Adding upstream version 1.1.1.upstream/1.1.1

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

93 files changed, 10190 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/pkg/backoff/backoff.go b/pkg/backoff/backoff.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ce7bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/backoff/backoff.go
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package backoff
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Backoff returns the backoff duration for a specific retry attempt.
+type Backoff func(uint64) time.Duration
+
+// NewExponentialWithJitter returns a backoff implementation that
+// exponentially increases the backoff duration for each retry from min,
+// never exceeding max. Some randomization is added to the backoff duration.
+// It panics if min >= max.
+func NewExponentialWithJitter(min, max time.Duration) Backoff {
+	if min <= 0 {
+		min = time.Millisecond * 100
+	}
+	if max <= 0 {
+		max = time.Second * 10
+	}
+	if min >= max {
+		panic("max must be larger than min")
+	}
+
+	return func(attempt uint64) time.Duration {
+		e := min << attempt
+		if e <= 0 || e > max {
+			e = max
+		}
+
+		return time.Duration(jitter(int64(e)))
+	}
+}
+
+// jitter returns a random integer distributed in the range [n/2..n).
+func jitter(n int64) int64 {
+	if n == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	return n/2 + rand.Int63n(n/2)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/com/atomic.go b/pkg/com/atomic.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..316413d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/com/atomic.go
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+package com
+
+import "sync/atomic"
+
+// Atomic is a type-safe wrapper around atomic.Value.
+type Atomic[T any] struct {
+	v atomic.Value
+}
+
+func (a *Atomic[T]) Load() (_ T, ok bool) {
+	if v, ok := a.v.Load().(box[T]); ok {
+		return v.v, true
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (a *Atomic[T]) Store(v T) {
+	a.v.Store(box[T]{v})
+}
+
+func (a *Atomic[T]) Swap(new T) (old T, ok bool) {
+	if old, ok := a.v.Swap(box[T]{new}).(box[T]); ok {
+		return old.v, true
+	}
+
+	return
+}
+
+func (a *Atomic[T]) CompareAndSwap(old, new T) (swapped bool) {
+	return a.v.CompareAndSwap(box[T]{old}, box[T]{new})
+}
+
+// box allows, for the case T is an interface, nil values and values of different specific types implementing T
+// to be stored in Atomic[T]#v (bypassing atomic.Value#Store()'s policy) by wrapping it (into a non-interface).
+type box[T any] struct {
+	v T
+}
diff --git a/pkg/com/bulker.go b/pkg/com/bulker.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e8de52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/com/bulker.go
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+package com
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// BulkChunkSplitPolicy is a state machine which tracks the items of a chunk a bulker assembles.
+// A call takes an item for the current chunk into account.
+// Output true indicates that the state machine was reset first and the bulker
+// shall finish the current chunk now (not e.g. once $size is reached) without the given item.
+type BulkChunkSplitPolicy[T any] func(T) bool
+
+type BulkChunkSplitPolicyFactory[T any] func() BulkChunkSplitPolicy[T]
+
+// NeverSplit returns a pseudo state machine which never demands splitting.
+func NeverSplit[T any]() BulkChunkSplitPolicy[T] {
+	return neverSplit[T]
+}
+
+// SplitOnDupId returns a state machine which tracks the inputs' IDs.
+// Once an already seen input arrives, it demands splitting.
+func SplitOnDupId[T contracts.IDer]() BulkChunkSplitPolicy[T] {
+	seenIds := map[string]struct{}{}
+
+	return func(ider T) bool {
+		id := ider.ID().String()
+
+		_, ok := seenIds[id]
+		if ok {
+			seenIds = map[string]struct{}{id: {}}
+		} else {
+			seenIds[id] = struct{}{}
+		}
+
+		return ok
+	}
+}
+
+func neverSplit[T any](T) bool {
+	return false
+}
+
+// Bulker reads all values from a channel and streams them in chunks into a Bulk channel.
+type Bulker[T any] struct {
+	ch  chan []T
+	ctx context.Context
+	mu  sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// NewBulker returns a new Bulker and starts streaming.
+func NewBulker[T any](
+	ctx context.Context, ch <-chan T, count int, splitPolicyFactory BulkChunkSplitPolicyFactory[T],
+) *Bulker[T] {
+	b := &Bulker[T]{
+		ch:  make(chan []T),
+		ctx: ctx,
+		mu:  sync.Mutex{},
+	}
+
+	go b.run(ch, count, splitPolicyFactory)
+
+	return b
+}
+
+// Bulk returns the channel on which the bulks are delivered.
+func (b *Bulker[T]) Bulk() <-chan []T {
+	return b.ch
+}
+
+func (b *Bulker[T]) run(ch <-chan T, count int, splitPolicyFactory BulkChunkSplitPolicyFactory[T]) {
+	defer close(b.ch)
+
+	bufCh := make(chan T, count)
+	splitPolicy := splitPolicyFactory()
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(b.ctx)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		defer close(bufCh)
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case v, ok := <-ch:
+				if !ok {
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				bufCh <- v
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		for done := false; !done; {
+			buf := make([]T, 0, count)
+			timeout := time.After(256 * time.Millisecond)
+
+			for drain := true; drain && len(buf) < count; {
+				select {
+				case v, ok := <-bufCh:
+					if !ok {
+						drain = false
+						done = true
+
+						break
+					}
+
+					if splitPolicy(v) {
+						if len(buf) > 0 {
+							b.ch <- buf
+							buf = make([]T, 0, count)
+						}
+
+						timeout = time.After(256 * time.Millisecond)
+					}
+
+					buf = append(buf, v)
+				case <-timeout:
+					drain = false
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
+
+			if len(buf) > 0 {
+				b.ch <- buf
+			}
+
+			splitPolicy = splitPolicyFactory()
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	// We don't expect an error here.
+	// We only use errgroup for the encapsulated use of sync.WaitGroup.
+	_ = g.Wait()
+}
+
+// Bulk reads all values from a channel and streams them in chunks into a returned channel.
+func Bulk[T any](
+	ctx context.Context, ch <-chan T, count int, splitPolicyFactory BulkChunkSplitPolicyFactory[T],
+) <-chan []T {
+	if count <= 1 {
+		return oneBulk(ctx, ch)
+	}
+
+	return NewBulker(ctx, ch, count, splitPolicyFactory).Bulk()
+}
+
+// oneBulk operates just as NewBulker(ctx, ch, 1, splitPolicy).Bulk(),
+// but without the overhead of the actual bulk creation with a buffer channel, timeout and BulkChunkSplitPolicy.
+func oneBulk[T any](ctx context.Context, ch <-chan T) <-chan []T {
+	out := make(chan []T)
+	go func() {
+		defer close(out)
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case item, ok := <-ch:
+				if !ok {
+					return
+				}
+
+				select {
+				case out <- []T{item}:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return
+				}
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return out
+}
+
+var (
+	_ BulkChunkSplitPolicyFactory[struct{}]         = NeverSplit[struct{}]
+	_ BulkChunkSplitPolicyFactory[contracts.Entity] = SplitOnDupId[contracts.Entity]
+)
diff --git a/pkg/com/com.go b/pkg/com/com.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9e0a698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/com/com.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package com
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+// WaitAsync calls Wait() on the passed Waiter in a new goroutine and
+// sends the first non-nil error (if any) to the returned channel.
+// The returned channel is always closed when the Waiter is done.
+func WaitAsync(w contracts.Waiter) <-chan error {
+	errs := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(errs)
+
+		if e := w.Wait(); e != nil {
+			errs <- e
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return errs
+}
+
+// ErrgroupReceive adds a goroutine to the specified group that
+// returns the first non-nil error (if any) from the specified channel.
+// If the channel is closed, it will return nil.
+func ErrgroupReceive(g *errgroup.Group, err <-chan error) {
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		if e := <-err; e != nil {
+			return e
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+}
+
+// CopyFirst asynchronously forwards all items from input to forward and synchronously returns the first item.
+func CopyFirst(
+	ctx context.Context, input <-chan contracts.Entity,
+) (first contracts.Entity, forward <-chan contracts.Entity, err error) {
+	var ok bool
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return nil, nil, ctx.Err()
+	case first, ok = <-input:
+	}
+
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Buffer of one because we receive an entity and send it back immediately.
+	fwd := make(chan contracts.Entity, 1)
+	fwd <- first
+
+	forward = fwd
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(fwd)
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case e, ok := <-input:
+				if !ok {
+					return
+				}
+
+				select {
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return
+				case fwd <- e:
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return
+}
diff --git a/pkg/com/cond.go b/pkg/com/cond.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72ba347
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/com/cond.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package com
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// Cond implements a channel-based synchronization for goroutines that wait for signals or send them.
+// Internally based on a controller loop that handles the synchronization of new listeners and signal propagation,
+// which is only started when NewCond is called. Thus the zero value cannot be used.
+type Cond struct {
+	broadcast chan struct{}
+	done      chan struct{}
+	cancel    context.CancelFunc
+	listeners chan chan struct{}
+}
+
+// NewCond returns a new Cond and starts the controller loop.
+func NewCond(ctx context.Context) *Cond {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
+	c := &Cond{
+		broadcast: make(chan struct{}),
+		cancel:    cancel,
+		done:      make(chan struct{}),
+		listeners: make(chan chan struct{}),
+	}
+
+	go c.controller(ctx)
+
+	return c
+}
+
+// Broadcast sends a signal to all current listeners by closing the previously returned channel from Wait.
+// Panics if the controller loop has already ended.
+func (c *Cond) Broadcast() {
+	select {
+	case c.broadcast <- struct{}{}:
+	case <-c.done:
+		panic(errors.New("condition closed"))
+	}
+}
+
+// Close stops the controller loop, waits for it to finish, and returns an error if any.
+// Implements the io.Closer interface.
+func (c *Cond) Close() error {
+	c.cancel()
+	<-c.done
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Done returns a channel that will be closed when the controller loop has ended.
+func (c *Cond) Done() <-chan struct{} {
+	return c.done
+}
+
+// Wait returns a channel that is closed with the next signal.
+// Panics if the controller loop has already ended.
+func (c *Cond) Wait() <-chan struct{} {
+	select {
+	case l := <-c.listeners:
+		return l
+	case <-c.done:
+		panic(errors.New("condition closed"))
+	}
+}
+
+// controller loop.
+func (c *Cond) controller(ctx context.Context) {
+	defer close(c.done)
+
+	// Note that the notify channel does not close when the controller loop ends
+	// in order not to notify pending listeners.
+	notify := make(chan struct{})
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-c.broadcast:
+			// Close channel to notify all current listeners.
+			close(notify)
+			// Create a new channel for the next listeners.
+			notify = make(chan struct{})
+		case c.listeners <- notify:
+			// A new listener received the channel.
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/com/counter.go b/pkg/com/counter.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52f9f7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/com/counter.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package com
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+)
+
+// Counter implements an atomic counter.
+type Counter struct {
+	value uint64
+	mu    sync.Mutex // Protects total.
+	total uint64
+}
+
+// Add adds the given delta to the counter.
+func (c *Counter) Add(delta uint64) {
+	atomic.AddUint64(&c.value, delta)
+}
+
+// Inc increments the counter by one.
+func (c *Counter) Inc() {
+	c.Add(1)
+}
+
+// Reset resets the counter to 0 and returns its previous value.
+// Does not reset the total value returned from Total.
+func (c *Counter) Reset() uint64 {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	v := atomic.SwapUint64(&c.value, 0)
+	c.total += v
+
+	return v
+}
+
+// Total returns the total counter value.
+func (c *Counter) Total() uint64 {
+	c.mu.Lock()
+	defer c.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return c.total + c.Val()
+}
+
+// Val returns the current counter value.
+func (c *Counter) Val() uint64 {
+	return atomic.LoadUint64(&c.value)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/common/sync_subject.go b/pkg/common/sync_subject.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a39d6df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/common/sync_subject.go
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+package common
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+)
+
+// SyncSubject defines information about entities to be synchronized.
+type SyncSubject struct {
+	entity       contracts.Entity
+	factory      contracts.EntityFactoryFunc
+	withChecksum bool
+}
+
+// NewSyncSubject returns a new SyncSubject.
+func NewSyncSubject(factoryFunc contracts.EntityFactoryFunc) *SyncSubject {
+	e := factoryFunc()
+
+	var factory contracts.EntityFactoryFunc
+	if _, ok := e.(contracts.Initer); ok {
+		factory = func() contracts.Entity {
+			e := factoryFunc()
+			e.(contracts.Initer).Init()
+
+			return e
+		}
+	} else {
+		factory = factoryFunc
+	}
+
+	_, withChecksum := e.(contracts.Checksumer)
+
+	return &SyncSubject{
+		entity:       e,
+		factory:      factory,
+		withChecksum: withChecksum,
+	}
+}
+
+// Entity returns one value from the factory. Always returns the same entity.
+func (s SyncSubject) Entity() contracts.Entity {
+	return s.entity
+}
+
+// Factory returns the entity factory function that calls Init() on the created contracts.Entity if applicable.
+func (s SyncSubject) Factory() contracts.EntityFactoryFunc {
+	return s.factory
+}
+
+// FactoryForDelta behaves like Factory() unless s is WithChecksum().
+// In the latter case it returns a factory for EntityWithChecksum instead.
+// Rationale: Sync#ApplyDelta() uses its input entities which are WithChecksum() only for the delta itself
+// and not for insertion into the database, so EntityWithChecksum is enough. And it consumes less memory.
+func (s SyncSubject) FactoryForDelta() contracts.EntityFactoryFunc {
+	if s.withChecksum {
+		return v1.NewEntityWithChecksum
+	}
+
+	return s.factory
+}
+
+// Name returns the declared name of the entity.
+func (s SyncSubject) Name() string {
+	return utils.Name(s.entity)
+}
+
+// WithChecksum returns whether entities from the factory implement contracts.Checksumer.
+func (s SyncSubject) WithChecksum() bool {
+	return s.withChecksum
+}
diff --git a/pkg/config/config.go b/pkg/config/config.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a683014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/config/config.go
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/creasty/defaults"
+	"github.com/goccy/go-yaml"
+	"github.com/jessevdk/go-flags"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"os"
+)
+
+// Config defines Icinga DB config.
+type Config struct {
+	Database  Database  `yaml:"database"`
+	Redis     Redis     `yaml:"redis"`
+	Logging   Logging   `yaml:"logging"`
+	Retention Retention `yaml:"retention"`
+
+	DecodeWarning error `yaml:"-"`
+}
+
+// Validate checks constraints in the supplied configuration and returns an error if they are violated.
+func (c *Config) Validate() error {
+	if err := c.Database.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := c.Redis.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := c.Logging.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := c.Retention.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Flags defines CLI flags.
+type Flags struct {
+	// Version decides whether to just print the version and exit.
+	Version bool `long:"version" description:"print version and exit"`
+	// Config is the path to the config file
+	Config string `short:"c" long:"config" description:"path to config file" required:"true" default:"/etc/icingadb/config.yml"`
+}
+
+// FromYAMLFile returns a new Config value created from the given YAML config file.
+func FromYAMLFile(name string) (*Config, error) {
+	f, err := os.ReadFile(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "can't read YAML file "+name)
+	}
+
+	c := &Config{}
+	d := yaml.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(f))
+
+	if err := defaults.Set(c); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "can't set config defaults")
+	}
+
+	if err := d.Decode(c); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "can't parse YAML file "+name)
+	}
+
+	// Decode again with yaml.DisallowUnknownField() (like v1.2 will do) and issue a warning if it returns an error.
+	c.DecodeWarning = yaml.NewDecoder(bytes.NewReader(f), yaml.DisallowUnknownField()).Decode(&Config{})
+
+	if err := c.Validate(); err != nil {
+		const msg = "invalid configuration"
+		if warn := c.DecodeWarning; warn != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("%s: %w\n\nwarning: ignored unknown config option:\n\n%v", msg, err, warn)
+		} else {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, msg)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return c, nil
+}
+
+// ParseFlags parses CLI flags and
+// returns a Flags value created from them.
+func ParseFlags() (*Flags, error) {
+	f := &Flags{}
+	parser := flags.NewParser(f, flags.Default)
+
+	if _, err := parser.Parse(); err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "can't parse CLI flags")
+	}
+
+	return f, nil
+}
+
+// TLS provides TLS configuration options for Redis and Database.
+type TLS struct {
+	Enable   bool   `yaml:"tls"`
+	Cert     string `yaml:"cert"`
+	Key      string `yaml:"key"`
+	Ca       string `yaml:"ca"`
+	Insecure bool   `yaml:"insecure"`
+}
+
+// MakeConfig assembles a tls.Config from t and serverName.
+func (t *TLS) MakeConfig(serverName string) (*tls.Config, error) {
+	if !t.Enable {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	tlsConfig := &tls.Config{}
+	if t.Cert == "" {
+		if t.Key != "" {
+			return nil, errors.New("private key given, but client certificate missing")
+		}
+	} else if t.Key == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("client certificate given, but private key missing")
+	} else {
+		crt, err := tls.LoadX509KeyPair(t.Cert, t.Key)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "can't load X.509 key pair")
+		}
+
+		tlsConfig.Certificates = []tls.Certificate{crt}
+	}
+
+	if t.Insecure {
+		tlsConfig.InsecureSkipVerify = true
+	} else if t.Ca != "" {
+		raw, err := ioutil.ReadFile(t.Ca)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "can't read CA file")
+		}
+
+		tlsConfig.RootCAs = x509.NewCertPool()
+		if !tlsConfig.RootCAs.AppendCertsFromPEM(raw) {
+			return nil, errors.New("can't parse CA file")
+		}
+	}
+
+	tlsConfig.ServerName = serverName
+
+	return tlsConfig, nil
+}
diff --git a/pkg/config/config_test.go b/pkg/config/config_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2418094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/config/config_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"github.com/creasty/defaults"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"os"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestFromYAMLFile(t *testing.T) {
+	const miniConf = `
+database:
+  host: 192.0.2.1
+  database: icingadb
+  user: icingadb
+  password: icingadb
+
+redis:
+  host: 2001:db8::1
+`
+
+	miniOutput := &Config{}
+	_ = defaults.Set(miniOutput)
+
+	miniOutput.Database.Host = "192.0.2.1"
+	miniOutput.Database.Database = "icingadb"
+	miniOutput.Database.User = "icingadb"
+	miniOutput.Database.Password = "icingadb"
+
+	miniOutput.Redis.Host = "2001:db8::1"
+	miniOutput.Logging.Output = logging.CONSOLE
+
+	subtests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  string
+		output *Config
+		warn   bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:   "mini",
+			input:  miniConf,
+			output: miniOutput,
+			warn:   false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:   "mini-with-unknown",
+			input:  miniConf + "\nunknown: 42",
+			output: miniOutput,
+			warn:   true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, st := range subtests {
+		t.Run(st.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			tempFile, err := os.CreateTemp("", "")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			defer func() { _ = os.Remove(tempFile.Name()) }()
+
+			require.NoError(t, os.WriteFile(tempFile.Name(), []byte(st.input), 0o600))
+
+			actual, err := FromYAMLFile(tempFile.Name())
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			if st.warn {
+				require.Error(t, actual.DecodeWarning, "reading config should produce a warning")
+
+				// Reset the warning so that the following require.Equal() doesn't try to compare it.
+				actual.DecodeWarning = nil
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, actual.DecodeWarning, "reading config should not produce a warning")
+			}
+
+			require.Equal(t, st.output, actual)
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/config/database.go b/pkg/config/database.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b42ff8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/config/database.go
@@ -0,0 +1,175 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/driver"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
+	"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx/reflectx"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"net"
+	"net/url"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var registerDriverOnce sync.Once
+
+// Database defines database client configuration.
+type Database struct {
+	Type       string           `yaml:"type" default:"mysql"`
+	Host       string           `yaml:"host"`
+	Port       int              `yaml:"port"`
+	Database   string           `yaml:"database"`
+	User       string           `yaml:"user"`
+	Password   string           `yaml:"password"`
+	TlsOptions TLS              `yaml:",inline"`
+	Options    icingadb.Options `yaml:"options"`
+}
+
+// Open prepares the DSN string and driver configuration,
+// calls sqlx.Open, but returns *icingadb.DB.
+func (d *Database) Open(logger *logging.Logger) (*icingadb.DB, error) {
+	registerDriverOnce.Do(func() {
+		driver.Register(logger)
+	})
+
+	var dsn string
+	switch d.Type {
+	case "mysql":
+		config := mysql.NewConfig()
+
+		config.User = d.User
+		config.Passwd = d.Password
+
+		if d.isUnixAddr() {
+			config.Net = "unix"
+			config.Addr = d.Host
+		} else {
+			config.Net = "tcp"
+			port := d.Port
+			if port == 0 {
+				port = 3306
+			}
+			config.Addr = net.JoinHostPort(d.Host, fmt.Sprint(port))
+		}
+
+		config.DBName = d.Database
+		config.Timeout = time.Minute
+		config.Params = map[string]string{"sql_mode": "ANSI_QUOTES"}
+
+		tlsConfig, err := d.TlsOptions.MakeConfig(d.Host)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		if tlsConfig != nil {
+			config.TLSConfig = "icingadb"
+			if err := mysql.RegisterTLSConfig(config.TLSConfig, tlsConfig); err != nil {
+				return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "can't register TLS config")
+			}
+		}
+
+		dsn = config.FormatDSN()
+	case "pgsql":
+		uri := &url.URL{
+			Scheme: "postgres",
+			User:   url.UserPassword(d.User, d.Password),
+			Path:   "/" + url.PathEscape(d.Database),
+		}
+
+		query := url.Values{
+			"connect_timeout":   {"60"},
+			"binary_parameters": {"yes"},
+
+			// Host and port can alternatively be specified in the query string. lib/pq can't parse the connection URI
+			// if a Unix domain socket path is specified in the host part of the URI, therefore always use the query
+			// string. See also https://github.com/lib/pq/issues/796
+			"host": {d.Host},
+		}
+		if d.Port != 0 {
+			query["port"] = []string{strconv.FormatInt(int64(d.Port), 10)}
+		}
+
+		if _, err := d.TlsOptions.MakeConfig(d.Host); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		if d.TlsOptions.Enable {
+			if d.TlsOptions.Insecure {
+				query["sslmode"] = []string{"require"}
+			} else {
+				query["sslmode"] = []string{"verify-full"}
+			}
+
+			if d.TlsOptions.Cert != "" {
+				query["sslcert"] = []string{d.TlsOptions.Cert}
+			}
+
+			if d.TlsOptions.Key != "" {
+				query["sslkey"] = []string{d.TlsOptions.Key}
+			}
+
+			if d.TlsOptions.Ca != "" {
+				query["sslrootcert"] = []string{d.TlsOptions.Ca}
+			}
+		} else {
+			query["sslmode"] = []string{"disable"}
+		}
+
+		uri.RawQuery = query.Encode()
+		dsn = uri.String()
+	default:
+		return nil, unknownDbType(d.Type)
+	}
+
+	db, err := sqlx.Open("icingadb-"+d.Type, dsn)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, errors.Wrap(err, "can't open database")
+	}
+
+	db.SetMaxIdleConns(d.Options.MaxConnections / 3)
+	db.SetMaxOpenConns(d.Options.MaxConnections)
+
+	db.Mapper = reflectx.NewMapperFunc("db", func(s string) string {
+		return utils.Key(s, '_')
+	})
+
+	return icingadb.NewDb(db, logger, &d.Options), nil
+}
+
+// Validate checks constraints in the supplied database configuration and returns an error if they are violated.
+func (d *Database) Validate() error {
+	switch d.Type {
+	case "mysql", "pgsql":
+	default:
+		return unknownDbType(d.Type)
+	}
+
+	if d.Host == "" {
+		return errors.New("database host missing")
+	}
+
+	if d.User == "" {
+		return errors.New("database user missing")
+	}
+
+	if d.Database == "" {
+		return errors.New("database name missing")
+	}
+
+	return d.Options.Validate()
+}
+
+func (d *Database) isUnixAddr() bool {
+	return strings.HasPrefix(d.Host, "/")
+}
+
+func unknownDbType(t string) error {
+	return errors.Errorf(`unknown database type %q, must be one of: "mysql", "pgsql"`, t)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/config/history_retention.go b/pkg/config/history_retention.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d4373b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/config/history_retention.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/history"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Retention defines configuration for history retention.
+type Retention struct {
+	HistoryDays uint64                   `yaml:"history-days"`
+	SlaDays     uint64                   `yaml:"sla-days"`
+	Interval    time.Duration            `yaml:"interval" default:"1h"`
+	Count       uint64                   `yaml:"count" default:"5000"`
+	Options     history.RetentionOptions `yaml:"options"`
+}
+
+// Validate checks constraints in the supplied retention configuration and
+// returns an error if they are violated.
+func (r *Retention) Validate() error {
+	if r.Interval <= 0 {
+		return errors.New("retention interval must be positive")
+	}
+
+	if r.Count == 0 {
+		return errors.New("count must be greater than zero")
+	}
+
+	return r.Options.Validate()
+}
diff --git a/pkg/config/logging.go b/pkg/config/logging.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ccd35e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/config/logging.go
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Logging defines Logger configuration.
+type Logging struct {
+	// zapcore.Level at 0 is for info level.
+	Level  zapcore.Level `yaml:"level" default:"0"`
+	Output string        `yaml:"output"`
+	// Interval for periodic logging.
+	Interval time.Duration `yaml:"interval" default:"20s"`
+
+	logging.Options `yaml:"options"`
+}
+
+// Validate checks constraints in the supplied Logging configuration and returns an error if they are violated.
+// Also configures the log output if it is not configured:
+// systemd-journald is used when Icinga DB is running under systemd, otherwise stderr.
+func (l *Logging) Validate() error {
+	if l.Interval <= 0 {
+		return errors.New("periodic logging interval must be positive")
+	}
+
+	if l.Output == "" {
+		if _, ok := os.LookupEnv("NOTIFY_SOCKET"); ok {
+			// When started by systemd, NOTIFY_SOCKET is set by systemd for Type=notify supervised services,
+			// which is the default setting for the Icinga DB service.
+			// This assumes that Icinga DB is running under systemd, so set output to systemd-journald.
+			l.Output = logging.JOURNAL
+		} else {
+			// Otherwise set it to console, i.e. write log messages to stderr.
+			l.Output = logging.CONSOLE
+		}
+	}
+
+	// To be on the safe side, always call AssertOutput.
+	return logging.AssertOutput(l.Output)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/config/redis.go b/pkg/config/redis.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38571e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/config/redis.go
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+package config
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/backoff"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"net"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Redis defines Redis client configuration.
+type Redis struct {
+	Host       string              `yaml:"host"`
+	Port       int                 `yaml:"port" default:"6380"`
+	Password   string              `yaml:"password"`
+	TlsOptions TLS                 `yaml:",inline"`
+	Options    icingaredis.Options `yaml:"options"`
+}
+
+type ctxDialerFunc = func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error)
+
+// NewClient prepares Redis client configuration,
+// calls redis.NewClient, but returns *icingaredis.Client.
+func (r *Redis) NewClient(logger *logging.Logger) (*icingaredis.Client, error) {
+	tlsConfig, err := r.TlsOptions.MakeConfig(r.Host)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	var dialer ctxDialerFunc
+	dl := &net.Dialer{Timeout: 15 * time.Second}
+
+	if tlsConfig == nil {
+		dialer = dl.DialContext
+	} else {
+		dialer = (&tls.Dialer{NetDialer: dl, Config: tlsConfig}).DialContext
+	}
+
+	options := &redis.Options{
+		Dialer:      dialWithLogging(dialer, logger),
+		Password:    r.Password,
+		DB:          0, // Use default DB,
+		ReadTimeout: r.Options.Timeout,
+		TLSConfig:   tlsConfig,
+	}
+
+	if strings.HasPrefix(r.Host, "/") {
+		options.Network = "unix"
+		options.Addr = r.Host
+	} else {
+		options.Network = "tcp"
+		options.Addr = net.JoinHostPort(r.Host, fmt.Sprint(r.Port))
+	}
+
+	c := redis.NewClient(options)
+
+	opts := c.Options()
+	opts.PoolSize = utils.MaxInt(32, opts.PoolSize)
+	opts.MaxRetries = opts.PoolSize + 1 // https://github.com/go-redis/redis/issues/1737
+	c = redis.NewClient(opts)
+
+	return icingaredis.NewClient(c, logger, &r.Options), nil
+}
+
+// dialWithLogging returns a Redis Dialer with logging capabilities.
+func dialWithLogging(dialer ctxDialerFunc, logger *logging.Logger) ctxDialerFunc {
+	// dial behaves like net.Dialer#DialContext,
+	// but re-tries on common errors that are considered retryable.
+	return func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (conn net.Conn, err error) {
+		err = retry.WithBackoff(
+			ctx,
+			func(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
+				conn, err = dialer(ctx, network, addr)
+				return
+			},
+			retry.Retryable,
+			backoff.NewExponentialWithJitter(1*time.Millisecond, 1*time.Second),
+			retry.Settings{
+				Timeout: 5 * time.Minute,
+				OnError: func(_ time.Duration, _ uint64, err, lastErr error) {
+					if lastErr == nil || err.Error() != lastErr.Error() {
+						logger.Warnw("Can't connect to Redis. Retrying", zap.Error(err))
+					}
+				},
+				OnSuccess: func(elapsed time.Duration, attempt uint64, _ error) {
+					if attempt > 0 {
+						logger.Infow("Reconnected to Redis",
+							zap.Duration("after", elapsed), zap.Uint64("attempts", attempt+1))
+					}
+				},
+			},
+		)
+
+		err = errors.Wrap(err, "can't connect to Redis")
+
+		return
+	}
+}
+
+// Validate checks constraints in the supplied Redis configuration and returns an error if they are violated.
+func (r *Redis) Validate() error {
+	if r.Host == "" {
+		return errors.New("Redis host missing")
+	}
+
+	return r.Options.Validate()
+}
diff --git a/pkg/contracts/contracts.go b/pkg/contracts/contracts.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8b4201
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/contracts/contracts.go
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+package contracts
+
+// Entity is implemented by every type Icinga DB should synchronize.
+type Entity interface {
+	Fingerprinter
+	IDer
+}
+
+// Fingerprinter is implemented by every entity that uniquely identifies itself.
+type Fingerprinter interface {
+	// Fingerprint returns the value that uniquely identifies the entity.
+	Fingerprint() Fingerprinter
+}
+
+// ID is a unique identifier of an entity.
+type ID interface {
+	// String returns the string representation form of the ID.
+	// The String method is used to use the ID in functions
+	// where it needs to be compared or hashed.
+	String() string
+}
+
+// IDer is implemented by every entity that uniquely identifies itself.
+type IDer interface {
+	ID() ID   // ID returns the ID.
+	SetID(ID) // SetID sets the ID.
+}
+
+// Equaler is implemented by every type that is comparable.
+type Equaler interface {
+	Equal(Equaler) bool // Equal checks for equality.
+}
+
+// Checksum is a unique identifier of an entity.
+type Checksum interface {
+	Equaler
+	// String returns the string representation form of the Checksum.
+	// The String method is used to use the Checksum in functions
+	// where it needs to be compared or hashed.
+	String() string
+}
+
+// Checksumer is implemented by every entity with a checksum.
+type Checksumer interface {
+	Checksum() Checksum   // Checksum returns the Checksum.
+	SetChecksum(Checksum) // SetChecksum sets the Checksum.
+}
+
+// EntityFactoryFunc knows how to create an Entity.
+type EntityFactoryFunc func() Entity
+
+// Waiter implements the Wait method,
+// which blocks until execution is complete.
+type Waiter interface {
+	Wait() error // Wait waits for execution to complete.
+}
+
+// The WaiterFunc type is an adapter to allow the use of ordinary functions as Waiter.
+// If f is a function with the appropriate signature, WaiterFunc(f) is a Waiter that calls f.
+type WaiterFunc func() error
+
+// Wait implements the Waiter interface.
+func (f WaiterFunc) Wait() error {
+	return f()
+}
+
+// Initer implements the Init method,
+// which initializes the object in addition to zeroing.
+type Initer interface {
+	Init() // Init initializes the object.
+}
+
+// Upserter implements the Upsert method,
+// which returns a part of the object for ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE.
+type Upserter interface {
+	Upsert() interface{} // Upsert partitions the object.
+}
+
+// TableNamer implements the TableName method,
+// which returns the table of the object.
+type TableNamer interface {
+	TableName() string // TableName tells the table.
+}
+
+// Scoper implements the Scope method,
+// which returns a struct specifying the WHERE conditions that
+// entities must satisfy in order to be SELECTed.
+type Scoper interface {
+	Scope() interface{}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/driver/driver.go b/pkg/driver/driver.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f529db4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/driver/driver.go
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+package driver
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/backoff"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const MySQL = "icingadb-mysql"
+const PostgreSQL = "icingadb-pgsql"
+
+var timeout = time.Minute * 5
+
+// RetryConnector wraps driver.Connector with retry logic.
+type RetryConnector struct {
+	driver.Connector
+	driver Driver
+}
+
+// Connect implements part of the driver.Connector interface.
+func (c RetryConnector) Connect(ctx context.Context) (driver.Conn, error) {
+	var conn driver.Conn
+	err := errors.Wrap(retry.WithBackoff(
+		ctx,
+		func(ctx context.Context) (err error) {
+			conn, err = c.Connector.Connect(ctx)
+			return
+		},
+		shouldRetry,
+		backoff.NewExponentialWithJitter(time.Millisecond*128, time.Minute*1),
+		retry.Settings{
+			Timeout: timeout,
+			OnError: func(_ time.Duration, _ uint64, err, lastErr error) {
+				telemetry.UpdateCurrentDbConnErr(err)
+
+				if lastErr == nil || err.Error() != lastErr.Error() {
+					c.driver.Logger.Warnw("Can't connect to database. Retrying", zap.Error(err))
+				}
+			},
+			OnSuccess: func(elapsed time.Duration, attempt uint64, _ error) {
+				telemetry.UpdateCurrentDbConnErr(nil)
+
+				if attempt > 0 {
+					c.driver.Logger.Infow("Reconnected to database",
+						zap.Duration("after", elapsed), zap.Uint64("attempts", attempt+1))
+				}
+			},
+		},
+	), "can't connect to database")
+	return conn, err
+}
+
+// Driver implements part of the driver.Connector interface.
+func (c RetryConnector) Driver() driver.Driver {
+	return c.driver
+}
+
+// Driver wraps a driver.Driver that also must implement driver.DriverContext with logging capabilities and provides our RetryConnector.
+type Driver struct {
+	ctxDriver
+	Logger *logging.Logger
+}
+
+// OpenConnector implements the DriverContext interface.
+func (d Driver) OpenConnector(name string) (driver.Connector, error) {
+	c, err := d.ctxDriver.OpenConnector(name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &RetryConnector{
+		driver:    d,
+		Connector: c,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// Register makes our database Driver available under the name "icingadb-*sql".
+func Register(logger *logging.Logger) {
+	sql.Register(MySQL, &Driver{ctxDriver: &mysql.MySQLDriver{}, Logger: logger})
+	sql.Register(PostgreSQL, &Driver{ctxDriver: PgSQLDriver{}, Logger: logger})
+	_ = mysql.SetLogger(mysqlLogger(func(v ...interface{}) { logger.Debug(v...) }))
+	sqlx.BindDriver(PostgreSQL, sqlx.DOLLAR)
+}
+
+// ctxDriver helps ensure that we only support drivers that implement driver.Driver and driver.DriverContext.
+type ctxDriver interface {
+	driver.Driver
+	driver.DriverContext
+}
+
+// mysqlLogger is an adapter that allows ordinary functions to be used as a logger for mysql.SetLogger.
+type mysqlLogger func(v ...interface{})
+
+// Print implements the mysql.Logger interface.
+func (log mysqlLogger) Print(v ...interface{}) {
+	log(v)
+}
+
+func shouldRetry(err error) bool {
+	if errors.Is(err, driver.ErrBadConn) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	return retry.Retryable(err)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/driver/pgsql.go b/pkg/driver/pgsql.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c88fe0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/driver/pgsql.go
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+package driver
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"github.com/lib/pq"
+)
+
+// PgSQLDriver extends pq.Driver with driver.DriverContext compliance.
+type PgSQLDriver struct {
+	pq.Driver
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ driver.Driver        = PgSQLDriver{}
+	_ driver.DriverContext = PgSQLDriver{}
+)
+
+// OpenConnector implements the driver.DriverContext interface.
+func (PgSQLDriver) OpenConnector(name string) (driver.Connector, error) {
+	return pq.NewConnector(name)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/flatten/flatten.go b/pkg/flatten/flatten.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94a6e7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/flatten/flatten.go
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+package flatten
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// Flatten creates flat, one-dimensional maps from arbitrarily nested values, e.g. JSON.
+func Flatten(value interface{}, prefix string) map[string]types.String {
+	var flatten func(string, interface{})
+	flattened := make(map[string]types.String)
+
+	flatten = func(key string, value interface{}) {
+		switch value := value.(type) {
+		case map[string]interface{}:
+			if len(value) == 0 {
+				flattened[key] = types.String{}
+				break
+			}
+
+			for k, v := range value {
+				flatten(key+"."+k, v)
+			}
+		case []interface{}:
+			if len(value) == 0 {
+				flattened[key] = types.String{}
+				break
+			}
+
+			for i, v := range value {
+				flatten(key+"["+strconv.Itoa(i)+"]", v)
+			}
+		default:
+			val := "null"
+			if value != nil {
+				val = fmt.Sprintf("%v", value)
+			}
+			flattened[key] = types.String{NullString: sql.NullString{String: val, Valid: true}}
+		}
+	}
+
+	flatten(prefix, value)
+
+	return flattened
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/cleanup.go b/pkg/icingadb/cleanup.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e57eafa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/cleanup.go
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/driver"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// CleanupStmt defines information needed to compose cleanup statements.
+type CleanupStmt struct {
+	Table  string
+	PK     string
+	Column string
+}
+
+// Build assembles the cleanup statement for the specified database driver with the given limit.
+func (stmt *CleanupStmt) Build(driverName string, limit uint64) string {
+	switch driverName {
+	case driver.MySQL, "mysql":
+		return fmt.Sprintf(`DELETE FROM %[1]s WHERE environment_id = :environment_id AND %[2]s < :time
+ORDER BY %[2]s LIMIT %[3]d`, stmt.Table, stmt.Column, limit)
+	case driver.PostgreSQL, "postgres":
+		return fmt.Sprintf(`WITH rows AS (
+SELECT %[1]s FROM %[2]s WHERE environment_id = :environment_id AND %[3]s < :time ORDER BY %[3]s LIMIT %[4]d
+)
+DELETE FROM %[2]s WHERE %[1]s IN (SELECT %[1]s FROM rows)`, stmt.PK, stmt.Table, stmt.Column, limit)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("invalid database type %s", driverName))
+	}
+}
+
+// CleanupOlderThan deletes all rows with the specified statement that are older than the given time.
+// Deletes a maximum of as many rows per round as defined in count. Actually deleted rows will be passed to onSuccess.
+// Returns the total number of rows deleted.
+func (db *DB) CleanupOlderThan(
+	ctx context.Context, stmt CleanupStmt, envId types.Binary,
+	count uint64, olderThan time.Time, onSuccess ...OnSuccess[struct{}],
+) (uint64, error) {
+	var counter com.Counter
+	defer db.log(ctx, stmt.Build(db.DriverName(), 0), &counter).Stop()
+
+	for {
+		q := db.Rebind(stmt.Build(db.DriverName(), count))
+		rs, err := db.NamedExecContext(ctx, q, cleanupWhere{
+			EnvironmentId: envId,
+			Time:          types.UnixMilli(olderThan),
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, internal.CantPerformQuery(err, q)
+		}
+
+		n, err := rs.RowsAffected()
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+
+		counter.Add(uint64(n))
+
+		for _, onSuccess := range onSuccess {
+			if err := onSuccess(ctx, make([]struct{}, n)); err != nil {
+				return 0, err
+			}
+		}
+
+		if n < int64(count) {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	return counter.Total(), nil
+}
+
+type cleanupWhere struct {
+	EnvironmentId types.Binary
+	Time          types.UnixMilli
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/db.go b/pkg/icingadb/db.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ff3e0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/db.go
@@ -0,0 +1,673 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/backoff"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/driver"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/periodic"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/jmoiron/sqlx"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
+	"reflect"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// DB is a wrapper around sqlx.DB with bulk execution,
+// statement building, streaming and logging capabilities.
+type DB struct {
+	*sqlx.DB
+
+	Options *Options
+
+	logger            *logging.Logger
+	tableSemaphores   map[string]*semaphore.Weighted
+	tableSemaphoresMu sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// Options define user configurable database options.
+type Options struct {
+	// Maximum number of open connections to the database.
+	MaxConnections int `yaml:"max_connections" default:"16"`
+
+	// Maximum number of connections per table,
+	// regardless of what the connection is actually doing,
+	// e.g. INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE.
+	MaxConnectionsPerTable int `yaml:"max_connections_per_table" default:"8"`
+
+	// MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement defines the maximum number of placeholders in an
+	// INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE statement. Theoretically, MySQL can handle up to 2^16-1 placeholders,
+	// but this increases the execution time of queries and thus reduces the number of queries
+	// that can be executed in parallel in a given time.
+	// The default is 2^13, which in our tests showed the best performance in terms of execution time and parallelism.
+	MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement int `yaml:"max_placeholders_per_statement" default:"8192"`
+
+	// MaxRowsPerTransaction defines the maximum number of rows per transaction.
+	// The default is 2^13, which in our tests showed the best performance in terms of execution time and parallelism.
+	MaxRowsPerTransaction int `yaml:"max_rows_per_transaction" default:"8192"`
+}
+
+// Validate checks constraints in the supplied database options and returns an error if they are violated.
+func (o *Options) Validate() error {
+	if o.MaxConnections == 0 {
+		return errors.New("max_connections cannot be 0. Configure a value greater than zero, or use -1 for no connection limit")
+	}
+	if o.MaxConnectionsPerTable < 1 {
+		return errors.New("max_connections_per_table must be at least 1")
+	}
+	if o.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement < 1 {
+		return errors.New("max_placeholders_per_statement must be at least 1")
+	}
+	if o.MaxRowsPerTransaction < 1 {
+		return errors.New("max_rows_per_transaction must be at least 1")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NewDb returns a new icingadb.DB wrapper for a pre-existing *sqlx.DB.
+func NewDb(db *sqlx.DB, logger *logging.Logger, options *Options) *DB {
+	return &DB{
+		DB:              db,
+		logger:          logger,
+		Options:         options,
+		tableSemaphores: make(map[string]*semaphore.Weighted),
+	}
+}
+
+const (
+	expectedMysqlSchemaVersion    = 4
+	expectedPostgresSchemaVersion = 2
+)
+
+// CheckSchema asserts the database schema of the expected version being present.
+func (db *DB) CheckSchema(ctx context.Context) error {
+	var expectedDbSchemaVersion uint16
+	switch db.DriverName() {
+	case driver.MySQL:
+		expectedDbSchemaVersion = expectedMysqlSchemaVersion
+	case driver.PostgreSQL:
+		expectedDbSchemaVersion = expectedPostgresSchemaVersion
+	}
+
+	var version uint16
+
+	err := db.QueryRowxContext(ctx, "SELECT version FROM icingadb_schema ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 1").Scan(&version)
+	if err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "can't check database schema version")
+	}
+
+	if version != expectedDbSchemaVersion {
+		// Since these error messages are trivial and mostly caused by users, we don't need
+		// to print a stack trace here. However, since errors.Errorf() does this automatically,
+		// we need to use fmt instead.
+		return fmt.Errorf(
+			"unexpected database schema version: v%d (expected v%d), please make sure you have applied all database"+
+				" migrations after upgrading Icinga DB", version, expectedDbSchemaVersion,
+		)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// BuildColumns returns all columns of the given struct.
+func (db *DB) BuildColumns(subject interface{}) []string {
+	fields := db.Mapper.TypeMap(reflect.TypeOf(subject)).Names
+	columns := make([]string, 0, len(fields))
+	for _, f := range fields {
+		if f.Field.Tag == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		columns = append(columns, f.Name)
+	}
+
+	return columns
+}
+
+// BuildDeleteStmt returns a DELETE statement for the given struct.
+func (db *DB) BuildDeleteStmt(from interface{}) string {
+	return fmt.Sprintf(
+		`DELETE FROM "%s" WHERE id IN (?)`,
+		utils.TableName(from),
+	)
+}
+
+// BuildInsertStmt returns an INSERT INTO statement for the given struct.
+func (db *DB) BuildInsertStmt(into interface{}) (string, int) {
+	columns := db.BuildColumns(into)
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf(
+		`INSERT INTO "%s" ("%s") VALUES (%s)`,
+		utils.TableName(into),
+		strings.Join(columns, `", "`),
+		fmt.Sprintf(":%s", strings.Join(columns, ", :")),
+	), len(columns)
+}
+
+// BuildInsertIgnoreStmt returns an INSERT statement for the specified struct for
+// which the database ignores rows that have already been inserted.
+func (db *DB) BuildInsertIgnoreStmt(into interface{}) (string, int) {
+	table := utils.TableName(into)
+	columns := db.BuildColumns(into)
+	var clause string
+
+	switch db.DriverName() {
+	case driver.MySQL:
+		// MySQL treats UPDATE id = id as a no-op.
+		clause = fmt.Sprintf(`ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE "%s" = "%s"`, columns[0], columns[0])
+	case driver.PostgreSQL:
+		clause = fmt.Sprintf("ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT pk_%s DO NOTHING", table)
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf(
+		`INSERT INTO "%s" ("%s") VALUES (%s) %s`,
+		table,
+		strings.Join(columns, `", "`),
+		fmt.Sprintf(":%s", strings.Join(columns, ", :")),
+		clause,
+	), len(columns)
+}
+
+// BuildSelectStmt returns a SELECT query that creates the FROM part from the given table struct
+// and the column list from the specified columns struct.
+func (db *DB) BuildSelectStmt(table interface{}, columns interface{}) string {
+	q := fmt.Sprintf(
+		`SELECT "%s" FROM "%s"`,
+		strings.Join(db.BuildColumns(columns), `", "`),
+		utils.TableName(table),
+	)
+
+	if scoper, ok := table.(contracts.Scoper); ok {
+		where, _ := db.BuildWhere(scoper.Scope())
+		q += ` WHERE ` + where
+	}
+
+	return q
+}
+
+// BuildUpdateStmt returns an UPDATE statement for the given struct.
+func (db *DB) BuildUpdateStmt(update interface{}) (string, int) {
+	columns := db.BuildColumns(update)
+	set := make([]string, 0, len(columns))
+
+	for _, col := range columns {
+		set = append(set, fmt.Sprintf(`"%s" = :%s`, col, col))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf(
+		`UPDATE "%s" SET %s WHERE id = :id`,
+		utils.TableName(update),
+		strings.Join(set, ", "),
+	), len(columns) + 1 // +1 because of WHERE id = :id
+}
+
+// BuildUpsertStmt returns an upsert statement for the given struct.
+func (db *DB) BuildUpsertStmt(subject interface{}) (stmt string, placeholders int) {
+	insertColumns := db.BuildColumns(subject)
+	table := utils.TableName(subject)
+	var updateColumns []string
+
+	if upserter, ok := subject.(contracts.Upserter); ok {
+		updateColumns = db.BuildColumns(upserter.Upsert())
+	} else {
+		updateColumns = insertColumns
+	}
+
+	var clause, setFormat string
+	switch db.DriverName() {
+	case driver.MySQL:
+		clause = "ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE"
+		setFormat = `"%[1]s" = VALUES("%[1]s")`
+	case driver.PostgreSQL:
+		clause = fmt.Sprintf("ON CONFLICT ON CONSTRAINT pk_%s DO UPDATE SET", table)
+		setFormat = `"%[1]s" = EXCLUDED."%[1]s"`
+	}
+
+	set := make([]string, 0, len(updateColumns))
+
+	for _, col := range updateColumns {
+		set = append(set, fmt.Sprintf(setFormat, col))
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf(
+		`INSERT INTO "%s" ("%s") VALUES (%s) %s %s`,
+		table,
+		strings.Join(insertColumns, `", "`),
+		fmt.Sprintf(":%s", strings.Join(insertColumns, ",:")),
+		clause,
+		strings.Join(set, ","),
+	), len(insertColumns)
+}
+
+// BuildWhere returns a WHERE clause with named placeholder conditions built from the specified struct
+// combined with the AND operator.
+func (db *DB) BuildWhere(subject interface{}) (string, int) {
+	columns := db.BuildColumns(subject)
+	where := make([]string, 0, len(columns))
+	for _, col := range columns {
+		where = append(where, fmt.Sprintf(`"%s" = :%s`, col, col))
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(where, ` AND `), len(columns)
+}
+
+// OnSuccess is a callback for successful (bulk) DML operations.
+type OnSuccess[T any] func(ctx context.Context, affectedRows []T) (err error)
+
+func OnSuccessIncrement[T any](counter *com.Counter) OnSuccess[T] {
+	return func(_ context.Context, rows []T) error {
+		counter.Add(uint64(len(rows)))
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+func OnSuccessSendTo[T any](ch chan<- T) OnSuccess[T] {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, rows []T) error {
+		for _, row := range rows {
+			select {
+			case ch <- row:
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}
+}
+
+// BulkExec bulk executes queries with a single slice placeholder in the form of `IN (?)`.
+// Takes in up to the number of arguments specified in count from the arg stream,
+// derives and expands a query and executes it with this set of arguments until the arg stream has been processed.
+// The derived queries are executed in a separate goroutine with a weighting of 1
+// and can be executed concurrently to the extent allowed by the semaphore passed in sem.
+// Arguments for which the query ran successfully will be passed to onSuccess.
+func (db *DB) BulkExec(
+	ctx context.Context, query string, count int, sem *semaphore.Weighted, arg <-chan any, onSuccess ...OnSuccess[any],
+) error {
+	var counter com.Counter
+	defer db.log(ctx, query, &counter).Stop()
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	// Use context from group.
+	bulk := com.Bulk(ctx, arg, count, com.NeverSplit[any])
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+		for b := range bulk {
+			if err := sem.Acquire(ctx, 1); err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "can't acquire semaphore")
+			}
+
+			g.Go(func(b []interface{}) func() error {
+				return func() error {
+					defer sem.Release(1)
+
+					return retry.WithBackoff(
+						ctx,
+						func(context.Context) error {
+							stmt, args, err := sqlx.In(query, b)
+							if err != nil {
+								return errors.Wrapf(err, "can't build placeholders for %q", query)
+							}
+
+							stmt = db.Rebind(stmt)
+							_, err = db.ExecContext(ctx, stmt, args...)
+							if err != nil {
+								return internal.CantPerformQuery(err, query)
+							}
+
+							counter.Add(uint64(len(b)))
+
+							for _, onSuccess := range onSuccess {
+								if err := onSuccess(ctx, b); err != nil {
+									return err
+								}
+							}
+
+							return nil
+						},
+						retry.Retryable,
+						backoff.NewExponentialWithJitter(1*time.Millisecond, 1*time.Second),
+						retry.Settings{},
+					)
+				}
+			}(b))
+		}
+
+		return g.Wait()
+	})
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// NamedBulkExec bulk executes queries with named placeholders in a VALUES clause most likely
+// in the format INSERT ... VALUES. Takes in up to the number of entities specified in count
+// from the arg stream, derives and executes a new query with the VALUES clause expanded to
+// this set of arguments, until the arg stream has been processed.
+// The queries are executed in a separate goroutine with a weighting of 1
+// and can be executed concurrently to the extent allowed by the semaphore passed in sem.
+// Entities for which the query ran successfully will be passed to onSuccess.
+func (db *DB) NamedBulkExec(
+	ctx context.Context, query string, count int, sem *semaphore.Weighted, arg <-chan contracts.Entity,
+	splitPolicyFactory com.BulkChunkSplitPolicyFactory[contracts.Entity], onSuccess ...OnSuccess[contracts.Entity],
+) error {
+	var counter com.Counter
+	defer db.log(ctx, query, &counter).Stop()
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	bulk := com.Bulk(ctx, arg, count, splitPolicyFactory)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case b, ok := <-bulk:
+				if !ok {
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				if err := sem.Acquire(ctx, 1); err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrap(err, "can't acquire semaphore")
+				}
+
+				g.Go(func(b []contracts.Entity) func() error {
+					return func() error {
+						defer sem.Release(1)
+
+						return retry.WithBackoff(
+							ctx,
+							func(ctx context.Context) error {
+								_, err := db.NamedExecContext(ctx, query, b)
+								if err != nil {
+									return internal.CantPerformQuery(err, query)
+								}
+
+								counter.Add(uint64(len(b)))
+
+								for _, onSuccess := range onSuccess {
+									if err := onSuccess(ctx, b); err != nil {
+										return err
+									}
+								}
+
+								return nil
+							},
+							retry.Retryable,
+							backoff.NewExponentialWithJitter(1*time.Millisecond, 1*time.Second),
+							retry.Settings{},
+						)
+					}
+				}(b))
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// NamedBulkExecTx bulk executes queries with named placeholders in separate transactions.
+// Takes in up to the number of entities specified in count from the arg stream and
+// executes a new transaction that runs a new query for each entity in this set of arguments,
+// until the arg stream has been processed.
+// The transactions are executed in a separate goroutine with a weighting of 1
+// and can be executed concurrently to the extent allowed by the semaphore passed in sem.
+func (db *DB) NamedBulkExecTx(
+	ctx context.Context, query string, count int, sem *semaphore.Weighted, arg <-chan contracts.Entity,
+) error {
+	var counter com.Counter
+	defer db.log(ctx, query, &counter).Stop()
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	bulk := com.Bulk(ctx, arg, count, com.NeverSplit[contracts.Entity])
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case b, ok := <-bulk:
+				if !ok {
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				if err := sem.Acquire(ctx, 1); err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrap(err, "can't acquire semaphore")
+				}
+
+				g.Go(func(b []contracts.Entity) func() error {
+					return func() error {
+						defer sem.Release(1)
+
+						return retry.WithBackoff(
+							ctx,
+							func(ctx context.Context) error {
+								tx, err := db.BeginTxx(ctx, nil)
+								if err != nil {
+									return errors.Wrap(err, "can't start transaction")
+								}
+
+								stmt, err := tx.PrepareNamedContext(ctx, query)
+								if err != nil {
+									return errors.Wrap(err, "can't prepare named statement with context in transaction")
+								}
+
+								for _, arg := range b {
+									if _, err := stmt.ExecContext(ctx, arg); err != nil {
+										return errors.Wrap(err, "can't execute statement in transaction")
+									}
+								}
+
+								if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+									return errors.Wrap(err, "can't commit transaction")
+								}
+
+								counter.Add(uint64(len(b)))
+
+								return nil
+							},
+							retry.Retryable,
+							backoff.NewExponentialWithJitter(1*time.Millisecond, 1*time.Second),
+							retry.Settings{},
+						)
+					}
+				}(b))
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// BatchSizeByPlaceholders returns how often the specified number of placeholders fits
+// into Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement, but at least 1.
+func (db *DB) BatchSizeByPlaceholders(n int) int {
+	s := db.Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement / n
+	if s > 0 {
+		return s
+	}
+
+	return 1
+}
+
+// YieldAll executes the query with the supplied scope,
+// scans each resulting row into an entity returned by the factory function,
+// and streams them into a returned channel.
+func (db *DB) YieldAll(ctx context.Context, factoryFunc contracts.EntityFactoryFunc, query string, scope interface{}) (<-chan contracts.Entity, <-chan error) {
+	entities := make(chan contracts.Entity, 1)
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		var counter com.Counter
+		defer db.log(ctx, query, &counter).Stop()
+		defer close(entities)
+
+		rows, err := db.NamedQueryContext(ctx, query, scope)
+		if err != nil {
+			return internal.CantPerformQuery(err, query)
+		}
+		defer rows.Close()
+
+		for rows.Next() {
+			e := factoryFunc()
+
+			if err := rows.StructScan(e); err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrapf(err, "can't store query result into a %T: %s", e, query)
+			}
+
+			select {
+			case entities <- e:
+				counter.Inc()
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	return entities, com.WaitAsync(g)
+}
+
+// CreateStreamed bulk creates the specified entities via NamedBulkExec.
+// The insert statement is created using BuildInsertStmt with the first entity from the entities stream.
+// Bulk size is controlled via Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement and
+// concurrency is controlled via Options.MaxConnectionsPerTable.
+// Entities for which the query ran successfully will be passed to onSuccess.
+func (db *DB) CreateStreamed(
+	ctx context.Context, entities <-chan contracts.Entity, onSuccess ...OnSuccess[contracts.Entity],
+) error {
+	first, forward, err := com.CopyFirst(ctx, entities)
+	if first == nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "can't copy first entity")
+	}
+
+	sem := db.GetSemaphoreForTable(utils.TableName(first))
+	stmt, placeholders := db.BuildInsertStmt(first)
+
+	return db.NamedBulkExec(
+		ctx, stmt, db.BatchSizeByPlaceholders(placeholders), sem,
+		forward, com.NeverSplit[contracts.Entity], onSuccess...,
+	)
+}
+
+// CreateIgnoreStreamed bulk creates the specified entities via NamedBulkExec.
+// The insert statement is created using BuildInsertIgnoreStmt with the first entity from the entities stream.
+// Bulk size is controlled via Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement and
+// concurrency is controlled via Options.MaxConnectionsPerTable.
+// Entities for which the query ran successfully will be passed to onSuccess.
+func (db *DB) CreateIgnoreStreamed(
+	ctx context.Context, entities <-chan contracts.Entity, onSuccess ...OnSuccess[contracts.Entity],
+) error {
+	first, forward, err := com.CopyFirst(ctx, entities)
+	if first == nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "can't copy first entity")
+	}
+
+	sem := db.GetSemaphoreForTable(utils.TableName(first))
+	stmt, placeholders := db.BuildInsertIgnoreStmt(first)
+
+	return db.NamedBulkExec(
+		ctx, stmt, db.BatchSizeByPlaceholders(placeholders), sem,
+		forward, com.SplitOnDupId[contracts.Entity], onSuccess...,
+	)
+}
+
+// UpsertStreamed bulk upserts the specified entities via NamedBulkExec.
+// The upsert statement is created using BuildUpsertStmt with the first entity from the entities stream.
+// Bulk size is controlled via Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement and
+// concurrency is controlled via Options.MaxConnectionsPerTable.
+// Entities for which the query ran successfully will be passed to onSuccess.
+func (db *DB) UpsertStreamed(
+	ctx context.Context, entities <-chan contracts.Entity, onSuccess ...OnSuccess[contracts.Entity],
+) error {
+	first, forward, err := com.CopyFirst(ctx, entities)
+	if first == nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "can't copy first entity")
+	}
+
+	sem := db.GetSemaphoreForTable(utils.TableName(first))
+	stmt, placeholders := db.BuildUpsertStmt(first)
+
+	return db.NamedBulkExec(
+		ctx, stmt, db.BatchSizeByPlaceholders(placeholders), sem,
+		forward, com.SplitOnDupId[contracts.Entity], onSuccess...,
+	)
+}
+
+// UpdateStreamed bulk updates the specified entities via NamedBulkExecTx.
+// The update statement is created using BuildUpdateStmt with the first entity from the entities stream.
+// Bulk size is controlled via Options.MaxRowsPerTransaction and
+// concurrency is controlled via Options.MaxConnectionsPerTable.
+func (db *DB) UpdateStreamed(ctx context.Context, entities <-chan contracts.Entity) error {
+	first, forward, err := com.CopyFirst(ctx, entities)
+	if first == nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "can't copy first entity")
+	}
+	sem := db.GetSemaphoreForTable(utils.TableName(first))
+	stmt, _ := db.BuildUpdateStmt(first)
+
+	return db.NamedBulkExecTx(ctx, stmt, db.Options.MaxRowsPerTransaction, sem, forward)
+}
+
+// DeleteStreamed bulk deletes the specified ids via BulkExec.
+// The delete statement is created using BuildDeleteStmt with the passed entityType.
+// Bulk size is controlled via Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement and
+// concurrency is controlled via Options.MaxConnectionsPerTable.
+// IDs for which the query ran successfully will be passed to onSuccess.
+func (db *DB) DeleteStreamed(
+	ctx context.Context, entityType contracts.Entity, ids <-chan interface{}, onSuccess ...OnSuccess[any],
+) error {
+	sem := db.GetSemaphoreForTable(utils.TableName(entityType))
+	return db.BulkExec(
+		ctx, db.BuildDeleteStmt(entityType), db.Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement, sem, ids, onSuccess...,
+	)
+}
+
+// Delete creates a channel from the specified ids and
+// bulk deletes them by passing the channel along with the entityType to DeleteStreamed.
+// IDs for which the query ran successfully will be passed to onSuccess.
+func (db *DB) Delete(
+	ctx context.Context, entityType contracts.Entity, ids []interface{}, onSuccess ...OnSuccess[any],
+) error {
+	idsCh := make(chan interface{}, len(ids))
+	for _, id := range ids {
+		idsCh <- id
+	}
+	close(idsCh)
+
+	return db.DeleteStreamed(ctx, entityType, idsCh, onSuccess...)
+}
+
+func (db *DB) GetSemaphoreForTable(table string) *semaphore.Weighted {
+	db.tableSemaphoresMu.Lock()
+	defer db.tableSemaphoresMu.Unlock()
+
+	if sem, ok := db.tableSemaphores[table]; ok {
+		return sem
+	} else {
+		sem = semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(db.Options.MaxConnectionsPerTable))
+		db.tableSemaphores[table] = sem
+		return sem
+	}
+}
+
+func (db *DB) log(ctx context.Context, query string, counter *com.Counter) periodic.Stopper {
+	return periodic.Start(ctx, db.logger.Interval(), func(tick periodic.Tick) {
+		if count := counter.Reset(); count > 0 {
+			db.logger.Debugf("Executed %q with %d rows", query, count)
+		}
+	}, periodic.OnStop(func(tick periodic.Tick) {
+		db.logger.Debugf("Finished executing %q with %d rows in %s", query, counter.Total(), tick.Elapsed)
+	}))
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/delta.go b/pkg/icingadb/delta.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4f6d098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/delta.go
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/common"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Delta calculates the delta of actual and desired entities, and stores which entities need to be created, updated, and deleted.
+type Delta struct {
+	Create  EntitiesById
+	Update  EntitiesById
+	Delete  EntitiesById
+	Subject *common.SyncSubject
+	done    chan error
+	logger  *logging.Logger
+}
+
+// NewDelta creates a new Delta and starts calculating it. The caller must ensure
+// that no duplicate entities are sent to the same stream.
+func NewDelta(ctx context.Context, actual, desired <-chan contracts.Entity, subject *common.SyncSubject, logger *logging.Logger) *Delta {
+	delta := &Delta{
+		Subject: subject,
+		done:    make(chan error, 1),
+		logger:  logger,
+	}
+
+	go delta.run(ctx, actual, desired)
+
+	return delta
+}
+
+// Wait waits for the delta calculation to complete and returns an error, if any.
+func (delta *Delta) Wait() error {
+	return <-delta.done
+}
+
+func (delta *Delta) run(ctx context.Context, actualCh, desiredCh <-chan contracts.Entity) {
+	defer close(delta.done)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	var endActual, endDesired time.Time
+	var numActual, numDesired uint64
+
+	actual := EntitiesById{}  // only read from actualCh (so far)
+	desired := EntitiesById{} // only read from desiredCh (so far)
+
+	var update EntitiesById
+	if delta.Subject.WithChecksum() {
+		update = EntitiesById{} // read from actualCh and desiredCh with mismatching checksums
+	}
+
+	for actualCh != nil || desiredCh != nil {
+		select {
+		case actualValue, ok := <-actualCh:
+			if !ok {
+				endActual = time.Now()
+				actualCh = nil // Done reading all actual entities, disable this case.
+				break
+			}
+			numActual++
+
+			id := actualValue.ID().String()
+			if desiredValue, ok := desired[id]; ok {
+				delete(desired, id)
+				if update != nil && !checksumsMatch(actualValue, desiredValue) {
+					update[id] = desiredValue
+				}
+			} else {
+				actual[id] = actualValue
+			}
+
+		case desiredValue, ok := <-desiredCh:
+			if !ok {
+				endDesired = time.Now()
+				desiredCh = nil // Done reading all desired entities, disable this case.
+				break
+			}
+			numDesired++
+
+			id := desiredValue.ID().String()
+			if actualValue, ok := actual[id]; ok {
+				delete(actual, id)
+				if update != nil && !checksumsMatch(actualValue, desiredValue) {
+					update[id] = desiredValue
+				}
+			} else {
+				desired[id] = desiredValue
+			}
+
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			delta.done <- ctx.Err()
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	delta.Create = desired
+	delta.Update = update
+	delta.Delete = actual
+
+	delta.logger.Debugw(fmt.Sprintf("Finished %s delta", utils.Name(delta.Subject.Entity())),
+		zap.String("subject", utils.Name(delta.Subject.Entity())),
+		zap.Duration("time_total", time.Since(start)),
+		zap.Duration("time_actual", endActual.Sub(start)),
+		zap.Duration("time_desired", endDesired.Sub(start)),
+		zap.Uint64("num_actual", numActual),
+		zap.Uint64("num_desired", numDesired),
+		zap.Int("create", len(delta.Create)),
+		zap.Int("update", len(delta.Update)),
+		zap.Int("delete", len(delta.Delete)))
+}
+
+// checksumsMatch returns whether the checksums of two entities are the same.
+// Both entities must implement contracts.Checksumer.
+func checksumsMatch(a, b contracts.Entity) bool {
+	c1 := a.(contracts.Checksumer).Checksum()
+	c2 := b.(contracts.Checksumer).Checksum()
+	return c1.Equal(c2)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/delta_test.go b/pkg/icingadb/delta_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..909cc22
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/delta_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/common"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zaptest"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func TestDelta(t *testing.T) {
+	type TestData struct {
+		Name                   string // name for the sub-test
+		Actual, Desired        uint64 // checksum to send to actual/desired
+		Create, Update, Delete uint64 // checksum that must be in the corresponding map (if != 0)
+	}
+
+	tests := []TestData{{
+		Name: "Empty",
+	}, {
+		Name:    "Create",
+		Desired: 0x1111111111111111,
+		Create:  0x1111111111111111,
+	}, {
+		Name:    "Update",
+		Actual:  0x1111111111111111,
+		Desired: 0x2222222222222222,
+		Update:  0x2222222222222222,
+	}, {
+		Name:   "Delete",
+		Actual: 0x1111111111111111,
+		Delete: 0x1111111111111111,
+	}, {
+		Name:    "Keep",
+		Actual:  0x1111111111111111,
+		Desired: 0x1111111111111111,
+	}}
+
+	makeEndpoint := func(id, checksum uint64) *v1.Endpoint {
+		e := new(v1.Endpoint)
+		e.Id = testDeltaMakeIdOrChecksum(id)
+		e.PropertiesChecksum = testDeltaMakeIdOrChecksum(checksum)
+		return e
+	}
+
+	// Send the entities to the actual and desired channels in different ordering to catch bugs in the implementation
+	// that only show depending on the order in which actual and desired values are processed for an ID.
+	type SendOrder struct {
+		Name string
+		Send func(id uint64, test TestData, chActual, chDesired chan<- contracts.Entity)
+	}
+	sendOrders := []SendOrder{{
+		Name: "ActualFirst",
+		Send: func(id uint64, test TestData, chActual, chDesired chan<- contracts.Entity) {
+			if test.Actual != 0 {
+				chActual <- makeEndpoint(id, test.Actual)
+			}
+			if test.Desired != 0 {
+				chDesired <- makeEndpoint(id, test.Desired)
+			}
+		},
+	}, {
+		Name: "DesiredFirst",
+		Send: func(id uint64, test TestData, chActual, chDesired chan<- contracts.Entity) {
+			if test.Desired != 0 {
+				chDesired <- makeEndpoint(id, test.Desired)
+			}
+			if test.Actual != 0 {
+				chActual <- makeEndpoint(id, test.Actual)
+			}
+		},
+	}}
+
+	for _, test := range tests {
+		t.Run(test.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			for _, sendOrder := range sendOrders {
+				t.Run(sendOrder.Name, func(t *testing.T) {
+					id := uint64(0x42)
+					chActual := make(chan contracts.Entity)
+					chDesired := make(chan contracts.Entity)
+					subject := common.NewSyncSubject(v1.NewEndpoint)
+					logger := logging.NewLogger(zaptest.NewLogger(t).Sugar(), time.Second)
+
+					go func() {
+						sendOrder.Send(id, test, chActual, chDesired)
+						close(chActual)
+						close(chDesired)
+					}()
+
+					delta := NewDelta(context.Background(), chActual, chDesired, subject, logger)
+					err := delta.Wait()
+					require.NoError(t, err, "delta should finish without error")
+
+					_, ok := <-chActual
+					require.False(t, ok, "chActual should have been closed")
+					_, ok = <-chDesired
+					require.False(t, ok, "chDesired should have been closed")
+
+					testDeltaVerifyResult(t, "Create", testDeltaMakeExpectedMap(id, test.Create), delta.Create)
+					testDeltaVerifyResult(t, "Update", testDeltaMakeExpectedMap(id, test.Update), delta.Update)
+					testDeltaVerifyResult(t, "Delete", testDeltaMakeExpectedMap(id, test.Delete), delta.Delete)
+				})
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	t.Run("Combined", func(t *testing.T) {
+		chActual := make(chan contracts.Entity)
+		chDesired := make(chan contracts.Entity)
+		subject := common.NewSyncSubject(v1.NewEndpoint)
+		logger := logging.NewLogger(zaptest.NewLogger(t).Sugar(), time.Second)
+
+		expectedCreate := make(map[uint64]uint64)
+		expectedUpdate := make(map[uint64]uint64)
+		expectedDelete := make(map[uint64]uint64)
+
+		nextId := uint64(1)
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		for _, test := range tests {
+			test := test
+			for _, sendOrder := range sendOrders {
+				sendOrder := sendOrder
+				id := nextId
+				nextId++
+				// Log ID mapping to allow easier debugging in case of failures.
+				t.Logf("ID=%d(%s) Test=%s SendOrder=%s",
+					id, testDeltaMakeIdOrChecksum(id).String(), test.Name, sendOrder.Name)
+				wg.Add(1)
+				go func() {
+					defer wg.Done()
+					sendOrder.Send(id, test, chActual, chDesired)
+				}()
+
+				if test.Create != 0 {
+					expectedCreate[id] = test.Create
+				}
+				if test.Update != 0 {
+					expectedUpdate[id] = test.Update
+				}
+				if test.Delete != 0 {
+					expectedDelete[id] = test.Delete
+				}
+			}
+		}
+		go func() {
+			wg.Wait()
+			close(chActual)
+			close(chDesired)
+		}()
+
+		delta := NewDelta(context.Background(), chActual, chDesired, subject, logger)
+		err := delta.Wait()
+		require.NoError(t, err, "delta should finish without error")
+
+		_, ok := <-chActual
+		require.False(t, ok, "chActual should have been closed")
+		_, ok = <-chDesired
+		require.False(t, ok, "chDesired should have been closed")
+
+		testDeltaVerifyResult(t, "Create", expectedCreate, delta.Create)
+		testDeltaVerifyResult(t, "Update", expectedUpdate, delta.Update)
+		testDeltaVerifyResult(t, "Delete", expectedDelete, delta.Delete)
+	})
+}
+
+func testDeltaMakeIdOrChecksum(i uint64) types.Binary {
+	b := make([]byte, 20)
+	binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(b, i)
+	return b
+}
+
+func testDeltaMakeExpectedMap(id uint64, checksum uint64) map[uint64]uint64 {
+	if checksum == 0 {
+		return nil
+	} else {
+		return map[uint64]uint64{
+			id: checksum,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func testDeltaVerifyResult(t *testing.T, name string, expected map[uint64]uint64, got EntitiesById) {
+	for id, checksum := range expected {
+		idKey := testDeltaMakeIdOrChecksum(id).String()
+		if assert.Containsf(t, got, idKey, "%s: should contain %s", name, idKey) {
+			expectedChecksum := testDeltaMakeIdOrChecksum(checksum).String()
+			gotChecksum := got[idKey].(contracts.Checksumer).Checksum().String()
+			assert.Equalf(t, expectedChecksum, gotChecksum, "%s: %s should match checksum", name, idKey)
+			delete(got, idKey)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for id := range got {
+		assert.Failf(t, "unexpected element", "%s: should not contain %s", name, id)
+	}
+}
+
+func BenchmarkDelta(b *testing.B) {
+	for n := 1 << 10; n <= 1<<20; n <<= 1 {
+		b.Run(strconv.Itoa(n), func(b *testing.B) {
+			benchmarkDelta(b, n)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func benchmarkDelta(b *testing.B, numEntities int) {
+	chActual := make([]chan contracts.Entity, b.N)
+	chDesired := make([]chan contracts.Entity, b.N)
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		chActual[i] = make(chan contracts.Entity, numEntities)
+		chDesired[i] = make(chan contracts.Entity, numEntities)
+	}
+	makeEndpoint := func(id1, id2, checksum uint64) *v1.Endpoint {
+		e := new(v1.Endpoint)
+		e.Id = make([]byte, 20)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(e.Id[0:], id1)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(e.Id[8:], id2)
+		e.PropertiesChecksum = make([]byte, 20)
+		binary.BigEndian.PutUint64(e.PropertiesChecksum, checksum)
+		return e
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < numEntities; i++ {
+		// each iteration writes exactly one entity to each channel
+		var eActual, eDesired contracts.Entity
+		switch i % 3 {
+		case 0: // distinct IDs
+			eActual = makeEndpoint(1, uint64(i), uint64(i))
+			eDesired = makeEndpoint(2, uint64(i), uint64(i))
+		case 1: // same ID, same checksum
+			e := makeEndpoint(3, uint64(i), uint64(i))
+			eActual = e
+			eDesired = e
+		case 2: // same ID, different checksum
+			eActual = makeEndpoint(4, uint64(i), uint64(i))
+			eDesired = makeEndpoint(4, uint64(i), uint64(i+1))
+		}
+		for _, ch := range chActual {
+			ch <- eActual
+		}
+		for _, ch := range chDesired {
+			ch <- eDesired
+		}
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		close(chActual[i])
+		close(chDesired[i])
+	}
+	subject := common.NewSyncSubject(v1.NewEndpoint)
+	// logger := zaptest.NewLogger(b).Sugar()
+	logger := logging.NewLogger(zap.New(zapcore.NewTee()).Sugar(), time.Second)
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		d := NewDelta(context.Background(), chActual[i], chDesired[i], subject, logger)
+		err := d.Wait()
+		assert.NoError(b, err, "delta should not fail")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/dump_signals.go b/pkg/icingadb/dump_signals.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bce1aef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/dump_signals.go
@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// DumpSignals reads dump signals from a Redis stream via Listen.
+// Dump-done signals are passed on via Done channels, while InProgress must be checked for dump-wip signals.
+type DumpSignals struct {
+	redis        *icingaredis.Client
+	logger       *logging.Logger
+	mutex        sync.Mutex
+	doneCh       map[string]chan struct{}
+	allDoneCh    chan struct{}
+	inProgressCh chan struct{}
+}
+
+// NewDumpSignals returns new DumpSignals.
+func NewDumpSignals(redis *icingaredis.Client, logger *logging.Logger) *DumpSignals {
+	return &DumpSignals{
+		redis:        redis,
+		logger:       logger,
+		doneCh:       make(map[string]chan struct{}),
+		inProgressCh: make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// Listen starts listening for dump signals in the icinga:dump Redis stream. When a done signal is received, this is
+// signaled via the channels returned from the Done function.
+//
+// If a wip signal is received after a done signal was passed on via the Done function, this is signaled via the
+// InProgress function and this function returns with err == nil. In this case, all other signals are invalidated.
+// It is up to the caller to pass on this information, for example by cancelling derived contexts.
+//
+// This function may only be called once for each DumpSignals object. To listen for a new iteration of dump signals, a new
+// DumpSignals instance must be created.
+func (s *DumpSignals) Listen(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// Closing a channel twice results in a panic. This function takes a chan struct{} and closes it unless it is
+	// already closed. In this case it just does nothing. This function assumes that the channel is never written to
+	// and that there are no concurrent attempts to close the channel.
+	safeClose := func(ch chan struct{}) {
+		select {
+		case <-ch:
+			// Reading from a closed channel returns immediately, therefore don't close it again.
+		default:
+			close(ch)
+		}
+	}
+
+	lastStreamId := "0-0"
+	anyDoneSent := false
+
+	for {
+		if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "can't listen for dump signals")
+		}
+
+		streams, err := s.redis.XReadUntilResult(ctx, &redis.XReadArgs{
+			Streams: []string{"icinga:dump", lastStreamId},
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "can't read dump signals")
+		}
+
+		for _, entry := range streams[0].Messages {
+			lastStreamId = entry.ID
+			key := entry.Values["key"].(string)
+			done := entry.Values["state"].(string) == "done"
+
+			s.logger.Debugw("Received dump signal from Redis", zap.String("key", key), zap.Bool("done", done))
+
+			if done {
+				if key == "*" {
+					if s.allDoneCh == nil {
+						s.mutex.Lock()
+
+						// Set s.allDoneCh to signal for all future listeners that we've received an all-done signal.
+						s.allDoneCh = make(chan struct{})
+						close(s.allDoneCh)
+
+						// Notify all existing listeners.
+						for _, ch := range s.doneCh {
+							safeClose(ch)
+						}
+
+						s.mutex.Unlock()
+					}
+				} else {
+					s.mutex.Lock()
+					if ch, ok := s.doneCh[key]; ok {
+						safeClose(ch)
+					}
+					s.mutex.Unlock()
+				}
+				anyDoneSent = true
+			} else if anyDoneSent {
+				// Received a wip signal after handing out any done signal via one of the channels returned by Done,
+				// signal that a new dump is in progress. This treats every state=wip as if it has key=*, which is the
+				// only key for which state=wip is currently sent by Icinga 2.
+				close(s.inProgressCh)
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Done returns a channel that is closed when the given key receives a done dump signal.
+func (s *DumpSignals) Done(key string) <-chan struct{} {
+	s.mutex.Lock()
+	defer s.mutex.Unlock()
+
+	if s.allDoneCh != nil {
+		// An all done-signal was already received, don't care about individual key anymore.
+		return s.allDoneCh
+	} else if ch, ok := s.doneCh[key]; ok {
+		// Return existing wait channel for this key.
+		return ch
+	} else {
+		// First request for this key, create new wait channel.
+		ch = make(chan struct{})
+		s.doneCh[key] = ch
+		return ch
+	}
+}
+
+// InProgress returns a channel that is closed when a new dump is in progress after done signals were sent to channels
+// returned by Done.
+func (s *DumpSignals) InProgress() <-chan struct{} {
+	return s.inProgressCh
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/entitiesbyid.go b/pkg/icingadb/entitiesbyid.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b40050e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/entitiesbyid.go
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+)
+
+// EntitiesById is a map of key-contracts.Entity pairs.
+type EntitiesById map[string]contracts.Entity
+
+// Keys returns the keys.
+func (ebi EntitiesById) Keys() []string {
+	keys := make([]string, 0, len(ebi))
+	for k := range ebi {
+		keys = append(keys, k)
+	}
+
+	return keys
+}
+
+// IDs returns the contracts.ID of the entities.
+func (ebi EntitiesById) IDs() []interface{} {
+	ids := make([]interface{}, 0, len(ebi))
+	for _, v := range ebi {
+		ids = append(ids, v.(contracts.IDer).ID())
+	}
+
+	return ids
+}
+
+// Entities streams the entities on a returned channel.
+func (ebi EntitiesById) Entities(ctx context.Context) <-chan contracts.Entity {
+	entities := make(chan contracts.Entity)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(entities)
+
+		for _, v := range ebi {
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			case entities <- v:
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return entities
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/ha.go b/pkg/icingadb/ha.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..74d3b32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/ha.go
@@ -0,0 +1,456 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"context"
+	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/backoff"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/driver"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	icingaredisv1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/retry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var timeout = 60 * time.Second
+
+type haState struct {
+	responsibleTsMilli int64
+	responsible        bool
+	otherResponsible   bool
+}
+
+// HA provides high availability and indicates whether a Takeover or Handover must be made.
+type HA struct {
+	state         com.Atomic[haState]
+	ctx           context.Context
+	cancelCtx     context.CancelFunc
+	instanceId    types.Binary
+	db            *DB
+	environmentMu sync.Mutex
+	environment   *v1.Environment
+	heartbeat     *icingaredis.Heartbeat
+	logger        *logging.Logger
+	responsible   bool
+	handover      chan struct{}
+	takeover      chan struct{}
+	done          chan struct{}
+	errOnce       sync.Once
+	errMu         sync.Mutex
+	err           error
+}
+
+// NewHA returns a new HA and starts the controller loop.
+func NewHA(ctx context.Context, db *DB, heartbeat *icingaredis.Heartbeat, logger *logging.Logger) *HA {
+	ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
+	instanceId := uuid.New()
+
+	ha := &HA{
+		ctx:        ctx,
+		cancelCtx:  cancelCtx,
+		instanceId: instanceId[:],
+		db:         db,
+		heartbeat:  heartbeat,
+		logger:     logger,
+		handover:   make(chan struct{}),
+		takeover:   make(chan struct{}),
+		done:       make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+
+	go ha.controller()
+
+	return ha
+}
+
+// Close shuts h down.
+func (h *HA) Close(ctx context.Context) error {
+	// Cancel ctx.
+	h.cancelCtx()
+	// Wait until the controller loop ended.
+	<-h.Done()
+	// Remove our instance from the database.
+	h.removeInstance(ctx)
+	// And return an error, if any.
+	return h.Err()
+}
+
+// Done returns a channel that's closed when the HA controller loop ended.
+func (h *HA) Done() <-chan struct{} {
+	return h.done
+}
+
+// Environment returns the current environment.
+func (h *HA) Environment() *v1.Environment {
+	h.environmentMu.Lock()
+	defer h.environmentMu.Unlock()
+
+	return h.environment
+}
+
+// Err returns an error if Done has been closed and there is an error. Otherwise returns nil.
+func (h *HA) Err() error {
+	h.errMu.Lock()
+	defer h.errMu.Unlock()
+
+	return h.err
+}
+
+// Handover returns a channel with which handovers are signaled.
+func (h *HA) Handover() chan struct{} {
+	return h.handover
+}
+
+// Takeover returns a channel with which takeovers are signaled.
+func (h *HA) Takeover() chan struct{} {
+	return h.takeover
+}
+
+// State returns the status quo.
+func (h *HA) State() (responsibleTsMilli int64, responsible, otherResponsible bool) {
+	state, _ := h.state.Load()
+	return state.responsibleTsMilli, state.responsible, state.otherResponsible
+}
+
+func (h *HA) abort(err error) {
+	h.errOnce.Do(func() {
+		h.errMu.Lock()
+		h.err = errors.Wrap(err, "HA aborted")
+		h.errMu.Unlock()
+
+		h.cancelCtx()
+	})
+}
+
+// controller loop.
+func (h *HA) controller() {
+	defer close(h.done)
+
+	h.logger.Debugw("Starting HA", zap.String("instance_id", hex.EncodeToString(h.instanceId)))
+
+	oldInstancesRemoved := false
+
+	logTicker := time.NewTicker(time.Second * 60)
+	defer logTicker.Stop()
+	shouldLog := true
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case m := <-h.heartbeat.Events():
+			if m != nil {
+				now := time.Now()
+				t, err := m.Stats().Time()
+				if err != nil {
+					h.abort(err)
+				}
+				tt := t.Time()
+				if tt.After(now.Add(1 * time.Second)) {
+					h.logger.Debugw("Received heartbeat from the future", zap.Time("time", tt))
+				}
+				if tt.Before(now.Add(-1 * timeout)) {
+					h.logger.Errorw("Received heartbeat from the past", zap.Time("time", tt))
+					h.signalHandover()
+					h.realizeLostHeartbeat()
+					continue
+				}
+				s, err := m.Stats().IcingaStatus()
+				if err != nil {
+					h.abort(err)
+				}
+
+				envId, err := m.EnvironmentID()
+				if err != nil {
+					h.abort(err)
+				}
+
+				if h.environment == nil || !bytes.Equal(h.environment.Id, envId) {
+					if h.environment != nil {
+						h.logger.Fatalw("Environment changed unexpectedly",
+							zap.String("current", h.environment.Id.String()),
+							zap.String("new", envId.String()))
+					}
+
+					h.environmentMu.Lock()
+					h.environment = &v1.Environment{
+						EntityWithoutChecksum: v1.EntityWithoutChecksum{IdMeta: v1.IdMeta{
+							Id: envId,
+						}},
+						Name: types.String{
+							NullString: sql.NullString{
+								String: envId.String(),
+								Valid:  true,
+							},
+						},
+					}
+					h.environmentMu.Unlock()
+				}
+
+				select {
+				case <-logTicker.C:
+					shouldLog = true
+				default:
+				}
+
+				var realizeCtx context.Context
+				var cancelRealizeCtx context.CancelFunc
+				if h.responsible {
+					realizeCtx, cancelRealizeCtx = context.WithDeadline(h.ctx, m.ExpiryTime())
+				} else {
+					realizeCtx, cancelRealizeCtx = context.WithCancel(h.ctx)
+				}
+				err = h.realize(realizeCtx, s, t, envId, shouldLog)
+				cancelRealizeCtx()
+				if errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+					h.signalHandover()
+					continue
+				}
+				if err != nil {
+					h.abort(err)
+				}
+
+				if !oldInstancesRemoved {
+					go h.removeOldInstances(s, envId)
+					oldInstancesRemoved = true
+				}
+
+				shouldLog = false
+			} else {
+				h.logger.Error("Lost heartbeat")
+				h.signalHandover()
+				h.realizeLostHeartbeat()
+			}
+		case <-h.heartbeat.Done():
+			if err := h.heartbeat.Err(); err != nil {
+				h.abort(err)
+			}
+		case <-h.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *HA) realize(ctx context.Context, s *icingaredisv1.IcingaStatus, t *types.UnixMilli, envId types.Binary, shouldLog bool) error {
+	var takeover, otherResponsible bool
+
+	err := retry.WithBackoff(
+		ctx,
+		func(ctx context.Context) error {
+			takeover = false
+			otherResponsible = false
+			isoLvl := sql.LevelSerializable
+			selectLock := ""
+
+			if h.db.DriverName() == driver.MySQL {
+				// The RDBMS may actually be a Percona XtraDB Cluster which doesn't
+				// support serializable transactions, but only their following equivalent:
+				isoLvl = sql.LevelRepeatableRead
+				selectLock = " LOCK IN SHARE MODE"
+			}
+
+			tx, errBegin := h.db.BeginTxx(ctx, &sql.TxOptions{Isolation: isoLvl})
+			if errBegin != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(errBegin, "can't start transaction")
+			}
+
+			query := h.db.Rebind("SELECT id, heartbeat FROM icingadb_instance "+
+				"WHERE environment_id = ? AND responsible = ? AND id <> ? AND heartbeat > ?") + selectLock
+
+			instance := &v1.IcingadbInstance{}
+
+			errQuery := tx.QueryRowxContext(
+				ctx, query, envId, "y", h.instanceId, time.Now().Add(-1*timeout).UnixMilli(),
+			).StructScan(instance)
+			switch errQuery {
+			case nil:
+				otherResponsible = true
+				if shouldLog {
+					h.logger.Infow("Another instance is active",
+						zap.String("instance_id", instance.Id.String()),
+						zap.String("environment", envId.String()),
+						"heartbeat", instance.Heartbeat,
+						zap.Duration("heartbeat_age", time.Since(instance.Heartbeat.Time())))
+				}
+			case sql.ErrNoRows:
+				takeover = true
+			default:
+				return internal.CantPerformQuery(errQuery, query)
+			}
+
+			i := v1.IcingadbInstance{
+				EntityWithoutChecksum: v1.EntityWithoutChecksum{
+					IdMeta: v1.IdMeta{
+						Id: h.instanceId,
+					},
+				},
+				EnvironmentMeta: v1.EnvironmentMeta{
+					EnvironmentId: envId,
+				},
+				Heartbeat:                         *t,
+				Responsible:                       types.Bool{Bool: takeover || h.responsible, Valid: true},
+				EndpointId:                        s.EndpointId,
+				Icinga2Version:                    s.Version,
+				Icinga2StartTime:                  s.ProgramStart,
+				Icinga2NotificationsEnabled:       s.NotificationsEnabled,
+				Icinga2ActiveServiceChecksEnabled: s.ActiveServiceChecksEnabled,
+				Icinga2ActiveHostChecksEnabled:    s.ActiveHostChecksEnabled,
+				Icinga2EventHandlersEnabled:       s.EventHandlersEnabled,
+				Icinga2FlapDetectionEnabled:       s.FlapDetectionEnabled,
+				Icinga2PerformanceDataEnabled:     s.PerformanceDataEnabled,
+			}
+
+			stmt, _ := h.db.BuildUpsertStmt(i)
+			if _, err := tx.NamedExecContext(ctx, stmt, i); err != nil {
+				return internal.CantPerformQuery(err, stmt)
+			}
+
+			if takeover {
+				stmt := h.db.Rebind("UPDATE icingadb_instance SET responsible = ? WHERE environment_id = ? AND id <> ?")
+				_, err := tx.ExecContext(ctx, stmt, "n", envId, h.instanceId)
+
+				if err != nil {
+					return internal.CantPerformQuery(err, stmt)
+				}
+			}
+
+			if err := tx.Commit(); err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "can't commit transaction")
+			}
+
+			return nil
+		},
+		retry.Retryable,
+		backoff.NewExponentialWithJitter(time.Millisecond*256, time.Second*3),
+		retry.Settings{
+			OnError: func(_ time.Duration, attempt uint64, err, lastErr error) {
+				if lastErr == nil || err.Error() != lastErr.Error() {
+					log := h.logger.Debugw
+					if attempt > 2 {
+						log = h.logger.Infow
+					}
+
+					log("Can't update or insert instance. Retrying", zap.Error(err), zap.Uint64("retry count", attempt))
+				}
+			},
+		},
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if takeover {
+		// Insert the environment after each heartbeat takeover if it does not already exist in the database
+		// as the environment may have changed, although this is likely to happen very rarely.
+		if err := h.insertEnvironment(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "can't insert environment")
+		}
+
+		h.signalTakeover()
+	} else if otherResponsible {
+		if state, _ := h.state.Load(); !state.otherResponsible {
+			state.otherResponsible = true
+			h.state.Store(state)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *HA) realizeLostHeartbeat() {
+	stmt := h.db.Rebind("UPDATE icingadb_instance SET responsible = ? WHERE id = ?")
+	if _, err := h.db.ExecContext(h.ctx, stmt, "n", h.instanceId); err != nil && !utils.IsContextCanceled(err) {
+		h.logger.Warnw("Can't update instance", zap.Error(internal.CantPerformQuery(err, stmt)))
+	}
+}
+
+// insertEnvironment inserts the environment from the specified state into the database if it does not already exist.
+func (h *HA) insertEnvironment() error {
+	// Instead of checking whether the environment already exists, use an INSERT statement that does nothing if it does.
+	stmt, _ := h.db.BuildInsertIgnoreStmt(h.environment)
+
+	if _, err := h.db.NamedExecContext(h.ctx, stmt, h.environment); err != nil {
+		return internal.CantPerformQuery(err, stmt)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (h *HA) removeInstance(ctx context.Context) {
+	h.logger.Debugw("Removing our row from icingadb_instance", zap.String("instance_id", hex.EncodeToString(h.instanceId)))
+	// Intentionally not using h.ctx here as it's already cancelled.
+	query := h.db.Rebind("DELETE FROM icingadb_instance WHERE id = ?")
+	_, err := h.db.ExecContext(ctx, query, h.instanceId)
+	if err != nil {
+		h.logger.Warnw("Could not remove instance from database", zap.Error(err), zap.String("query", query))
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *HA) removeOldInstances(s *icingaredisv1.IcingaStatus, envId types.Binary) {
+	select {
+	case <-h.ctx.Done():
+		return
+	case <-time.After(timeout):
+		query := h.db.Rebind("DELETE FROM icingadb_instance " +
+			"WHERE id <> ? AND environment_id = ? AND endpoint_id = ? AND heartbeat < ?")
+		heartbeat := types.UnixMilli(time.Now().Add(-timeout))
+		result, err := h.db.ExecContext(h.ctx, query, h.instanceId, envId,
+			s.EndpointId, heartbeat)
+		if err != nil {
+			h.logger.Errorw("Can't remove rows of old instances", zap.Error(err),
+				zap.String("query", query),
+				zap.String("id", h.instanceId.String()), zap.String("environment_id", envId.String()),
+				zap.String("endpoint_id", s.EndpointId.String()), zap.Time("heartbeat", heartbeat.Time()))
+			return
+		}
+		affected, err := result.RowsAffected()
+		if err != nil {
+			h.logger.Errorw("Can't get number of removed old instances", zap.Error(err))
+			return
+		}
+		h.logger.Debugf("Removed %d old instances", affected)
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *HA) signalHandover() {
+	if h.responsible {
+		h.state.Store(haState{
+			responsibleTsMilli: time.Now().UnixMilli(),
+			responsible:        false,
+			otherResponsible:   false,
+		})
+
+		select {
+		case h.handover <- struct{}{}:
+			h.responsible = false
+		case <-h.ctx.Done():
+			// Noop
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *HA) signalTakeover() {
+	if !h.responsible {
+		h.state.Store(haState{
+			responsibleTsMilli: time.Now().UnixMilli(),
+			responsible:        true,
+			otherResponsible:   false,
+		})
+
+		select {
+		case h.takeover <- struct{}{}:
+			h.responsible = true
+		case <-h.ctx.Done():
+			// Noop
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/history/retention.go b/pkg/icingadb/history/retention.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff217cd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/history/retention.go
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/periodic"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"time"
+)
+
+type RetentionType int
+
+const (
+	RetentionHistory RetentionType = iota
+	RetentionSla
+)
+
+type retentionStatement struct {
+	icingadb.CleanupStmt
+	RetentionType
+	Category string
+}
+
+// RetentionStatements maps history categories with corresponding cleanup statements.
+var RetentionStatements = []retentionStatement{{
+	RetentionType: RetentionHistory,
+	Category:      "acknowledgement",
+	CleanupStmt: icingadb.CleanupStmt{
+		Table:  "acknowledgement_history",
+		PK:     "id",
+		Column: "clear_time",
+	},
+}, {
+	RetentionType: RetentionHistory,
+	Category:      "comment",
+	CleanupStmt: icingadb.CleanupStmt{
+		Table:  "comment_history",
+		PK:     "comment_id",
+		Column: "remove_time",
+	},
+}, {
+	RetentionType: RetentionHistory,
+	Category:      "downtime",
+	CleanupStmt: icingadb.CleanupStmt{
+		Table:  "downtime_history",
+		PK:     "downtime_id",
+		Column: "end_time",
+	},
+}, {
+	RetentionType: RetentionHistory,
+	Category:      "flapping",
+	CleanupStmt: icingadb.CleanupStmt{
+		Table:  "flapping_history",
+		PK:     "id",
+		Column: "end_time",
+	},
+}, {
+	RetentionType: RetentionHistory,
+	Category:      "notification",
+	CleanupStmt: icingadb.CleanupStmt{
+		Table:  "notification_history",
+		PK:     "id",
+		Column: "send_time",
+	},
+}, {
+	RetentionType: RetentionHistory,
+	Category:      "state",
+	CleanupStmt: icingadb.CleanupStmt{
+		Table:  "state_history",
+		PK:     "id",
+		Column: "event_time",
+	},
+}, {
+	RetentionType: RetentionSla,
+	Category:      "sla_downtime",
+	CleanupStmt: icingadb.CleanupStmt{
+		Table:  "sla_history_downtime",
+		PK:     "downtime_id",
+		Column: "downtime_end",
+	},
+}, {
+	RetentionType: RetentionSla,
+	Category:      "sla_state",
+	CleanupStmt: icingadb.CleanupStmt{
+		Table:  "sla_history_state",
+		PK:     "id",
+		Column: "event_time",
+	},
+}}
+
+// RetentionOptions defines the non-default mapping of history categories with their retention period in days.
+type RetentionOptions map[string]uint64
+
+// Validate checks constraints in the supplied retention options and
+// returns an error if they are violated.
+func (o RetentionOptions) Validate() error {
+	allowedCategories := make(map[string]struct{})
+	for _, stmt := range RetentionStatements {
+		if stmt.RetentionType == RetentionHistory {
+			allowedCategories[stmt.Category] = struct{}{}
+		}
+	}
+
+	for category := range o {
+		if _, ok := allowedCategories[category]; !ok {
+			return errors.Errorf("invalid key %s for history retention", category)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Retention deletes rows from history tables that exceed their configured retention period.
+type Retention struct {
+	db          *icingadb.DB
+	logger      *logging.Logger
+	historyDays uint64
+	slaDays     uint64
+	interval    time.Duration
+	count       uint64
+	options     RetentionOptions
+}
+
+// NewRetention returns a new Retention.
+func NewRetention(
+	db *icingadb.DB, historyDays uint64, slaDays uint64, interval time.Duration,
+	count uint64, options RetentionOptions, logger *logging.Logger,
+) *Retention {
+	return &Retention{
+		db:          db,
+		logger:      logger,
+		historyDays: historyDays,
+		slaDays:     slaDays,
+		interval:    interval,
+		count:       count,
+		options:     options,
+	}
+}
+
+// Start starts the retention.
+func (r *Retention) Start(ctx context.Context) error {
+	ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+	defer cancelCtx()
+
+	e, ok := v1.EnvironmentFromContext(ctx)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("can't get environment from context")
+	}
+
+	errs := make(chan error, 1)
+
+	for _, stmt := range RetentionStatements {
+		var days uint64
+		switch stmt.RetentionType {
+		case RetentionHistory:
+			if d, ok := r.options[stmt.Category]; ok {
+				days = d
+			} else {
+				days = r.historyDays
+			}
+		case RetentionSla:
+			days = r.slaDays
+		}
+
+		if days < 1 {
+			r.logger.Debugf("Skipping history retention for category %s", stmt.Category)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		r.logger.Debugw(
+			fmt.Sprintf("Starting history retention for category %s", stmt.Category),
+			zap.Uint64("count", r.count),
+			zap.Duration("interval", r.interval),
+			zap.Uint64("retention-days", days),
+		)
+
+		stmt := stmt
+		periodic.Start(ctx, r.interval, func(tick periodic.Tick) {
+			olderThan := tick.Time.AddDate(0, 0, -int(days))
+
+			r.logger.Debugf("Cleaning up historical data for category %s from table %s older than %s",
+				stmt.Category, stmt.Table, olderThan)
+
+			deleted, err := r.db.CleanupOlderThan(
+				ctx, stmt.CleanupStmt, e.Id, r.count, olderThan,
+				icingadb.OnSuccessIncrement[struct{}](&telemetry.Stats.HistoryCleanup),
+			)
+			if err != nil {
+				select {
+				case errs <- err:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+				}
+
+				return
+			}
+
+			if deleted > 0 {
+				r.logger.Infof("Removed %d old %s history items", deleted, stmt.Category)
+			}
+		}, periodic.Immediate())
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case err := <-errs:
+		return err
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+		return ctx.Err()
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/history/sla.go b/pkg/icingadb/history/sla.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79d22c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/history/sla.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1/history"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/structify"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"reflect"
+)
+
+var slaStateStructify = structify.MakeMapStructifier(reflect.TypeOf((*history.SlaHistoryState)(nil)).Elem(), "json")
+
+func stateHistoryToSlaEntity(entry redis.XMessage) ([]history.UpserterEntity, error) {
+	slaStateInterface, err := slaStateStructify(entry.Values)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	slaState := slaStateInterface.(*history.SlaHistoryState)
+
+	if slaState.StateType != types.StateHard {
+		// only hard state changes are relevant for SLA history, discard all others
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return []history.UpserterEntity{slaState}, nil
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/history/sync.go b/pkg/icingadb/history/sync.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc8bc61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/history/sync.go
@@ -0,0 +1,383 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb"
+	v1types "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1/history"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/periodic"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/structify"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"reflect"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// Sync specifies the source and destination of a history sync.
+type Sync struct {
+	db     *icingadb.DB
+	redis  *icingaredis.Client
+	logger *logging.Logger
+}
+
+// NewSync creates a new Sync.
+func NewSync(db *icingadb.DB, redis *icingaredis.Client, logger *logging.Logger) *Sync {
+	return &Sync{
+		db:     db,
+		redis:  redis,
+		logger: logger,
+	}
+}
+
+// Sync synchronizes Redis history streams from s.redis to s.db and deletes the original data on success.
+func (s Sync) Sync(ctx context.Context) error {
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	for key, pipeline := range syncPipelines {
+		key := key
+		pipeline := pipeline
+
+		s.logger.Debugf("Starting %s history sync", key)
+
+		// The pipeline consists of n+2 stages connected sequentially using n+1 channels of type chan redis.XMessage,
+		// where n = len(pipeline), i.e. the number of actual sync stages. So the resulting pipeline looks like this:
+		//
+		//     readFromRedis()    Reads from redis and sends the history entries to the next stage
+		//         ↓ ch[0]
+		//     pipeline[0]()      First actual sync stage, receives history items from the previous stage, syncs them
+		//                        and once completed, sends them off to the next stage.
+		//         ↓ ch[1]
+		//        ...             There may be a different number of pipeline stages in between.
+		//         ↓ ch[n-1]
+		//     pipeline[n-1]()    Last actual sync stage, once it's done, sends the history item to the final stage.
+		//         ↓ ch[n]
+		//     deleteFromRedis()  After all stages have processed a message successfully, this final stage deletes
+		//                        the history entry from the Redis stream as it is now persisted in the database.
+		//
+		// Each history entry is processed by at most one stage at each time. Each state must forward the entry after
+		// it has processed it, even if the stage itself does not do anything with this specific entry. It should only
+		// forward the entry after it has completed its own sync so that later stages can rely on previous stages being
+		// executed successfully.
+
+		ch := make([]chan redis.XMessage, len(pipeline)+1)
+		for i := range ch {
+			if i == 0 {
+				// Make the first channel buffered so that all items of one read iteration fit into the channel.
+				// This allows starting the next Redis XREAD right after the previous one has finished.
+				ch[i] = make(chan redis.XMessage, s.redis.Options.XReadCount)
+			} else {
+				ch[i] = make(chan redis.XMessage)
+			}
+		}
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			return s.readFromRedis(ctx, key, ch[0])
+		})
+
+		for i, stage := range pipeline {
+			i := i
+			stage := stage
+
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				return stage(ctx, s, key, ch[i], ch[i+1])
+			})
+		}
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			return s.deleteFromRedis(ctx, key, ch[len(pipeline)])
+		})
+	}
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// readFromRedis is the first stage of the history sync pipeline. It reads the history stream from Redis
+// and feeds the history entries into the next stage.
+func (s Sync) readFromRedis(ctx context.Context, key string, output chan<- redis.XMessage) error {
+	defer close(output)
+
+	xra := &redis.XReadArgs{
+		Streams: []string{"icinga:history:stream:" + key, "0-0"},
+		Count:   int64(s.redis.Options.XReadCount),
+	}
+
+	for {
+		streams, err := s.redis.XReadUntilResult(ctx, xra)
+		if err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "can't read history")
+		}
+
+		for _, stream := range streams {
+			for _, message := range stream.Messages {
+				xra.Streams[1] = message.ID
+
+				select {
+				case output <- message:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// deleteFromRedis is the last stage of the history sync pipeline. It receives history entries from the second to last
+// pipeline stage and then deletes the stream entry from Redis as all pipeline stages successfully processed the entry.
+func (s Sync) deleteFromRedis(ctx context.Context, key string, input <-chan redis.XMessage) error {
+	var counter com.Counter
+	defer periodic.Start(ctx, s.logger.Interval(), func(_ periodic.Tick) {
+		if count := counter.Reset(); count > 0 {
+			s.logger.Infof("Synced %d %s history items", count, key)
+		}
+	}).Stop()
+
+	bulks := com.Bulk(ctx, input, s.redis.Options.HScanCount, com.NeverSplit[redis.XMessage])
+	stream := "icinga:history:stream:" + key
+	for {
+		select {
+		case bulk := <-bulks:
+			ids := make([]string, len(bulk))
+			for i := range bulk {
+				ids[i] = bulk[i].ID
+			}
+
+			cmd := s.redis.XDel(ctx, stream, ids...)
+			if _, err := cmd.Result(); err != nil {
+				return icingaredis.WrapCmdErr(cmd)
+			}
+
+			counter.Add(uint64(len(ids)))
+			telemetry.Stats.History.Add(uint64(len(ids)))
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// stageFunc is a function type that represents a sync pipeline stage. It is called with a context (it should stop
+// once that context is canceled), the Sync instance (for access to Redis, SQL database, logging), the key (information
+// about which pipeline this function is running in,  i.e. "notification"), an in channel for the stage to read history
+// events from and an out channel to forward history entries to after processing them successfully. A stage function
+// is supposed to forward each message from in to out, even if the event is not relevant for the current stage. On
+// error conditions, the message must not be forwarded to the next stage so that the event is not deleted from Redis
+// and can be processed at a later time.
+type stageFunc func(ctx context.Context, s Sync, key string, in <-chan redis.XMessage, out chan<- redis.XMessage) error
+
+// writeOneEntityStage creates a stageFunc from a pointer to a struct implementing the v1.UpserterEntity interface.
+// For each history event it receives, it parses that event into a new instance of that entity type and writes it to
+// the database. It writes exactly one entity to the database for each history event.
+func writeOneEntityStage(structPtr interface{}) stageFunc {
+	structifier := structify.MakeMapStructifier(reflect.TypeOf(structPtr).Elem(), "json")
+
+	return writeMultiEntityStage(func(entry redis.XMessage) ([]v1.UpserterEntity, error) {
+		ptr, err := structifier(entry.Values)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, errors.Wrapf(err, "can't structify values %#v", entry.Values)
+		}
+		return []v1.UpserterEntity{ptr.(v1.UpserterEntity)}, nil
+	})
+}
+
+// writeMultiEntityStage creates a stageFunc from a function that takes a history event as an input and returns a
+// (potentially empty) slice of v1.UpserterEntity instances that it then inserts into the database.
+func writeMultiEntityStage(entryToEntities func(entry redis.XMessage) ([]v1.UpserterEntity, error)) stageFunc {
+	return func(ctx context.Context, s Sync, key string, in <-chan redis.XMessage, out chan<- redis.XMessage) error {
+		type State struct {
+			Message redis.XMessage // Original event from Redis.
+			Pending int            // Number of pending entities. When reaching 0, the message is forwarded to out.
+		}
+
+		bufSize := s.db.Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement
+		insert := make(chan contracts.Entity, bufSize) // Events sent to the database for insertion.
+		inserted := make(chan contracts.Entity)        // Events returned by the database after successful insertion.
+		skipped := make(chan redis.XMessage)           // Events skipping insert/inserted (no entities generated).
+		state := make(map[contracts.Entity]*State)     // Shared state between all entities created by one event.
+		var stateMu sync.Mutex                         // Synchronizes concurrent access to state.
+
+		g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			defer close(insert)
+			defer close(skipped)
+
+			for {
+				select {
+				case e, ok := <-in:
+					if !ok {
+						return nil
+					}
+
+					entities, err := entryToEntities(e)
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					if len(entities) == 0 {
+						skipped <- e
+					} else {
+						st := &State{
+							Message: e,
+							Pending: len(entities),
+						}
+
+						stateMu.Lock()
+						for _, entity := range entities {
+							state[entity] = st
+						}
+						stateMu.Unlock()
+
+						for _, entity := range entities {
+							select {
+							case insert <- entity:
+							case <-ctx.Done():
+								return ctx.Err()
+							}
+						}
+					}
+
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
+		})
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			defer close(inserted)
+
+			return s.db.UpsertStreamed(ctx, insert, icingadb.OnSuccessSendTo[contracts.Entity](inserted))
+		})
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			defer close(out)
+
+			for {
+				select {
+				case e, ok := <-inserted:
+					if !ok {
+						return nil
+					}
+
+					stateMu.Lock()
+					st := state[e]
+					delete(state, e)
+					stateMu.Unlock()
+
+					st.Pending--
+					if st.Pending == 0 {
+						select {
+						case out <- st.Message:
+						case <-ctx.Done():
+							return ctx.Err()
+						}
+					}
+
+				case m, ok := <-skipped:
+					if !ok {
+						return nil
+					}
+
+					select {
+					case out <- m:
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
+		})
+
+		return g.Wait()
+	}
+}
+
+// userNotificationStage is a specialized stageFunc that populates the user_notification_history table. It is executed
+// on the notification history stream and uses the users_notified_ids attribute to create an entry in the
+// user_notification_history relation table for each user ID.
+func userNotificationStage(ctx context.Context, s Sync, key string, in <-chan redis.XMessage, out chan<- redis.XMessage) error {
+	type NotificationHistory struct {
+		Id            types.Binary `structify:"id"`
+		EnvironmentId types.Binary `structify:"environment_id"`
+		EndpointId    types.Binary `structify:"endpoint_id"`
+		UserIds       types.String `structify:"users_notified_ids"`
+	}
+
+	structifier := structify.MakeMapStructifier(reflect.TypeOf((*NotificationHistory)(nil)).Elem(), "structify")
+
+	return writeMultiEntityStage(func(entry redis.XMessage) ([]v1.UpserterEntity, error) {
+		rawNotificationHistory, err := structifier(entry.Values)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		notificationHistory := rawNotificationHistory.(*NotificationHistory)
+
+		if !notificationHistory.UserIds.Valid {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+
+		var users []types.Binary
+		err = internal.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(notificationHistory.UserIds.String), &users)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		var userNotifications []v1.UpserterEntity
+
+		for _, user := range users {
+			userNotifications = append(userNotifications, &v1.UserNotificationHistory{
+				EntityWithoutChecksum: v1types.EntityWithoutChecksum{
+					IdMeta: v1types.IdMeta{
+						Id: utils.Checksum(append(append([]byte(nil), notificationHistory.Id...), user...)),
+					},
+				},
+				EnvironmentMeta: v1types.EnvironmentMeta{
+					EnvironmentId: notificationHistory.EnvironmentId,
+				},
+				NotificationHistoryId: notificationHistory.Id,
+				UserId:                user,
+			})
+		}
+
+		return userNotifications, nil
+	})(ctx, s, key, in, out)
+}
+
+var syncPipelines = map[string][]stageFunc{
+	"notification": {
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.NotificationHistory)(nil)), // notification_history
+		userNotificationStage,                               // user_notification_history (depends on notification_history)
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.HistoryNotification)(nil)), // history (depends on notification_history)
+	},
+	"state": {
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.StateHistory)(nil)),   // state_history
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.HistoryState)(nil)),   // history (depends on state_history)
+		writeMultiEntityStage(stateHistoryToSlaEntity), // sla_history_state
+	},
+	"downtime": {
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.DowntimeHistory)(nil)),    // downtime_history
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.HistoryDowntime)(nil)),    // history (depends on downtime_history)
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.SlaHistoryDowntime)(nil)), // sla_history_downtime
+	},
+	"comment": {
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.CommentHistory)(nil)), // comment_history
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.HistoryComment)(nil)), // history (depends on comment_history)
+	},
+	"flapping": {
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.FlappingHistory)(nil)), // flapping_history
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.HistoryFlapping)(nil)), // history (depends on flapping_history)
+	},
+	"acknowledgement": {
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.AcknowledgementHistory)(nil)), // acknowledgement_history
+		writeOneEntityStage((*v1.HistoryAck)(nil)),             // history (depends on acknowledgement_history)
+	},
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/objectpacker/objectpacker.go b/pkg/icingadb/objectpacker/objectpacker.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9ddfdc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/objectpacker/objectpacker.go
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+package objectpacker
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"io"
+	"io/ioutil"
+	"reflect"
+	"sort"
+)
+
+// MustPackSlice calls PackAny using items and panics if there was an error.
+func MustPackSlice(items ...interface{}) []byte {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+
+	if err := PackAny(items, &buf); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+
+	return buf.Bytes()
+}
+
+// PackAny packs any JSON-encodable value (ex. structs, also ignores interfaces like encoding.TextMarshaler)
+// to a BSON-similar format suitable for consistent hashing. Spec:
+//
+// PackAny(nil)            => 0x0
+// PackAny(false)          => 0x1
+// PackAny(true)           => 0x2
+// PackAny(float64(42))    => 0x3 ieee754_binary64_bigendian(42)
+// PackAny("exämple")      => 0x4 uint64_bigendian(len([]byte("exämple"))) []byte("exämple")
+// PackAny([]uint8{0x42})  => 0x4 uint64_bigendian(len([]uint8{0x42})) []uint8{0x42}
+// PackAny([1]uint8{0x42}) => 0x4 uint64_bigendian(len([1]uint8{0x42})) [1]uint8{0x42}
+// PackAny([]T{x,y})       => 0x5 uint64_bigendian(len([]T{x,y})) PackAny(x) PackAny(y)
+// PackAny(map[K]V{x:y})   => 0x6 uint64_bigendian(len(map[K]V{x:y})) len(map_key(x)) map_key(x) PackAny(y)
+// PackAny((*T)(nil))      => 0x0
+// PackAny((*T)(0x42))     => PackAny(*(*T)(0x42))
+// PackAny(x)              => panic()
+//
+// map_key([1]uint8{0x42}) => [1]uint8{0x42}
+// map_key(x)              => []byte(fmt.Sprint(x))
+func PackAny(in interface{}, out io.Writer) error {
+	return errors.Wrapf(packValue(reflect.ValueOf(in), out), "can't pack %#v", in)
+}
+
+var tByte = reflect.TypeOf(byte(0))
+var tBytes = reflect.TypeOf([]uint8(nil))
+
+// packValue does the actual job of packAny and just exists for recursion w/o unnecessary reflect.ValueOf calls.
+func packValue(in reflect.Value, out io.Writer) error {
+	switch kind := in.Kind(); kind {
+	case reflect.Invalid: // nil
+		_, err := out.Write([]byte{0})
+		return err
+	case reflect.Bool:
+		if in.Bool() {
+			_, err := out.Write([]byte{2})
+			return err
+		} else {
+			_, err := out.Write([]byte{1})
+			return err
+		}
+	case reflect.Float64:
+		if _, err := out.Write([]byte{3}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		return binary.Write(out, binary.BigEndian, in.Float())
+	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
+		if typ := in.Type(); typ.Elem() == tByte {
+			if kind == reflect.Array {
+				if !in.CanAddr() {
+					vNewElem := reflect.New(typ).Elem()
+					vNewElem.Set(in)
+					in = vNewElem
+				}
+
+				in = in.Slice(0, in.Len())
+			}
+
+			// Pack []byte as string, not array of numbers.
+			return packString(in.Convert(tBytes). // Support types.Binary
+								Interface().([]uint8), out)
+		}
+
+		if _, err := out.Write([]byte{5}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		l := in.Len()
+		if err := binary.Write(out, binary.BigEndian, uint64(l)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		for i := 0; i < l; i++ {
+			if err := packValue(in.Index(i), out); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If there aren't any values to pack, ...
+		if l < 1 {
+			// ... create one and pack it - panics on disallowed type.
+			_ = packValue(reflect.Zero(in.Type().Elem()), ioutil.Discard)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	case reflect.Interface:
+		return packValue(in.Elem(), out)
+	case reflect.Map:
+		type kv struct {
+			key   []byte
+			value reflect.Value
+		}
+
+		if _, err := out.Write([]byte{6}); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		l := in.Len()
+		if err := binary.Write(out, binary.BigEndian, uint64(l)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+
+		sorted := make([]kv, 0, l)
+
+		{
+			iter := in.MapRange()
+			for iter.Next() {
+				var packedKey []byte
+				if key := iter.Key(); key.Kind() == reflect.Array {
+					if typ := key.Type(); typ.Elem() == tByte {
+						if !key.CanAddr() {
+							vNewElem := reflect.New(typ).Elem()
+							vNewElem.Set(key)
+							key = vNewElem
+						}
+
+						packedKey = key.Slice(0, key.Len()).Interface().([]byte)
+					} else {
+						// Not just stringify the key (below), but also pack it (here) - panics on disallowed type.
+						_ = packValue(iter.Key(), ioutil.Discard)
+
+						packedKey = []byte(fmt.Sprint(key.Interface()))
+					}
+				} else {
+					// Not just stringify the key (below), but also pack it (here) - panics on disallowed type.
+					_ = packValue(iter.Key(), ioutil.Discard)
+
+					packedKey = []byte(fmt.Sprint(key.Interface()))
+				}
+
+				sorted = append(sorted, kv{packedKey, iter.Value()})
+			}
+		}
+
+		sort.Slice(sorted, func(i, j int) bool { return bytes.Compare(sorted[i].key, sorted[j].key) < 0 })
+
+		for _, kv := range sorted {
+			if err := binary.Write(out, binary.BigEndian, uint64(len(kv.key))); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if _, err := out.Write(kv.key); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+
+			if err := packValue(kv.value, out); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If there aren't any key-value pairs to pack, ...
+		if l < 1 {
+			typ := in.Type()
+
+			// ... create one and pack it - panics on disallowed type.
+			_ = packValue(reflect.Zero(typ.Key()), ioutil.Discard)
+			_ = packValue(reflect.Zero(typ.Elem()), ioutil.Discard)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	case reflect.Ptr:
+		if in.IsNil() {
+			err := packValue(reflect.Value{}, out)
+
+			// Create a fictive referenced value and pack it - panics on disallowed type.
+			_ = packValue(reflect.Zero(in.Type().Elem()), ioutil.Discard)
+
+			return err
+		} else {
+			return packValue(in.Elem(), out)
+		}
+	case reflect.String:
+		return packString([]byte(in.String()), out)
+	default:
+		panic("bad type: " + in.Kind().String())
+	}
+}
+
+// packString deduplicates string packing of multiple locations in packValue.
+func packString(in []byte, out io.Writer) error {
+	if _, err := out.Write([]byte{4}); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if err := binary.Write(out, binary.BigEndian, uint64(len(in))); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	_, err := out.Write(in)
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/objectpacker/objectpacker_test.go b/pkg/icingadb/objectpacker/objectpacker_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e377d77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/objectpacker/objectpacker_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+package objectpacker
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"io"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// limitedWriter allows writing a specific amount of data.
+type limitedWriter struct {
+	// limit specifies how many bytes to allow to write.
+	limit int
+}
+
+var _ io.Writer = (*limitedWriter)(nil)
+
+// Write returns io.EOF once lw.limit is exceeded, nil otherwise.
+func (lw *limitedWriter) Write(p []byte) (n int, err error) {
+	if len(p) <= lw.limit {
+		lw.limit -= len(p)
+		return len(p), nil
+	}
+
+	n = lw.limit
+	err = io.EOF
+
+	lw.limit = 0
+	return
+}
+
+func TestLimitedWriter_Write(t *testing.T) {
+	assertLimitedWriter_Write(t, 3, []byte{1, 2}, 2, nil, 1)
+	assertLimitedWriter_Write(t, 3, []byte{1, 2, 3}, 3, nil, 0)
+	assertLimitedWriter_Write(t, 3, []byte{1, 2, 3, 4}, 3, io.EOF, 0)
+	assertLimitedWriter_Write(t, 0, []byte{1}, 0, io.EOF, 0)
+	assertLimitedWriter_Write(t, 0, nil, 0, nil, 0)
+}
+
+func assertLimitedWriter_Write(t *testing.T, limitBefore int, p []byte, n int, err error, limitAfter int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	lw := limitedWriter{limitBefore}
+	actualN, actualErr := lw.Write(p)
+
+	if !errors.Is(actualErr, err) {
+		t.Errorf("_, err := (&limitedWriter{%d}).Write(%#v); err != %#v", limitBefore, p, err)
+	}
+
+	if actualN != n {
+		t.Errorf("n, _ := (&limitedWriter{%d}).Write(%#v); n != %d", limitBefore, p, n)
+	}
+
+	if lw.limit != limitAfter {
+		t.Errorf("lw := limitedWriter{%d}; lw.Write(%#v); lw.limit != %d", limitBefore, p, limitAfter)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPackAny(t *testing.T) {
+	assertPackAny(t, nil, []byte{0})
+	assertPackAny(t, false, []byte{1})
+	assertPackAny(t, true, []byte{2})
+
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, -42, 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, int8(-42), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, int16(-42), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, int32(-42), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, int64(-42), 0)
+
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, uint(42), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, uint8(42), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, uint16(42), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, uint32(42), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, uint64(42), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, uintptr(42), 0)
+
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, float32(-42.5), 0)
+	assertPackAny(t, -42.5, []byte{3, 0xc0, 0x45, 0x40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
+
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, []struct{}(nil), 9)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, []struct{}{}, 9)
+
+	assertPackAny(t, []interface{}{nil, true, -42.5}, []byte{
+		5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3,
+		0,
+		2,
+		3, 0xc0, 0x45, 0x40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	})
+
+	assertPackAny(t, []string{"", "a"}, []byte{
+		5, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2,
+		4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+		4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 'a',
+	})
+
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, []interface{}{0 + 0i}, 9)
+
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, map[struct{}]struct{}(nil), 9)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, map[struct{}]struct{}{}, 9)
+
+	assertPackAny(t, map[interface{}]interface{}{true: "", "nil": -42.5}, []byte{
+		6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2,
+		0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 3, 'n', 'i', 'l',
+		3, 0xc0, 0x45, 0x40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+		0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 4, 't', 'r', 'u', 'e',
+		4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	})
+
+	assertPackAny(t, map[string]float64{"": 42}, []byte{
+		6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+		0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+		3, 0x40, 0x45, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
+	})
+
+	assertPackAny(t, map[[1]byte]bool{{42}: true}, []byte{
+		6, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1,
+		0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 42,
+		2,
+	})
+
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, map[struct{}]struct{}{{}: {}}, 9)
+
+	assertPackAny(t, (*string)(nil), []byte{0})
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, (*int)(nil), 0)
+	assertPackAny(t, new(float64), []byte{3, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
+
+	assertPackAny(t, "", []byte{4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0})
+	assertPackAny(t, "a", []byte{4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 'a'})
+	assertPackAny(t, "ä", []byte{4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2, 0xc3, 0xa4})
+
+	{
+		var binary [256]byte
+		for i := range binary {
+			binary[i] = byte(i)
+		}
+
+		assertPackAny(t, binary, append([]byte{4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0}, binary[:]...))
+		assertPackAny(t, binary[:], append([]byte{4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0}, binary[:]...))
+		assertPackAny(t, types.Binary(binary[:]), append([]byte{4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0}, binary[:]...))
+	}
+
+	{
+		type myByte byte
+		assertPackAnyPanic(t, []myByte(nil), 9)
+	}
+
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, complex64(0+0i), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, 0+0i, 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, make(chan struct{}), 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, func() {}, 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, struct{}{}, 0)
+	assertPackAnyPanic(t, uintptr(0), 0)
+}
+
+func assertPackAny(t *testing.T, in interface{}, out []byte) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	{
+		buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
+		if err := PackAny(in, buf); err == nil {
+			if !bytes.Equal(buf.Bytes(), out) {
+				t.Errorf("buf := &bytes.Buffer{}; packAny(%#v, buf); !bytes.Equal(buf.Bytes(), %#v)", in, out)
+			}
+		} else {
+			t.Errorf("packAny(%#v, &bytes.Buffer{}) != nil", in)
+		}
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(out); i++ {
+		if !errors.Is(PackAny(in, &limitedWriter{i}), io.EOF) {
+			t.Errorf("packAny(%#v, &limitedWriter{%d}) != io.EOF", in, i)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func assertPackAnyPanic(t *testing.T, in interface{}, allowToWrite int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	for i := 0; i < allowToWrite; i++ {
+		if !errors.Is(PackAny(in, &limitedWriter{i}), io.EOF) {
+			t.Errorf("packAny(%#v, &limitedWriter{%d}) != io.EOF", in, i)
+		}
+	}
+
+	defer func() {
+		t.Helper()
+
+		if r := recover(); r == nil {
+			t.Errorf("packAny(%#v, &limitedWriter{%d}) didn't panic", in, allowToWrite)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	_ = PackAny(in, &limitedWriter{allowToWrite})
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/overdue/get_overdues.lua b/pkg/icingadb/overdue/get_overdues.lua
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..328209d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/overdue/get_overdues.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+-- get_overdues.lua takes the following KEYS:
+-- * either icinga:nextupdate:host or icinga:nextupdate:service
+-- * either icingadb:overdue:host or icingadb:overdue:service
+-- * a random one
+--
+-- It takes the following ARGV:
+-- * the current date and time as *nix timestamp float in seconds
+--
+-- It returns the following:
+-- * overdue monitored objects not yet marked overdue
+-- * not overdue monitored objects not yet unmarked overdue
+
+local icingaNextupdate = KEYS[1]
+local icingadbOverdue = KEYS[2]
+local tempOverdue = KEYS[3]
+local now = ARGV[1]
+
+redis.call('DEL', tempOverdue)
+
+local zrbs = redis.call('ZRANGEBYSCORE', icingaNextupdate, '-inf', '(' .. now)
+for i = 1, #zrbs do
+    redis.call('SADD', tempOverdue, zrbs[i])
+end
+zrbs = nil
+
+local res = { redis.call('SDIFF', tempOverdue, icingadbOverdue), redis.call('SDIFF', icingadbOverdue, tempOverdue) }
+
+redis.call('DEL', tempOverdue)
+
+return res
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/overdue/sync.go b/pkg/icingadb/overdue/sync.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5cd4d67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/overdue/sync.go
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+package overdue
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	_ "embed"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1/overdue"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/periodic"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"regexp"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Sync specifies the source and destination of an overdue sync.
+type Sync struct {
+	db     *icingadb.DB
+	redis  *icingaredis.Client
+	logger *logging.Logger
+}
+
+// NewSync creates a new Sync.
+func NewSync(db *icingadb.DB, redis *icingaredis.Client, logger *logging.Logger) *Sync {
+	return &Sync{
+		db:     db,
+		redis:  redis,
+		logger: logger,
+	}
+}
+
+// factory abstracts overdue.NewHostState and overdue.NewServiceState.
+type factory = func(id string, overdue bool) (contracts.Entity, error)
+
+// Sync synchronizes Redis overdue sets from s.redis to s.db.
+func (s Sync) Sync(ctx context.Context) error {
+	{
+		g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			return s.initSync(ctx, "host")
+		})
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			return s.initSync(ctx, "service")
+		})
+
+		if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
+			return errors.Wrap(err, "can't sync overdue indicators")
+		}
+	}
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	var hostCounter com.Counter
+	defer s.log(ctx, "host", &hostCounter).Stop()
+
+	var serviceCounter com.Counter
+	defer s.log(ctx, "service", &serviceCounter).Stop()
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		return s.sync(ctx, "host", overdue.NewHostState, &hostCounter)
+	})
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		return s.sync(ctx, "service", overdue.NewServiceState, &serviceCounter)
+	})
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// initSync initializes icingadb:overdue:objectType from the database.
+func (s Sync) initSync(ctx context.Context, objectType string) error {
+	s.logger.Debugf("Refreshing already synced %s overdue indicators", objectType)
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	var rows []v1.IdMeta
+	query := fmt.Sprintf("SELECT id FROM %s_state WHERE is_overdue='y'", objectType)
+
+	if err := s.db.SelectContext(ctx, &rows, query); err != nil {
+		return internal.CantPerformQuery(err, query)
+	}
+
+	_, err := s.redis.Pipelined(ctx, func(pipe redis.Pipeliner) error {
+		key := "icingadb:overdue:" + objectType
+		pipe.Del(ctx, key)
+
+		var ids []interface{}
+		for _, row := range rows {
+			ids = append(ids, row.Id.String())
+			if len(ids) == 100 {
+				pipe.SAdd(ctx, key, ids...)
+				ids = nil
+			}
+		}
+
+		if len(ids) > 0 {
+			pipe.SAdd(ctx, key, ids...)
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	if err == nil {
+		s.logger.Debugf(
+			"Refreshing %d already synced %s overdue indicators took %s",
+			len(rows), objectType, time.Since(start),
+		)
+	} else {
+		err = errors.Wrap(err, "can't execute Redis pipeline")
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// log periodically logs sync's workload.
+func (s Sync) log(ctx context.Context, objectType string, counter *com.Counter) periodic.Stopper {
+	return periodic.Start(ctx, s.logger.Interval(), func(_ periodic.Tick) {
+		if count := counter.Reset(); count > 0 {
+			s.logger.Infof("Synced %d %s overdue indicators", count, objectType)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+//go:embed get_overdues.lua
+var getOverduesLua string
+
+var luaGetOverdues = redis.NewScript(strings.TrimSpace(
+	regexp.MustCompile(`(?m)^--.*?$`).ReplaceAllString(getOverduesLua, ""),
+))
+
+// sync synchronizes Redis overdue sets from s.redis to s.db for objectType.
+func (s Sync) sync(ctx context.Context, objectType string, factory factory, counter *com.Counter) error {
+	s.logger.Debugf("Syncing %s overdue indicators", objectType)
+
+	keys := [3]string{"icinga:nextupdate:" + objectType, "icingadb:overdue:" + objectType, ""}
+	if rand, err := uuid.NewRandom(); err == nil {
+		keys[2] = rand.String()
+	} else {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "can't create random UUID")
+	}
+
+	const period = 2 * time.Second
+	periodically := time.NewTicker(period)
+	defer periodically.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		case <-periodically.C:
+			overdues, err := luaGetOverdues.Run(
+				ctx, s.redis, keys[:], strconv.FormatInt(time.Now().Unix(), 10),
+			).Result()
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "can't execute Redis script")
+			}
+
+			root := overdues.([]interface{})
+			g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				return s.updateOverdue(ctx, objectType, factory, counter, root[0].([]interface{}), true)
+			})
+
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				return s.updateOverdue(ctx, objectType, factory, counter, root[1].([]interface{}), false)
+			})
+
+			if err := g.Wait(); err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "can't update overdue indicators")
+			}
+
+			// For the case that syncing has taken some time, delay the next sync.
+			periodically.Reset(period)
+
+			select {
+			case <-periodically.C: // Clean up periodically.C after reset...
+			default: // ... unless it's already clean.
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// updateOverdue sets objectType_state#is_overdue for ids to overdue
+// and updates icingadb:overdue:objectType respectively.
+func (s Sync) updateOverdue(
+	ctx context.Context, objectType string, factory factory, counter *com.Counter, ids []interface{}, overdue bool,
+) error {
+	if len(ids) < 1 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := s.updateDb(ctx, factory, ids, overdue); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "can't update overdue indicators")
+	}
+
+	counter.Add(uint64(len(ids)))
+	telemetry.Stats.Overdue.Add(uint64(len(ids)))
+
+	var op func(ctx context.Context, key string, members ...interface{}) *redis.IntCmd
+	if overdue {
+		op = s.redis.SAdd
+	} else {
+		op = s.redis.SRem
+	}
+
+	_, err := op(ctx, "icingadb:overdue:"+objectType, ids...).Result()
+	return err
+}
+
+// updateDb sets objectType_state#is_overdue for ids to overdue.
+func (s Sync) updateDb(ctx context.Context, factory factory, ids []interface{}, overdue bool) error {
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	ch := make(chan contracts.Entity, 1<<10)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		defer close(ch)
+
+		for _, id := range ids {
+			e, err := factory(id.(string), overdue)
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "can't create entity")
+			}
+
+			select {
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			case ch <- e:
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	})
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		return s.db.UpdateStreamed(ctx, ch)
+	})
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/runtime_updates.go b/pkg/icingadb/runtime_updates.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfee9c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/runtime_updates.go
@@ -0,0 +1,368 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/common"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/periodic"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/structify"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// RuntimeUpdates specifies the source and destination of runtime updates.
+type RuntimeUpdates struct {
+	db     *DB
+	redis  *icingaredis.Client
+	logger *logging.Logger
+}
+
+// NewRuntimeUpdates creates a new RuntimeUpdates.
+func NewRuntimeUpdates(db *DB, redis *icingaredis.Client, logger *logging.Logger) *RuntimeUpdates {
+	return &RuntimeUpdates{
+		db:     db,
+		redis:  redis,
+		logger: logger,
+	}
+}
+
+// ClearStreams returns the stream key to ID mapping of the runtime update streams
+// for later use in Sync and clears the streams themselves.
+func (r *RuntimeUpdates) ClearStreams(ctx context.Context) (config, state icingaredis.Streams, err error) {
+	config = icingaredis.Streams{"icinga:runtime": "0-0"}
+	state = icingaredis.Streams{"icinga:runtime:state": "0-0"}
+
+	var keys []string
+	for _, streams := range [...]icingaredis.Streams{config, state} {
+		for key := range streams {
+			keys = append(keys, key)
+		}
+	}
+
+	err = icingaredis.WrapCmdErr(r.redis.Del(ctx, keys...))
+	return
+}
+
+// Sync synchronizes runtime update streams from s.redis to s.db and deletes the original data on success.
+// Note that Sync must be only be called configuration synchronization has been completed.
+// allowParallel allows synchronizing out of order (not FIFO).
+func (r *RuntimeUpdates) Sync(
+	ctx context.Context, factoryFuncs []contracts.EntityFactoryFunc, streams icingaredis.Streams, allowParallel bool,
+) error {
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	updateMessagesByKey := make(map[string]chan<- redis.XMessage)
+
+	for _, factoryFunc := range factoryFuncs {
+		s := common.NewSyncSubject(factoryFunc)
+		stat := getCounterForEntity(s.Entity())
+
+		updateMessages := make(chan redis.XMessage, r.redis.Options.XReadCount)
+		upsertEntities := make(chan contracts.Entity, r.redis.Options.XReadCount)
+		deleteIds := make(chan interface{}, r.redis.Options.XReadCount)
+
+		var upsertedFifo chan contracts.Entity
+		var deletedFifo chan interface{}
+		var upsertCount int
+		var deleteCount int
+		upsertStmt, upsertPlaceholders := r.db.BuildUpsertStmt(s.Entity())
+		if !allowParallel {
+			upsertedFifo = make(chan contracts.Entity, 1)
+			deletedFifo = make(chan interface{}, 1)
+			upsertCount = 1
+			deleteCount = 1
+		} else {
+			upsertCount = r.db.BatchSizeByPlaceholders(upsertPlaceholders)
+			deleteCount = r.db.Options.MaxPlaceholdersPerStatement
+		}
+
+		updateMessagesByKey[fmt.Sprintf("icinga:%s", utils.Key(s.Name(), ':'))] = updateMessages
+
+		r.logger.Debugf("Syncing runtime updates of %s", s.Name())
+
+		g.Go(structifyStream(
+			ctx, updateMessages, upsertEntities, upsertedFifo, deleteIds, deletedFifo,
+			structify.MakeMapStructifier(reflect.TypeOf(s.Entity()).Elem(), "json"),
+		))
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			var counter com.Counter
+			defer periodic.Start(ctx, r.logger.Interval(), func(_ periodic.Tick) {
+				if count := counter.Reset(); count > 0 {
+					r.logger.Infof("Upserted %d %s items", count, s.Name())
+				}
+			}).Stop()
+
+			// Updates must be executed in order, ensure this by using a semaphore with maximum 1.
+			sem := semaphore.NewWeighted(1)
+
+			onSuccess := []OnSuccess[contracts.Entity]{
+				OnSuccessIncrement[contracts.Entity](&counter), OnSuccessIncrement[contracts.Entity](stat),
+			}
+			if !allowParallel {
+				onSuccess = append(onSuccess, OnSuccessSendTo(upsertedFifo))
+			}
+
+			return r.db.NamedBulkExec(
+				ctx, upsertStmt, upsertCount, sem, upsertEntities, com.SplitOnDupId[contracts.Entity], onSuccess...,
+			)
+		})
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			var counter com.Counter
+			defer periodic.Start(ctx, r.logger.Interval(), func(_ periodic.Tick) {
+				if count := counter.Reset(); count > 0 {
+					r.logger.Infof("Deleted %d %s items", count, s.Name())
+				}
+			}).Stop()
+
+			sem := r.db.GetSemaphoreForTable(utils.TableName(s.Entity()))
+
+			onSuccess := []OnSuccess[any]{OnSuccessIncrement[any](&counter), OnSuccessIncrement[any](stat)}
+			if !allowParallel {
+				onSuccess = append(onSuccess, OnSuccessSendTo(deletedFifo))
+			}
+
+			return r.db.BulkExec(ctx, r.db.BuildDeleteStmt(s.Entity()), deleteCount, sem, deleteIds, onSuccess...)
+		})
+	}
+
+	// customvar and customvar_flat sync.
+	{
+		updateMessages := make(chan redis.XMessage, r.redis.Options.XReadCount)
+		upsertEntities := make(chan contracts.Entity, r.redis.Options.XReadCount)
+		deleteIds := make(chan interface{}, r.redis.Options.XReadCount)
+
+		cv := common.NewSyncSubject(v1.NewCustomvar)
+		cvFlat := common.NewSyncSubject(v1.NewCustomvarFlat)
+
+		r.logger.Debug("Syncing runtime updates of " + cv.Name())
+		r.logger.Debug("Syncing runtime updates of " + cvFlat.Name())
+
+		updateMessagesByKey["icinga:"+utils.Key(cv.Name(), ':')] = updateMessages
+		g.Go(structifyStream(
+			ctx, updateMessages, upsertEntities, nil, deleteIds, nil,
+			structify.MakeMapStructifier(reflect.TypeOf(cv.Entity()).Elem(), "json"),
+		))
+
+		customvars, flatCustomvars, errs := v1.ExpandCustomvars(ctx, upsertEntities)
+		com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+		cvStmt, cvPlaceholders := r.db.BuildUpsertStmt(cv.Entity())
+		cvCount := r.db.BatchSizeByPlaceholders(cvPlaceholders)
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			var counter com.Counter
+			defer periodic.Start(ctx, r.logger.Interval(), func(_ periodic.Tick) {
+				if count := counter.Reset(); count > 0 {
+					r.logger.Infof("Upserted %d %s items", count, cv.Name())
+				}
+			}).Stop()
+
+			// Updates must be executed in order, ensure this by using a semaphore with maximum 1.
+			sem := semaphore.NewWeighted(1)
+
+			return r.db.NamedBulkExec(
+				ctx, cvStmt, cvCount, sem, customvars, com.SplitOnDupId[contracts.Entity],
+				OnSuccessIncrement[contracts.Entity](&counter),
+				OnSuccessIncrement[contracts.Entity](&telemetry.Stats.Config),
+			)
+		})
+
+		cvFlatStmt, cvFlatPlaceholders := r.db.BuildUpsertStmt(cvFlat.Entity())
+		cvFlatCount := r.db.BatchSizeByPlaceholders(cvFlatPlaceholders)
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			var counter com.Counter
+			defer periodic.Start(ctx, r.logger.Interval(), func(_ periodic.Tick) {
+				if count := counter.Reset(); count > 0 {
+					r.logger.Infof("Upserted %d %s items", count, cvFlat.Name())
+				}
+			}).Stop()
+
+			// Updates must be executed in order, ensure this by using a semaphore with maximum 1.
+			sem := semaphore.NewWeighted(1)
+
+			return r.db.NamedBulkExec(
+				ctx, cvFlatStmt, cvFlatCount, sem, flatCustomvars,
+				com.SplitOnDupId[contracts.Entity], OnSuccessIncrement[contracts.Entity](&counter),
+				OnSuccessIncrement[contracts.Entity](&telemetry.Stats.Config),
+			)
+		})
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			var once sync.Once
+			for {
+				select {
+				case _, ok := <-deleteIds:
+					if !ok {
+						return nil
+					}
+					// Icinga 2 does not send custom var delete events.
+					once.Do(func() {
+						r.logger.DPanic("received unexpected custom var delete event")
+					})
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+	g.Go(r.xRead(ctx, updateMessagesByKey, streams))
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// xRead reads from the runtime update streams and sends the data to the corresponding updateMessages channel.
+// The updateMessages channel is determined by a "redis_key" on each redis message.
+func (r *RuntimeUpdates) xRead(ctx context.Context, updateMessagesByKey map[string]chan<- redis.XMessage, streams icingaredis.Streams) func() error {
+	return func() error {
+		defer func() {
+			for _, updateMessages := range updateMessagesByKey {
+				close(updateMessages)
+			}
+		}()
+
+		for {
+			rs, err := r.redis.XReadUntilResult(ctx, &redis.XReadArgs{
+				Streams: streams.Option(),
+				Count:   int64(r.redis.Options.XReadCount),
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "can't read runtime updates")
+			}
+
+			pipe := r.redis.Pipeline()
+			for _, stream := range rs {
+				var id string
+
+				for _, message := range stream.Messages {
+					id = message.ID
+
+					redisKey := message.Values["redis_key"]
+					if redisKey == nil {
+						return errors.Errorf("stream message missing 'redis_key' key: %v", message.Values)
+					}
+
+					updateMessages := updateMessagesByKey[redisKey.(string)]
+					if updateMessages == nil {
+						return errors.Errorf("no object type for redis key %s found", redisKey)
+					}
+
+					select {
+					case updateMessages <- message:
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+				}
+
+				tsAndSerial := strings.Split(id, "-")
+				if s, err := strconv.ParseUint(tsAndSerial[1], 10, 64); err == nil {
+					tsAndSerial[1] = strconv.FormatUint(s+1, 10)
+				}
+
+				pipe.XTrimMinIDApprox(ctx, stream.Stream, strings.Join(tsAndSerial, "-"), 0)
+				streams[stream.Stream] = id
+			}
+
+			if cmds, err := pipe.Exec(ctx); err != nil {
+				r.logger.Errorw("Can't execute Redis pipeline", zap.Error(errors.WithStack(err)))
+			} else {
+				for _, cmd := range cmds {
+					if cmd.Err() != nil {
+						r.logger.Errorw("Can't trim runtime updates stream", zap.Error(icingaredis.WrapCmdErr(cmd)))
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// structifyStream gets Redis stream messages (redis.XMessage) via the updateMessages channel and converts
+// those messages into Icinga DB entities (contracts.Entity) using the provided structifier.
+// Converted entities are inserted into the upsertEntities or deleteIds channel depending on the "runtime_type" message field.
+func structifyStream(
+	ctx context.Context, updateMessages <-chan redis.XMessage, upsertEntities, upserted chan contracts.Entity,
+	deleteIds, deleted chan interface{}, structifier structify.MapStructifier,
+) func() error {
+	if upserted == nil {
+		upserted = make(chan contracts.Entity)
+		close(upserted)
+	}
+
+	if deleted == nil {
+		deleted = make(chan interface{})
+		close(deleted)
+	}
+
+	return func() error {
+		defer func() {
+			close(upsertEntities)
+			close(deleteIds)
+		}()
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case message, ok := <-updateMessages:
+				if !ok {
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				ptr, err := structifier(message.Values)
+				if err != nil {
+					return errors.Wrapf(err, "can't structify values %#v", message.Values)
+				}
+
+				entity := ptr.(contracts.Entity)
+
+				runtimeType := message.Values["runtime_type"]
+				if runtimeType == nil {
+					return errors.Errorf("stream message missing 'runtime_type' key: %v", message.Values)
+				}
+
+				if runtimeType == "upsert" {
+					select {
+					case upsertEntities <- entity:
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+
+					select {
+					case <-upserted:
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+				} else if runtimeType == "delete" {
+					select {
+					case deleteIds <- entity.ID():
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+
+					select {
+					case <-deleted:
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+				} else {
+					return errors.Errorf("invalid runtime type: %s", runtimeType)
+				}
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/scoped_entity.go b/pkg/icingadb/scoped_entity.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7c1688c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/scoped_entity.go
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+)
+
+// ScopedEntity combines an entity and a scope that specifies
+// the WHERE conditions that entities of the
+// enclosed entity type must satisfy in order to be SELECTed.
+type ScopedEntity struct {
+	contracts.Entity
+	scope interface{}
+}
+
+// Scope implements the contracts.Scoper interface.
+func (e ScopedEntity) Scope() interface{} {
+	return e.scope
+}
+
+// TableName implements the contracts.TableNamer interface.
+func (e ScopedEntity) TableName() string {
+	return utils.TableName(e.Entity)
+}
+
+// NewScopedEntity returns a new ScopedEntity.
+func NewScopedEntity(entity contracts.Entity, scope interface{}) *ScopedEntity {
+	return &ScopedEntity{
+		Entity: entity,
+		scope:  scope,
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/sync.go b/pkg/icingadb/sync.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..790f11e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/sync.go
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+package icingadb
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/common"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Sync implements a rendezvous point for Icinga DB and Redis to synchronize their entities.
+type Sync struct {
+	db     *DB
+	redis  *icingaredis.Client
+	logger *logging.Logger
+}
+
+// NewSync returns a new Sync.
+func NewSync(db *DB, redis *icingaredis.Client, logger *logging.Logger) *Sync {
+	return &Sync{
+		db:     db,
+		redis:  redis,
+		logger: logger,
+	}
+}
+
+// SyncAfterDump waits for a config dump to finish (using the dump parameter) and then starts a sync for the given
+// sync subject using the Sync function.
+func (s Sync) SyncAfterDump(ctx context.Context, subject *common.SyncSubject, dump *DumpSignals) error {
+	typeName := utils.Name(subject.Entity())
+	key := "icinga:" + utils.Key(typeName, ':')
+
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	logTicker := time.NewTicker(s.logger.Interval())
+	defer logTicker.Stop()
+	loggedWaiting := false
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-logTicker.C:
+			s.logger.Infow("Waiting for dump done signal",
+				zap.String("type", typeName),
+				zap.String("key", key),
+				zap.Duration("duration", time.Since(startTime)))
+			loggedWaiting = true
+		case <-dump.Done(key):
+			logFn := s.logger.Debugw
+			if loggedWaiting {
+				logFn = s.logger.Infow
+			}
+			logFn("Starting sync",
+				zap.String("type", typeName),
+				zap.String("key", key),
+				zap.Duration("waited", time.Since(startTime)))
+			return s.Sync(ctx, subject)
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return ctx.Err()
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Sync synchronizes entities between Icinga DB and Redis created with the specified sync subject.
+// This function does not respect dump signals. For this, use SyncAfterDump.
+func (s Sync) Sync(ctx context.Context, subject *common.SyncSubject) error {
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	desired, redisErrs := s.redis.YieldAll(ctx, subject)
+	// Let errors from Redis cancel our group.
+	com.ErrgroupReceive(g, redisErrs)
+
+	e, ok := v1.EnvironmentFromContext(ctx)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("can't get environment from context")
+	}
+
+	actual, dbErrs := s.db.YieldAll(
+		ctx, subject.FactoryForDelta(),
+		s.db.BuildSelectStmt(NewScopedEntity(subject.Entity(), e.Meta()), subject.Entity().Fingerprint()), e.Meta(),
+	)
+	// Let errors from DB cancel our group.
+	com.ErrgroupReceive(g, dbErrs)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		return s.ApplyDelta(ctx, NewDelta(ctx, actual, desired, subject, s.logger))
+	})
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// ApplyDelta applies all changes from Delta to the database.
+func (s Sync) ApplyDelta(ctx context.Context, delta *Delta) error {
+	if err := delta.Wait(); err != nil {
+		return errors.Wrap(err, "can't calculate delta")
+	}
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	stat := getCounterForEntity(delta.Subject.Entity())
+
+	// Create
+	if len(delta.Create) > 0 {
+		s.logger.Infof("Inserting %d items of type %s", len(delta.Create), utils.Key(utils.Name(delta.Subject.Entity()), ' '))
+		var entities <-chan contracts.Entity
+		if delta.Subject.WithChecksum() {
+			pairs, errs := s.redis.HMYield(
+				ctx,
+				fmt.Sprintf("icinga:%s", utils.Key(utils.Name(delta.Subject.Entity()), ':')),
+				delta.Create.Keys()...)
+			// Let errors from Redis cancel our group.
+			com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+			entitiesWithoutChecksum, errs := icingaredis.CreateEntities(ctx, delta.Subject.Factory(), pairs, runtime.NumCPU())
+			// Let errors from CreateEntities cancel our group.
+			com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+			entities, errs = icingaredis.SetChecksums(ctx, entitiesWithoutChecksum, delta.Create, runtime.NumCPU())
+			// Let errors from SetChecksums cancel our group.
+			com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+		} else {
+			entities = delta.Create.Entities(ctx)
+		}
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			return s.db.CreateStreamed(ctx, entities, OnSuccessIncrement[contracts.Entity](stat))
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Update
+	if len(delta.Update) > 0 {
+		s.logger.Infof("Updating %d items of type %s", len(delta.Update), utils.Key(utils.Name(delta.Subject.Entity()), ' '))
+		pairs, errs := s.redis.HMYield(
+			ctx,
+			fmt.Sprintf("icinga:%s", utils.Key(utils.Name(delta.Subject.Entity()), ':')),
+			delta.Update.Keys()...)
+		// Let errors from Redis cancel our group.
+		com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+		entitiesWithoutChecksum, errs := icingaredis.CreateEntities(ctx, delta.Subject.Factory(), pairs, runtime.NumCPU())
+		// Let errors from CreateEntities cancel our group.
+		com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+		entities, errs := icingaredis.SetChecksums(ctx, entitiesWithoutChecksum, delta.Update, runtime.NumCPU())
+		// Let errors from SetChecksums cancel our group.
+		com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			// Using upsert here on purpose as this is the fastest way to do bulk updates.
+			// However, there is a risk that errors in the sync implementation could silently insert new rows.
+			return s.db.UpsertStreamed(ctx, entities, OnSuccessIncrement[contracts.Entity](stat))
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Delete
+	if len(delta.Delete) > 0 {
+		s.logger.Infof("Deleting %d items of type %s", len(delta.Delete), utils.Key(utils.Name(delta.Subject.Entity()), ' '))
+		g.Go(func() error {
+			return s.db.Delete(ctx, delta.Subject.Entity(), delta.Delete.IDs(), OnSuccessIncrement[any](stat))
+		})
+	}
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// SyncCustomvars synchronizes customvar and customvar_flat.
+func (s Sync) SyncCustomvars(ctx context.Context) error {
+	e, ok := v1.EnvironmentFromContext(ctx)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.New("can't get environment from context")
+	}
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	cv := common.NewSyncSubject(v1.NewCustomvar)
+
+	cvs, errs := s.redis.YieldAll(ctx, cv)
+	com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+	desiredCvs, desiredFlatCvs, errs := v1.ExpandCustomvars(ctx, cvs)
+	com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+	actualCvs, errs := s.db.YieldAll(
+		ctx, cv.FactoryForDelta(),
+		s.db.BuildSelectStmt(NewScopedEntity(cv.Entity(), e.Meta()), cv.Entity().Fingerprint()), e.Meta(),
+	)
+	com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		return s.ApplyDelta(ctx, NewDelta(ctx, actualCvs, desiredCvs, cv, s.logger))
+	})
+
+	flatCv := common.NewSyncSubject(v1.NewCustomvarFlat)
+
+	actualFlatCvs, errs := s.db.YieldAll(
+		ctx, flatCv.FactoryForDelta(),
+		s.db.BuildSelectStmt(NewScopedEntity(flatCv.Entity(), e.Meta()), flatCv.Entity().Fingerprint()), e.Meta(),
+	)
+	com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		return s.ApplyDelta(ctx, NewDelta(ctx, actualFlatCvs, desiredFlatCvs, flatCv, s.logger))
+	})
+
+	return g.Wait()
+}
+
+// getCounterForEntity returns the appropriate counter (config/state) from telemetry.Stats for e.
+func getCounterForEntity(e contracts.Entity) *com.Counter {
+	switch e.(type) {
+	case *v1.HostState, *v1.ServiceState:
+		return &telemetry.Stats.State
+	default:
+		return &telemetry.Stats.Config
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/checkable.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/checkable.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbb114c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/checkable.go
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Checkable struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum    `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	NameCiMeta            `json:",inline"`
+	ActionUrlId           types.Binary `json:"action_url_id"`
+	ActiveChecksEnabled   types.Bool   `json:"active_checks_enabled"`
+	CheckInterval         float64      `json:"check_interval"`
+	CheckTimeperiodName   string       `json:"check_timeperiod_name"`
+	CheckTimeperiodId     types.Binary `json:"check_timeperiod_id"`
+	CheckRetryInterval    float64      `json:"check_retry_interval"`
+	CheckTimeout          float64      `json:"check_timeout"`
+	CheckcommandName      string       `json:"checkcommand_name"`
+	CheckcommandId        types.Binary `json:"checkcommand_id"`
+	CommandEndpointName   string       `json:"command_endpoint_name"`
+	CommandEndpointId     types.Binary `json:"command_endpoint_id"`
+	DisplayName           string       `json:"display_name"`
+	EventHandlerEnabled   types.Bool   `json:"event_handler_enabled"`
+	EventcommandName      string       `json:"eventcommand_name"`
+	EventcommandId        types.Binary `json:"eventcommand_id"`
+	FlappingEnabled       types.Bool   `json:"flapping_enabled"`
+	FlappingThresholdHigh float64      `json:"flapping_threshold_high"`
+	FlappingThresholdLow  float64      `json:"flapping_threshold_low"`
+	IconImageAlt          string       `json:"icon_image_alt"`
+	IconImageId           types.Binary `json:"icon_image_id"`
+	IsVolatile            types.Bool   `json:"is_volatile"`
+	MaxCheckAttempts      float64      `json:"max_check_attempts"`
+	Notes                 string       `json:"notes"`
+	NotesUrlId            types.Binary `json:"notes_url_id"`
+	NotificationsEnabled  types.Bool   `json:"notifications_enabled"`
+	PassiveChecksEnabled  types.Bool   `json:"passive_checks_enabled"`
+	PerfdataEnabled       types.Bool   `json:"perfdata_enabled"`
+	ZoneName              string       `json:"zone_name"`
+	ZoneId                types.Binary `json:"zone_id"`
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Checkable)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/command.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/command.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd4db2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/command.go
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Command struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	NameCiMeta         `json:",inline"`
+	ZoneId             types.Binary `json:"zone_id"`
+	Command            string       `json:"command"`
+	Timeout            uint32       `json:"timeout"`
+}
+
+type CommandArgument struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum  `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta     `json:",inline"`
+	ArgumentKey         string       `json:"argument_key"`
+	ArgumentValue       types.String `json:"value"`
+	ArgumentOrder       types.Int    `json:"order"`
+	Description         types.String `json:"description"`
+	ArgumentKeyOverride types.String `json:"key"`
+	RepeatKey           types.Bool   `json:"repeat_key"`
+	Required            types.Bool   `json:"required"`
+	SetIf               types.String `json:"set_if"`
+	Separator           types.String `json:"separator"`
+	SkipKey             types.Bool   `json:"skip_key"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (ca *CommandArgument) Init() {
+	ca.RepeatKey = types.Bool{
+		Bool:  true,
+		Valid: true,
+	}
+
+	ca.Required = types.Bool{
+		Bool:  false,
+		Valid: true,
+	}
+
+	ca.SkipKey = types.Bool{
+		Bool:  false,
+		Valid: true,
+	}
+}
+
+type CommandEnvvar struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	EnvvarKey          string `json:"envvar_key"`
+	EnvvarValue        string `json:"value"`
+}
+
+type Checkcommand struct {
+	Command `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+type CheckcommandArgument struct {
+	CommandArgument `json:",inline"`
+	CheckcommandId  types.Binary `json:"checkcommand_id"`
+}
+
+type CheckcommandEnvvar struct {
+	CommandEnvvar  `json:",inline"`
+	CheckcommandId types.Binary `json:"checkcommand_id"`
+}
+
+type CheckcommandCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta  `json:",inline"`
+	CheckcommandId types.Binary `json:"checkcommand_id"`
+}
+
+type Eventcommand struct {
+	Command `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+type EventcommandArgument struct {
+	CommandArgument `json:",inline"`
+	EventcommandId  types.Binary `json:"eventcommand_id"`
+}
+
+type EventcommandEnvvar struct {
+	CommandEnvvar  `json:",inline"`
+	EventcommandId types.Binary `json:"eventcommand_id"`
+}
+
+type EventcommandCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta  `json:",inline"`
+	EventcommandId types.Binary `json:"eventcommand_id"`
+}
+
+type Notificationcommand struct {
+	Command `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+type NotificationcommandArgument struct {
+	CommandArgument       `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationcommandId types.Binary `json:"notificationcommand_id"`
+}
+
+type NotificationcommandEnvvar struct {
+	CommandEnvvar         `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationcommandId types.Binary `json:"notificationcommand_id"`
+}
+
+type NotificationcommandCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta         `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationcommandId types.Binary `json:"notificationcommand_id"`
+}
+
+func NewCheckcommand() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Checkcommand{}
+}
+
+func NewCheckcommandArgument() contracts.Entity {
+	return &CheckcommandArgument{}
+}
+
+func NewCheckcommandEnvvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &CheckcommandEnvvar{}
+}
+
+func NewCheckcommandCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &CheckcommandCustomvar{}
+}
+
+func NewEventcommand() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Eventcommand{}
+}
+
+func NewEventcommandArgument() contracts.Entity {
+	return &EventcommandArgument{}
+}
+
+func NewEventcommandEnvvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &EventcommandEnvvar{}
+}
+
+func NewEventcommandCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &EventcommandCustomvar{}
+}
+
+func NewNotificationcommand() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Notificationcommand{}
+}
+
+func NewNotificationcommandArgument() contracts.Entity {
+	return &NotificationcommandArgument{}
+}
+
+func NewNotificationcommandEnvvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &NotificationcommandEnvvar{}
+}
+
+func NewNotificationcommandCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &NotificationcommandCustomvar{}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Command)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*CommandArgument)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Checkcommand)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Eventcommand)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Notificationcommand)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/comment.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/comment.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b720fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/comment.go
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Comment struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	NameMeta           `json:",inline"`
+	ObjectType         string            `json:"object_type"`
+	HostId             types.Binary      `json:"host_id"`
+	ServiceId          types.Binary      `json:"service_id"`
+	Author             string            `json:"author"`
+	Text               string            `json:"text"`
+	EntryType          types.CommentType `json:"entry_type"`
+	EntryTime          types.UnixMilli   `json:"entry_time"`
+	IsPersistent       types.Bool        `json:"is_persistent"`
+	IsSticky           types.Bool        `json:"is_sticky"`
+	ExpireTime         types.UnixMilli   `json:"expire_time"`
+	ZoneId             types.Binary      `json:"zone_id"`
+}
+
+func NewComment() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Comment{}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/customvar.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/customvar.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..462b87c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/customvar.go
@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/flatten"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/objectpacker"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"runtime"
+)
+
+type Customvar struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	NameMeta              `json:",inline"`
+	Value                 string `json:"value"`
+}
+
+type CustomvarFlat struct {
+	CustomvarMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	Flatname         string       `json:"flatname"`
+	FlatnameChecksum types.Binary `json:"flatname_checksum"`
+	Flatvalue        types.String `json:"flatvalue"`
+}
+
+func NewCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Customvar{}
+}
+
+func NewCustomvarFlat() contracts.Entity {
+	return &CustomvarFlat{}
+}
+
+// ExpandCustomvars streams custom variables from a provided channel and returns three channels,
+// the first providing the unmodified custom variable read from the input channel,
+// the second channel providing the corresponding resolved flat custom variables,
+// and the third channel providing an error, if any.
+func ExpandCustomvars(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	cvs <-chan contracts.Entity,
+) (customvars, flatCustomvars <-chan contracts.Entity, errs <-chan error) {
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	// Multiplex cvs to use them both for customvar and customvar_flat.
+	var forward chan contracts.Entity
+	customvars, forward = multiplexCvs(ctx, g, cvs)
+	flatCustomvars = flattenCustomvars(ctx, g, forward)
+	errs = com.WaitAsync(g)
+
+	return
+}
+
+// multiplexCvs streams custom variables from a provided channel and
+// forwards each custom variable to the two returned output channels.
+func multiplexCvs(
+	ctx context.Context,
+	g *errgroup.Group,
+	cvs <-chan contracts.Entity,
+) (customvars1, customvars2 chan contracts.Entity) {
+	customvars1 = make(chan contracts.Entity)
+	customvars2 = make(chan contracts.Entity)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		defer close(customvars1)
+		defer close(customvars2)
+
+		for {
+			select {
+			case cv, ok := <-cvs:
+				if !ok {
+					return nil
+				}
+
+				select {
+				case customvars1 <- cv:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+
+				select {
+				case customvars2 <- cv:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	return
+}
+
+// flattenCustomvars creates and yields flat custom variables from the provided custom variables.
+func flattenCustomvars(ctx context.Context, g *errgroup.Group, cvs <-chan contracts.Entity) (flatCustomvars chan contracts.Entity) {
+	flatCustomvars = make(chan contracts.Entity)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		defer close(flatCustomvars)
+
+		g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+		for i := 0; i < runtime.NumCPU(); i++ {
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				for entity := range cvs {
+					var value interface{}
+					customvar := entity.(*Customvar)
+					if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(customvar.Value), &value); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+
+					flattened := flatten.Flatten(value, customvar.Name)
+
+					for flatname, flatvalue := range flattened {
+						var fv interface{}
+						if flatvalue.Valid {
+							fv = flatvalue.String
+						}
+
+						select {
+						case flatCustomvars <- &CustomvarFlat{
+							CustomvarMeta: CustomvarMeta{
+								EntityWithoutChecksum: EntityWithoutChecksum{
+									IdMeta: IdMeta{
+										// TODO(el): Schema comment is wrong.
+										// Without customvar.Id we would produce duplicate keys here.
+										Id: utils.Checksum(objectpacker.MustPackSlice(customvar.EnvironmentId, customvar.Id, flatname, fv)),
+									},
+								},
+								EnvironmentMeta: EnvironmentMeta{
+									EnvironmentId: customvar.EnvironmentId,
+								},
+								CustomvarId: customvar.Id,
+							},
+							Flatname:         flatname,
+							FlatnameChecksum: utils.Checksum(flatname),
+							Flatvalue:        flatvalue,
+						}:
+						case <-ctx.Done():
+							return ctx.Err()
+						}
+					}
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			})
+		}
+
+		return g.Wait()
+	})
+
+	return
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/downtime.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/downtime.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0878e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/downtime.go
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Downtime struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	NameMeta           `json:",inline"`
+	TriggeredById      types.Binary    `json:"triggered_by_id"`
+	ParentId           types.Binary    `json:"parent_id"`
+	ObjectType         string          `json:"object_type"`
+	HostId             types.Binary    `json:"host_id"`
+	ServiceId          types.Binary    `json:"service_id"`
+	Author             string          `json:"author"`
+	Comment            string          `json:"comment"`
+	EntryTime          types.UnixMilli `json:"entry_time"`
+	ScheduledStartTime types.UnixMilli `json:"scheduled_start_time"`
+	ScheduledEndTime   types.UnixMilli `json:"scheduled_end_time"`
+	ScheduledDuration  uint64          `json:"scheduled_duration"`
+	IsFlexible         types.Bool      `json:"is_flexible"`
+	FlexibleDuration   uint64          `json:"flexible_duration"`
+	IsInEffect         types.Bool      `json:"is_in_effect"`
+	StartTime          types.UnixMilli `json:"start_time"`
+	EndTime            types.UnixMilli `json:"end_time"`
+	Duration           uint64          `json:"duration"`
+	ScheduledBy        types.String    `json:"scheduled_by"`
+	ZoneId             types.Binary    `json:"zone_id"`
+}
+
+func NewDowntime() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Downtime{}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/endpoint.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/endpoint.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6abe9d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/endpoint.go
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Endpoint struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	NameCiMeta         `json:",inline"`
+	ZoneId             types.Binary `json:"zone_id"`
+}
+
+type Zone struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	NameCiMeta         `json:",inline"`
+	IsGlobal           types.Bool   `json:"is_global"`
+	ParentId           types.Binary `json:"parent_id"`
+	Depth              uint8        `json:"depth"`
+}
+
+func NewEndpoint() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Endpoint{}
+}
+
+func NewZone() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Zone{}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Endpoint)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Zone)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/entity.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/entity.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5dfa3d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/entity.go
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+package v1
+
+import "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+
+// EntityWithoutChecksum represents entities without a checksum.
+type EntityWithoutChecksum struct {
+	IdMeta `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+// Fingerprint implements the contracts.Fingerprinter interface.
+func (e EntityWithoutChecksum) Fingerprint() contracts.Fingerprinter {
+	return e
+}
+
+// EntityWithChecksum represents entities with a checksum.
+type EntityWithChecksum struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	ChecksumMeta          `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+// Fingerprint implements the contracts.Fingerprinter interface.
+func (e EntityWithChecksum) Fingerprint() contracts.Fingerprinter {
+	return e
+}
+
+func NewEntityWithChecksum() contracts.Entity {
+	return &EntityWithChecksum{}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/environment.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/environment.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80e06f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/environment.go
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Environment struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	Name                  types.String `json:"name"`
+}
+
+// NewContext returns a new Context that carries this Environment as value.
+func (e *Environment) NewContext(parent context.Context) context.Context {
+	return context.WithValue(parent, environmentContextKey, e)
+}
+
+// Meta returns the EnvironmentMeta for this Environment.
+func (e *Environment) Meta() *EnvironmentMeta {
+	return &EnvironmentMeta{EnvironmentId: e.Id}
+}
+
+// EnvironmentFromContext returns the Environment value stored in ctx, if any:
+//
+//	e, ok := EnvironmentFromContext(ctx)
+//	if !ok {
+//		// Error handling.
+//	}
+func EnvironmentFromContext(ctx context.Context) (*Environment, bool) {
+	if e, ok := ctx.Value(environmentContextKey).(*Environment); ok {
+		return e, true
+	}
+
+	return nil, false
+}
+
+// environmentContextKey is the key for Environment values in contexts.
+// It's not exported, so callers use Environment.NewContext and EnvironmentFromContext
+// instead of using that key directly.
+var environmentContextKey contextKey
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/ack.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/ack.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..094a7e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/ack.go
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type AckHistoryUpserter struct {
+	ClearTime types.UnixMilli `json:"clear_time"`
+	ClearedBy types.String    `json:"cleared_by"`
+}
+
+// Upsert implements the contracts.Upserter interface.
+func (ahu *AckHistoryUpserter) Upsert() interface{} {
+	return ahu
+}
+
+type AcknowledgementHistory struct {
+	v1.EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	HistoryTableMeta         `json:",inline"`
+	AckHistoryUpserter       `json:",inline"`
+	SetTime                  types.UnixMilli `json:"set_time"`
+	Author                   types.String    `json:"author"`
+	Comment                  types.String    `json:"comment"`
+	ExpireTime               types.UnixMilli `json:"expire_time"`
+	IsPersistent             types.Bool      `json:"is_persistent"`
+	IsSticky                 types.Bool      `json:"is_sticky"`
+}
+
+type HistoryAck struct {
+	HistoryMeta              `json:",inline"`
+	AcknowledgementHistoryId types.Binary `json:"id"`
+
+	// Idea: read SetTime and ClearTime from Redis and let EventTime decide which of them to write to MySQL.
+	// So EventTime doesn't have to be read from Redis (json:"-")
+	// and the others don't have to be written to MySQL (db:"-").
+	SetTime   types.UnixMilli `json:"set_time" db:"-"`
+	ClearTime types.UnixMilli `json:"clear_time" db:"-"`
+	EventTime AckEventTime    `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (h *HistoryAck) Init() {
+	h.EventTime.History = h
+}
+
+// TableName implements the contracts.TableNamer interface.
+func (*HistoryAck) TableName() string {
+	return "history"
+}
+
+type AckEventTime struct {
+	History *HistoryAck `db:"-"`
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (et AckEventTime) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if et.History == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	switch et.History.EventType {
+	case "ack_set":
+		return et.History.SetTime.Value()
+	case "ack_clear":
+		return et.History.ClearTime.Value()
+	default:
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*AcknowledgementHistory)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer     = (*HistoryAck)(nil)
+	_ contracts.TableNamer = (*HistoryAck)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*HistoryAck)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer        = AckEventTime{}
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/comment.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/comment.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3a5743
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/comment.go
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type CommentHistoryEntity struct {
+	CommentId types.Binary `json:"comment_id"`
+}
+
+// Fingerprint implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (che CommentHistoryEntity) Fingerprint() contracts.Fingerprinter {
+	return che
+}
+
+// ID implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (che CommentHistoryEntity) ID() contracts.ID {
+	return che.CommentId
+}
+
+// SetID implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (che *CommentHistoryEntity) SetID(id contracts.ID) {
+	che.CommentId = id.(types.Binary)
+}
+
+type CommentHistoryUpserter struct {
+	RemovedBy      types.String    `json:"removed_by"`
+	RemoveTime     types.UnixMilli `json:"remove_time"`
+	HasBeenRemoved types.Bool      `json:"has_been_removed"`
+}
+
+// Upsert implements the contracts.Upserter interface.
+func (chu *CommentHistoryUpserter) Upsert() interface{} {
+	return chu
+}
+
+type CommentHistory struct {
+	CommentHistoryEntity   `json:",inline"`
+	HistoryTableMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	CommentHistoryUpserter `json:",inline"`
+	EntryTime              types.UnixMilli   `json:"entry_time"`
+	Author                 string            `json:"author"`
+	Comment                string            `json:"comment"`
+	EntryType              types.CommentType `json:"entry_type"`
+	IsPersistent           types.Bool        `json:"is_persistent"`
+	IsSticky               types.Bool        `json:"is_sticky"`
+	ExpireTime             types.UnixMilli   `json:"expire_time"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (ch *CommentHistory) Init() {
+	ch.HasBeenRemoved = types.Bool{
+		Bool:  false,
+		Valid: true,
+	}
+}
+
+type HistoryComment struct {
+	HistoryMeta      `json:",inline"`
+	CommentHistoryId types.Binary `json:"comment_id"`
+
+	// Idea: read EntryTime, RemoveTime and ExpireTime from Redis
+	// and let EventTime decide which of them to write to MySQL.
+	// So EventTime doesn't have to be read from Redis (json:"-")
+	// and the others don't have to be written to MySQL (db:"-").
+	EntryTime  types.UnixMilli  `json:"entry_time" db:"-"`
+	RemoveTime types.UnixMilli  `json:"remove_time" db:"-"`
+	ExpireTime types.UnixMilli  `json:"expire_time" db:"-"`
+	EventTime  CommentEventTime `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (h *HistoryComment) Init() {
+	h.EventTime.History = h
+}
+
+// TableName implements the contracts.TableNamer interface.
+func (*HistoryComment) TableName() string {
+	return "history"
+}
+
+type CommentEventTime struct {
+	History *HistoryComment `db:"-"`
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (et CommentEventTime) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if et.History == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	switch et.History.EventType {
+	case "comment_add":
+		return et.History.EntryTime.Value()
+	case "comment_remove":
+		v, err := et.History.RemoveTime.Value()
+		if err == nil && v == nil {
+			return et.History.ExpireTime.Value()
+		}
+
+		return v, err
+	default:
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Entity     = (*CommentHistoryEntity)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Upserter   = (*CommentHistoryUpserter)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer     = (*CommentHistory)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*CommentHistory)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer     = (*HistoryComment)(nil)
+	_ contracts.TableNamer = (*HistoryComment)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*HistoryComment)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer        = CommentEventTime{}
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/downtime.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/downtime.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..99f93f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/downtime.go
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type DowntimeHistoryEntity struct {
+	DowntimeId types.Binary `json:"downtime_id"`
+}
+
+// Fingerprint implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (dhe DowntimeHistoryEntity) Fingerprint() contracts.Fingerprinter {
+	return dhe
+}
+
+// ID implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (dhe DowntimeHistoryEntity) ID() contracts.ID {
+	return dhe.DowntimeId
+}
+
+// SetID implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (dhe *DowntimeHistoryEntity) SetID(id contracts.ID) {
+	dhe.DowntimeId = id.(types.Binary)
+}
+
+type DowntimeHistoryUpserter struct {
+	CancelledBy      types.String    `json:"cancelled_by"`
+	HasBeenCancelled types.Bool      `json:"has_been_cancelled"`
+	CancelTime       types.UnixMilli `json:"cancel_time"`
+}
+
+// Upsert implements the contracts.Upserter interface.
+func (dhu *DowntimeHistoryUpserter) Upsert() interface{} {
+	return dhu
+}
+
+type DowntimeHistory struct {
+	DowntimeHistoryEntity   `json:",inline"`
+	HistoryTableMeta        `json:",inline"`
+	DowntimeHistoryUpserter `json:",inline"`
+	TriggeredById           types.Binary    `json:"triggered_by_id"`
+	ParentId                types.Binary    `json:"parent_id"`
+	EntryTime               types.UnixMilli `json:"entry_time"`
+	Author                  string          `json:"author"`
+	Comment                 string          `json:"comment"`
+	IsFlexible              types.Bool      `json:"is_flexible"`
+	FlexibleDuration        uint64          `json:"flexible_duration"`
+	ScheduledStartTime      types.UnixMilli `json:"scheduled_start_time"`
+	ScheduledEndTime        types.UnixMilli `json:"scheduled_end_time"`
+	StartTime               types.UnixMilli `json:"start_time"`
+	EndTime                 types.UnixMilli `json:"end_time"`
+	ScheduledBy             types.String    `json:"scheduled_by"`
+	TriggerTime             types.UnixMilli `json:"trigger_time"`
+}
+
+type HistoryDowntime struct {
+	HistoryMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	DowntimeHistoryId types.Binary `json:"downtime_id"`
+
+	// Idea: read StartTime, CancelTime, EndTime and HasBeenCancelled from Redis
+	// and let EventTime decide based on HasBeenCancelled which of the others to write to MySQL.
+	// So EventTime doesn't have to be read from Redis (json:"-")
+	// and the others don't have to be written to MySQL (db:"-").
+	StartTime        types.UnixMilli   `json:"start_time" db:"-"`
+	CancelTime       types.UnixMilli   `json:"cancel_time" db:"-"`
+	EndTime          types.UnixMilli   `json:"end_time" db:"-"`
+	HasBeenCancelled types.Bool        `json:"has_been_cancelled" db:"-"`
+	EventTime        DowntimeEventTime `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (h *HistoryDowntime) Init() {
+	h.EventTime.History = h
+}
+
+// TableName implements the contracts.TableNamer interface.
+func (*HistoryDowntime) TableName() string {
+	return "history"
+}
+
+type SlaHistoryDowntime struct {
+	DowntimeHistoryEntity      `json:",inline"`
+	HistoryTableMeta           `json:",inline"`
+	SlaHistoryDowntimeUpserter `json:",inline"`
+	DowntimeStart              types.UnixMilli `json:"start_time"`
+	HasBeenCancelled           types.Bool      `json:"has_been_cancelled" db:"-"`
+	CancelTime                 types.UnixMilli `json:"cancel_time" db:"-"`
+	EndTime                    types.UnixMilli `json:"end_time" db:"-"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (s *SlaHistoryDowntime) Init() {
+	s.DowntimeEnd.History = s
+}
+
+type SlaHistoryDowntimeUpserter struct {
+	DowntimeEnd SlaDowntimeEndTime `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// Upsert implements the contracts.Upserter interface.
+func (h *SlaHistoryDowntimeUpserter) Upsert() interface{} {
+	return h
+}
+
+type DowntimeEventTime struct {
+	History *HistoryDowntime `db:"-"`
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (et DowntimeEventTime) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if et.History == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	switch et.History.EventType {
+	case "downtime_start":
+		return et.History.StartTime.Value()
+	case "downtime_end":
+		if !et.History.HasBeenCancelled.Valid {
+			return nil, nil
+		}
+
+		if et.History.HasBeenCancelled.Bool {
+			return et.History.CancelTime.Value()
+		} else {
+			return et.History.EndTime.Value()
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+type SlaDowntimeEndTime struct {
+	History *SlaHistoryDowntime `db:"-"`
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (et SlaDowntimeEndTime) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if et.History.HasBeenCancelled.Valid && et.History.HasBeenCancelled.Bool {
+		return et.History.CancelTime.Value()
+	} else {
+		return et.History.EndTime.Value()
+	}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Entity     = (*DowntimeHistoryEntity)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Upserter   = (*DowntimeHistoryUpserter)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*DowntimeHistory)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer     = (*HistoryDowntime)(nil)
+	_ contracts.TableNamer = (*HistoryDowntime)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*HistoryDowntime)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer     = (*SlaHistoryDowntime)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*SlaHistoryDowntime)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer        = DowntimeEventTime{}
+	_ driver.Valuer        = SlaDowntimeEndTime{}
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/flapping.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/flapping.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9280b27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/flapping.go
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type FlappingHistoryUpserter struct {
+	EndTime               types.UnixMilli `json:"end_time"`
+	PercentStateChangeEnd types.Float     `json:"percent_state_change_end"`
+	FlappingThresholdLow  float32         `json:"flapping_threshold_low"`
+	FlappingThresholdHigh float32         `json:"flapping_threshold_high"`
+}
+
+// Upsert implements the contracts.Upserter interface.
+func (fhu *FlappingHistoryUpserter) Upsert() interface{} {
+	return fhu
+}
+
+type FlappingHistory struct {
+	v1.EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	HistoryTableMeta         `json:",inline"`
+	FlappingHistoryUpserter  `json:",inline"`
+	StartTime                types.UnixMilli `json:"start_time"`
+	PercentStateChangeStart  types.Float     `json:"percent_state_change_start"`
+}
+
+type HistoryFlapping struct {
+	HistoryMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	FlappingHistoryId types.Binary `json:"id"`
+
+	// Idea: read StartTime and EndTime from Redis and let EventTime decide which of them to write to MySQL.
+	// So EventTime doesn't have to be read from Redis (json:"-")
+	// and the others don't have to be written to MySQL (db:"-").
+	StartTime types.UnixMilli   `json:"start_time" db:"-"`
+	EndTime   types.UnixMilli   `json:"end_time" db:"-"`
+	EventTime FlappingEventTime `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (h *HistoryFlapping) Init() {
+	h.EventTime.History = h
+}
+
+// TableName implements the contracts.TableNamer interface.
+func (*HistoryFlapping) TableName() string {
+	return "history"
+}
+
+type FlappingEventTime struct {
+	History *HistoryFlapping `db:"-"`
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (et FlappingEventTime) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if et.History == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	switch et.History.EventType {
+	case "flapping_start":
+		return et.History.StartTime.Value()
+	case "flapping_end":
+		return et.History.EndTime.Value()
+	default:
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*FlappingHistory)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer     = (*HistoryFlapping)(nil)
+	_ contracts.TableNamer = (*HistoryFlapping)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*HistoryFlapping)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer        = FlappingEventTime{}
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/meta.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/meta.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..434ed11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/meta.go
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+// UpserterEntity provides upsert for entities.
+type UpserterEntity interface {
+	contracts.Upserter
+	contracts.Entity
+}
+
+// HistoryTableEntity is embedded by every concrete history type that has its own table.
+type HistoryTableEntity struct {
+	v1.EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+// Upsert implements the contracts.Upserter interface.
+// Update only the Id (effectively nothing).
+func (hte HistoryTableEntity) Upsert() interface{} {
+	return hte
+}
+
+// HistoryEntity is embedded by every concrete history type.
+type HistoryEntity struct {
+	Id types.Binary `json:"event_id"`
+}
+
+// Fingerprint implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (he HistoryEntity) Fingerprint() contracts.Fingerprinter {
+	return he
+}
+
+// ID implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (he HistoryEntity) ID() contracts.ID {
+	return he.Id
+}
+
+// SetID implements part of the contracts.Entity interface.
+func (he *HistoryEntity) SetID(id contracts.ID) {
+	he.Id = id.(types.Binary)
+}
+
+// Upsert implements the contracts.Upserter interface.
+// Update only the Id (effectively nothing).
+func (he HistoryEntity) Upsert() interface{} {
+	return he
+}
+
+// HistoryTableMeta is embedded by every concrete history type that has its own table.
+type HistoryTableMeta struct {
+	EnvironmentId types.Binary `json:"environment_id"`
+	EndpointId    types.Binary `json:"endpoint_id"`
+	ObjectType    string       `json:"object_type"`
+	HostId        types.Binary `json:"host_id"`
+	ServiceId     types.Binary `json:"service_id"`
+}
+
+// HistoryMeta is embedded by every concrete history type that belongs to the history table.
+type HistoryMeta struct {
+	HistoryEntity `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentId types.Binary `json:"environment_id"`
+	EndpointId    types.Binary `json:"endpoint_id"`
+	ObjectType    string       `json:"object_type"`
+	HostId        types.Binary `json:"host_id"`
+	ServiceId     types.Binary `json:"service_id"`
+	EventType     string       `json:"event_type"`
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Entity   = (*HistoryTableEntity)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Upserter = HistoryTableEntity{}
+	_ contracts.Entity   = (*HistoryEntity)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Upserter = HistoryEntity{}
+	_ contracts.Entity   = (*HistoryMeta)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Upserter = (*HistoryMeta)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/notification.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/notification.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17fd375
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/notification.go
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type NotificationHistory struct {
+	HistoryTableEntity `json:",inline"`
+	HistoryTableMeta   `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationId     types.Binary           `json:"notification_id"`
+	Type               types.NotificationType `json:"type"`
+	SendTime           types.UnixMilli        `json:"send_time"`
+	State              uint8                  `json:"state"`
+	PreviousHardState  uint8                  `json:"previous_hard_state"`
+	Author             string                 `json:"author"`
+	Text               types.String           `json:"text"`
+	UsersNotified      uint16                 `json:"users_notified"`
+}
+
+type UserNotificationHistory struct {
+	v1.EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	v1.EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationHistoryId    types.Binary `json:"notification_history_id"`
+	UserId                   types.Binary `json:"user_id"`
+}
+
+func (u *UserNotificationHistory) Upsert() interface{} {
+	return u
+}
+
+type HistoryNotification struct {
+	HistoryMeta           `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationHistoryId types.Binary    `json:"id"`
+	EventTime             types.UnixMilli `json:"send_time"`
+}
+
+// TableName implements the contracts.TableNamer interface.
+func (*HistoryNotification) TableName() string {
+	return "history"
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*NotificationHistory)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*UserNotificationHistory)(nil)
+	_ contracts.TableNamer = (*HistoryNotification)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*HistoryNotification)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/state.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/state.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dec13b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/history/state.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package history
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type StateHistory struct {
+	HistoryTableEntity `json:",inline"`
+	HistoryTableMeta   `json:",inline"`
+	EventTime          types.UnixMilli `json:"event_time"`
+	StateType          types.StateType `json:"state_type"`
+	SoftState          uint8           `json:"soft_state"`
+	HardState          uint8           `json:"hard_state"`
+	PreviousSoftState  uint8           `json:"previous_soft_state"`
+	PreviousHardState  uint8           `json:"previous_hard_state"`
+	CheckAttempt       uint8           `json:"check_attempt"`
+	Output             types.String    `json:"output"`
+	LongOutput         types.String    `json:"long_output"`
+	MaxCheckAttempts   uint32          `json:"max_check_attempts"`
+	CheckSource        types.String    `json:"check_source"`
+	SchedulingSource   types.String    `json:"scheduling_source"`
+}
+
+type HistoryState struct {
+	HistoryMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	StateHistoryId types.Binary    `json:"id"`
+	EventTime      types.UnixMilli `json:"event_time"`
+}
+
+// TableName implements the contracts.TableNamer interface.
+func (*HistoryState) TableName() string {
+	return "history"
+}
+
+type SlaHistoryState struct {
+	HistoryTableEntity `json:",inline"`
+	HistoryTableMeta   `json:",inline"`
+	EventTime          types.UnixMilli `json:"event_time"`
+	StateType          types.StateType `json:"state_type" db:"-"`
+	HardState          uint8           `json:"hard_state"`
+	PreviousHardState  uint8           `json:"previous_hard_state"`
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*StateHistory)(nil)
+	_ contracts.TableNamer = (*HistoryState)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*HistoryState)(nil)
+	_ UpserterEntity       = (*SlaHistoryState)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/host.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/host.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fbab47c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/host.go
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"net"
+)
+
+type Host struct {
+	Checkable   `json:",inline"`
+	Address     string      `json:"address"`
+	Address6    string      `json:"address6"`
+	AddressBin  AddressBin  `json:"-"`
+	Address6Bin Address6Bin `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (h *Host) Init() {
+	h.Checkable.Init()
+	h.AddressBin.Host = h
+	h.Address6Bin.Host = h
+}
+
+type AddressBin struct {
+	Host *Host `db:"-"`
+}
+
+var v4InV6Prefix = []byte{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0xff, 0xff}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (ab AddressBin) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if ab.Host == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	ip := net.ParseIP(ab.Host.Address)
+	if ip == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if ip = bytes.TrimPrefix(ip, v4InV6Prefix); len(ip) == 4 {
+		return []byte(ip), nil
+	} else {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+type Address6Bin struct {
+	Host *Host `db:"-"`
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (ab Address6Bin) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if ab.Host == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	if ip := net.ParseIP(ab.Host.Address6); ip == nil {
+		return nil, nil
+	} else {
+		return []byte(ip), nil
+	}
+}
+
+type HostCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta `json:",inline"`
+	HostId        types.Binary `json:"host_id"`
+}
+
+type HostState struct {
+	State  `json:",inline"`
+	HostId types.Binary `json:"host_id"`
+}
+
+type Hostgroup struct {
+	GroupMeta `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+type HostgroupCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta `json:",inline"`
+	HostgroupId   types.Binary `json:"hostgroup_id"`
+}
+
+type HostgroupMember struct {
+	MemberMeta  `json:",inline"`
+	HostId      types.Binary `json:"host_id"`
+	HostgroupId types.Binary `json:"hostgroup_id"`
+}
+
+func NewHost() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Host{}
+}
+
+func NewHostCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &HostCustomvar{}
+}
+
+func NewHostState() contracts.Entity {
+	return &HostState{}
+}
+
+func NewHostgroup() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Hostgroup{}
+}
+
+func NewHostgroupCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &HostgroupCustomvar{}
+}
+
+func NewHostgroupMember() contracts.Entity {
+	return &HostgroupMember{}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Host)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer    = AddressBin{}
+	_ driver.Valuer    = Address6Bin{}
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Hostgroup)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/icingadb_instance.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/icingadb_instance.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d694b74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/icingadb_instance.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type IcingadbInstance struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum             `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta                   `json:",inline"`
+	EndpointId                        types.Binary    `json:"endpoint_id"`
+	Heartbeat                         types.UnixMilli `json:"heartbeat"`
+	Responsible                       types.Bool      `json:"responsible"`
+	Icinga2Version                    string          `json:"icinga2_version"`
+	Icinga2StartTime                  types.UnixMilli `json:"icinga2_start_Time"`
+	Icinga2NotificationsEnabled       types.Bool      `json:"icinga2_notifications_enabled"`
+	Icinga2ActiveServiceChecksEnabled types.Bool      `json:"icinga2_active_service_checks_enabled"`
+	Icinga2ActiveHostChecksEnabled    types.Bool      `json:"icinga2_active_host_checks_enabled"`
+	Icinga2EventHandlersEnabled       types.Bool      `json:"icinga2_event_handlers_enabled"`
+	Icinga2FlapDetectionEnabled       types.Bool      `json:"icinga2_flap_detection_enabled"`
+	Icinga2PerformanceDataEnabled     types.Bool      `json:"icinga2_performance_data_enabled"`
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/meta.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/meta.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9266751
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/meta.go
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+// ChecksumMeta is embedded by every type with a checksum.
+type ChecksumMeta struct {
+	PropertiesChecksum types.Binary `json:"checksum"`
+}
+
+// Checksum implements part of the contracts.Checksumer interface.
+func (m ChecksumMeta) Checksum() contracts.Checksum {
+	return m.PropertiesChecksum
+}
+
+// SetChecksum implements part of the contracts.Checksumer interface.
+func (m *ChecksumMeta) SetChecksum(checksum contracts.Checksum) {
+	m.PropertiesChecksum = checksum.(types.Binary)
+}
+
+// EnvironmentMeta is embedded by every type which belongs to an environment.
+type EnvironmentMeta struct {
+	EnvironmentId types.Binary `json:"environment_id"`
+}
+
+// IdMeta is embedded by every type Icinga DB should synchronize.
+type IdMeta struct {
+	Id types.Binary `json:"id"`
+}
+
+// ID implements part of the contracts.IDer interface.
+func (m IdMeta) ID() contracts.ID {
+	return m.Id
+}
+
+// SetID implements part of the contracts.IDer interface.
+func (m *IdMeta) SetID(id contracts.ID) {
+	m.Id = id.(types.Binary)
+}
+
+// NameMeta is embedded by every type with a name.
+type NameMeta struct {
+	Name         string       `json:"name"`
+	NameChecksum types.Binary `json:"name_checksum"`
+}
+
+// NameCiMeta is embedded by every type with a case insensitive name.
+type NameCiMeta struct {
+	NameMeta `json:",inline"`
+	NameCi   *string `json:"-"`
+}
+
+// Init implements the contracts.Initer interface.
+func (n *NameCiMeta) Init() {
+	n.NameCi = &n.Name
+}
+
+// CustomvarMeta is embedded by every type with custom variables.
+type CustomvarMeta struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	CustomvarId           types.Binary `json:"customvar_id"`
+}
+
+// GroupMeta is embedded by every type that represents a specific group.
+type GroupMeta struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	NameCiMeta         `json:",inline"`
+	DisplayName        string       `json:"display_name"`
+	ZoneId             types.Binary `json:"zone_id"`
+}
+
+// MemberMeta is embedded by every type that represents members of a specific group.
+type MemberMeta struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*NameCiMeta)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*GroupMeta)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/notification.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/notification.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31bdbbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/notification.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Notification struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum    `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	NameCiMeta            `json:",inline"`
+	HostId                types.Binary             `json:"host_id"`
+	ServiceId             types.Binary             `json:"service_id"`
+	NotificationcommandId types.Binary             `json:"notificationcommand_id"`
+	TimesBegin            types.Int                `json:"times_begin"`
+	TimesEnd              types.Int                `json:"times_end"`
+	NotificationInterval  uint32                   `json:"notification_interval"`
+	TimeperiodId          types.Binary             `json:"timeperiod_id"`
+	States                types.NotificationStates `json:"states"`
+	Types                 types.NotificationTypes  `json:"types"`
+	ZoneId                types.Binary             `json:"zone_id"`
+}
+
+type NotificationUser struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationId        types.Binary `json:"notification_id"`
+	UserId                types.Binary `json:"user_id"`
+}
+
+type NotificationUsergroup struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationId        types.Binary `json:"notification_id"`
+	UsergroupId           types.Binary `json:"usergroup_id"`
+}
+
+type NotificationRecipient struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationId        types.Binary `json:"notification_id"`
+	UserId                types.Binary `json:"user_id"`
+	UsergroupId           types.Binary `json:"usergroup_id"`
+}
+
+type NotificationCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta  `json:",inline"`
+	NotificationId types.Binary `json:"notification_id"`
+}
+
+func NewNotification() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Notification{}
+}
+
+func NewNotificationUser() contracts.Entity {
+	return &NotificationUser{}
+}
+
+func NewNotificationUsergroup() contracts.Entity {
+	return &NotificationUsergroup{}
+}
+
+func NewNotificationRecipient() contracts.Entity {
+	return &NotificationRecipient{}
+}
+
+func NewNotificationCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &NotificationCustomvar{}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Notification)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/overdue/host.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/overdue/host.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d42994
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/overdue/host.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package overdue
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type HostState struct {
+	v1.EntityWithoutChecksum
+	IsOverdue types.Bool `json:"is_overdue"`
+}
+
+func NewHostState(id string, overdue bool) (contracts.Entity, error) {
+	hs := &HostState{IsOverdue: types.Bool{
+		Bool:  overdue,
+		Valid: true,
+	}}
+
+	return hs, hs.Id.UnmarshalText([]byte(id))
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Entity = (*HostState)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/overdue/service.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/overdue/service.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfd5383
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/overdue/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package overdue
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingadb/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type ServiceState struct {
+	v1.EntityWithoutChecksum
+	IsOverdue types.Bool `json:"is_overdue"`
+}
+
+func NewServiceState(id string, overdue bool) (contracts.Entity, error) {
+	hs := &ServiceState{IsOverdue: types.Bool{
+		Bool:  overdue,
+		Valid: true,
+	}}
+
+	return hs, hs.Id.UnmarshalText([]byte(id))
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Entity = (*ServiceState)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/service.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/service.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4045449
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/service.go
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Service struct {
+	Checkable `json:",inline"`
+	HostId    types.Binary `json:"host_id"`
+}
+
+type ServiceCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta `json:",inline"`
+	ServiceId     types.Binary `json:"service_id"`
+}
+
+type ServiceState struct {
+	State     `json:",inline"`
+	ServiceId types.Binary `json:"service_id"`
+	HostId    types.Binary `json:"host_id"`
+}
+
+type Servicegroup struct {
+	GroupMeta `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+type ServicegroupCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta  `json:",inline"`
+	ServicegroupId types.Binary `json:"servicegroup_id"`
+}
+
+type ServicegroupMember struct {
+	MemberMeta     `json:",inline"`
+	ServiceId      types.Binary `json:"service_id"`
+	ServicegroupId types.Binary `json:"servicegroup_id"`
+}
+
+func NewService() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Service{}
+}
+
+func NewServiceCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &ServiceCustomvar{}
+}
+
+func NewServiceState() contracts.Entity {
+	return &ServiceState{}
+}
+
+func NewServicegroup() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Servicegroup{}
+}
+
+func NewServicegroupCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &ServicegroupCustomvar{}
+}
+
+func NewServicegroupMember() contracts.Entity {
+	return &ServicegroupMember{}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Service)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Servicegroup)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/state.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/state.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bad8f28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/state.go
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type State struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum        `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta           `json:",inline"`
+	AcknowledgementCommentId  types.Binary               `json:"acknowledgement_comment_id"`
+	LastCommentId             types.Binary               `json:"last_comment_id"`
+	CheckAttempt              uint8                      `json:"check_attempt"`
+	CheckCommandline          types.String               `json:"check_commandline"`
+	CheckSource               types.String               `json:"check_source"`
+	SchedulingSource          types.String               `json:"scheduling_source"`
+	ExecutionTime             float64                    `json:"execution_time"`
+	HardState                 uint8                      `json:"hard_state"`
+	InDowntime                types.Bool                 `json:"in_downtime"`
+	IsAcknowledged            types.AcknowledgementState `json:"is_acknowledged"`
+	IsFlapping                types.Bool                 `json:"is_flapping"`
+	IsHandled                 types.Bool                 `json:"is_handled"`
+	IsProblem                 types.Bool                 `json:"is_problem"`
+	IsReachable               types.Bool                 `json:"is_reachable"`
+	LastStateChange           types.UnixMilli            `json:"last_state_change"`
+	LastUpdate                types.UnixMilli            `json:"last_update"`
+	Latency                   float64                    `json:"latency"`
+	LongOutput                types.String               `json:"long_output"`
+	NextCheck                 types.UnixMilli            `json:"next_check"`
+	NextUpdate                types.UnixMilli            `json:"next_update"`
+	Output                    types.String               `json:"output"`
+	PerformanceData           types.String               `json:"performance_data"`
+	NormalizedPerformanceData types.String               `json:"normalized_performance_data"`
+	PreviousSoftState         uint8                      `json:"previous_soft_state"`
+	PreviousHardState         uint8                      `json:"previous_hard_state"`
+	Severity                  uint16                     `json:"severity"`
+	SoftState                 uint8                      `json:"soft_state"`
+	StateType                 types.StateType            `json:"state_type"`
+	CheckTimeout              float64                    `json:"check_timeout"`
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/timeperiod.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/timeperiod.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06a3bd2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/timeperiod.go
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type Timeperiod struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta    `json:",inline"`
+	NameCiMeta         `json:",inline"`
+	DisplayName        string       `json:"display_name"`
+	PreferIncludes     types.Bool   `json:"prefer_includes"`
+	ZoneId             types.Binary `json:"zone_id"`
+}
+
+type TimeperiodRange struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	TimeperiodId          types.Binary `json:"timeperiod_id"`
+	RangeKey              string       `json:"range_key"`
+	RangeValue            string       `json:"range_value"`
+}
+
+type TimeperiodOverrideInclude struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	TimeperiodId          types.Binary `json:"timeperiod_id"`
+	OverrideId            types.Binary `json:"include_id"`
+}
+
+type TimeperiodOverrideExclude struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	TimeperiodId          types.Binary `json:"timeperiod_id"`
+	OverrideId            types.Binary `json:"exclude_id"`
+}
+
+type TimeperiodCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta `json:",inline"`
+	TimeperiodId  types.Binary `json:"timeperiod_id"`
+}
+
+func NewTimeperiod() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Timeperiod{}
+}
+
+func NewTimeperiodRange() contracts.Entity {
+	return &TimeperiodRange{}
+}
+
+func NewTimeperiodOverrideInclude() contracts.Entity {
+	return &TimeperiodOverrideInclude{}
+}
+
+func NewTimeperiodOverrideExclude() contracts.Entity {
+	return &TimeperiodOverrideExclude{}
+}
+
+func NewTimeperiodCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &TimeperiodCustomvar{}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Timeperiod)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/url.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/url.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cf70abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/url.go
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+package v1
+
+import "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+
+type ActionUrl struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	ActionUrl             string `json:"action_url"`
+}
+
+type NotesUrl struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	NotesUrl              string `json:"notes_url"`
+}
+
+type IconImage struct {
+	EntityWithoutChecksum `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta       `json:",inline"`
+	IconImage             string `json:"icon_image"`
+}
+
+func NewActionUrl() contracts.Entity {
+	return &ActionUrl{}
+}
+
+func NewNotesUrl() contracts.Entity {
+	return &NotesUrl{}
+}
+
+func NewIconImage() contracts.Entity {
+	return &IconImage{}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/user.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/user.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a44050
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/user.go
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+type User struct {
+	EntityWithChecksum   `json:",inline"`
+	EnvironmentMeta      `json:",inline"`
+	NameCiMeta           `json:",inline"`
+	DisplayName          string                   `json:"display_name"`
+	Email                string                   `json:"email"`
+	Pager                string                   `json:"pager"`
+	NotificationsEnabled types.Bool               `json:"notifications_enabled"`
+	TimeperiodId         types.Binary             `json:"timeperiod_id"`
+	States               types.NotificationStates `json:"states"`
+	Types                types.NotificationTypes  `json:"types"`
+	ZoneId               types.Binary             `json:"zone_id"`
+}
+
+type UserCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta `json:",inline"`
+	UserId        types.Binary `json:"user_id"`
+}
+
+type Usergroup struct {
+	GroupMeta `json:",inline"`
+}
+
+type UsergroupCustomvar struct {
+	CustomvarMeta `json:",inline"`
+	UsergroupId   types.Binary `json:"usergroup_id"`
+}
+
+type UsergroupMember struct {
+	MemberMeta  `json:",inline"`
+	UserId      types.Binary `json:"user_id"`
+	UsergroupId types.Binary `json:"usergroup_id"`
+}
+
+func NewUser() contracts.Entity {
+	return &User{}
+}
+
+func NewUserCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &UserCustomvar{}
+}
+
+func NewUsergroup() contracts.Entity {
+	return &Usergroup{}
+}
+
+func NewUsergroupCustomvar() contracts.Entity {
+	return &UsergroupCustomvar{}
+}
+
+func NewUsergroupMember() contracts.Entity {
+	return &UsergroupMember{}
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*User)(nil)
+	_ contracts.Initer = (*Usergroup)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/icingadb/v1/v1.go b/pkg/icingadb/v1/v1.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af19fdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingadb/v1/v1.go
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+)
+
+var StateFactories = []contracts.EntityFactoryFunc{NewHostState, NewServiceState}
+
+var ConfigFactories = []contracts.EntityFactoryFunc{
+	NewActionUrl,
+	NewCheckcommand,
+	NewCheckcommandArgument,
+	NewCheckcommandCustomvar,
+	NewCheckcommandEnvvar,
+	NewComment,
+	NewDowntime,
+	NewEndpoint,
+	NewEventcommand,
+	NewEventcommandArgument,
+	NewEventcommandCustomvar,
+	NewEventcommandEnvvar,
+	NewHost,
+	NewHostCustomvar,
+	NewHostgroup,
+	NewHostgroupCustomvar,
+	NewHostgroupMember,
+	NewIconImage,
+	NewNotesUrl,
+	NewNotification,
+	NewNotificationcommand,
+	NewNotificationcommandArgument,
+	NewNotificationcommandCustomvar,
+	NewNotificationcommandEnvvar,
+	NewNotificationCustomvar,
+	NewNotificationRecipient,
+	NewNotificationUser,
+	NewNotificationUsergroup,
+	NewService,
+	NewServiceCustomvar,
+	NewServicegroup,
+	NewServicegroupCustomvar,
+	NewServicegroupMember,
+	NewTimeperiod,
+	NewTimeperiodCustomvar,
+	NewTimeperiodOverrideExclude,
+	NewTimeperiodOverrideInclude,
+	NewTimeperiodRange,
+	NewUser,
+	NewUserCustomvar,
+	NewUsergroup,
+	NewUsergroupCustomvar,
+	NewUsergroupMember,
+	NewZone,
+}
+
+// contextKey is an unexported type for context keys defined in this package.
+// This prevents collisions with keys defined in other packages.
+type contextKey int
diff --git a/pkg/icingaredis/client.go b/pkg/icingaredis/client.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d42713c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingaredis/client.go
@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+package icingaredis
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/common"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/periodic"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Client is a wrapper around redis.Client with
+// streaming and logging capabilities.
+type Client struct {
+	*redis.Client
+
+	Options *Options
+
+	logger *logging.Logger
+}
+
+// Options define user configurable Redis options.
+type Options struct {
+	BlockTimeout        time.Duration `yaml:"block_timeout"         default:"1s"`
+	HMGetCount          int           `yaml:"hmget_count"           default:"4096"`
+	HScanCount          int           `yaml:"hscan_count"           default:"4096"`
+	MaxHMGetConnections int           `yaml:"max_hmget_connections" default:"8"`
+	Timeout             time.Duration `yaml:"timeout"               default:"30s"`
+	XReadCount          int           `yaml:"xread_count"           default:"4096"`
+}
+
+// Validate checks constraints in the supplied Redis options and returns an error if they are violated.
+func (o *Options) Validate() error {
+	if o.BlockTimeout <= 0 {
+		return errors.New("block_timeout must be positive")
+	}
+	if o.HMGetCount < 1 {
+		return errors.New("hmget_count must be at least 1")
+	}
+	if o.HScanCount < 1 {
+		return errors.New("hscan_count must be at least 1")
+	}
+	if o.MaxHMGetConnections < 1 {
+		return errors.New("max_hmget_connections must be at least 1")
+	}
+	if o.Timeout == 0 {
+		return errors.New("timeout cannot be 0. Configure a value greater than zero, or use -1 for no timeout")
+	}
+	if o.XReadCount < 1 {
+		return errors.New("xread_count must be at least 1")
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// NewClient returns a new icingaredis.Client wrapper for a pre-existing *redis.Client.
+func NewClient(client *redis.Client, logger *logging.Logger, options *Options) *Client {
+	return &Client{Client: client, logger: logger, Options: options}
+}
+
+// HPair defines Redis hashes field-value pairs.
+type HPair struct {
+	Field string
+	Value string
+}
+
+// HYield yields HPair field-value pairs for all fields in the hash stored at key.
+func (c *Client) HYield(ctx context.Context, key string) (<-chan HPair, <-chan error) {
+	pairs := make(chan HPair, c.Options.HScanCount)
+
+	return pairs, com.WaitAsync(contracts.WaiterFunc(func() error {
+		var counter com.Counter
+		defer c.log(ctx, key, &counter).Stop()
+		defer close(pairs)
+
+		seen := make(map[string]struct{})
+
+		var cursor uint64
+		var err error
+		var page []string
+
+		for {
+			cmd := c.HScan(ctx, key, cursor, "", int64(c.Options.HScanCount))
+			page, cursor, err = cmd.Result()
+
+			if err != nil {
+				return WrapCmdErr(cmd)
+			}
+
+			for i := 0; i < len(page); i += 2 {
+				if _, ok := seen[page[i]]; ok {
+					// Ignore duplicate returned by HSCAN.
+					continue
+				}
+
+				seen[page[i]] = struct{}{}
+
+				select {
+				case pairs <- HPair{
+					Field: page[i],
+					Value: page[i+1],
+				}:
+					counter.Inc()
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					return ctx.Err()
+				}
+			}
+
+			if cursor == 0 {
+				break
+			}
+		}
+
+		return nil
+	}))
+}
+
+// HMYield yields HPair field-value pairs for the specified fields in the hash stored at key.
+func (c *Client) HMYield(ctx context.Context, key string, fields ...string) (<-chan HPair, <-chan error) {
+	pairs := make(chan HPair)
+
+	return pairs, com.WaitAsync(contracts.WaiterFunc(func() error {
+		var counter com.Counter
+		defer c.log(ctx, key, &counter).Stop()
+
+		g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+		defer func() {
+			// Wait until the group is done so that we can safely close the pairs channel,
+			// because on error, sem.Acquire will return before calling g.Wait(),
+			// which can result in goroutines working on a closed channel.
+			_ = g.Wait()
+			close(pairs)
+		}()
+
+		// Use context from group.
+		batches := utils.BatchSliceOfStrings(ctx, fields, c.Options.HMGetCount)
+
+		sem := semaphore.NewWeighted(int64(c.Options.MaxHMGetConnections))
+
+		for batch := range batches {
+			if err := sem.Acquire(ctx, 1); err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "can't acquire semaphore")
+			}
+
+			batch := batch
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				defer sem.Release(1)
+
+				cmd := c.HMGet(ctx, key, batch...)
+				vals, err := cmd.Result()
+
+				if err != nil {
+					return WrapCmdErr(cmd)
+				}
+
+				for i, v := range vals {
+					if v == nil {
+						c.logger.Warnf("HMGET %s: field %#v missing", key, batch[i])
+						continue
+					}
+
+					select {
+					case pairs <- HPair{
+						Field: batch[i],
+						Value: v.(string),
+					}:
+						counter.Inc()
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			})
+		}
+
+		return g.Wait()
+	}))
+}
+
+// XReadUntilResult (repeatedly) calls XREAD with the specified arguments until a result is returned.
+// Each call blocks at most for the duration specified in Options.BlockTimeout until data
+// is available before it times out and the next call is made.
+// This also means that an already set block timeout is overridden.
+func (c *Client) XReadUntilResult(ctx context.Context, a *redis.XReadArgs) ([]redis.XStream, error) {
+	a.Block = c.Options.BlockTimeout
+
+	for {
+		cmd := c.XRead(ctx, a)
+		streams, err := cmd.Result()
+		if err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, redis.Nil) {
+				continue
+			}
+
+			return streams, WrapCmdErr(cmd)
+		}
+
+		return streams, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// YieldAll yields all entities from Redis that belong to the specified SyncSubject.
+func (c Client) YieldAll(ctx context.Context, subject *common.SyncSubject) (<-chan contracts.Entity, <-chan error) {
+	key := utils.Key(utils.Name(subject.Entity()), ':')
+	if subject.WithChecksum() {
+		key = "icinga:checksum:" + key
+	} else {
+		key = "icinga:" + key
+	}
+
+	pairs, errs := c.HYield(ctx, key)
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+	// Let errors from HYield cancel the group.
+	com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+	desired, errs := CreateEntities(ctx, subject.FactoryForDelta(), pairs, runtime.NumCPU())
+	// Let errors from CreateEntities cancel the group.
+	com.ErrgroupReceive(g, errs)
+
+	return desired, com.WaitAsync(g)
+}
+
+func (c *Client) log(ctx context.Context, key string, counter *com.Counter) periodic.Stopper {
+	return periodic.Start(ctx, c.logger.Interval(), func(tick periodic.Tick) {
+		// We may never get to progress logging here,
+		// as fetching should be completed before the interval expires,
+		// but if it does, it is good to have this log message.
+		if count := counter.Reset(); count > 0 {
+			c.logger.Debugf("Fetched %d items from %s", count, key)
+		}
+	}, periodic.OnStop(func(tick periodic.Tick) {
+		c.logger.Debugf("Finished fetching from %s with %d items in %s", key, counter.Total(), tick.Elapsed)
+	}))
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingaredis/heartbeat.go b/pkg/icingaredis/heartbeat.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a8ebad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingaredis/heartbeat.go
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+package icingaredis
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	v1 "github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis/v1"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// timeout defines how long a heartbeat may be absent if a heartbeat has already been received.
+// After this time, a heartbeat loss is propagated.
+var timeout = 60 * time.Second
+
+// Heartbeat periodically reads heartbeats from a Redis stream and signals in Beat channels when they are received.
+// Also signals on if the heartbeat is Lost.
+type Heartbeat struct {
+	active         bool
+	events         chan *HeartbeatMessage
+	lastReceivedMs int64
+	cancelCtx      context.CancelFunc
+	client         *Client
+	done           chan struct{}
+	errMu          sync.Mutex
+	err            error
+	logger         *logging.Logger
+}
+
+// NewHeartbeat returns a new Heartbeat and starts the heartbeat controller loop.
+func NewHeartbeat(ctx context.Context, client *Client, logger *logging.Logger) *Heartbeat {
+	ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
+	heartbeat := &Heartbeat{
+		events:    make(chan *HeartbeatMessage, 1),
+		cancelCtx: cancelCtx,
+		client:    client,
+		done:      make(chan struct{}),
+		logger:    logger,
+	}
+
+	go heartbeat.controller(ctx)
+
+	return heartbeat
+}
+
+// Events returns a channel that is sent to on heartbeat events.
+//
+// A non-nil pointer signals that a heartbeat was received from Icinga 2 whereas a nil pointer signals a heartbeat loss.
+func (h *Heartbeat) Events() <-chan *HeartbeatMessage {
+	return h.events
+}
+
+// LastReceived returns the last heartbeat's receive time in ms.
+func (h *Heartbeat) LastReceived() int64 {
+	return atomic.LoadInt64(&h.lastReceivedMs)
+}
+
+// Close stops the heartbeat controller loop, waits for it to finish, and returns an error if any.
+// Implements the io.Closer interface.
+func (h *Heartbeat) Close() error {
+	h.cancelCtx()
+	<-h.Done()
+
+	return h.Err()
+}
+
+// Done returns a channel that will be closed when the heartbeat controller loop has ended.
+func (h *Heartbeat) Done() <-chan struct{} {
+	return h.done
+}
+
+// Err returns an error if Done has been closed and there is an error. Otherwise returns nil.
+func (h *Heartbeat) Err() error {
+	h.errMu.Lock()
+	defer h.errMu.Unlock()
+
+	return h.err
+}
+
+// controller loop.
+func (h *Heartbeat) controller(ctx context.Context) {
+	defer close(h.done)
+
+	messages := make(chan *HeartbeatMessage)
+	defer close(messages)
+
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	// Message producer loop.
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		// We expect heartbeats every second but only read them every 3 seconds.
+		throttle := time.NewTicker(time.Second * 3)
+		defer throttle.Stop()
+
+		for id := "$"; ; {
+			streams, err := h.client.XReadUntilResult(ctx, &redis.XReadArgs{
+				Streams: []string{"icinga:stats", id},
+			})
+			if err != nil {
+				return errors.Wrap(err, "can't read Icinga heartbeat")
+			}
+
+			m := &HeartbeatMessage{
+				received: time.Now(),
+				stats:    streams[0].Messages[0].Values,
+			}
+
+			select {
+			case messages <- m:
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+
+			id = streams[0].Messages[0].ID
+
+			<-throttle.C
+		}
+	})
+
+	// State loop.
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case m := <-messages:
+				if !h.active {
+					envId, err := m.EnvironmentID()
+					if err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					h.logger.Infow("Received Icinga heartbeat", zap.String("environment", envId.String()))
+					h.active = true
+				}
+
+				atomic.StoreInt64(&h.lastReceivedMs, m.received.UnixMilli())
+				h.sendEvent(m)
+			case <-time.After(timeout):
+				if h.active {
+					h.logger.Warnw("Lost Icinga heartbeat", zap.Duration("timeout", timeout))
+					h.sendEvent(nil)
+					h.active = false
+				} else {
+					h.logger.Warn("Waiting for Icinga heartbeat")
+				}
+
+				atomic.StoreInt64(&h.lastReceivedMs, 0)
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return ctx.Err()
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	// Since the goroutines of the group actually run endlessly,
+	// we wait here forever, unless an error occurs.
+	if err := g.Wait(); err != nil && !utils.IsContextCanceled(err) {
+		// Do not propagate any context-canceled errors here,
+		// as this is to be expected when calling Close or
+		// when the parent context is canceled.
+		h.setError(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func (h *Heartbeat) setError(err error) {
+	h.errMu.Lock()
+	defer h.errMu.Unlock()
+
+	h.err = errors.Wrap(err, "heartbeat failed")
+}
+
+func (h *Heartbeat) sendEvent(m *HeartbeatMessage) {
+	// Remove any not yet delivered event
+	select {
+	case old := <-h.events:
+		if old != nil {
+			kv := []any{zap.Time("previous", old.received)}
+			if m != nil {
+				kv = append(kv, zap.Time("current", m.received))
+			}
+
+			h.logger.Debugw("Previous heartbeat not read from channel", kv...)
+		} else {
+			h.logger.Debug("Previous heartbeat loss event not read from channel")
+		}
+	default:
+	}
+
+	h.events <- m
+}
+
+// HeartbeatMessage represents a heartbeat received from Icinga 2 together with a timestamp when it was received.
+type HeartbeatMessage struct {
+	received time.Time
+	stats    v1.StatsMessage
+}
+
+// Stats returns the underlying heartbeat message from the icinga:stats stream.
+func (m *HeartbeatMessage) Stats() *v1.StatsMessage {
+	return &m.stats
+}
+
+// EnvironmentID returns the Icinga DB environment ID stored in the heartbeat message.
+func (m *HeartbeatMessage) EnvironmentID() (types.Binary, error) {
+	var id types.Binary
+	err := internal.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(m.stats["icingadb_environment"].(string)), &id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return id, nil
+}
+
+// ExpiryTime returns the timestamp when the heartbeat expires.
+func (m *HeartbeatMessage) ExpiryTime() time.Time {
+	return m.received.Add(timeout)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry/heartbeat.go b/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry/heartbeat.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee476a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry/heartbeat.go
@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+package telemetry
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/periodic"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"regexp"
+	"runtime/metrics"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// ha represents icingadb.HA to avoid import cycles.
+type ha interface {
+	State() (weResponsibleMilli int64, weResponsible, otherResponsible bool)
+}
+
+type SuccessfulSync struct {
+	FinishMilli   int64
+	DurationMilli int64
+}
+
+// currentDbConnErr stores ongoing errors from database connections.
+var currentDbConnErr struct {
+	mu         sync.Mutex
+	message    string
+	sinceMilli int64
+}
+
+// UpdateCurrentDbConnErr updates the current error information stored in currentDbConnErr.
+func UpdateCurrentDbConnErr(err error) {
+	now := time.Now().UnixMilli()
+
+	currentDbConnErr.mu.Lock()
+	defer currentDbConnErr.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if currentDbConnErr.sinceMilli >= now {
+		// Already updated with a more recent error, ignore this one.
+		return
+	}
+
+	message := ""
+	if err != nil {
+		message = err.Error()
+	}
+
+	if currentDbConnErr.message == message {
+		// Error stayed the same, no update needed, keeping the old timestamp.
+		return
+	}
+
+	if currentDbConnErr.message == "" || message == "" {
+		// Either first error or recovery from an error, update timestamp.
+		currentDbConnErr.sinceMilli = now
+	}
+
+	currentDbConnErr.message = message
+}
+
+// GetCurrentDbConnErr returns the last error message (or the empty string if not in an error state) and a timestamp in
+// milliseconds of the last change from OK to error or from error to OK.
+func GetCurrentDbConnErr() (string, int64) {
+	currentDbConnErr.mu.Lock()
+	defer currentDbConnErr.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return currentDbConnErr.message, currentDbConnErr.sinceMilli
+}
+
+// OngoingSyncStartMilli is to be updated by the main() function.
+var OngoingSyncStartMilli int64
+
+// LastSuccessfulSync is to be updated by the main() function.
+var LastSuccessfulSync com.Atomic[SuccessfulSync]
+
+var boolToStr = map[bool]string{false: "0", true: "1"}
+var startTime = time.Now().UnixMilli()
+
+// StartHeartbeat periodically writes heartbeats to Redis for being monitored by Icinga 2.
+func StartHeartbeat(
+	ctx context.Context, client *icingaredis.Client, logger *logging.Logger, ha ha, heartbeat *icingaredis.Heartbeat,
+) {
+	goMetrics := NewGoMetrics()
+
+	const interval = time.Second
+
+	var lastErr string
+	var silenceUntil time.Time
+
+	periodic.Start(ctx, interval, func(tick periodic.Tick) {
+		heartbeat := heartbeat.LastReceived()
+		responsibleTsMilli, responsible, otherResponsible := ha.State()
+		ongoingSyncStart := atomic.LoadInt64(&OngoingSyncStartMilli)
+		sync, _ := LastSuccessfulSync.Load()
+		dbConnErr, dbConnErrSinceMilli := GetCurrentDbConnErr()
+		now := time.Now()
+
+		values := map[string]string{
+			"version":                 internal.Version.Version,
+			"time":                    strconv.FormatInt(now.UnixMilli(), 10),
+			"start-time":              strconv.FormatInt(startTime, 10),
+			"error":                   dbConnErr,
+			"error-since":             strconv.FormatInt(dbConnErrSinceMilli, 10),
+			"performance-data":        goMetrics.PerformanceData(),
+			"last-heartbeat-received": strconv.FormatInt(heartbeat, 10),
+			"ha-responsible":          boolToStr[responsible],
+			"ha-responsible-ts":       strconv.FormatInt(responsibleTsMilli, 10),
+			"ha-other-responsible":    boolToStr[otherResponsible],
+			"sync-ongoing-since":      strconv.FormatInt(ongoingSyncStart, 10),
+			"sync-success-finish":     strconv.FormatInt(sync.FinishMilli, 10),
+			"sync-success-duration":   strconv.FormatInt(sync.DurationMilli, 10),
+		}
+
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(ctx, tick.Time.Add(interval))
+		defer cancel()
+
+		cmd := client.XAdd(ctx, &redis.XAddArgs{
+			Stream: "icingadb:telemetry:heartbeat",
+			MaxLen: 1,
+			Values: values,
+		})
+		if err := cmd.Err(); err != nil && !utils.IsContextCanceled(err) && !errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) {
+			logw := logger.Debugw
+			currentErr := err.Error()
+
+			if currentErr != lastErr || now.After(silenceUntil) {
+				logw = logger.Warnw
+				lastErr = currentErr
+				silenceUntil = now.Add(time.Minute)
+			}
+
+			logw("Can't update own heartbeat", zap.Error(icingaredis.WrapCmdErr(cmd)))
+		} else {
+			lastErr = ""
+			silenceUntil = time.Time{}
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+type goMetrics struct {
+	names   []string
+	units   []string
+	samples []metrics.Sample
+}
+
+func NewGoMetrics() *goMetrics {
+	m := &goMetrics{}
+
+	forbiddenRe := regexp.MustCompile(`\W`)
+
+	for _, d := range metrics.All() {
+		switch d.Kind {
+		case metrics.KindUint64, metrics.KindFloat64:
+			name := "go_" + strings.TrimLeft(forbiddenRe.ReplaceAllString(d.Name, "_"), "_")
+
+			unit := ""
+			if strings.HasSuffix(d.Name, ":bytes") {
+				unit = "B"
+			} else if strings.HasSuffix(d.Name, ":seconds") {
+				unit = "s"
+			} else if d.Cumulative {
+				unit = "c"
+			}
+
+			m.names = append(m.names, name)
+			m.units = append(m.units, unit)
+			m.samples = append(m.samples, metrics.Sample{Name: d.Name})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return m
+}
+
+func (g *goMetrics) PerformanceData() string {
+	metrics.Read(g.samples)
+
+	var buf strings.Builder
+
+	for i, sample := range g.samples {
+		if i > 0 {
+			buf.WriteByte(' ')
+		}
+
+		switch sample.Value.Kind() {
+		case metrics.KindUint64:
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s=%d%s", g.names[i], sample.Value.Uint64(), g.units[i])
+		case metrics.KindFloat64:
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%s=%f%s", g.names[i], sample.Value.Float64(), g.units[i])
+		}
+	}
+
+	return buf.String()
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry/stats.go b/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry/stats.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..86db0b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingaredis/telemetry/stats.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package telemetry
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/icingaredis"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/logging"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/periodic"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+)
+
+var Stats struct {
+	// Config & co. are to be increased by the T sync once for every T object synced.
+	Config, State, History, Overdue, HistoryCleanup com.Counter
+}
+
+// WriteStats periodically forwards Stats to Redis for being monitored by Icinga 2.
+func WriteStats(ctx context.Context, client *icingaredis.Client, logger *logging.Logger) {
+	counters := map[string]*com.Counter{
+		"config_sync":     &Stats.Config,
+		"state_sync":      &Stats.State,
+		"history_sync":    &Stats.History,
+		"overdue_sync":    &Stats.Overdue,
+		"history_cleanup": &Stats.HistoryCleanup,
+	}
+
+	periodic.Start(ctx, time.Second, func(_ periodic.Tick) {
+		var data []string
+		for kind, counter := range counters {
+			if cnt := counter.Reset(); cnt > 0 {
+				data = append(data, kind, strconv.FormatUint(cnt, 10))
+			}
+		}
+
+		if data != nil {
+			cmd := client.XAdd(ctx, &redis.XAddArgs{
+				Stream: "icingadb:telemetry:stats",
+				MaxLen: 15 * 60,
+				Approx: true,
+				Values: data,
+			})
+			if err := cmd.Err(); err != nil && !utils.IsContextCanceled(err) {
+				logger.Warnw("Can't update own stats", zap.Error(icingaredis.WrapCmdErr(cmd)))
+			}
+		}
+	})
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingaredis/utils.go b/pkg/icingaredis/utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9176dba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingaredis/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+package icingaredis
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"github.com/go-redis/redis/v8"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/com"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
+)
+
+// Streams represents a Redis stream key to ID mapping.
+type Streams map[string]string
+
+// Option returns the Redis stream key to ID mapping
+// as a slice of stream keys followed by their IDs
+// that is compatible for the Redis STREAMS option.
+func (s Streams) Option() []string {
+	// len*2 because we're appending the IDs later.
+	streams := make([]string, 0, len(s)*2)
+	ids := make([]string, 0, len(s))
+
+	for key, id := range s {
+		streams = append(streams, key)
+		ids = append(ids, id)
+	}
+
+	return append(streams, ids...)
+}
+
+// CreateEntities streams and creates entities from the
+// given Redis field value pairs using the specified factory function,
+// and streams them on a returned channel.
+func CreateEntities(ctx context.Context, factoryFunc contracts.EntityFactoryFunc, pairs <-chan HPair, concurrent int) (<-chan contracts.Entity, <-chan error) {
+	entities := make(chan contracts.Entity)
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		defer close(entities)
+
+		g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+		for i := 0; i < concurrent; i++ {
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				for pair := range pairs {
+					var id types.Binary
+
+					if err := id.UnmarshalText([]byte(pair.Field)); err != nil {
+						return errors.Wrapf(err, "can't create ID from value %#v", pair.Field)
+					}
+
+					e := factoryFunc()
+					if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(pair.Value), e); err != nil {
+						return err
+					}
+					e.SetID(id)
+
+					select {
+					case entities <- e:
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			})
+		}
+
+		return g.Wait()
+	})
+
+	return entities, com.WaitAsync(g)
+}
+
+// SetChecksums concurrently streams from the given entities and
+// sets their checksums using the specified map and
+// streams the results on a returned channel.
+func SetChecksums(ctx context.Context, entities <-chan contracts.Entity, checksums map[string]contracts.Entity, concurrent int) (<-chan contracts.Entity, <-chan error) {
+	entitiesWithChecksum := make(chan contracts.Entity)
+	g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+	g.Go(func() error {
+		defer close(entitiesWithChecksum)
+
+		g, ctx := errgroup.WithContext(ctx)
+
+		for i := 0; i < concurrent; i++ {
+			g.Go(func() error {
+				for entity := range entities {
+					if checksumer, ok := checksums[entity.ID().String()]; ok {
+						entity.(contracts.Checksumer).SetChecksum(checksumer.(contracts.Checksumer).Checksum())
+					} else {
+						return errors.Errorf("no checksum for %#v", entity)
+					}
+
+					select {
+					case entitiesWithChecksum <- entity:
+					case <-ctx.Done():
+						return ctx.Err()
+					}
+				}
+
+				return nil
+			})
+		}
+
+		return g.Wait()
+	})
+
+	return entitiesWithChecksum, com.WaitAsync(g)
+}
+
+// WrapCmdErr adds the command itself and
+// the stack of the current goroutine to the command's error if any.
+func WrapCmdErr(cmd redis.Cmder) error {
+	err := cmd.Err()
+	if err != nil {
+		err = errors.Wrapf(err, "can't perform %q", utils.Ellipsize(
+			redis.NewCmd(context.Background(), cmd.Args()).String(), // Omits error in opposite to cmd.String()
+			100,
+		))
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingaredis/v1/icinga_status.go b/pkg/icingaredis/v1/icinga_status.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d94d3d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingaredis/v1/icinga_status.go
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+)
+
+// IcingaStatus defines Icinga status information.
+type IcingaStatus struct {
+	// Note: Icinga2Environment is not related to the environment_id used throughout Icinga DB.
+	Icinga2Environment         string          `json:"environment"`
+	NodeName                   string          `json:"node_name"`
+	Version                    string          `json:"version"`
+	ProgramStart               types.UnixMilli `json:"program_start"`
+	EndpointId                 types.Binary    `json:"endpoint_id"`
+	NotificationsEnabled       types.Bool      `json:"enable_notifications"`
+	ActiveServiceChecksEnabled types.Bool      `json:"enable_service_checks"`
+	ActiveHostChecksEnabled    types.Bool      `json:"enable_host_checks"`
+	EventHandlersEnabled       types.Bool      `json:"enable_event_handlers"`
+	FlapDetectionEnabled       types.Bool      `json:"enable_flapping"`
+	PerformanceDataEnabled     types.Bool      `json:"enable_perfdata"`
+}
diff --git a/pkg/icingaredis/v1/stats_message.go b/pkg/icingaredis/v1/stats_message.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b04629
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/icingaredis/v1/stats_message.go
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+package v1
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/types"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// StatsMessage represents a message from the Redis stream icinga:stats.
+type StatsMessage map[string]interface{}
+
+// Raw returns the key-value pairs of the message.
+func (m StatsMessage) Raw() map[string]interface{} {
+	return m
+}
+
+// IcingaStatus extracts Icinga status information from the message into IcingaStatus and returns it.
+func (m StatsMessage) IcingaStatus() (*IcingaStatus, error) {
+	if s, ok := m["IcingaApplication"].(string); ok {
+		var envelope struct {
+			Status struct {
+				IcingaApplication struct {
+					IcingaStatus `json:"app"`
+				} `json:"icingaapplication"`
+			} `json:"status"`
+		}
+
+		if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(s), &envelope); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return &envelope.Status.IcingaApplication.IcingaStatus, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, errors.Errorf(`bad message %#v. "IcingaApplication" missing`, m)
+}
+
+// Time extracts the timestamp of the message into types.UnixMilli and returns it.
+func (m StatsMessage) Time() (*types.UnixMilli, error) {
+	if s, ok := m["timestamp"].(string); ok {
+		var t types.UnixMilli
+
+		if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON([]byte(s), &t); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return &t, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, errors.Errorf(`bad message %#v. "timestamp" missing`, m)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/logging/journald_core.go b/pkg/logging/journald_core.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..50dd39f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/logging/journald_core.go
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+package logging
+
+import (
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"github.com/ssgreg/journald"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+// priorities maps zapcore.Level to journal.Priority.
+var priorities = map[zapcore.Level]journald.Priority{
+	zapcore.DebugLevel:  journald.PriorityDebug,
+	zapcore.InfoLevel:   journald.PriorityInfo,
+	zapcore.WarnLevel:   journald.PriorityWarning,
+	zapcore.ErrorLevel:  journald.PriorityErr,
+	zapcore.FatalLevel:  journald.PriorityCrit,
+	zapcore.PanicLevel:  journald.PriorityCrit,
+	zapcore.DPanicLevel: journald.PriorityCrit,
+}
+
+// NewJournaldCore returns a zapcore.Core that sends log entries to systemd-journald and
+// uses the given identifier as a prefix for structured logging context that is sent as journal fields.
+func NewJournaldCore(identifier string, enab zapcore.LevelEnabler) zapcore.Core {
+	return &journaldCore{
+		LevelEnabler: enab,
+		identifier:   identifier,
+		identifierU:  strings.ToUpper(identifier),
+	}
+}
+
+type journaldCore struct {
+	zapcore.LevelEnabler
+	context     []zapcore.Field
+	identifier  string
+	identifierU string
+}
+
+func (c *journaldCore) Check(ent zapcore.Entry, ce *zapcore.CheckedEntry) *zapcore.CheckedEntry {
+	if c.Enabled(ent.Level) {
+		return ce.AddCore(ent, c)
+	}
+
+	return ce
+}
+
+func (c *journaldCore) Sync() error {
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (c *journaldCore) With(fields []zapcore.Field) zapcore.Core {
+	cc := *c
+	cc.context = append(cc.context[:len(cc.context):len(cc.context)], fields...)
+
+	return &cc
+}
+
+func (c *journaldCore) Write(ent zapcore.Entry, fields []zapcore.Field) error {
+	pri, ok := priorities[ent.Level]
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.Errorf("unknown log level %q", ent.Level)
+	}
+
+	enc := zapcore.NewMapObjectEncoder()
+	c.addFields(enc, fields)
+	c.addFields(enc, c.context)
+	enc.Fields["SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER"] = c.identifier
+
+	message := ent.Message
+	if ent.LoggerName != c.identifier {
+		message = ent.LoggerName + ": " + message
+	}
+
+	return journald.Send(message, pri, enc.Fields)
+}
+
+func (c *journaldCore) addFields(enc zapcore.ObjectEncoder, fields []zapcore.Field) {
+	for _, field := range fields {
+		field.Key = c.identifierU +
+			"_" +
+			utils.ConvertCamelCase(field.Key, unicode.UpperCase, '_')
+		field.AddTo(enc)
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/logging/logger.go b/pkg/logging/logger.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..490445e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/logging/logger.go
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+package logging
+
+import (
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Logger wraps zap.SugaredLogger and
+// allows to get the interval for periodic logging.
+type Logger struct {
+	*zap.SugaredLogger
+	interval time.Duration
+}
+
+// NewLogger returns a new Logger.
+func NewLogger(base *zap.SugaredLogger, interval time.Duration) *Logger {
+	return &Logger{
+		SugaredLogger: base,
+		interval:      interval,
+	}
+}
+
+// Interval returns the interval for periodic logging.
+func (l *Logger) Interval() time.Duration {
+	return l.interval
+}
diff --git a/pkg/logging/logging.go b/pkg/logging/logging.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e310695
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/logging/logging.go
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+package logging
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"go.uber.org/zap"
+	"go.uber.org/zap/zapcore"
+	"os"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+const (
+	CONSOLE = "console"
+	JOURNAL = "systemd-journald"
+)
+
+// defaultEncConfig defines the default zapcore.EncoderConfig for the logging package.
+var defaultEncConfig = zapcore.EncoderConfig{
+	TimeKey:        "ts",
+	LevelKey:       "level",
+	NameKey:        "logger",
+	CallerKey:      "caller",
+	MessageKey:     "msg",
+	StacktraceKey:  "stacktrace",
+	LineEnding:     zapcore.DefaultLineEnding,
+	EncodeLevel:    zapcore.CapitalLevelEncoder,
+	EncodeTime:     zapcore.ISO8601TimeEncoder,
+	EncodeDuration: zapcore.StringDurationEncoder,
+	EncodeCaller:   zapcore.ShortCallerEncoder,
+}
+
+// Options define child loggers with their desired log level.
+type Options map[string]zapcore.Level
+
+// Logging implements access to a default logger and named child loggers.
+// Log levels can be configured per named child via Options which, if not configured,
+// fall back on a default log level.
+// Logs either to the console or to systemd-journald.
+type Logging struct {
+	logger    *Logger
+	output    string
+	verbosity zap.AtomicLevel
+	interval  time.Duration
+
+	// coreFactory creates zapcore.Core based on the log level and the log output.
+	coreFactory func(zap.AtomicLevel) zapcore.Core
+
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+	loggers map[string]*Logger
+
+	options Options
+}
+
+// NewLogging takes the name and log level for the default logger,
+// output where log messages are written to,
+// options having log levels for named child loggers
+// and returns a new Logging.
+func NewLogging(name string, level zapcore.Level, output string, options Options, interval time.Duration) (*Logging, error) {
+	verbosity := zap.NewAtomicLevelAt(level)
+
+	var coreFactory func(zap.AtomicLevel) zapcore.Core
+	switch output {
+	case CONSOLE:
+		enc := zapcore.NewConsoleEncoder(defaultEncConfig)
+		ws := zapcore.Lock(os.Stderr)
+		coreFactory = func(verbosity zap.AtomicLevel) zapcore.Core {
+			return zapcore.NewCore(enc, ws, verbosity)
+		}
+	case JOURNAL:
+		coreFactory = func(verbosity zap.AtomicLevel) zapcore.Core {
+			return NewJournaldCore(name, verbosity)
+		}
+	default:
+		return nil, invalidOutput(output)
+	}
+
+	logger := NewLogger(zap.New(coreFactory(verbosity)).Named(name).Sugar(), interval)
+
+	return &Logging{
+			logger:      logger,
+			output:      output,
+			verbosity:   verbosity,
+			interval:    interval,
+			coreFactory: coreFactory,
+			loggers:     make(map[string]*Logger),
+			options:     options,
+		},
+		nil
+}
+
+// GetChildLogger returns a named child logger.
+// Log levels for named child loggers are obtained from the logging options and, if not found,
+// set to the default log level.
+func (l *Logging) GetChildLogger(name string) *Logger {
+	l.mu.Lock()
+	defer l.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if logger, ok := l.loggers[name]; ok {
+		return logger
+	}
+
+	var verbosity zap.AtomicLevel
+	if level, found := l.options[name]; found {
+		verbosity = zap.NewAtomicLevelAt(level)
+	} else {
+		verbosity = l.verbosity
+	}
+
+	logger := NewLogger(zap.New(l.coreFactory(verbosity)).Named(name).Sugar(), l.interval)
+	l.loggers[name] = logger
+
+	return logger
+}
+
+// GetLogger returns the default logger.
+func (l *Logging) GetLogger() *Logger {
+	return l.logger
+}
+
+// AssertOutput returns an error if output is not a valid logger output.
+func AssertOutput(o string) error {
+	if o == CONSOLE || o == JOURNAL {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return invalidOutput(o)
+}
+
+func invalidOutput(o string) error {
+	return fmt.Errorf("%s is not a valid logger output. Must be either %q or %q", o, CONSOLE, JOURNAL)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/periodic/periodic.go b/pkg/periodic/periodic.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6ef5ceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/periodic/periodic.go
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package periodic
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// Option configures Start.
+type Option interface {
+	apply(*periodic)
+}
+
+// Stopper implements the Stop method,
+// which stops a periodic task from Start().
+type Stopper interface {
+	Stop() // Stops a periodic task.
+}
+
+// Tick is the value for periodic task callbacks that
+// contains the time of the tick and
+// the time elapsed since the start of the periodic task.
+type Tick struct {
+	Elapsed time.Duration
+	Time    time.Time
+}
+
+// Immediate starts the periodic task immediately instead of after the first tick.
+func Immediate() Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(p *periodic) {
+		p.immediate = true
+	})
+}
+
+// OnStop configures a callback that is executed when a periodic task is stopped or canceled.
+func OnStop(f func(Tick)) Option {
+	return optionFunc(func(p *periodic) {
+		p.onStop = f
+	})
+}
+
+// Start starts a periodic task with a ticker at the specified interval,
+// which executes the given callback after each tick.
+// Pending tasks do not overlap, but could start immediately if
+// the previous task(s) takes longer than the interval.
+// Call Stop() on the return value in order to stop the ticker and to release associated resources.
+// The interval must be greater than zero.
+func Start(ctx context.Context, interval time.Duration, callback func(Tick), options ...Option) Stopper {
+	t := &periodic{
+		interval: interval,
+		callback: callback,
+	}
+
+	for _, option := range options {
+		option.apply(t)
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancelCtx := context.WithCancel(ctx)
+
+	start := time.Now()
+
+	go func() {
+		done := false
+
+		if !t.immediate {
+			select {
+			case <-time.After(interval):
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				done = true
+			}
+		}
+
+		if !done {
+			ticker := time.NewTicker(t.interval)
+			defer ticker.Stop()
+
+			for tickTime := time.Now(); !done; {
+				t.callback(Tick{
+					Elapsed: tickTime.Sub(start),
+					Time:    tickTime,
+				})
+
+				select {
+				case tickTime = <-ticker.C:
+				case <-ctx.Done():
+					done = true
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		if t.onStop != nil {
+			now := time.Now()
+			t.onStop(Tick{
+				Elapsed: now.Sub(start),
+				Time:    now,
+			})
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return stoperFunc(func() {
+		t.stop.Do(cancelCtx)
+	})
+}
+
+type optionFunc func(*periodic)
+
+func (f optionFunc) apply(p *periodic) {
+	f(p)
+}
+
+type stoperFunc func()
+
+func (f stoperFunc) Stop() {
+	f()
+}
+
+type periodic struct {
+	interval  time.Duration
+	callback  func(Tick)
+	immediate bool
+	stop      sync.Once
+	onStop    func(Tick)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/retry/retry.go b/pkg/retry/retry.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da73943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/retry/retry.go
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+package retry
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/backoff"
+	"github.com/lib/pq"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"net"
+	"strings"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// RetryableFunc is a retryable function.
+type RetryableFunc func(context.Context) error
+
+// IsRetryable checks whether a new attempt can be started based on the error passed.
+type IsRetryable func(error) bool
+
+// Settings aggregates optional settings for WithBackoff.
+type Settings struct {
+	// Timeout lets WithBackoff give up once elapsed (if >0).
+	Timeout time.Duration
+	// OnError is called if an error occurs.
+	OnError func(elapsed time.Duration, attempt uint64, err, lastErr error)
+	// OnSuccess is called once the operation succeeds.
+	OnSuccess func(elapsed time.Duration, attempt uint64, lastErr error)
+}
+
+// WithBackoff retries the passed function if it fails and the error allows it to retry.
+// The specified backoff policy is used to determine how long to sleep between attempts.
+func WithBackoff(
+	ctx context.Context, retryableFunc RetryableFunc, retryable IsRetryable, b backoff.Backoff, settings Settings,
+) (err error) {
+	parentCtx := ctx
+
+	if settings.Timeout > 0 {
+		var cancelCtx context.CancelFunc
+		ctx, cancelCtx = context.WithTimeout(ctx, settings.Timeout)
+		defer cancelCtx()
+	}
+
+	start := time.Now()
+	for attempt := uint64(0); ; /* true */ attempt++ {
+		prevErr := err
+
+		if err = retryableFunc(ctx); err == nil {
+			if settings.OnSuccess != nil {
+				settings.OnSuccess(time.Since(start), attempt, prevErr)
+			}
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		if settings.OnError != nil {
+			settings.OnError(time.Since(start), attempt, err, prevErr)
+		}
+
+		isRetryable := retryable(err)
+
+		if prevErr != nil && (errors.Is(err, context.DeadlineExceeded) || errors.Is(err, context.Canceled)) {
+			err = prevErr
+		}
+
+		if !isRetryable {
+			err = errors.Wrap(err, "can't retry")
+
+			return
+		}
+
+		sleep := b(attempt)
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			if outerErr := parentCtx.Err(); outerErr != nil {
+				err = errors.Wrap(outerErr, "outer context canceled")
+			} else {
+				if err == nil {
+					err = ctx.Err()
+				}
+				err = errors.Wrap(err, "can't retry")
+			}
+
+			return
+		case <-time.After(sleep):
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Retryable returns true for common errors that are considered retryable,
+// i.e. temporary, timeout, DNS, connection refused and reset, host down and unreachable and
+// network down and unreachable errors.
+func Retryable(err error) bool {
+	var temporary interface {
+		Temporary() bool
+	}
+	if errors.As(err, &temporary) && temporary.Temporary() {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	var timeout interface {
+		Timeout() bool
+	}
+	if errors.As(err, &timeout) && timeout.Timeout() {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	var dnsError *net.DNSError
+	if errors.As(err, &dnsError) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	var opError *net.OpError
+	if errors.As(err, &opError) {
+		// OpError provides Temporary() and Timeout(), but not Unwrap(),
+		// so we have to extract the underlying error ourselves to also check for ECONNREFUSED,
+		// which is not considered temporary or timed out by Go.
+		err = opError.Err
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, syscall.ECONNREFUSED) || errors.Is(err, syscall.ENOENT) {
+		// syscall errors provide Temporary() and Timeout(),
+		// which do not include ECONNREFUSED or ENOENT, so we check these ourselves.
+		return true
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, syscall.ECONNRESET) {
+		// ECONNRESET is treated as a temporary error by Go only if it comes from calling accept.
+		return true
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, syscall.EHOSTDOWN) || errors.Is(err, syscall.EHOSTUNREACH) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, syscall.ENETDOWN) || errors.Is(err, syscall.ENETUNREACH) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	if errors.Is(err, driver.ErrBadConn) {
+		return true
+	}
+	if errors.Is(err, mysql.ErrInvalidConn) {
+		return true
+	}
+
+	var e *mysql.MySQLError
+	if errors.As(err, &e) {
+		switch e.Number {
+		case 1053, 1205, 1213, 2006:
+			// 1053: Server shutdown in progress
+			// 1205: Lock wait timeout
+			// 1213: Deadlock found when trying to get lock
+			// 2006: MySQL server has gone away
+			return true
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	var pe *pq.Error
+	if errors.As(err, &pe) {
+		switch pe.Code {
+		case "08000", // connection_exception
+			"08006", // connection_failure
+			"08001", // sqlclient_unable_to_establish_sqlconnection
+			"08004", // sqlserver_rejected_establishment_of_sqlconnection
+			"40001", // serialization_failure
+			"40P01", // deadlock_detected
+			"54000", // program_limit_exceeded
+			"55006", // object_in_use
+			"55P03", // lock_not_available
+			"57P01", // admin_shutdown
+			"57P02", // crash_shutdown
+			"57P03", // cannot_connect_now
+			"58000", // system_error
+			"58030", // io_error
+			"XX000": // internal_error
+			return true
+		default:
+			// Class 53 - Insufficient Resources
+			return strings.HasPrefix(string(pe.Code), "53")
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
diff --git a/pkg/structify/structify.go b/pkg/structify/structify.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b2b5bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/structify/structify.go
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+package structify
+
+import (
+	"encoding"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/constraints"
+	"reflect"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"unsafe"
+)
+
+// structBranch represents either a leaf or a subTree.
+type structBranch struct {
+	// field specifies the struct field index.
+	field int
+	// leaf specifies the map key to parse the struct field from.
+	leaf string
+	// subTree specifies the struct field's inner tree.
+	subTree []structBranch
+}
+
+type MapStructifier = func(map[string]interface{}) (interface{}, error)
+
+// MakeMapStructifier builds a function which parses a map's string values into a new struct of type t
+// and returns a pointer to it. tag specifies which tag connects struct fields to map keys.
+// MakeMapStructifier panics if it detects an unsupported type (suitable for usage in init() or global vars).
+func MakeMapStructifier(t reflect.Type, tag string) MapStructifier {
+	tree := buildStructTree(t, tag)
+
+	return func(kv map[string]interface{}) (interface{}, error) {
+		vPtr := reflect.New(t)
+		ptr := vPtr.Interface()
+
+		if initer, ok := ptr.(contracts.Initer); ok {
+			initer.Init()
+		}
+
+		vPtrElem := vPtr.Elem()
+		err := errors.Wrapf(structifyMapByTree(kv, tree, vPtrElem, vPtrElem, new([]int)), "can't structify map %#v by tree %#v", kv, tree)
+
+		return ptr, err
+	}
+}
+
+// buildStructTree assembles a tree which represents the struct t based on tag.
+func buildStructTree(t reflect.Type, tag string) []structBranch {
+	var tree []structBranch
+	numFields := t.NumField()
+
+	for i := 0; i < numFields; i++ {
+		if field := t.Field(i); field.PkgPath == "" {
+			switch tagValue := field.Tag.Get(tag); tagValue {
+			case "", "-":
+			case ",inline":
+				if subTree := buildStructTree(field.Type, tag); subTree != nil {
+					tree = append(tree, structBranch{i, "", subTree})
+				}
+			default:
+				// If parseString doesn't support *T, it'll panic.
+				_ = parseString("", reflect.New(field.Type).Interface())
+
+				tree = append(tree, structBranch{i, tagValue, nil})
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return tree
+}
+
+// structifyMapByTree parses src's string values into the struct dest according to tree's specification.
+func structifyMapByTree(src map[string]interface{}, tree []structBranch, dest, root reflect.Value, stack *[]int) error {
+	*stack = append(*stack, 0)
+	defer func() {
+		*stack = (*stack)[:len(*stack)-1]
+	}()
+
+	for _, branch := range tree {
+		(*stack)[len(*stack)-1] = branch.field
+
+		if branch.subTree == nil {
+			if v, ok := src[branch.leaf]; ok {
+				if vs, ok := v.(string); ok {
+					if err := parseString(vs, dest.Field(branch.field).Addr().Interface()); err != nil {
+						rt := root.Type()
+						typ := rt
+						var path []string
+
+						for _, i := range *stack {
+							f := typ.Field(i)
+							path = append(path, f.Name)
+							typ = f.Type
+						}
+
+						return errors.Wrapf(err, "can't parse %s into the %s %s#%s: %s",
+							branch.leaf, typ.Name(), rt.Name(), strings.Join(path, "."), vs)
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		} else if err := structifyMapByTree(src, branch.subTree, dest.Field(branch.field), root, stack); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// parseString parses src into *dest.
+func parseString(src string, dest interface{}) error {
+	switch ptr := dest.(type) {
+	case encoding.TextUnmarshaler:
+		return ptr.UnmarshalText([]byte(src))
+	case *string:
+		*ptr = src
+		return nil
+	case **string:
+		*ptr = &src
+		return nil
+	case *uint8:
+		return parseUint(src, ptr)
+	case *uint16:
+		return parseUint(src, ptr)
+	case *uint32:
+		return parseUint(src, ptr)
+	case *uint64:
+		return parseUint(src, ptr)
+	case *int8:
+		return parseInt(src, ptr)
+	case *int16:
+		return parseInt(src, ptr)
+	case *int32:
+		return parseInt(src, ptr)
+	case *int64:
+		return parseInt(src, ptr)
+	case *float32:
+		return parseFloat(src, ptr)
+	case *float64:
+		return parseFloat(src, ptr)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("unsupported type: %T", dest))
+	}
+}
+
+// parseUint parses src into *dest.
+func parseUint[T constraints.Unsigned](src string, dest *T) error {
+	i, err := strconv.ParseUint(src, 10, bitSizeOf[T]())
+	if err == nil {
+		*dest = T(i)
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// parseInt parses src into *dest.
+func parseInt[T constraints.Signed](src string, dest *T) error {
+	i, err := strconv.ParseInt(src, 10, bitSizeOf[T]())
+	if err == nil {
+		*dest = T(i)
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+// parseFloat parses src into *dest.
+func parseFloat[T constraints.Float](src string, dest *T) error {
+	f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(src, bitSizeOf[T]())
+	if err == nil {
+		*dest = T(f)
+	}
+
+	return err
+}
+
+func bitSizeOf[T any]() int {
+	var x T
+	return int(unsafe.Sizeof(x) * 8)
+}
diff --git a/pkg/types/acknowledgement_state.go b/pkg/types/acknowledgement_state.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bff613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/acknowledgement_state.go
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// AcknowledgementState specifies an acknowledgement state (yes, no, sticky).
+type AcknowledgementState uint8
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (as *AcknowledgementState) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	return as.UnmarshalJSON(text)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (as *AcknowledgementState) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var i uint8
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &i); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	a := AcknowledgementState(i)
+	if _, ok := acknowledgementStates[a]; !ok {
+		return badAcknowledgementState(data)
+	}
+
+	*as = a
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (as AcknowledgementState) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if v, ok := acknowledgementStates[as]; ok {
+		return v, nil
+	} else {
+		return nil, badAcknowledgementState(as)
+	}
+}
+
+// badAcknowledgementState returns an error about a syntactically, but not semantically valid AcknowledgementState.
+func badAcknowledgementState(s interface{}) error {
+	return errors.Errorf("bad acknowledgement state: %#v", s)
+}
+
+// acknowledgementStates maps all valid AcknowledgementState values to their SQL representation.
+var acknowledgementStates = map[AcknowledgementState]string{
+	0: "n",
+	1: "y",
+	2: "sticky",
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*AcknowledgementState)(nil)
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*AcknowledgementState)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = AcknowledgementState(0)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/binary.go b/pkg/types/binary.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9fb0a9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/binary.go
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// Binary nullable byte string. Hex as JSON.
+type Binary []byte
+
+// nullBinary for validating whether a Binary is valid.
+var nullBinary Binary
+
+// Equal returns whether the binaries are the same length and
+// contain the same bytes.
+func (binary Binary) Equal(equaler contracts.Equaler) bool {
+	b, ok := equaler.(Binary)
+	if !ok {
+		panic("bad Binary type assertion")
+	}
+
+	return bytes.Equal(binary, b)
+}
+
+// Valid returns whether the Binary is valid.
+func (binary Binary) Valid() bool {
+	return !bytes.Equal(binary, nullBinary)
+}
+
+// String returns the hex string representation form of the Binary.
+func (binary Binary) String() string {
+	return hex.EncodeToString(binary)
+}
+
+// MarshalText implements a custom marhsal function to encode
+// the Binary as hex. MarshalText implements the
+// encoding.TextMarshaler interface.
+func (binary Binary) MarshalText() ([]byte, error) {
+	return []byte(binary.String()), nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements a custom unmarshal function to decode
+// hex into a Binary. UnmarshalText implements the
+// encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (binary *Binary) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	b := make([]byte, hex.DecodedLen(len(text)))
+	_, err := hex.Decode(b, text)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantDecodeHex(err, string(text))
+	}
+	*binary = b
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements a custom marshal function to encode the Binary
+// as a hex string. MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+// Supports JSON null.
+func (binary Binary) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	if !binary.Valid() {
+		return []byte("null"), nil
+	}
+
+	return internal.MarshalJSON(binary.String())
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements a custom unmarshal function to decode
+// a JSON hex string into a Binary. UnmarshalJSON implements the
+// json.Unmarshaler interface. Supports JSON null.
+func (binary *Binary) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	if string(data) == "null" || len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var s string
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &s); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	b, err := hex.DecodeString(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantDecodeHex(err, s)
+	}
+	*binary = b
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (binary *Binary) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	switch src := src.(type) {
+	case nil:
+		return nil
+
+	case []byte:
+		if len(src) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+
+		b := make([]byte, len(src))
+		copy(b, src)
+		*binary = b
+
+	default:
+		return errors.Errorf("unable to scan type %T into Binary", src)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (binary Binary) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if !binary.Valid() {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return []byte(binary), nil
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ contracts.ID             = (*Binary)(nil)
+	_ encoding.TextMarshaler   = (*Binary)(nil)
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*Binary)(nil)
+	_ json.Marshaler           = (*Binary)(nil)
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*Binary)(nil)
+	_ sql.Scanner              = (*Binary)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = (*Binary)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/binary_test.go b/pkg/types/binary_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2a4f829
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/binary_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"testing"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+func TestBinary_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	subtests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  Binary
+		output string
+	}{
+		{"nil", nil, `null`},
+		{"empty", make(Binary, 0, 1), `null`},
+		{"space", Binary(" "), `"20"`},
+	}
+
+	for _, st := range subtests {
+		t.Run(st.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			actual, err := st.input.MarshalJSON()
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.True(t, utf8.Valid(actual))
+			require.Equal(t, st.output, string(actual))
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/types/bool.go b/pkg/types/bool.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b96c09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/bool.go
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+var (
+	enum = map[bool]string{
+		true:  "y",
+		false: "n",
+	}
+)
+
+// Bool represents a bool for ENUM ('y', 'n'), which can be NULL.
+type Bool struct {
+	Bool  bool
+	Valid bool // Valid is true if Bool is not NULL
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+func (b Bool) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	if !b.Valid {
+		return []byte("null"), nil
+	}
+
+	return internal.MarshalJSON(b.Bool)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (b *Bool) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	parsed, err := strconv.ParseUint(string(text), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantParseUint64(err, string(text))
+	}
+
+	*b = Bool{parsed != 0, true}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (b *Bool) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	if string(data) == "null" || len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &b.Bool); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	b.Valid = true
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (b *Bool) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	if src == nil {
+		b.Bool, b.Valid = false, false
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	v, ok := src.([]byte)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.Errorf("bad []byte type assertion from %#v", src)
+	}
+
+	switch string(v) {
+	case "y":
+		b.Bool = true
+	case "n":
+		b.Bool = false
+	default:
+		return errors.Errorf("bad bool %#v", v)
+	}
+
+	b.Valid = true
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (b Bool) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if !b.Valid {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return enum[b.Bool], nil
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ json.Marshaler           = (*Bool)(nil)
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*Bool)(nil)
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*Bool)(nil)
+	_ sql.Scanner              = (*Bool)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = (*Bool)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/bool_test.go b/pkg/types/bool_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe49588
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/bool_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"testing"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+func TestBool_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	subtests := []struct {
+		input  Bool
+		output string
+	}{
+		{Bool{Bool: false, Valid: false}, `null`},
+		{Bool{Bool: false, Valid: true}, `false`},
+		{Bool{Bool: true, Valid: false}, `null`},
+		{Bool{Bool: true, Valid: true}, `true`},
+	}
+
+	for _, st := range subtests {
+		t.Run(fmt.Sprintf("Bool-%#v_Valid-%#v", st.input.Bool, st.input.Valid), func(t *testing.T) {
+			actual, err := st.input.MarshalJSON()
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.True(t, utf8.Valid(actual))
+			require.Equal(t, st.output, string(actual))
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/types/comment_type.go b/pkg/types/comment_type.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8aed475
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/comment_type.go
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// CommentType specifies a comment's origin's kind.
+type CommentType uint8
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (ct *CommentType) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var i uint8
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &i); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	c := CommentType(i)
+	if _, ok := commentTypes[c]; !ok {
+		return badCommentType(data)
+	}
+
+	*ct = c
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (ct *CommentType) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	s := string(text)
+
+	i, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantParseUint64(err, s)
+	}
+
+	c := CommentType(i)
+	if uint64(c) != i {
+		// Truncated due to above cast, obviously too high
+		return badCommentType(s)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := commentTypes[c]; !ok {
+		return badCommentType(s)
+	}
+
+	*ct = c
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (ct CommentType) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if v, ok := commentTypes[ct]; ok {
+		return v, nil
+	} else {
+		return nil, badCommentType(ct)
+	}
+}
+
+// badCommentType returns an error about a syntactically, but not semantically valid CommentType.
+func badCommentType(t interface{}) error {
+	return errors.Errorf("bad comment type: %#v", t)
+}
+
+// commentTypes maps all valid CommentType values to their SQL representation.
+var commentTypes = map[CommentType]string{
+	1: "comment",
+	4: "ack",
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*CommentType)(nil)
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*CommentType)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = CommentType(0)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/float.go b/pkg/types/float.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4aedd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/float.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// Float adds JSON support to sql.NullFloat64.
+type Float struct {
+	sql.NullFloat64
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+// Supports JSON null.
+func (f Float) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	var v interface{}
+	if f.Valid {
+		v = f.Float64
+	}
+
+	return internal.MarshalJSON(v)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (f *Float) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	parsed, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(text), 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantParseFloat64(err, string(text))
+	}
+
+	*f = Float{sql.NullFloat64{
+		Float64: parsed,
+		Valid:   true,
+	}}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+// Supports JSON null.
+func (f *Float) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	// Ignore null, like in the main JSON package.
+	if bytes.HasPrefix(data, []byte{'n'}) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &f.Float64); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	f.Valid = true
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ json.Marshaler           = Float{}
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*Float)(nil)
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*Float)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = Float{}
+	_ sql.Scanner              = (*Float)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/int.go b/pkg/types/int.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e51f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/int.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// Int adds JSON support to sql.NullInt64.
+type Int struct {
+	sql.NullInt64
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+// Supports JSON null.
+func (i Int) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	var v interface{}
+	if i.Valid {
+		v = i.Int64
+	}
+
+	return internal.MarshalJSON(v)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (i *Int) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	parsed, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(text), 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantParseInt64(err, string(text))
+	}
+
+	*i = Int{sql.NullInt64{
+		Int64: parsed,
+		Valid: true,
+	}}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+// Supports JSON null.
+func (i *Int) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	// Ignore null, like in the main JSON package.
+	if bytes.HasPrefix(data, []byte{'n'}) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &i.Int64); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	i.Valid = true
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ json.Marshaler           = Int{}
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*Int)(nil)
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*Int)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = Int{}
+	_ sql.Scanner              = (*Int)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/notification_states.go b/pkg/types/notification_states.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff5760a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/notification_states.go
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// NotificationStates specifies the set of states a notification may be sent for.
+type NotificationStates uint8
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (nst *NotificationStates) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var states []string
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &states); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var n NotificationStates
+	for _, state := range states {
+		if v, ok := notificationStateNames[state]; ok {
+			n |= v
+		} else {
+			return badNotificationStates(states)
+		}
+	}
+
+	*nst = n
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (nst *NotificationStates) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	return nst.UnmarshalJSON(text)
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (nst NotificationStates) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if nst&^allNotificationStates == 0 {
+		return int64(nst), nil
+	} else {
+		return nil, badNotificationStates(nst)
+	}
+}
+
+// badNotificationStates returns an error about syntactically, but not semantically valid NotificationStates.
+func badNotificationStates(s interface{}) error {
+	return errors.Errorf("bad notification states: %#v", s)
+}
+
+// notificationStateNames maps all valid NotificationStates values to their SQL representation.
+var notificationStateNames = map[string]NotificationStates{
+	"OK":       1,
+	"Warning":  2,
+	"Critical": 4,
+	"Unknown":  8,
+	"Up":       16,
+	"Down":     32,
+}
+
+// allNotificationStates is the largest valid NotificationStates value.
+var allNotificationStates = func() NotificationStates {
+	var nt NotificationStates
+	for _, v := range notificationStateNames {
+		nt |= v
+	}
+
+	return nt
+}()
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*NotificationStates)(nil)
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*NotificationStates)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = NotificationStates(0)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/notification_type.go b/pkg/types/notification_type.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f2980f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/notification_type.go
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"strconv"
+)
+
+// NotificationType specifies the reason of a sent notification.
+type NotificationType uint16
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (nt *NotificationType) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	s := string(text)
+
+	i, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantParseUint64(err, s)
+	}
+
+	n := NotificationType(i)
+	if uint64(n) != i {
+		// Truncated due to above cast, obviously too high
+		return badNotificationType(s)
+	}
+
+	if _, ok := notificationTypes[n]; !ok {
+		return badNotificationType(s)
+	}
+
+	*nt = n
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (nt NotificationType) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if v, ok := notificationTypes[nt]; ok {
+		return v, nil
+	} else {
+		return nil, badNotificationType(nt)
+	}
+}
+
+// badNotificationType returns an error about a syntactically, but not semantically valid NotificationType.
+func badNotificationType(t interface{}) error {
+	return errors.Errorf("bad notification type: %#v", t)
+}
+
+// notificationTypes maps all valid NotificationType values to their SQL representation.
+var notificationTypes = map[NotificationType]string{
+	1:   "downtime_start",
+	2:   "downtime_end",
+	4:   "downtime_removed",
+	8:   "custom",
+	16:  "acknowledgement",
+	32:  "problem",
+	64:  "recovery",
+	128: "flapping_start",
+	256: "flapping_end",
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*NotificationType)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = NotificationType(0)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/notification_types.go b/pkg/types/notification_types.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..832a515
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/notification_types.go
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// NotificationTypes specifies the set of reasons a notification may be sent for.
+type NotificationTypes uint16
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (nt *NotificationTypes) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var types []string
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &types); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	var n NotificationTypes
+	for _, typ := range types {
+		if v, ok := notificationTypeNames[typ]; ok {
+			n |= v
+		} else {
+			return badNotificationTypes(nt)
+		}
+	}
+
+	*nt = n
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (nt *NotificationTypes) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	return nt.UnmarshalJSON(text)
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (nt NotificationTypes) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if nt&^allNotificationTypes == 0 {
+		return int64(nt), nil
+	} else {
+		return nil, badNotificationTypes(nt)
+	}
+}
+
+// badNotificationTypes returns an error about syntactically, but not semantically valid NotificationTypes.
+func badNotificationTypes(t interface{}) error {
+	return errors.Errorf("bad notification types: %#v", t)
+}
+
+// notificationTypeNames maps all valid NotificationTypes values to their SQL representation.
+var notificationTypeNames = map[string]NotificationTypes{
+	"DowntimeStart":   1,
+	"DowntimeEnd":     2,
+	"DowntimeRemoved": 4,
+	"Custom":          8,
+	"Acknowledgement": 16,
+	"Problem":         32,
+	"Recovery":        64,
+	"FlappingStart":   128,
+	"FlappingEnd":     256,
+}
+
+// allNotificationTypes is the largest valid NotificationTypes value.
+var allNotificationTypes = func() NotificationTypes {
+	var nt NotificationTypes
+	for _, v := range notificationTypeNames {
+		nt |= v
+	}
+
+	return nt
+}()
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*NotificationTypes)(nil)
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*NotificationTypes)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = NotificationTypes(0)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/state_type.go b/pkg/types/state_type.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f0cc69a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/state_type.go
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+)
+
+// StateType specifies a state's hardness.
+type StateType uint8
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (st *StateType) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	return st.UnmarshalJSON(text)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+func (st *StateType) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	var i uint8
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &i); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s := StateType(i)
+	if _, ok := stateTypes[s]; !ok {
+		return badStateType(data)
+	}
+
+	*st = s
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+func (st StateType) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if v, ok := stateTypes[st]; ok {
+		return v, nil
+	} else {
+		return nil, badStateType(st)
+	}
+}
+
+// badStateType returns and error about a syntactically, but not semantically valid StateType.
+func badStateType(t interface{}) error {
+	return errors.Errorf("bad state type: %#v", t)
+}
+
+const (
+	StateSoft = StateType(0)
+	StateHard = StateType(1)
+)
+
+// stateTypes maps all valid StateType values to their SQL representation.
+var stateTypes = map[StateType]string{
+	StateSoft: "soft",
+	StateHard: "hard",
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*StateType)(nil)
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*StateType)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = StateType(0)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/string.go b/pkg/types/string.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8ead45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/string.go
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// String adds JSON support to sql.NullString.
+type String struct {
+	sql.NullString
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+// Supports JSON null.
+func (s String) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	var v interface{}
+	if s.Valid {
+		v = s.String
+	}
+
+	return internal.MarshalJSON(v)
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (s *String) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	*s = String{sql.NullString{
+		String: string(text),
+		Valid:  true,
+	}}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+// Supports JSON null.
+func (s *String) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	// Ignore null, like in the main JSON package.
+	if bytes.HasPrefix(data, []byte{'n'}) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if err := internal.UnmarshalJSON(data, &s.String); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	s.Valid = true
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+// Supports SQL NULL.
+func (s String) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if !s.Valid {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// PostgreSQL does not allow null bytes in varchar, char and text fields.
+	return strings.ReplaceAll(s.String, "\x00", ""), nil
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ json.Marshaler           = String{}
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*String)(nil)
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*String)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = String{}
+	_ sql.Scanner              = (*String)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/unix_milli.go b/pkg/types/unix_milli.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3f6f988
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/unix_milli.go
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/internal"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/utils"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"strconv"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// UnixMilli is a nullable millisecond UNIX timestamp in databases and JSON.
+type UnixMilli time.Time
+
+// Time returns the time.Time conversion of UnixMilli.
+func (t UnixMilli) Time() time.Time {
+	return time.Time(t)
+}
+
+// MarshalJSON implements the json.Marshaler interface.
+// Marshals to milliseconds. Supports JSON null.
+func (t UnixMilli) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
+	if time.Time(t).IsZero() {
+		return []byte("null"), nil
+	}
+
+	return []byte(strconv.FormatInt(time.Time(t).UnixMilli(), 10)), nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalText implements the encoding.TextUnmarshaler interface.
+func (t *UnixMilli) UnmarshalText(text []byte) error {
+	parsed, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(text), 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantParseFloat64(err, string(text))
+	}
+
+	*t = UnixMilli(utils.FromUnixMilli(int64(parsed)))
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UnmarshalJSON implements the json.Unmarshaler interface.
+// Unmarshals from milliseconds. Supports JSON null.
+func (t *UnixMilli) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	if string(data) == "null" || len(data) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	ms, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(data), 64)
+	if err != nil {
+		return internal.CantParseFloat64(err, string(data))
+	}
+	tt := utils.FromUnixMilli(int64(ms))
+	*t = UnixMilli(tt)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Scan implements the sql.Scanner interface.
+// Scans from milliseconds. Supports SQL NULL.
+func (t *UnixMilli) Scan(src interface{}) error {
+	if src == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	v, ok := src.(int64)
+	if !ok {
+		return errors.Errorf("bad int64 type assertion from %#v", src)
+	}
+	tt := utils.FromUnixMilli(v)
+	*t = UnixMilli(tt)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Value implements the driver.Valuer interface.
+// Returns milliseconds. Supports SQL NULL.
+func (t UnixMilli) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	if t.Time().IsZero() {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	return t.Time().UnixMilli(), nil
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ json.Marshaler           = (*UnixMilli)(nil)
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*UnixMilli)(nil)
+	_ json.Unmarshaler         = (*UnixMilli)(nil)
+	_ sql.Scanner              = (*UnixMilli)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = (*UnixMilli)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/types/unix_milli_test.go b/pkg/types/unix_milli_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..985fa2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/unix_milli_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+	"unicode/utf8"
+)
+
+func TestUnixMilli_MarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
+	subtests := []struct {
+		name   string
+		input  UnixMilli
+		output string
+	}{
+		{"zero", UnixMilli{}, `null`},
+		{"epoch", UnixMilli(time.Unix(0, 0)), `0`},
+		{"nonzero", UnixMilli(time.Unix(1234567890, 62500000)), `1234567890062`},
+	}
+
+	for _, st := range subtests {
+		t.Run(st.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			actual, err := st.input.MarshalJSON()
+
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			require.True(t, utf8.Valid(actual))
+			require.Equal(t, st.output, string(actual))
+		})
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/types/uuid.go b/pkg/types/uuid.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..02acbcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/types/uuid.go
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+package types
+
+import (
+	"database/sql/driver"
+	"encoding"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+)
+
+// UUID is like uuid.UUID, but marshals itself binarily (not like xxxxxxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx) in SQL context.
+type UUID struct {
+	uuid.UUID
+}
+
+// Value implements driver.Valuer.
+func (uuid UUID) Value() (driver.Value, error) {
+	return uuid.UUID[:], nil
+}
+
+// Assert interface compliance.
+var (
+	_ encoding.TextUnmarshaler = (*UUID)(nil)
+	_ driver.Valuer            = UUID{}
+	_ driver.Valuer            = (*UUID)(nil)
+)
diff --git a/pkg/utils/utils.go b/pkg/utils/utils.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b0fe1d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/utils/utils.go
@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/sha1"
+	"fmt"
+	"github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
+	"github.com/icinga/icingadb/pkg/contracts"
+	"github.com/lib/pq"
+	"github.com/pkg/errors"
+	"golang.org/x/exp/utf8string"
+	"math"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+// FromUnixMilli creates and returns a time.Time value
+// from the given milliseconds since the Unix epoch ms.
+func FromUnixMilli(ms int64) time.Time {
+	sec, dec := math.Modf(float64(ms) / 1e3)
+
+	return time.Unix(int64(sec), int64(dec*(1e9)))
+}
+
+// Name returns the declared name of type t.
+// Name is used in combination with Key
+// to automatically guess an entity's
+// database table and Redis key.
+func Name(t interface{}) string {
+	s := strings.TrimLeft(fmt.Sprintf("%T", t), "*")
+
+	return s[strings.LastIndex(s, ".")+1:]
+}
+
+// TableName returns the table of t.
+func TableName(t interface{}) string {
+	if tn, ok := t.(contracts.TableNamer); ok {
+		return tn.TableName()
+	} else {
+		return Key(Name(t), '_')
+	}
+}
+
+// Key returns the name with all Unicode letters mapped to lower case letters,
+// with an additional separator in front of each original upper case letter.
+func Key(name string, sep byte) string {
+	return ConvertCamelCase(name, unicode.LowerCase, sep)
+}
+
+// Timed calls the given callback with the time that has elapsed since the start.
+//
+// Timed should be installed by defer:
+//
+//	func TimedExample(logger *zap.SugaredLogger) {
+//		defer utils.Timed(time.Now(), func(elapsed time.Duration) {
+//			logger.Debugf("Executed job in %s", elapsed)
+//		})
+//		job()
+//	}
+func Timed(start time.Time, callback func(elapsed time.Duration)) {
+	callback(time.Since(start))
+}
+
+// BatchSliceOfStrings groups the given keys into chunks of size count and streams them into a returned channel.
+func BatchSliceOfStrings(ctx context.Context, keys []string, count int) <-chan []string {
+	batches := make(chan []string)
+
+	go func() {
+		defer close(batches)
+
+		for i := 0; i < len(keys); i += count {
+			end := i + count
+			if end > len(keys) {
+				end = len(keys)
+			}
+
+			select {
+			case batches <- keys[i:end]:
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+				return
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+
+	return batches
+}
+
+// IsContextCanceled returns whether the given error is context.Canceled.
+func IsContextCanceled(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, context.Canceled)
+}
+
+// Checksum returns the SHA-1 checksum of the data.
+func Checksum(data interface{}) []byte {
+	var chksm [sha1.Size]byte
+
+	switch data := data.(type) {
+	case string:
+		chksm = sha1.Sum([]byte(data))
+	case []byte:
+		chksm = sha1.Sum(data)
+	default:
+		panic(fmt.Sprintf("Unable to create checksum for type %T", data))
+	}
+
+	return chksm[:]
+}
+
+// Fatal panics with the given error.
+func Fatal(err error) {
+	panic(err)
+}
+
+// IsDeadlock returns whether the given error signals serialization failure.
+func IsDeadlock(err error) bool {
+	var e *mysql.MySQLError
+	if errors.As(err, &e) {
+		switch e.Number {
+		case 1205, 1213:
+			return true
+		default:
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
+	var pe *pq.Error
+	if errors.As(err, &pe) {
+		switch pe.Code {
+		case "40001", "40P01":
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	return false
+}
+
+var ellipsis = utf8string.NewString("...")
+
+// Ellipsize shortens s to <=limit runes and indicates shortening by "...".
+func Ellipsize(s string, limit int) string {
+	utf8 := utf8string.NewString(s)
+	switch {
+	case utf8.RuneCount() <= limit:
+		return s
+	case utf8.RuneCount() <= ellipsis.RuneCount():
+		return ellipsis.String()
+	default:
+		return utf8.Slice(0, limit-ellipsis.RuneCount()) + ellipsis.String()
+	}
+}
+
+// ConvertCamelCase converts a (lower) CamelCase string into various cases.
+// _case must be unicode.Lower or unicode.Upper.
+//
+// Example usage:
+//
+//	# snake_case
+//	ConvertCamelCase(s, unicode.Lower, '_')
+//
+//	# SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE
+//	ConvertCamelCase(s, unicode.Upper, '_')
+//
+//	# kebab-case
+//	ConvertCamelCase(s, unicode.Lower, '-')
+//
+//	# SCREAMING-KEBAB-CASE
+//	ConvertCamelCase(s, unicode.Upper, '-')
+//
+//	# other.separator
+//	ConvertCamelCase(s, unicode.Lower, '.')
+func ConvertCamelCase(s string, _case int, sep byte) string {
+	r := []rune(s)
+	b := strings.Builder{}
+	b.Grow(len(r) + 2) // nominal 2 bytes of extra space for inserted delimiters
+
+	b.WriteRune(unicode.To(_case, r[0]))
+	for _, r := range r[1:] {
+		if sep != 0 && unicode.IsUpper(r) {
+			b.WriteByte(sep)
+		}
+
+		b.WriteRune(unicode.To(_case, r))
+	}
+
+	return b.String()
+}
+
+// AppName returns the name of the executable that started this program (process).
+func AppName() string {
+	exe, err := os.Executable()
+	if err != nil {
+		exe = os.Args[0]
+	}
+
+	return filepath.Base(exe)
+}
+
+// MaxInt returns the larger of the given integers.
+func MaxInt(x, y int) int {
+	if x > y {
+		return x
+	}
+
+	return y
+}
+
+// JoinHostPort is like its equivalent in net., but handles UNIX sockets as well.
+func JoinHostPort(host string, port int) string {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(host, "/") {
+		return host
+	}
+
+	return net.JoinHostPort(host, fmt.Sprint(port))
+}
+
+// ChanFromSlice takes a slice of values and returns a channel from which these values can be received.
+// This channel is closed after the last value was sent.
+func ChanFromSlice[T any](values []T) <-chan T {
+	ch := make(chan T, len(values))
+	for _, value := range values {
+		ch <- value
+	}
+
+	close(ch)
+
+	return ch
+}
diff --git a/pkg/utils/utils_test.go b/pkg/utils/utils_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0ea54b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/utils/utils_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package utils
+
+import (
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func TestChanFromSlice(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Nil", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ch := ChanFromSlice[int](nil)
+		require.NotNil(t, ch)
+		requireClosedEmpty(t, ch)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Empty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ch := ChanFromSlice([]int{})
+		require.NotNil(t, ch)
+		requireClosedEmpty(t, ch)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NonEmpty", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ch := ChanFromSlice([]int{42, 23, 1337})
+		require.NotNil(t, ch)
+		requireReceive(t, ch, 42)
+		requireReceive(t, ch, 23)
+		requireReceive(t, ch, 1337)
+		requireClosedEmpty(t, ch)
+	})
+}
+
+// requireReceive is a helper function to check if a value can immediately be received from a channel.
+func requireReceive(t *testing.T, ch <-chan int, expected int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	select {
+	case v, ok := <-ch:
+		require.True(t, ok, "receiving should return a value")
+		require.Equal(t, expected, v)
+	default:
+		require.Fail(t, "receiving should not block")
+	}
+}
+
+// requireReceive is a helper function to check if the channel is closed and empty.
+func requireClosedEmpty(t *testing.T, ch <-chan int) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	select {
+	case _, ok := <-ch:
+		require.False(t, ok, "receiving from channel should not return anything")
+	default:
+		require.Fail(t, "receiving should not block")
+	}
+}
diff --git a/pkg/version/version.go b/pkg/version/version.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..250318c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pkg/version/version.go
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+package version
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"runtime"
+	"runtime/debug"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+type VersionInfo struct {
+	Version string
+	Commit  string
+}
+
+// Version determines version and commit information based on multiple data sources:
+//   - Version information dynamically added by `git archive` in the remaining to parameters.
+//   - A hardcoded version number passed as first parameter.
+//   - Commit information added to the binary by `go build`.
+//
+// It's supposed to be called like this in combination with setting the `export-subst` attribute for the corresponding
+// file in .gitattributes:
+//
+//	var Version = version.Version("1.0.0-rc2", "$Format:%(describe)$", "$Format:%H$")
+//
+// When exported using `git archive`, the placeholders are replaced in the file and this version information is
+// preferred. Otherwise the hardcoded version is used and augmented with commit information from the build metadata.
+func Version(version, gitDescribe, gitHash string) *VersionInfo {
+	const hashLen = 7 // Same truncation length for the commit hash as used by git describe.
+
+	if !strings.HasPrefix(gitDescribe, "$") && !strings.HasPrefix(gitHash, "$") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(gitDescribe, "%") {
+			// Only Git 2.32+ supports %(describe), older versions don't expand it but keep it as-is.
+			// Fall back to the hardcoded version augmented with the commit hash.
+			gitDescribe = version
+
+			if len(gitHash) >= hashLen {
+				gitDescribe += "-g" + gitHash[:hashLen]
+			}
+		}
+
+		return &VersionInfo{
+			Version: gitDescribe,
+			Commit:  gitHash,
+		}
+	} else {
+		commit := ""
+
+		if info, ok := debug.ReadBuildInfo(); ok {
+			modified := false
+
+			for _, setting := range info.Settings {
+				switch setting.Key {
+				case "vcs.revision":
+					commit = setting.Value
+				case "vcs.modified":
+					modified, _ = strconv.ParseBool(setting.Value)
+				}
+			}
+
+			if len(commit) >= hashLen {
+				version += "-g" + commit[:hashLen]
+
+				if modified {
+					version += "-dirty"
+					commit += " (modified)"
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		return &VersionInfo{
+			Version: version,
+			Commit:  commit,
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Print writes verbose version output to stdout.
+func (v *VersionInfo) Print() {
+	fmt.Println("Icinga DB version:", v.Version)
+	fmt.Println()
+
+	fmt.Println("Build information:")
+	fmt.Printf("  Go version: %s (%s, %s)\n", runtime.Version(), runtime.GOOS, runtime.GOARCH)
+	if v.Commit != "" {
+		fmt.Println("  Git commit:", v.Commit)
+	}
+
+	if r, err := readOsRelease(); err == nil {
+		fmt.Println()
+		fmt.Println("System information:")
+		fmt.Println("  Platform:", r.Name)
+		fmt.Println("  Platform version:", r.DisplayVersion())
+	}
+}
+
+// osRelease contains the information obtained from the os-release file.
+type osRelease struct {
+	Name      string
+	Version   string
+	VersionId string
+	BuildId   string
+}
+
+// DisplayVersion returns the most suitable version information for display purposes.
+func (o *osRelease) DisplayVersion() string {
+	if o.Version != "" {
+		// Most distributions set VERSION
+		return o.Version
+	} else if o.VersionId != "" {
+		// Some only set VERSION_ID (Alpine Linux for example)
+		return o.VersionId
+	} else if o.BuildId != "" {
+		// Others only set BUILD_ID (Arch Linux for example)
+		return o.BuildId
+	} else {
+		return "(unknown)"
+	}
+}
+
+// readOsRelease reads and parses the os-release file.
+func readOsRelease() (*osRelease, error) {
+	for _, path := range []string{"/etc/os-release", "/usr/lib/os-release"} {
+		f, err := os.Open(path)
+		if err != nil {
+			if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+				continue // Try next path.
+			} else {
+				return nil, err
+			}
+		}
+
+		o := &osRelease{
+			Name: "Linux", // Suggested default as per os-release(5) man page.
+		}
+
+		scanner := bufio.NewScanner(f)
+		for scanner.Scan() {
+			line := scanner.Text()
+			if strings.HasPrefix(line, "#") {
+				continue // Ignore comment.
+			}
+
+			parts := strings.SplitN(line, "=", 2)
+			if len(parts) != 2 {
+				continue // Ignore empty or possibly malformed line.
+			}
+
+			key := parts[0]
+			val := parts[1]
+
+			// Unquote strings. This isn't fully compliant with the specification which allows using some shell escape
+			// sequences. However, typically quotes are only used to allow whitespace within the value.
+			if len(val) >= 2 && (val[0] == '"' || val[0] == '\'') && val[0] == val[len(val)-1] {
+				val = val[1 : len(val)-1]
+			}
+
+			switch key {
+			case "NAME":
+				o.Name = val
+			case "VERSION":
+				o.Version = val
+			case "VERSION_ID":
+				o.VersionId = val
+			case "BUILD_ID":
+				o.BuildId = val
+			}
+		}
+		if err := scanner.Err(); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		return o, nil
+	}
+
+	return nil, errors.New("os-release file not found")
+}