +``` + +for host and service checks. The tag `host` is always applied. + +Icinga also sends perfdata warning, critical, minimum and maximum threshold values to OpenTSDB. +These are stored as new OpenTSDB metric names appended with `_warn`, `_crit`, `_min`, `_max`. +Values are only stored when the corresponding threshold exists in Icinga's perfdata. + +Example: +``` +icinga.service.<servicename>.<perfdata_metric_label> +icinga.service.<servicename>.<perfdata_metric_label>._warn +icinga.service.<servicename>.<perfdata_metric_label>._crit +icinga.service.<servicename>.<perfdata_metric_label>._min +icinga.service.<servicename>.<perfdata_metric_label>._max +``` + +To make sure Icinga 2 writes a valid metric into OpenTSDB some characters are replaced +with `_` in the target name: + +``` +\ : (and space) +``` + +The resulting name in OpenTSDB might look like: + +``` +www-01 / http-cert / response time +icinga.http_cert.response_time +``` + +In addition to the performance data retrieved from the check plugin, Icinga 2 sends +internal check statistic data to OpenTSDB: + + metric | description + -------------------|------------------------------------------ + current_attempt | current check attempt + max_check_attempts | maximum check attempts until the hard state is reached + reachable | checked object is reachable + downtime_depth | number of downtimes this object is in + acknowledgement | whether the object is acknowledged or not + execution_time | check execution time + latency | check latency + state | current state of the checked object + state_type | 0=SOFT, 1=HARD state + +While reachable, state and state_type are metrics for the host or service the +other metrics follow the current naming schema + +``` +icinga.check.<metricname> +``` + +with the following tags + + tag | description + --------|------------------------------------------ + type | the check type, one of [host, service] + host | hostname, the check ran on + service | the service name (if type=service) + +> **Note** +> +> You might want to set the tsd.core.auto_create_metrics setting to `true` +> in your opentsdb.conf configuration file. + +#### OpenTSDB Metric Prefix <a id="opentsdb-metric-prefix"></a> +Functionality exists to modify the built in OpenTSDB metric names that the plugin +writes to. By default this is `icinga.host` and `icinga.service.<servicename>`. + +These prefixes can be modified as necessary to any arbitary string. The prefix +configuration also supports Icinga macros, so if you rather use `<checkcommand>` +or any other variable instead of `<servicename>` you may do so. + +To configure OpenTSDB metric name prefixes, create or modify the `host_template` and/or +`service_template` blocks in the `opentsdb.conf` file, to add a `metric` definition. +These modifications go hand in hand with the **OpenTSDB Custom Tag Support** detailed below, +and more information around macro use can be found there. + +Additionally, using custom Metric Prefixes or your own macros in the prefix may be +helpful if you are using the **OpenTSDB Generic Metric** functionality detailed below. + +An example configuration which includes prefix name modification: + +``` +object OpenTsdbWriter "opentsdb" { + host = "127.0.0.1" + port = 4242 + host_template = { + metric = "icinga.myhost" + tags = { + location = "$host.vars.location$" + checkcommand = "$host.check_command$" + } + } + service_template = { + metric = "icinga.service.$service.check_command$" + } +} +``` + +The above configuration will output the following naming schema: +``` +icinga.myhost.<perfdata_metric_label> +icinga.service.<check_command_name>.<perfdata_metric_label> +``` +Note how `<perfdata_metric_label>` is always appended in the default naming schema mode. + +#### OpenTSDB Generic Metric Naming Schema <a id="opentsdb-generic-metrics"></a> + +An alternate naming schema (`Generic Metrics`) is available where OpenTSDB metric names are more generic +and do not include the Icinga perfdata label in the metric name. Instead, +perfdata labels are stored in a tag `label` which is stored along with each perfdata value. + +This ultimately reduces the number of unique OpenTSDB metric names which may make +querying aggregate data easier. This also allows you to store all perfdata values for a +particular check inside one OpenTSDB metric name for each check. + +This alternate naming schema can be enabled by setting the following in the OpenTSDBWriter config: +`enable_generic_metrics = true` + +> **Tip** +> Consider using `Generic Metrics` along with the **OpenTSDB Metric Prefix** naming options +> described above + +An example of this naming schema when compared to the default is: + +``` +icinga.host +icinga.service.<servicename> +``` + +> **Note** +> Note how `<perfdata_metric_label>` does not appear in the OpenTSDB metric name +> when using `Generic Metrics`. Instead, a new tag `label` appears on each value written +> to OpenTSDB which contains the perfdata label. + +#### Custom Tags <a id="opentsdb-custom-tags"></a> + +In addition to the default tags listed above, it is possible to send +your own custom tags with your data to OpenTSDB. + +Note that custom tags are sent **in addition** to the default hostname, +type and service name tags. If you do not include this section in the +config file, no custom tags will be included. + +Custom tags can be custom attributes or built in attributes. + +Consider a host object: + +``` +object Host "my-server1" { + address = "10.0.0.1" + check_command = "hostalive" + vars.location = "Australia" +} +``` + +and a service object: + +``` +object Service "ping" { + host_name = "localhost" + check_command = "my-ping" + + vars.ping_packets = 10 +} +``` + +It is possible to send `vars.location` and `vars.ping_packets` along +with performance data. Additionally, any other attribute can be sent +as a tag, such as `check_command`. + +You can make use of the `host_template` and `service_template` blocks +in the `opentsdb.conf` configuration file. + +An example OpenTSDB configuration file which makes use of custom tags: + +``` +object OpenTsdbWriter "opentsdb" { + host = "127.0.0.1" + port = 4242 + host_template = { + tags = { + location = "$host.vars.location$" + checkcommand = "$host.check_command$" + } + } + service_template = { + tags = { + location = "$host.vars.location$" + pingpackets = "$service.vars.ping_packets$" + checkcommand = "$service.check_command$" + } + } +} +``` + +Depending on what keyword the macro begins with, will determine what +attributes are available in the macro context. The below table explains +what attributes are available with links to each object type. + + start of macro | description + ---------------|------------------------------------------ + \$host...$ | Attributes available on a [Host object](09-object-types.md#objecttype-host) + \$service...$ | Attributes available on a [Service object](09-object-types.md#objecttype-service) + \$icinga...$ | Attributes available on the [IcingaApplication object](09-object-types.md#objecttype-icingaapplication) + +> **Note** +> +> Ensure you do not name your custom attributes with a dot in the name. +> Dots located inside a macro tell the interpreter to expand a +> dictionary. +> +> Do not do this in your object configuration: +> +> `vars["my.attribute"]` +> +> as you will be unable to reference `my.attribute` because it is not a +> dictionary. +> +> Instead, use underscores or another character: +> +> `vars.my_attribute` or `vars["my_attribute"]` + + + +#### OpenTSDB in Cluster HA Zones <a id="opentsdb-writer-cluster-ha"></a> + +The OpenTSDB feature supports [high availability](06-distributed-monitoring.md#distributed-monitoring-high-availability-features) +in cluster zones since 2.11. + +By default, all endpoints in a zone will activate the feature and start +writing events to the OpenTSDB listener. In HA enabled scenarios, +it is possible to set `enable_ha = true` in all feature configuration +files. This allows each endpoint to calculate the feature authority, +and only one endpoint actively writes metrics, the other endpoints +pause the feature. + +When the cluster connection breaks at some point, the remaining endpoint(s) +in that zone will automatically resume the feature. This built-in failover +mechanism ensures that metrics are written even if the cluster fails. + +The recommended way of running OpenTSDB in this scenario is a dedicated server +where you have OpenTSDB running. + + +### Writing Performance Data Files <a id="writing-performance-data-files"></a> + +PNP and Graphios use performance data collector daemons to fetch +the current performance files for their backend updates. + +Therefore the Icinga 2 [PerfdataWriter](09-object-types.md#objecttype-perfdatawriter) +feature allows you to define the output template format for host and services helped +with Icinga 2 runtime vars. + +``` +host_format_template = "DATATYPE::HOSTPERFDATA\tTIMET::$icinga.timet$\tHOSTNAME::$host.name$\tHOSTPERFDATA::$host.perfdata$\tHOSTCHECKCOMMAND::$host.check_command$\tHOSTSTATE::$host.state$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$host.state_type$" +service_format_template = "DATATYPE::SERVICEPERFDATA\tTIMET::$icinga.timet$\tHOSTNAME::$host.name$\tSERVICEDESC::$service.name$\tSERVICEPERFDATA::$service.perfdata$\tSERVICECHECKCOMMAND::$service.check_command$\tHOSTSTATE::$host.state$\tHOSTSTATETYPE::$host.state_type$\tSERVICESTATE::$service.state$\tSERVICESTATETYPE::$service.state_type$" +``` + +The default templates are already provided with the Icinga 2 feature configuration +which can be enabled using + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable perfdata +``` + +By default all performance data files are rotated in a 15 seconds interval into +the `/var/spool/icinga2/perfdata/` directory as `host-perfdata.<timestamp>` and +`service-perfdata.<timestamp>`. +External collectors need to parse the rotated performance data files and then +remove the processed files. + +#### Perfdata Files in Cluster HA Zones <a id="perfdata-writer-cluster-ha"></a> + +The Perfdata feature supports [high availability](06-distributed-monitoring.md#distributed-monitoring-high-availability-features) +in cluster zones since 2.11. + +By default, all endpoints in a zone will activate the feature and start +writing metrics to the local spool directory. In HA enabled scenarios, +it is possible to set `enable_ha = true` in all feature configuration +files. This allows each endpoint to calculate the feature authority, +and only one endpoint actively writes metrics, the other endpoints +pause the feature. + +When the cluster connection breaks at some point, the remaining endpoint(s) +in that zone will automatically resume the feature. This built-in failover +mechanism ensures that metrics are written even if the cluster fails. + +The recommended way of running Perfdata is to mount the perfdata spool +directory via NFS on a central server where PNP with the NPCD collector +is running on. + + + + + +## Deprecated Features <a id="deprecated-features"></a> + +### IDO Database (DB IDO) <a id="db-ido"></a> + +> **Note** +> +> This feature is DEPRECATED and may be removed in future releases. +> Check the [roadmap](https://github.com/Icinga/icinga2/milestones). + +The IDO (Icinga Data Output) feature for Icinga 2 takes care of exporting all +configuration and status information into a database. The IDO database is used +by Icinga Web 2 as data backend. You can either use a +[MySQL](#ido-with-mysql) or [PostgreSQL](#ido-with-postgresql) database. + +#### IDO with MySQL <a id="ido-with-mysql"></a> + +##### Install IDO Feature <a id="installing-database-mysql-modules"></a> + +The next step is to install the `icinga2-ido-mysql` package using your +distribution's package manager. + +###### Debian / Ubuntu + +```bash +apt-get install icinga2-ido-mysql +``` + +!!! note + + The packages provide a database configuration wizard by + default. You can skip the automated setup and install/upgrade the + database manually if you prefer. + +###### CentOS 7 + +!!! info + + Note that installing `icinga2-ido-mysql` is only supported on CentOS 7 as CentOS 8 is EOL. + +```bash +yum install icinga2-ido-mysql +``` + +###### RHEL 8 + +```bash +dnf install icinga2-ido-mysql +``` + +###### RHEL 7 + +```bash +yum install icinga2-ido-mysql +``` + +###### SLES + +```bash +zypper install icinga2-ido-mysql +``` + +###### Amazon Linux + +```bash +yum install icinga2-ido-mysql +``` + +##### Set up MySQL database <a id="setting-up-mysql-db"></a> + +Set up a MySQL database for Icinga 2: + +```bash +# mysql -u root -p + +CREATE DATABASE icinga; +GRANT ALTER, CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, DROP, CREATE VIEW, INDEX, EXECUTE ON icinga.* TO 'icinga'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'icinga'; +quit +``` + +Please note that the example above uses the very simple password 'icinga' (in `IDENTIFIED BY 'icinga'`). +Please choose a better password for your installation. + +After creating the database you can import the Icinga 2 IDO schema using the +following command. Enter the icinga password into the prompt when asked. + +```bash +mysql -u icinga -p icinga < /usr/share/icinga2-ido-mysql/schema/mysql.sql +``` + +##### Enable the IDO MySQL feature <a id="enable-ido-mysql"></a> + +The package provides a new configuration file that is installed in +`/etc/icinga2/features-available/ido-mysql.conf`. You can update +the database credentials in this file. + +All available attributes are explained in the +[IdoMysqlConnection object](09-object-types.md#objecttype-idomysqlconnection) +chapter. + +Enable the `ido-mysql` feature configuration file using the `icinga2` command: + +```bash +# icinga2 feature enable ido-mysql +Module 'ido-mysql' was enabled. +Make sure to restart Icinga 2 for these changes to take effect. +``` + +Restart Icinga 2. + +```bash +systemctl restart icinga2 +``` + +#### IDO with PostgreSQL <a id="ido-with-postgresql"></a> + +##### Install IDO Feature <a id="installing-database-postgresql-modules"></a> + +The next step is to install the `icinga2-ido-pgsql` package using your +distribution's package manager. + +###### Debian / Ubuntu + +```bash +apt-get install icinga2-ido-pgsql +``` + +!!! note + + Upstream Debian packages provide a database configuration wizard by default. + You can skip the automated setup and install/upgrade the database manually + if you prefer that. + +###### CentOS 7 + +!!! info + + Note that installing `icinga2-ido-pgsql` is only supported on CentOS 7 as CentOS 8 is EOL. + +```bash +yum install icinga2-ido-pgsql +``` + +###### RHEL 8 + +```bash +dnf install icinga2-ido-pgsql +``` + +###### RHEL 7 + +```bash +yum install icinga2-ido-pgsql +``` + +###### SLES + +```bash +zypper install icinga2-ido-pgsql +``` + +###### Amazon Linux + +```bash +yum install icinga2-ido-pgsql +``` + +##### Set up PostgreSQL database + +Set up a PostgreSQL database for Icinga 2: + +```bash +cd /tmp +sudo -u postgres psql -c "CREATE ROLE icinga WITH LOGIN PASSWORD 'icinga'" +sudo -u postgres createdb -O icinga -E UTF8 icinga +``` + +!!! note + + It is assumed here that your locale is set to utf-8, you may run into problems otherwise. + +Locate your `pg_hba.conf` configuration file and add the icinga user with `md5` as authentication method +and restart the postgresql server. Common locations for `pg_hba.conf` are either +`/etc/postgresql/*/main/pg_hba.conf` or `/var/lib/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf`. + +``` +# icinga +local icinga icinga md5 +host icinga icinga 127.0.0.1/32 md5 +host icinga icinga ::1/128 md5 + +# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only +local all all ident +# IPv4 local connections: +host all all 127.0.0.1/32 ident +# IPv6 local connections: +host all all ::1/128 ident +``` + +Restart PostgreSQL: + +```bash +systemctl restart postgresql +``` + +After creating the database and permissions you need to import the IDO database +schema using the following command: + +```bash +export PGPASSWORD=icinga +psql -U icinga -d icinga < /usr/share/icinga2-ido-pgsql/schema/pgsql.sql +``` + +##### Enable the IDO PostgreSQL feature <a id="enable-ido-postgresql"></a> + +The package provides a new configuration file that is installed in +`/etc/icinga2/features-available/ido-pgsql.conf`. You can update +the database credentials in this file. + +All available attributes are explained in the +[IdoPgsqlConnection object](09-object-types.md#objecttype-idopgsqlconnection) +chapter. + +Enable the `ido-pgsql` feature configuration file using the `icinga2` command: + +``` +# icinga2 feature enable ido-pgsql +Module 'ido-pgsql' was enabled. +Make sure to restart Icinga 2 for these changes to take effect. +``` + +Restart Icinga 2. + +```bash +systemctl restart icinga2 +``` + +#### Configuration + +Details on the configuration can be found in the +[IdoMysqlConnection](09-object-types.md#objecttype-idomysqlconnection) and +[IdoPgsqlConnection](09-object-types.md#objecttype-idopgsqlconnection) +object configuration documentation. + +#### DB IDO Health <a id="db-ido-health"></a> + +If the monitoring health indicator is critical in Icinga Web 2, +you can use the following queries to manually check whether Icinga 2 +is actually updating the IDO database. + +Icinga 2 writes its current status to the `icinga_programstatus` table +every 10 seconds. The query below checks 60 seconds into the past which is a reasonable +amount of time -- adjust it for your requirements. If the condition is not met, +the query returns an empty result. + +> **Tip** +> +> Use [check plugins](05-service-monitoring.md#service-monitoring-plugins) to monitor the backend. + +Replace the `default` string with your instance name if different. + +Example for MySQL: + +``` +# mysql -u root -p icinga -e "SELECT status_update_time FROM icinga_programstatus ps + JOIN icinga_instances i ON ps.instance_id=i.instance_id + WHERE (UNIX_TIMESTAMP(ps.status_update_time) > UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW())-60) + AND i.instance_name='default';" + ++---------------------+ +| status_update_time | ++---------------------+ +| 2014-05-29 14:29:56 | ++---------------------+ +``` + +Example for PostgreSQL: + +``` +# export PGPASSWORD=icinga; psql -U icinga -d icinga -c "SELECT ps.status_update_time FROM icinga_programstatus AS ps + JOIN icinga_instances AS i ON ps.instance_id=i.instance_id + WHERE ((SELECT extract(epoch from status_update_time) FROM icinga_programstatus) > (SELECT extract(epoch from now())-60)) + AND i.instance_name='default'"; + +status_update_time +------------------------ + 2014-05-29 15:11:38+02 +(1 Zeile) +``` + +A detailed list on the available table attributes can be found in the [DB IDO Schema documentation](24-appendix.md#schema-db-ido). + +#### DB IDO in Cluster HA Zones <a id="db-ido-cluster-ha"></a> + +The DB IDO feature supports [High Availability](06-distributed-monitoring.md#distributed-monitoring-high-availability-db-ido) in +the Icinga 2 cluster. + +By default, both endpoints in a zone calculate the +endpoint which activates the feature, the other endpoint +automatically pauses it. If the cluster connection +breaks at some point, the paused IDO feature automatically +does a failover. + +You can disable this behaviour by setting `enable_ha = false` +in both feature configuration files. + +#### DB IDO Cleanup <a id="db-ido-cleanup"></a> + +Objects get deactivated when they are deleted from the configuration. +This is visible with the `is_active` column in the `icinga_objects` table. +Therefore all queries need to join this table and add `WHERE is_active=1` as +condition. Deleted objects preserve their history table entries for later SLA +reporting. + +Historical data isn't purged by default. You can enable the least +kept data age inside the `cleanup` configuration attribute for the +IDO features [IdoMysqlConnection](09-object-types.md#objecttype-idomysqlconnection) +and [IdoPgsqlConnection](09-object-types.md#objecttype-idopgsqlconnection). + +Example if you prefer to keep notification history for 30 days: + +``` + cleanup = { + notifications_age = 30d + contactnotifications_age = 30d + } +``` + +The historical tables are populated depending on the data `categories` specified. +Some tables are empty by default. + +#### DB IDO Tuning <a id="db-ido-tuning"></a> + +As with any application database, there are ways to optimize and tune the database performance. + +General tips for performance tuning: + +* [MariaDB KB](https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/optimization-and-tuning/) +* [PostgreSQL Wiki](https://wiki.postgresql.org/wiki/Performance_Optimization) + +Re-creation of indexes, changed column values, etc. will increase the database size. Ensure to +add health checks for this, and monitor the trend in your Grafana dashboards. + +In order to optimize the tables, there are different approaches. Always keep in mind to have a +current backup and schedule maintenance downtime for these kind of tasks! + +MySQL: + +``` +mariadb> OPTIMIZE TABLE icinga_statehistory; +``` + +> **Important** +> +> Tables might not support optimization at runtime. This can take a **long** time. +> +> `Table does not support optimize, doing recreate + analyze instead`. + +If you want to optimize all tables in a specified database, there is a script called `mysqlcheck`. +This also allows to repair broken tables in the case of emergency. + +```bash +mysqlcheck --optimize icinga +``` + +PostgreSQL: + +``` +icinga=# vacuum; +VACUUM +``` + +> **Note** +> +> Don't use `VACUUM FULL` as this has a severe impact on performance. + +### Compat Log Files <a id="compat-logging"></a> + +> **Note** +> +> This feature is DEPRECATED and may be removed in future releases. +> Check the [roadmap](https://github.com/Icinga/icinga2/milestones). + +The Icinga 1.x log format is considered being the `Compat Log` +in Icinga 2 provided with the `CompatLogger` object. + +These logs are used for informational representation in +external web interfaces parsing the logs, but also to generate +SLA reports and trends. +The [Livestatus](14-features.md#setting-up-livestatus) feature uses these logs +for answering queries to historical tables. + +The `CompatLogger` object can be enabled with + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable compatlog +``` + +By default, the Icinga 1.x log file called `icinga.log` is located +in `/var/log/icinga2/compat`. Rotated log files are moved into +`var/log/icinga2/compat/archives`. + +### External Command Pipe <a id="external-commands"></a> + +> **Note** +> +> Please use the [REST API](12-icinga2-api.md#icinga2-api) as modern and secure alternative +> for external actions. + +> **Note** +> +> This feature is DEPRECATED and may be removed in future releases. +> Check the [roadmap](https://github.com/Icinga/icinga2/milestones). + +Icinga 2 provides an external command pipe for processing commands +triggering specific actions (for example rescheduling a service check +through the web interface). + +In order to enable the `ExternalCommandListener` configuration use the +following command and restart Icinga 2 afterwards: + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable command +``` + +Icinga 2 creates the command pipe file as `/var/run/icinga2/cmd/icinga2.cmd` +using the default configuration. + +Web interfaces and other Icinga addons are able to send commands to +Icinga 2 through the external command pipe, for example for rescheduling +a forced service check: + +``` +# /bin/echo "[`date +%s`] SCHEDULE_FORCED_SVC_CHECK;localhost;ping4;`date +%s`" >> /var/run/icinga2/cmd/icinga2.cmd + +# tail -f /var/log/messages + +Oct 17 15:01:25 icinga-server icinga2: Executing external command: [1382014885] SCHEDULE_FORCED_SVC_CHECK;localhost;ping4;1382014885 +Oct 17 15:01:25 icinga-server icinga2: Rescheduling next check for service 'ping4' +``` + +A list of currently supported external commands can be found [here](24-appendix.md#external-commands-list-detail). + +Detailed information on the commands and their required parameters can be found +on the [Icinga 1.x documentation](https://docs.icinga.com/latest/en/extcommands2.html). + + +### Livestatus <a id="setting-up-livestatus"></a> + +> **Note** +> +> This feature is DEPRECATED and may be removed in future releases. +> Check the [roadmap](https://github.com/Icinga/icinga2/milestones). + +The [MK Livestatus](https://mathias-kettner.de/checkmk_livestatus.html) project +implements a query protocol that lets users query their Icinga instance for +status information. It can also be used to send commands. + +The Livestatus component that is distributed as part of Icinga 2 is a +re-implementation of the Livestatus protocol which is compatible with MK +Livestatus. + +> **Tip** +> +> Only install the Livestatus feature if your web interface or addon requires +> you to do so. +> [Icinga Web 2](https://icinga.com/docs/icinga-web-2/latest/doc/02-Installation/) does not need +> Livestatus. + +Details on the available tables and attributes with Icinga 2 can be found +in the [Livestatus Schema](24-appendix.md#schema-livestatus) section. + +You can enable Livestatus using icinga2 feature enable: + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable livestatus +``` + +After that you will have to restart Icinga 2: + +```bash +systemctl restart icinga2 +``` + +By default the Livestatus socket is available in `/var/run/icinga2/cmd/livestatus`. + +In order for queries and commands to work you will need to add your query user +(e.g. your web server) to the `icingacmd` group: + +```bash +usermod -a -G icingacmd www-data +``` + +The Debian packages use `nagios` as the user and group name. Make sure to change `icingacmd` to +`nagios` if you're using Debian. + +Change `www-data` to the user you're using to run queries. + +In order to use the historical tables provided by the livestatus feature (for example, the +`log` table) you need to have the `CompatLogger` feature enabled. By default these logs +are expected to be in `/var/log/icinga2/compat`. A different path can be set using the +`compat_log_path` configuration attribute. + +```bash +icinga2 feature enable compatlog +``` + +#### Livestatus Sockets <a id="livestatus-sockets"></a> + +Other to the Icinga 1.x Addon, Icinga 2 supports two socket types + +* Unix socket (default) +* TCP socket + +Details on the configuration can be found in the [LivestatusListener](09-object-types.md#objecttype-livestatuslistener) +object configuration. + +#### Livestatus GET Queries <a id="livestatus-get-queries"></a> + +> **Note** +> +> All Livestatus queries require an additional empty line as query end identifier. +> The `nc` tool (`netcat`) provides the `-U` parameter to communicate using +> a unix socket. + +There also is a Perl module available in CPAN for accessing the Livestatus socket +programmatically: [Monitoring::Livestatus](https://metacpan.org/release/NIERLEIN/Monitoring-Livestatus-0.74) + + +Example using the unix socket: + +``` +# echo -e "GET services\n" | /usr/bin/nc -U /var/run/icinga2/cmd/livestatus + +Example using the tcp socket listening on port `6558`: + +# echo -e 'GET services\n' | netcat 127.0.0.1 6558 + +# cat servicegroups <<EOF +GET servicegroups + +EOF + +(cat servicegroups; sleep 1) | netcat 127.0.0.1 6558 +``` + +#### Livestatus COMMAND Queries <a id="livestatus-command-queries"></a> + +A list of available external commands and their parameters can be found [here](24-appendix.md#external-commands-list-detail) + +```bash +echo -e 'COMMAND <externalcommandstring>' | netcat 127.0.0.1 6558 +``` + +#### Livestatus Filters <a id="livestatus-filters"></a> + +and, or, negate + + Operator | Negate | Description + ----------|----------|------------- + = | != | Equality + ~ | !~ | Regex match + =~ | !=~ | Equality ignoring case + ~~ | !~~ | Regex ignoring case + < | | Less than + > | | Greater than + <= | | Less than or equal + >= | | Greater than or equal + + +#### Livestatus Stats <a id="livestatus-stats"></a> + +Schema: "Stats: aggregatefunction aggregateattribute" + + Aggregate Function | Description + -------------------|-------------- + sum | + min | + max | + avg | sum / count + std | standard deviation + suminv | sum (1 / value) + avginv | suminv / count + count | ordinary default for any stats query if not aggregate function defined + +Example: + +``` +GET hosts +Filter: has_been_checked = 1 +Filter: check_type = 0 +Stats: sum execution_time +Stats: sum latency +Stats: sum percent_state_change +Stats: min execution_time +Stats: min latency +Stats: min percent_state_change +Stats: max execution_time +Stats: max latency +Stats: max percent_state_change +OutputFormat: json +ResponseHeader: fixed16 +``` + +#### Livestatus Output <a id="livestatus-output"></a> + +* CSV + +CSV output uses two levels of array separators: The members array separator +is a comma (1st level) while extra info and host|service relation separator +is a pipe (2nd level). + +Separators can be set using ASCII codes like: + +``` +Separators: 10 59 44 124 +``` + +* JSON + +Default separators. + +#### Livestatus Error Codes <a id="livestatus-error-codes"></a> + + Code | Description + ----------|-------------- + 200 | OK + 404 | Table does not exist + 452 | Exception on query + +#### Livestatus Tables <a id="livestatus-tables"></a> + + Table | Join |Description + --------------|-----------|---------------------------- + hosts | | host config and status attributes, services counter + hostgroups | | hostgroup config, status attributes and host/service counters + services | hosts | service config and status attributes + servicegroups | | servicegroup config, status attributes and service counters + contacts | | contact config and status attributes + contactgroups | | contact config, members + commands | | command name and line + status | | programstatus, config and stats + comments | services | status attributes + downtimes | services | status attributes + timeperiods | | name and is inside flag + endpoints | | config and status attributes + log | services, hosts, contacts, commands | parses [compatlog](09-object-types.md#objecttype-compatlogger) and shows log attributes + statehist | hosts, services | parses [compatlog](09-object-types.md#objecttype-compatlogger) and aggregates state change attributes + hostsbygroup | hostgroups | host attributes grouped by hostgroup and its attributes + servicesbygroup | servicegroups | service attributes grouped by servicegroup and its attributes + servicesbyhostgroup | hostgroups | service attributes grouped by hostgroup and its attributes + +The `commands` table is populated with `CheckCommand`, `EventCommand` and `NotificationCommand` objects. + +A detailed list on the available table attributes can be found in the [Livestatus Schema documentation](24-appendix.md#schema-livestatus). |