kmk Quick Reference =================== This is an attempt at summarizing all directives, functions, special variables, special targets, built-in commands, external commands, and ``kmk``-expressions. Since *all* the features are included, the quickness of this reference can be disputed. ;-) Directives ---------- Here is a summary of the directives ``kmk`` recognizes: Define a multi-line, recursively-expanded variable:: define variable endef Conditionally evaluate part of the makefile:: ifdef variable ifndef variable ifeq (a,b) ifeq "a" "b" ifeq 'a' 'b' ifneq (a,b) ifneq "a" "b" ifneq 'a' 'b' if1of (set-a,set-b) [1] ifn1of (set-a,set-b) [1] if expression [1] else endif Include another makefile:: include file -include file sinclude file Include another dependency file [1]_:: includedep file Define a variable, overriding any previous definition, even one from the command line:: override variable = value override variable := value override variable += value override variable <= value [1] override variable ?= value override define variable endef Tell ``kmk`` to export all variables to child processes by default:: export Tell ``kmk`` whether or not to export a particular variable to child processes:: export variable export variable = value export variable := value export variable += value export variable <= value [1] export variable ?= value unexport variable Define a variable in the local context instead of the global one [1]_:: local variable = value local variable := value local variable += value local variable <= value local variable ?= value local define variable endef Specify a search path for files matching a ``%`` pattern:: vpath pattern path Remove all search paths previously specified for pattern:: vpath pattern Remove all search paths previously specified in any vpath directive:: vpath Automatic variables ------------------- Here is a summary of the automatic variables. +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | Variable | Description | +===========+=================================================================+ | ``$@`` | The file name of the target. | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | ``$<`` | The name of the first prerequisite. | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | ``$?`` | The names of all the prerequisites that are newer than the | | | target, with spaces between them. | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | ``$^`` | The names of all the prerequisites, duplicates omitted. | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | ``$+`` | The names of all the prerequisites, duplicates and order | | | preserved | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | ``$*`` | The stem with which an implicit rule matches. | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | ``$|`` | The name of all the order only prerequisites. | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | ``$(@D)`` | The directory part of ``$@``. | +-----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | ``$(>`` | | Bitwise right shift. | +---------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``<=`` | Binary | Less or equal than. | +---------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``<`` | | Less than. | +---------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``>=`` | | Greater or equal than. | +---------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``>`` | | Greater than. | +---------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``==`` | Binary | Equal to. | +---------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``!=`` | | Not equal to. | +---------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``&`` | Binary | Bitwise AND. | +---------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``^`` | Binary | Bitwise XOR. | +---------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``|`` | Binary | Bitwise OR. | +---------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``&&`` | Binary | Logical AND. | +---------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------+ | ``||`` | Binary | Logical OR. | +---------------+--------+-----------------------------------------------------+ Built-in functions ------------------ String Manipulation Functions: Replace ``from`` with ``to`` in ``text``:: $(subst from,to,text) Replace words matching ``pattern`` with ``replacement`` in ``text``:: $(patsubst pattern,replacement,text) Remove excess whitespace characters from ``string``:: $(strip string) Locate ``find`` in ``text``, returning ``find`` if found:: $(findstring find,text) Select words in ``text`` that match one of the ``pattern`` words:: $(filter pattern...,text) Select words in ``text`` that do not match any of the ``pattern`` words:: $(filter-out pattern...,text) Sort the words in ``list`` lexicographically, removing duplicates:: $(sort list) Sort the words in ``list`` lexicographically in reserve order, removing duplicates [1]_:: $(rsort list) Count the number of words in ``text``:: $(words text) Extract the ``n``\th word (one-origin) of ``text``:: $(word n,text) Returns the list of words in ``text`` from ``s`` to ``e`` (one-origin):: $(wordlist s,e,text) Extract the first word of ``names``:: $(firstword names...) Extract the last word of ``names``:: $(lastword names...) Join two parallel lists of words:: $(join list1,list2) Extract the first defined variable from ``variables``, returning its name (default) or value:: $(firstdefined variables[, name|value]) Extract the last defined variable from ``variables``, returning its name (default) or value:: $(lastdefined variables[, name|value]) Fold ``text`` to upper case [1]_:: $(toupper text) Fold ``text`` to lower case [1]_:: $(tolower text) String formatting a la the unix ``printf`` command [1]_:: $(printf fmt, arg...) Return the length of a string or a (unexpanded) variable [1]_:: $(length string) $(length-var var) Find the position of ``needle`` in ``haystack``, returns 0 if not found. Negative ``start`` indices are relative to the end of ``haystack``, while positive ones are one based [1]_:: $(pos needle, haystack[, start]) $(lastpos needle, haystack[, start]) Returns the specified substring. The ``start`` works like with ``$(pos )``. If the substring is partially outside the ``string`` the result will be padded with ``pad`` if present [1]_:: $(substr string, start[, length[, pad]]) Insert ``in`` into ``str`` at the specified position. ``n`` works like with ``$(pos )``, except that ``0`` is the end of the string [1]_:: $(insert in, str[, n[, length[, pad]]]) Translate ``string`` exchanging characters in ``from-set`` with ``to-set``, optionally completing ``to-set`` with ``pad-char`` if specified. If no ``pad-char`` characters absent in ``to-set`` will be deleted [1]_:: $(translate string, from-set[, to-set[, pad-char]]) Functions for file names: Extract the directory part of each file ``name``:: $(dir names...) Extract the non-directory part of each file ``name``:: $(notdir names...) Extract the suffix (the last ``.`` and following characters) of each file ``name``:: $(suffix names...) Extract the base name (name without suffix) of each file name:: $(basename names...) Extract the root specification of each file name (a bit complicated on Windows & OS/2) [1]_:: $(root names...) Extract the non-root part of each file name (a bit complicated on Windows & OS/2) [1]_:: $(notroot names...) Append ``suffix`` to each word in ``names``:: $(addsuffix suffix,names...) Prepend ``prefix`` to each word in ``names``:: $(addprefix prefix,names...) Find file names matching a shell file name ``pattern`` (not a ``%`` pattern):: $(wildcard pattern...) For each file name in ``names``, expand to an absolute name that does not contain any ``.``, ``..``, nor symlinks:: $(realpath names...) For each file name in ``names``, expand to an absolute name that does not contain any ``.`` or ``..`` components, but preserves symlinks:: $(abspath names...) Same as ``$(abspath )`` except that the current directory can be specified as ``curdir`` [1]_:: $(abspathex names...[, curdir]) Arithmetic Functions: Returns the sum of the arguments [1]_:: $(int-add addend1, addend2[, addendN]) Returns the difference between the first argument and the sum of the rest [1]_:: $(int-sub minuend, subtrahend[, subtrahendN]) Returns the product of the arguments [1]_:: $(int-mul factor1, factor2[, factorN]) Returns the quotient of first argument and the rest [1]_:: $(int-div dividend, divisor[, divisorN]) Returns the modulus of the two arguments [1]_:: $(int-mod dividend, divisor) Returns the bitwise two-complement of argument [1]_:: $(int-not val) Returns the result of a bitwise AND of the arguments [1]_:: $(int-and val1, val2[, valN]) Returns the result of a bitwise OR of the arguments [1]_:: $(int-or val1, val2[, valN]) Returns the result of a bitwise XOR of the arguments [1]_:: $(int-xor val1, val2[, valN]) Returns the ``kmk`` boolean (true = non-empty, false = empty) result of ``val1 == val2`` [1]_:: $(int-eq val1, val2) Returns the ``kmk`` boolean result of ``val1 != val2`` [1]_:: $(int-ne val1, val2) Returns the ``kmk`` boolean result of ``val1 > val2`` [1]_:: $(int-gt val1, val2) Returns the ``kmk`` boolean result of ``val1 >= val2`` [1]_:: $(int-ge val1, val2) Returns the ``kmk`` boolean result of ``val1 < val2`` [1]_:: $(int-lt val1, val2) Returns the ``kmk`` boolean result of ``val1 <= val2`` [1]_:: $(int-le val1, val2) Boolean and Conditional Functions: Condition is false if the ``condition`` evaluates to an empty string (stripped). Evaluate the ``true-part`` if the condition is true, otherwise the ``false-part``:: $(if condition,true-part[,false-part]) Test if any of the conditions evalues to non-empty string, returning the first one:: $(or condition1[,condition2[,condition3[...]]]) Test if all of the conditions evaluates to non-empty strings, returning the last one:: $(and condition1[,condition2[,condition3[...]]]) Test if the two strings are identical, returning ``kmk`` boolean (true = non-empty, false = empty) [2]_:: $(eq str1, str2) Invert a ``kmk`` boolean value [2]_:: $(not val) Test if ``variable`` is defined, returning a ``kmk`` boolean value [1]_:: $(defined variable) Test if ``set-a`` and ``set-b`` intersects, returning a ``kmk`` boolean value [1]_:: $(intersects set-a, set-b) Same as ``$(if )`` execpt that the condition is a ``kmk``-expression [1]_:: $(if-expr kmk-expression,true-part[,false-part]) Select the first true condition (``kmk``-expression) and expand the following body. Special condition strings ``default`` and ``otherwise`` [1]_:: $(select when1-cond, when1-body[, whenN-cond, whenN-body]) Evalutate the ``kmk-expression`` returning what it evalues as. This is the preferred way of doing arithmentic now [1]_:: $(expr kmk-expression) Stack Fuctions: Push ``item`` onto the ``stack-var``, returning the empty string [1]_:: $(stack-push stack-var, item) Pop the top item off the ``stack-var`` [1]_:: $(stack-pop stack-var) Pop the top item off the ``stack-var``, returning the empty string [1]_:: $(stack-popv stack-var) Get the top item of the ``stack-var``, returning the empty string [1]_:: $(stack-top stack-var) Advanced Functions: Evaluates to the contents of the variable ``var``, with no expansion performed on it:: $(value var) Evaluate ``body`` with ``var`` bound to each word in ``words``, and concatenate the results (spaced):: $(foreach var,words,body) C-style for-loop. Start by evaluating ``init``. Each iteration will first check whether the ``condition`` (``kmk``-expression) is true, then expand ``body`` concatenating the result to the previous iterations (spaced), and finally evaluate ``next`` [1]_:: $(for init,conditions,next,body) C-style while-loop. Each iteration will check whether the ``condition`` (``kmk``-expression) is true, then expand ``body`` concatenating the result to the previous iterations [1]_:: $(while conditions,body) Evaluate the variable ``var`` replacing any references to ``$(1)``, ``$(2)`` with the first, second, etc. ``param`` values:: $(call var,param,...) Evaluate ``text`` then read the results as makefile commands. Expands to the empty string:: $(eval text) Same as ``$(eval text)`` except that the ``text`` is expanded in its own variable context [1]_:: $(evalctx text) Same as ``$(eval $(value var))`` [1]_:: $(evalval var) Same as ``$(evalctx $(value var))`` [1]_:: $(evalvalctx var) A combination of ``$(eval )``, ``$(call )`` and ``$(value )`` [1]_:: $(evalcall var) A combination of ``$(eval )`` and ``$(call )`` [1]_:: $(evalcall2 var) Remove comments and blank lines from the variable ``var``. Expands to the empty string [1]_:: $(eval-opt-var var) Returns accessing ``$<`` of ``target``, either retriving the whole thing or the file at ``pos`` (one-origin) [1]_:: $(deps target[, pos]) Returns accessing ``$+`` (order + duplicates) of ``target``, either retriving the whole thing or the file at ``pos`` (one-origin) [1]_:: $(deps-all target[, pos]) Returns accessing ``$?`` of ``target``, either retriving the whole thing or the file at ``pos`` (one-origin) [1]_:: $(deps-newer target[, pos]) Returns accessing ``$|`` (order only) of ``target``, either retriving the whole thing or the file at ``pos`` (one-origin) [1]_:: $(deps-oo target[, pos]) Command Functions: Create one or more command lines avoiding the max argument length restriction of the host OS [1]_:: $(xargs ar cas mylib.a,$(objects)) $(xargs ar cas mylib.a,ar as mylib.a,$(objects)) Returns the commands for the specified target separated by new-line, space, or a user defined string. Note that this might not produce the 100% correct result if any of the prerequisite automatic variables are used [1]_:: $(commands target) $(commands-sc target) $(commands-usr target,sep) Compares two commands returning the empty string if equal and the 3rd argument if not. This differs from ``$(comp-vars v1,v2,ne)`` in that line by line is stripped of leading spaces, command prefixes and trailing spaces before comparing [1]_:: $(comp-cmds cmds-var1, cmds-var2, ne) $(comp-cmds-ex cmds1, cmd2, ne) Compares the values of the two variables returning the empty string if equal and the 3rd argument if not. Leading and trailing spaces is ignored [1]_:: $(comp-var var1, var2, ne) Utility functions: When this function is evaluated, ``kmk`` generates a fatal error with the message ``text``:: $(error text...) When this function is evaluated, ``kmk`` generates a warning with the message ``text``:: $(warning text...) When this function is evaluated, ``kmk`` generates a info with the message ``text``:: $(info text...) Execute a shell ``command`` and return its output:: $(shell command) Return a string with the location where the ``kmk`` variable ``variable`` was defined:: $(where variable) Return a string describing how the ``kmk`` variable ``variable`` was defined:: $(origin variable) Return a string describing the flavor of the ``kmk`` variable ``variable``:: $(flavor variable) Returns the current local time and date formatted in the ``strftime`` style specifier ``fmt``. ``fmt`` defaults to ``%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S`` when not specified [1]_:: $(date fmt) Returns the current UTC time and date formatted in the ``strftime`` style specifier ``fmt``. ``fmt`` defaults to ``%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ`` when not specified [1]_:: $(date-utc fmt) Reformats the ``in`` time and date using ``fmt``. The ``in-fmt`` defaults to ``fmt`` if not specified. While ``fmt`` defaults to ``%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ`` if not specified [1]_:: $(date-utc fmt,time,in-fmt) Returns the current nanosecond timestamp (monotonic when possible) [1]_:: $(nanots ) Returns the size of the specified file, or -1 if the size could not be obtained. This can be used to check if a file exist or not [1]_:: $(file-size file) Searches the ``PATH`` ``kmk`` variable for the specified ``files`` [1]_:: $(which files...) OS/2: Returns the specified LIBPATH variable value [1]_:: $(libpath var) OS/2: Sets the specified LIBPATH variable value, returning the empty string [1]_:: $(libpath var,value) Debugging Functions: Returns various make statistics, if no item is specified a default selection is returned [1]_:: $(make-stats item[,itemN]) Raise a debug breakpoint. Used for debugging ``kmk`` makefile parsing [1]_:: $(breakpoint ) Recipes ------- A typical recipe takes one of the two following forms:: targets : normal-prerequisites | order-only-prerequisites command ... targets : normal-prerequisites | order-only-prerequisites ; command command ... Specifying more than one file in the ``targets`` lists is the same as repeating the recipe for each of the files. Use ``+`` and ``+|`` in the list of ``targets`` to tell ``kmk`` that the recipe has more than one output. [1]_ The files after a ``+`` will always be remade, while the files after a ``+|`` don't have to be remade. The latter is frequently employed to update files which prerequisites change wihtout the output files necessarily changing. See also ``kmk_cp --changed``. Double colon recipes Double colon recipes are written with ``::`` instead of ``:`` and are handled differently from ordinary recipes if the target appears in more than one recipe. First, all the recipes must be of the double colon type. Second, the recipes are executed individually and may be omitted depending on the state of their prerequisites. Double colon recipes without any prerequisites will always be executed. Pattern rules A couple of examples:: %.o : %.c gcc -o $@ $< %.tab.c %.tab.h : %.y bison -d $< The latter has two outputs. ----- .. [1] ``kmk`` only feature. .. [2] Experimental GNU ``make`` feature that is not enabled by default. ----- :Status: $Id: QuickReference-kmk.txt 2532 2011-08-02 13:05:37Z bird $ :Copyright: Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright (c) 2008-2009 knut st. osmundsen