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diff --git a/man/man8/ss.8 b/man/man8/ss.8 new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4ece41f --- /dev/null +++ b/man/man8/ss.8 @@ -0,0 +1,607 @@ +.TH SS 8 +.SH NAME +ss \- another utility to investigate sockets +.SH SYNOPSIS +.B ss +.RI [ options ] " [ FILTER ]" +.SH DESCRIPTION +.B ss +is used to dump socket statistics. It allows showing information similar +to +.IR netstat . +It can display more TCP and state information than other tools. + +.SH OPTIONS +When no option is used ss displays a list of open non-listening +sockets (e.g. TCP/UNIX/UDP) that have established connection. +.TP +.B \-h, \-\-help +Show summary of options. +.TP +.B \-V, \-\-version +Output version information. +.TP +.B \-H, \-\-no-header +Suppress header line. +.TP +.B \-O, \-\-oneline +Print each socket's data on a single line. +.TP +.B \-n, \-\-numeric +Do not try to resolve service names. Show exact bandwidth values, instead of human-readable. +.TP +.B \-r, \-\-resolve +Try to resolve numeric address/ports. +.TP +.B \-a, \-\-all +Display both listening and non-listening (for TCP this means +established connections) sockets. +.TP +.B \-l, \-\-listening +Display only listening sockets (these are omitted by default). +.TP +.B \-B, \-\-bound-inactive +Display only TCP bound but inactive (not listening, connecting, etc.) sockets +(these are omitted by default). +.TP +.B \-o, \-\-options +Show timer information. For TCP protocol, the output format is: +.RS +.P +timer:(<timer_name>,<expire_time>,<retrans>) +.P +.TP +.B <timer_name> +the name of the timer, there are five kind of timer names: +.RS +.P +.B on +: means one of these timers: TCP retrans timer, TCP early retrans +timer and tail loss probe timer +.P +.BR keepalive ": tcp keep alive timer" +.P +.BR timewait ": timewait stage timer" +.P +.BR persist ": zero window probe timer" +.P +.BR unknown ": none of the above timers" +.RE +.TP +.B <expire_time> +how long time the timer will expire +.P +.TP +.B <retrans> +how many times the retransmission occurred +.RE +.TP +.B \-e, \-\-extended +Show detailed socket information. The output format is: +.RS +.P +uid:<uid_number> ino:<inode_number> sk:<cookie> +.P +.TP +.B <uid_number> +the user id the socket belongs to +.P +.TP +.B <inode_number> +the socket's inode number in VFS +.P +.TP +.B <cookie> +an uuid of the socket +.RE +.TP +.B \-m, \-\-memory +Show socket memory usage. The output format is: +.RS +.P +skmem:(r<rmem_alloc>,rb<rcv_buf>,t<wmem_alloc>,tb<snd_buf>, +.br +.RS +.RS +f<fwd_alloc>,w<wmem_queued>,o<opt_mem>, +.RE +.RE +.br +.RS +.RS +bl<back_log>,d<sock_drop>) +.RE +.RE +.P +.TP +.B <rmem_alloc> +the memory allocated for receiving packet +.P +.TP +.B <rcv_buf> +the total memory can be allocated for receiving packet +.P +.TP +.B <wmem_alloc> +the memory used for sending packet (which has been sent to layer 3) +.P +.TP +.B <snd_buf> +the total memory can be allocated for sending packet +.P +.TP +.B <fwd_alloc> +the memory allocated by the socket as cache, but not used for +receiving/sending packet yet. If need memory to send/receive packet, +the memory in this cache will be used before allocate additional +memory. +.P +.TP +.B <wmem_queued> +The memory allocated for sending packet (which has not been sent to layer 3) +.P +.TP +.B <opt_mem> +The memory used for storing socket option, e.g., the key for TCP MD5 signature +.P +.TP +.B <back_log> +The memory used for the sk backlog queue. On a process context, if the +process is receiving packet, and a new packet is received, it will be +put into the sk backlog queue, so it can be received by the process +immediately +.P +.TP +.B <sock_drop> +the number of packets dropped before they are de-multiplexed into the socket +.RE +.TP +.B \-p, \-\-processes +Show process using socket. +.TP +.B \-T, \-\-threads +Show thread using socket. Implies +.BR \-p . +.TP +.B \-i, \-\-info +Show internal TCP information. Below fields may appear: +.RS +.P +.TP +.B ts +show string "ts" if the timestamp option is set +.P +.TP +.B sack +show string "sack" if the sack option is set +.P +.TP +.B ecn +show string "ecn" if the explicit congestion notification option is set +.P +.TP +.B ecnseen +show string "ecnseen" if the saw ecn flag is found in received packets +.P +.TP +.B fastopen +show string "fastopen" if the fastopen option is set +.P +.TP +.B cong_alg +the congestion algorithm name, the default congestion algorithm is "cubic" +.P +.TP +.B wscale:<snd_wscale>:<rcv_wscale> +if window scale option is used, this field shows the send scale factor +and receive scale factor +.P +.TP +.B rto:<icsk_rto> +tcp re-transmission timeout value, the unit is millisecond +.P +.TP +.B backoff:<icsk_backoff> +used for exponential backoff re-transmission, the actual +re-transmission timeout value is icsk_rto << icsk_backoff +.P +.TP +.B rtt:<rtt>/<rttvar> +rtt is the average round trip time, rttvar is the mean deviation of +rtt, their units are millisecond +.P +.TP +.B ato:<ato> +ack timeout, unit is millisecond, used for delay ack mode +.P +.TP +.B mss:<mss> +max segment size +.P +.TP +.B cwnd:<cwnd> +congestion window size +.P +.TP +.B pmtu:<pmtu> +path MTU value +.P +.TP +.B ssthresh:<ssthresh> +tcp congestion window slow start threshold +.P +.TP +.B bytes_acked:<bytes_acked> +bytes acked +.P +.TP +.B bytes_received:<bytes_received> +bytes received +.P +.TP +.B segs_out:<segs_out> +segments sent out +.P +.TP +.B segs_in:<segs_in> +segments received +.P +.TP +.B send <send_bps>bps +egress bps +.P +.TP +.B lastsnd:<lastsnd> +how long time since the last packet sent, the unit is millisecond +.P +.TP +.B lastrcv:<lastrcv> +how long time since the last packet received, the unit is millisecond +.P +.TP +.B lastack:<lastack> +how long time since the last ack received, the unit is millisecond +.P +.TP +.B pacing_rate <pacing_rate>bps/<max_pacing_rate>bps +the pacing rate and max pacing rate +.P +.TP +.B rcv_space:<rcv_space> +a helper variable for TCP internal auto tuning socket receive buffer +.P +.TP +.B tcp-ulp-mptcp flags:[MmBbJjecv] token:<rem_token(rem_id)/loc_token(loc_id)> seq:<sn> sfseq:<ssn> ssnoff:<off> maplen:<maplen> +MPTCP subflow information +.P +.RE +.TP +.B \-\-tos +Show ToS and priority information. Below fields may appear: +.RS +.P +.TP +.B tos +IPv4 Type-of-Service byte +.P +.TP +.B tclass +IPv6 Traffic Class byte +.P +.TP +.B class_id +Class id set by net_cls cgroup. If class is zero this shows priority +set by SO_PRIORITY. +.RE +.TP +.B \-\-cgroup +Show cgroup information. Below fields may appear: +.RS +.P +.TP +.B cgroup +Cgroup v2 pathname. This pathname is relative to the mount point of the hierarchy. +.RE +.TP +.B \-\-tipcinfo +Show internal tipc socket information. +.TP +.B \-K, \-\-kill +Attempts to forcibly close sockets. This option displays sockets that are +successfully closed and silently skips sockets that the kernel does not support +closing. It supports IPv4 and IPv6 sockets only. +.TP +.B \-s, \-\-summary +Print summary statistics. This option does not parse socket lists obtaining +summary from various sources. It is useful when amount of sockets is so huge +that parsing /proc/net/tcp is painful. +.TP +.B \-E, \-\-events +Continually display sockets as they are destroyed +.TP +.B \-Z, \-\-context +As the +.B \-p +option but also shows process security context. If the +.B \-T +option is used, also shows thread security context. +.sp +For +.BR netlink (7) +sockets the initiating process context is displayed as follows: +.RS +.RS +.IP "1." 4 +If valid pid show the process context. +.IP "2." 4 +If destination is kernel (pid = 0) show kernel initial context. +.IP "3." 4 +If a unique identifier has been allocated by the kernel or netlink user, +show context as "unavailable". This will generally indicate that a +process has more than one netlink socket active. +.RE +.RE +.TP +.B \-z, \-\-contexts +As the +.B \-Z +option but also shows the socket context. The socket context is +taken from the associated inode and is not the actual socket +context held by the kernel. Sockets are typically labeled with the +context of the creating process, however the context shown will reflect +any policy role, type and/or range transition rules applied, +and is therefore a useful reference. +.TP +.B \-N NSNAME, \-\-net=NSNAME +Switch to the specified network namespace name. +.TP +.B \-b, \-\-bpf +Show socket classic BPF filters (only administrators are allowed to get these +information). +.TP +.B \-4, \-\-ipv4 +Display only IP version 4 sockets (alias for -f inet). +.TP +.B \-6, \-\-ipv6 +Display only IP version 6 sockets (alias for -f inet6). +.TP +.B \-0, \-\-packet +Display PACKET sockets (alias for -f link). +.TP +.B \-t, \-\-tcp +Display TCP sockets. +.TP +.B \-u, \-\-udp +Display UDP sockets. +.TP +.B \-d, \-\-dccp +Display DCCP sockets. +.TP +.B \-w, \-\-raw +Display RAW sockets. +.TP +.B \-x, \-\-unix +Display Unix domain sockets (alias for -f unix). +.TP +.B \-S, \-\-sctp +Display SCTP sockets. +.TP +.B \-\-tipc +Display tipc sockets (alias for -f tipc). +.TP +.TP +.B \-\-vsock +Display vsock sockets (alias for -f vsock). +.TP +.B \-\-xdp +Display XDP sockets (alias for -f xdp). +.TP +.B \-M, \-\-mptcp +Display MPTCP sockets. +.TP +.B \-\-inet-sockopt +Display inet socket options. +.TP +.B \-f FAMILY, \-\-family=FAMILY +Display sockets of type FAMILY. Currently the following families are +supported: unix, inet, inet6, link, netlink, vsock, tipc, xdp. +.TP +.B \-A QUERY, \-\-query=QUERY, \-\-socket=QUERY +List of socket tables to dump, separated by commas. The following identifiers +are understood: all, inet, tcp, udp, raw, unix, packet, netlink, unix_dgram, +unix_stream, unix_seqpacket, packet_raw, packet_dgram, dccp, sctp, tipc, +vsock_stream, vsock_dgram, xdp, mptcp. Any item in the list may optionally be +prefixed by an exclamation mark +.RB ( ! ) +to exclude that socket table from being dumped. +.TP +.B \-D FILE, \-\-diag=FILE +Do not display anything, just dump raw information about TCP sockets +to FILE after applying filters. If FILE is - stdout is used. +.TP +.B \-F FILE, \-\-filter=FILE +Read filter information from FILE. Each line of FILE is interpreted +like single command line option. If FILE is - stdin is used. +.TP +.B FILTER := [ state STATE-FILTER ] [ EXPRESSION ] +Please take a look at the official documentation for details regarding filters. + +.SH STATE-FILTER + +.B STATE-FILTER +allows one to construct arbitrary set of states to match. Its syntax is +sequence of keywords state and exclude followed by identifier of +state. +.TP +Available identifiers are: + +All standard TCP states: +.BR established ", " syn-sent ", " syn-recv ", " fin-wait-1 ", " fin-wait-2 ", " time-wait ", " closed ", " close-wait ", " last-ack ", " +.BR listening " and " closing. + +.B all +- for all the states + +.B connected +- all the states except for +.BR listening " and " closed + +.B synchronized +- all the +.B connected +states except for +.B syn-sent + +.B bucket +- states, which are maintained as minisockets, i.e. +.BR time-wait " and " syn-recv + +.B big +- opposite to +.B bucket + +.B bound-inactive +- bound but otherwise inactive sockets (not listening, connecting, etc.) + +.SH EXPRESSION + +.B EXPRESSION +allows filtering based on specific criteria. +.B EXPRESSION +consists of a series of predicates combined by boolean operators. The possible operators in increasing +order of precedence are +.B or +(or | or ||), +.B and +(or & or &&), and +.B not +(or !). If no operator is between consecutive predicates, an implicit +.B and +operator is assumed. Subexpressions can be grouped with "(" and ")". +.P +The following predicates are supported: + +.TP +.B {dst|src} [=] HOST +Test if the destination or source matches HOST. See HOST SYNTAX for details. +.TP +.B {dport|sport} [OP] [FAMILY:]:PORT +Compare the destination or source port to PORT. OP can be any of "<", "<=", "=", "!=", +">=" and ">". Following normal arithmetic rules. FAMILY and PORT are as described in +HOST SYNTAX below. +.TP +.B dev [=|!=] DEVICE +Match based on the device the connection uses. DEVICE can either be a device name or the +index of the interface. +.TP +.B fwmark [=|!=] MASK +Matches based on the fwmark value for the connection. This can either be a specific mark value +or a mark value followed by a "/" and a bitmask of which bits to use in the comparison. For example +"fwmark = 0x01/0x03" would match if the two least significant bits of the fwmark were 0x01. +.TP +.B cgroup [=|!=] PATH +Match if the connection is part of a cgroup at the given path. +.TP +.B autobound +Match if the port or path of the source address was automatically allocated +(rather than explicitly specified). +.P +Most operators have aliases. If no operator is supplied "=" is assumed. +Each of the following groups of operators are all equivalent: +.RS +.IP \(bu 2 += == eq +.IP \(bu +!= ne neq +.IP \(bu +> gt +.IP \(bu +< lt +.IP \(bu +>= ge geq +.IP \(bu +<= le leq +.IP \(bu +! not +.IP \(bu +| || or +.IP \(bu +& && and +.RE +.SH HOST SYNTAX +.P +The general host syntax is [FAMILY:]ADDRESS[:PORT]. +.P +FAMILY must be one of the families supported by the -f option. If not given +it defaults to the family given with the -f option, and if that is also +missing, will assume either inet or inet6. Note that all host conditions in the +expression should either all be the same family or be only inet and inet6. If there +is some other mixture of families, the results will probably be unexpected. +.P +The form of ADDRESS and PORT depends on the family used. "*" can be used as +a wildcard for either the address or port. The details for each family are as +follows: +.TP +.B unix +ADDRESS is a glob pattern (see +.BR fnmatch (3)) +that will be matched case-insensitively against the unix socket's address. Both path and abstract +names are supported. Unix addresses do not support a port, and "*" cannot be used as a wildcard. +.TP +.B link +ADDRESS is the case-insensitive name of an Ethernet protocol to match. PORT +is either a device name or a device index for the desired link device, as seen +in the output of ip link. +.TP +.B netlink +ADDRESS is a descriptor of the netlink family. Possible values come from +/etc/iproute2/nl_protos. PORT is the port id of the socket, which is usually +the same as the owning process id. The value "kernel" can be used to represent +the kernel (port id of 0). +.TP +.B vsock +ADDRESS is an integer representing the CID address, and PORT is the port. +.TP +.BR inet \ and\ inet6 +ADDRESS is an ip address (either v4 or v6 depending on the family) or a DNS +hostname that resolves to an ip address of the required version. An ipv6 +address must be enclosed in "[" and "]" to disambiguate the port separator. The +address may additionally have a prefix length given in CIDR notation (a slash +followed by the prefix length in bits). PORT is either the numerical +socket port, or the service name for the port to match. + +.SH USAGE EXAMPLES +.TP +.B ss -t -a +Display all TCP sockets. +.TP +.B ss -t -a -Z +Display all TCP sockets with process SELinux security contexts. +.TP +.B ss -u -a +Display all UDP sockets. +.TP +.B ss -o state established '( dport = :ssh or sport = :ssh )' +Display all established ssh connections. +.TP +.B ss -x src /tmp/.X11-unix/* +Find all local processes connected to X server. +.TP +.B ss -o state fin-wait-1 '( sport = :http or sport = :https )' dst 193.233.7/24 +List all the tcp sockets in state FIN-WAIT-1 for our apache to network +193.233.7/24 and look at their timers. +.TP +.B ss -a -A 'all,!tcp' +List sockets in all states from all socket tables but TCP. +.SH SEE ALSO +.BR ip (8), +.br +.BR RFC " 793 " +- https://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc793.txt (TCP states) + +.SH AUTHOR +.I ss +was written by Alexey Kuznetsov, <kuznet@ms2.inr.ac.ru>. +.PP +This manual page was written by Michael Prokop <mika@grml.org> +for the Debian project (but may be used by others). |