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diff --git a/doc/multiboot.html b/doc/multiboot.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bd41444 --- /dev/null +++ b/doc/multiboot.html @@ -0,0 +1,664 @@ +<HTML> + +<HEAD> +<TITLE>Multiboot Standard</TITLE> +</HEAD> + +<BODY> + +<CENTER><H1>Multiboot Standard</H1></CENTER> +<CENTER><H3>Version 0.6</H3></CENTER> + +<HR> + +<H2>Contents</H2> + +<UL> +<LI> <A HREF="#motivation">Motivation</A> +<LI> <A HREF="#terminology">Terminology</A> +<LI> <A HREF="#scope">Scope and Requirements</A> +<LI> <A HREF="#details">Details</A> +<LI> <A HREF="#author">Authors</A> +<LI> <B>NOTE: The following items are not part of the standards document, +but are included for prospective OS and bootloader writers.</B> +<LI> <A HREF="#notes">Notes on PCs</A> +<LI> <A HREF="#example_os">Example OS Code</A> +<LI> <A HREF="#example_boot">Example Bootloader Code</A> +</UL> + +<HR> + +<H2><A NAME="motivation">Motivation</A></H2> + +Every OS ever created tends to have its own boot loader. Installing a new +OS on a machine generally involves installing a whole new set of boot +mechanisms, each with completely different install-time and boot-time user +interfaces. Getting multiple operating systems to coexist reliably on one +machine through typical "chaining" mechanisms can be a nightmare. There is +little or no choice of boot loaders for a particular operating system - if +the one that comes with the OS doesn't do exactly what you want, or doesn't +work on your machine, you're screwed.<P> + +While we may not be able to fix this problem in existing commercial +operating systems, it shouldn't be too difficult for a few people in the +free OS communities to put their heads together and solve this problem for +the popular free operating systems. That's what this standard aims for. +Basically, it specifies an interface between a boot loader and a operating +system, such that any complying boot loader should be able to load any +complying operating system. This standard does NOT specify how boot +loaders should work - only how they must interface with the OS being +loaded.<P> + +<HR> + +<H2><A NAME="terminology">Terminology</A></H2> + +Throughout this document, the term "boot loader" means whatever program or +set of programs loads the image of the final operating system to be run on +the machine. The boot loader may itself consist of several stages, but +that is an implementation detail not relevant to this standard. Only the +"final" stage of the boot loader - the stage that eventually transfers +control to the OS - needs to follow the rules specified in this document +in order to be "MultiBoot compliant"; earlier boot loader stages can be +designed in whatever way is most convenient.<P> + +The term "OS image" is used to refer to the initial binary image that the +boot loader loads into memory and transfers control to to start the OS. +The OS image is typically an executable containing the OS kernel.<P> + +The term "boot module" refers to other auxiliary files that the boot loader +loads into memory along with the OS image, but does not interpret in any +way other than passing their locations to the OS when it is invoked.<P> + +<HR> + +<H2><A NAME="scope">Scope and Requirements</A></H2> + +<H3>Architectures</H3> + +This standard is primarily targetted at PC's, since they are the most +common and have the largest variety of OS's and boot loaders. However, to +the extent that certain other architectures may need a boot standard and do +not have one already, a variation of this standard, stripped of the +x86-specific details, could be adopted for them as well.<P> + +<H3>Operating systems</H3> + +This standard is targetted toward free 32-bit operating systems that can be +fairly easily modified to support the standard without going through lots of +bureaucratic rigmarole. The particular free OS's that this standard is +being primarily designed for are Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, Mach, and VSTa. +It is hoped that other emerging free OS's will adopt it from the start, and +thus immediately be able to take advantage of existing boot loaders. It +would be nice if commercial operating system vendors eventually adopted +this standard as well, but that's probably a pipe dream.<P> + +<H3>Boot sources</H3> + +It should be possible to write compliant boot loaders that +load the OS image from a variety of sources, including floppy disk, hard +disk, and across a network.<P> + +Disk-based boot loaders may use a variety of techniques to find the +relevant OS image and boot module data on disk, such as by interpretation +of specific file systems (e.g. the BSD/Mach boot loader), using +precalculated "block lists" (e.g. LILO), loading from a special "boot +partition" (e.g. OS/2), or even loading from within another operating +system (e.g. the VSTa boot code, which loads from DOS). Similarly, +network-based boot loaders could use a variety of network hardware and +protocols.<P> + +It is hoped that boot loaders will be created that support multiple loading +mechanisms, increasing their portability, robustness, and +user-friendliness.<P> + +<H3>Boot-time configuration</H3> + +It is often necessary for one reason or another for the user to be able to +provide some configuration information to the OS dynamically at boot time. +While this standard should not dictate how this configuration information +is obtained by the boot loader, it should provide a standard means for the +boot loader to pass such information to the OS.<P> + +<H3>Convenience to the OS</H3> + +OS images should be easy to generate. Ideally, an OS image should simply +be an ordinary 32-bit executable file in whatever file format the OS +normally uses. It should be possible to 'nm' or disassemble OS images just +like normal executables. Specialized tools should not be needed to create +OS images in a "special" file format. If this means shifting some work +from the OS to the boot loader, that is probably appropriate, because all +the memory consumed by the boot loader will typically be made available +again after the boot process is created, whereas every bit of code in the +OS image typically has to remain in memory forever. The OS should not have +to worry about getting into 32-bit mode initially, because mode switching +code generally needs to be in the boot loader anyway in order to load OS +data above the 1MB boundary, and forcing the OS to do this makes creation +of OS images much more difficult.<P> + +Unfortunately, there is a horrendous variety of executable file formats +even among free Unix-like PC-based OS's - generally a different format for +each OS. Most of the relevant free OS's use some variant of a.out format, +but some are moving to ELF. It is highly desirable for boot loaders not to +have to be able to interpret all the different types of executable file +formats in existence in order to load the OS image - otherwise the boot +loader effectively becomes OS-specific again.<P> + +This standard adopts a compromise solution to this problem. +MultiBoot compliant boot images always either (a) are in ELF format, or (b) +contain a "magic MultiBoot header", described below, which allows the boot +loader to load the image without having to understand numerous a.out +variants or other executable formats. This magic header does not need +to be at the very beginning of the executable file, so kernel images can +still conform to the local a.out format variant in addition to being +MultiBoot compliant.<P> + +<H3>Boot modules</H3> + +Many modern operating system kernels, such as those of VSTa and Mach, do +not by themselves contain enough mechanism to get the system fully +operational: they require the presence of additional software modules at +boot time in order to access devices, mount file systems, etc. While these +additional modules could be embedded in the main OS image along with the +kernel itself, and the resulting image be split apart manually by the OS +when it receives control, it is often more flexible, more space-efficient, +and more convenient to the OS and user if the boot loader can load these +additional modules independently in the first place.<P> + +Thus, this standard should provide a standard method for a boot loader to +indicate to the OS what auxiliary boot modules were loaded, and where they +can be found. Boot loaders don't have to support multiple boot modules, +but they are strongly encouraged to, because some OS's will be unable to +boot without them.<P> + +<HR> + +<H2><A NAME="details">Details</H2> + +There are three main aspects of the boot-loader/OS image interface this +standard must specify:<P> + +<UL> +<LI>The format of the OS image as seen by the boot loader. +<LI>The state of the machine when the boot loader starts the OS. +<LI>The format of the information passed by the boot loader to the OS. +</UL> + +<H3>OS Image Format</H3> + +An OS image is generally just an ordinary 32-bit executable file in the +standard format for that particular OS, except that it may be linked at a +non-default load address to avoid loading on top of the PC's I/O region +or other reserved areas, and of course it can't use shared libraries or +other fancy features. Initially, only images in a.out format are +supported; ELF support will probably later be specified in the standard.<P> + +Unfortunately, the exact meaning of the text, data, bss, and entry fields +of a.out headers tends to vary widely between different executable flavors, +and it is sometimes very difficult to distinguish one flavor from another +(e.g. Linux ZMAGIC executables and Mach ZMAGIC executables). Furthermore, +there is no simple, reliable way of determining at what address in memory +the text segment is supposed to start. Therefore, this standard requires +that an additional header, known as a 'multiboot_header', appear somewhere +near the beginning of the executable file. In general it should come "as +early as possible", and is typically embedded in the beginning of the text +segment after the "real" executable header. It _must_ be contained +completely within the first 8192 bytes of the executable file, and must be +longword (32-bit) aligned. These rules allow the boot loader to find and +synchronize with the text segment in the a.out file without knowing +beforehand the details of the a.out variant. The layout of the header is +as follows:<P> + +<pre> + +-------------------+ +0 | magic: 0x1BADB002 | (required) +4 | flags | (required) +8 | checksum | (required) + +-------------------+ +8 | header_addr | (present if flags[16] is set) +12 | load_addr | (present if flags[16] is set) +16 | load_end_addr | (present if flags[16] is set) +20 | bss_end_addr | (present if flags[16] is set) +24 | entry_addr | (present if flags[16] is set) + +-------------------+ +</pre> + +All fields are in little-endian byte order, of course. The first field is +the magic number identifying the header, which must be the hex value +0x1BADB002.<P> + +The flags field specifies features that the OS image requests or requires +of the boot loader. Bits 0-15 indicate requirements; if the boot loader +sees any of these bits set but doesn't understand the flag or can't fulfill +the requirements it indicates for some reason, it must notify the user and +fail to load the OS image. Bits 16-31 indicate optional features; if any +bits in this range are set but the boot loader doesn't understand them, it +can simply ignore them and proceed as usual. Naturally, all +as-yet-undefined bits in the flags word must be set to zero in OS +images. This way, the flags fields serves for version control as well as +simple feature selection.<P> + +If bit 0 in the flags word is set, then all boot modules loaded along with +the OS must be aligned on page (4KB) boundaries. Some OS's expect to be +able to map the pages containing boot modules directly into a paged address +space during startup, and thus need the boot modules to be page-aligned.<P> + +If bit 1 in the flags word is set, then information on available memory +via at least the 'mem_*' fields of the multiboot_info structure defined +below must be included. If the bootloader is capable of passing a memory +map (the 'mmap_*' fields) and one exists, then it must be included as +well.<P> + +If bit 16 in the flags word is set, then the fields at offsets 8-24 in the +multiboot_header are valid, and the boot loader should use them instead of +the fields in the actual executable header to calculate where to load the +OS image. This information does not need to be provided if the kernel +image is in ELF format, but it should be provided if the images is in a.out +format or in some other format. Compliant boot loaders must be able to +load images that either are in ELF format or contain the load address +information embedded in the multiboot_header; they may also directly +support other executable formats, such as particular a.out variants, but +are not required to.<P> + +All of the address fields enabled by flag bit 16 are physical addresses. +The meaning of each is as follows:<P> + +<UL> +<LI><B>header_addr</B> -- Contains the address corresponding to the +beginning of the multiboot_header - the physical memory location at which +the magic value is supposed to be loaded. This field serves to "synchronize" +the mapping between OS image offsets and physical memory addresses. +<LI><B>load_addr</B> -- Contains the physical address of the beginning +of the text segment. The offset in the OS image file at which to start +loading is defined by the offset at which the header was found, minus +(header_addr - load_addr). load_addr must be less than or equal to +header_addr. +<LI><B>load_end_addr</B> -- Contains the physical address of the end of the +data segment. (load_end_addr - load_addr) specifies how much data to load. +This implies that the text and data segments must be consecutive in the +OS image; this is true for existing a.out executable formats. +<LI><B>bss_end_addr</B> -- Contains the physical address of the end of +the bss segment. The boot loader initializes this area to zero, and +reserves the memory it occupies to avoid placing boot modules and other +data relevant to the OS in that area. +<LI><B>entry</B> -- The physical address to which the boot loader should +jump in order to start running the OS. +</UL> + +The checksum is a 32-bit unsigned value which, when added to +the other required fields, must have a 32-bit unsigned sum of zero.<P> + +<H3>Machine State</H3> + +When the boot loader invokes the 32-bit operating system, +the machine must have the following state:<P> + +<UL> +<LI>CS must be a 32-bit read/execute code segment with an offset of 0 +and a limit of 0xffffffff. +<LI>DS, ES, FS, GS, and SS must be a 32-bit read/write data segment with +an offset of 0 and a limit of 0xffffffff. +<LI>The address 20 line must be usable for standard linear 32-bit +addressing of memory (in standard PC hardware, it is wired to +0 at bootup, forcing addresses in the 1-2 MB range to be mapped to the +0-1 MB range, 3-4 is mapped to 2-3, etc.). +<LI>Paging must be turned off. +<LI>The processor interrupt flag must be turned off. +<LI>EAX must contain the magic value 0x2BADB002; the presence of this value +indicates to the OS that it was loaded by a MultiBoot-compliant boot +loader (e.g. as opposed to another type of boot loader that the OS can +also be loaded from). +<LI>EBX must contain the 32-bit physical address of the multiboot_info +structure provided by the boot loader (see below). +</UL> + +All other processor registers and flag bits are undefined. This includes, +in particular:<P> + +<UL> +<LI>ESP: the 32-bit OS must create its own stack as soon as it needs one. +<LI>GDTR: Even though the segment registers are set up as described above, +the GDTR may be invalid, so the OS must not load any segment registers +(even just reloading the same values!) until it sets up its own GDT. +<LI>IDTR: The OS must leave interrupts disabled until it sets up its own IDT. +</UL> + +However, other machine state should be left by the boot loader in "normal +working order", i.e. as initialized by the BIOS (or DOS, if that's what +the boot loader runs from). In other words, the OS should be able to make +BIOS calls and such after being loaded, as long as it does not overwrite +the BIOS data structures before doing so. Also, the boot loader must leave +the PIC programmed with the normal BIOS/DOS values, even if it changed them +during the switch to 32-bit mode.<P> + +<H3>Boot Information Format</H3> + +Upon entry to the OS, the EBX register contains the physical address of +a 'multiboot_info' data structure, through which the boot loader +communicates vital information to the OS. The OS can use or ignore any +parts of the structure as it chooses; all information passed by the boot +loader is advisory only.<P> + +The multiboot_info structure and its related substructures may be placed +anywhere in memory by the boot loader (with the exception of the memory +reserved for the kernel and boot modules, of course). It is the OS's +responsibility to avoid overwriting this memory until it is done using it.<P> + +The format of the multiboot_info structure (as defined so far) follows:<P> + +<pre> + +-------------------+ +0 | flags | (required) + +-------------------+ +4 | mem_lower | (present if flags[0] is set) +8 | mem_upper | (present if flags[0] is set) + +-------------------+ +12 | boot_device | (present if flags[1] is set) + +-------------------+ +16 | cmdline | (present if flags[2] is set) + +-------------------+ +20 | mods_count | (present if flags[3] is set) +24 | mods_addr | (present if flags[3] is set) + +-------------------+ +28 - 40 | syms | (present if flags[4] or flags[5] is set) + +-------------------+ +44 | mmap_length | (present if flags[6] is set) +48 | mmap_addr | (present if flags[6] is set) + +-------------------+ +</pre> + +The first longword indicates the presence and validity of other fields in +the multiboot_info structure. All as-yet-undefined bits must be set to +zero by the boot loader. Any set bits that the OS does not understand +should be ignored. Thus, the flags field also functions as a version +indicator, allowing the multiboot_info structure to be expanded in the +future without breaking anything.<P> + +If bit 0 in the multiboot_info.flags word is set, then the 'mem_*' fields +are valid. 'mem_lower' and 'mem_upper' indicate the amount of lower and upper +memory, respectively, in kilobytes. Lower memory starts at address 0, and +upper memory starts at address 1 megabyte. The maximum possible +value for lower memory is 640 kilobytes. The value returned for upper +memory is maximally the address of the first upper memory hole minus +1 megabyte. It is not guaranteed to be this value.<P> + +If bit 1 in the multiboot_info.flags word is set, then the 'boot_device' +field is valid, and indicates which BIOS disk device the boot loader loaded +the OS from. If the OS was not loaded from a BIOS disk, then this field +must not be present (bit 3 must be clear). The OS may use this field as a +hint for determining its own "root" device, but is not required to. The +boot_device field is layed out in four one-byte subfields as follows:<P> + +<pre> + +-------+-------+-------+-------+ + | drive | part1 | part2 | part3 | + +-------+-------+-------+-------+ +</pre> + +The first byte contains the BIOS drive number as understood by the BIOS +INT 0x13 low-level disk interface: e.g. 0x00 for the first floppy disk or +0x80 for the first hard disk.<P> + +The three remaining bytes specify the boot partition. 'part1' specifies +the "top-level" partition number, 'part2' specifies a "sub-partition" in +the top-level partition, etc. Partition numbers always start from zero. +Unused partition bytes must be set to 0xFF. For example, if the disk is +partitioned using a simple one-level DOS partitioning scheme, then 'part1' +contains the DOS partition number, and 'part2' and 'part3' are both zero. +As another example, if a disk is partitioned first into DOS partitions, and +then one of those DOS partitions is subdivided into several BSD partitions +using BSD's "disklabel" strategy, then 'part1' contains the DOS partition +number, 'part2' contains the BSD sub-partition within that DOS partition, +and 'part3' is 0xFF.<P> + +DOS extended partitions are indicated as partition numbers starting from 4 +and increasing, rather than as nested sub-partitions, even though the +underlying disk layout of extended partitions is hierarchical in nature. +For example, if the boot loader boots from the second extended partition +on a disk partitioned in conventional DOS style, then 'part1' will be 5, +and 'part2' and 'part3' will both be 0xFF.<P> + +If bit 2 of the flags longword is set, the 'cmdline' field is valid, and +contains the physical address of the the command line to be passed to the +kernel. The command line is a normal C-style null-terminated string.<P> + +If bit 3 of the flags is set, then the 'mods' fields indicate to the kernel +what boot modules were loaded along with the kernel image, and where they +can be found. 'mods_count' contains the number of modules loaded; +'mods_addr' contains the physical address of the first module structure. +'mods_count' may be zero, indicating no boot modules were loaded, even if +bit 1 of 'flags' is set. Each module structure is formatted as follows:<P> + +<pre> + +-------------------+ +0 | mod_start | +4 | mod_end | + +-------------------+ +8 | string | + +-------------------+ +12 | reserved (0) | + +-------------------+ +</pre> + +The first two fields contain the start and end addresses of the boot module +itself. The 'string' field provides an arbitrary string to be associated +with that particular boot module; it is a null-terminated ASCII string, +just like the kernel command line. The 'string' field may be 0 if there is +no string associated with the module. Typically the string might be a +command line (e.g. if the OS treats boot modules as executable programs), +or a pathname (e.g. if the OS treats boot modules as files in a file +system), but its exact use is specific to the OS. The 'reserved' field +must be set to 0 by the boot loader and ignored by the OS.<P> + +NOTE: Bits 4 & 5 are mutually exclusive.<P> + +If bit 4 in the multiboot_info.flags word is set, then the following +fields in the multiboot_info structure starting at byte 28 are valid:<P> + +<pre> + +-------------------+ +28 | tabsize | +32 | strsize | +36 | addr | +40 | reserved (0) | + +-------------------+ +</pre> + +These indicate where the symbol table from an a.out kernel image can be +found. 'addr' is the physical address of the size (4-byte unsigned +long) of an array of a.out-format 'nlist' structures, followed immediately +by the array itself, then the size (4-byte unsigned long) of a set of +null-terminated ASCII strings (plus sizeof(unsigned long) in this case), +and finally the set of strings itself. 'tabsize' is equal to it's size +parameter (found at the beginning of the symbol section), and 'strsize' +is equal to it's size parameter (found at the beginning of the string section) +of the following string table to which the symbol table refers. Note that +'tabsize' may be 0, indicating no symbols, even if bit 4 in the flags +word is set.<P> + +If bit 5 in the multiboot_info.flags word is set, then the following +fields in the multiboot_info structure starting at byte 28 are valid:<P> + +<pre> + +-------------------+ +28 | num | +32 | size | +36 | addr | +40 | shndx | + +-------------------+ +</pre> + +These indicate where the section header table from an ELF kernel is, the +size of each entry, number of entries, and the string table used as the +index of names. They correspond to the 'shdr_*' entries ('shdr_num', etc.) +in the Executable and Linkable Format (ELF) specification in the program +header. All sections are loaded, and the physical address fields +of the elf section header then refer to where the sections are in memory +(refer to the i386 ELF documentation for details as to how to read the +section header(s)). Note that 'shdr_num' may be 0, indicating no symbols, +even if bit 5 in the flags word is set.<P> + +If bit 6 in the multiboot_info.flags word is set, then the 'mmap_*' fields +are valid, and indicate the address and length of a buffer containing a +memory map of the machine provided by the BIOS. 'mmap_addr' is the address, +and 'mmap_length' is the total size of the buffer. The buffer consists of +one or more of the following size/structure pairs ('size' is really used +for skipping to the next pair):<P> + +<pre> + +-------------------+ +-4 | size | + +-------------------+ +0 | BaseAddrLow | +4 | BaseAddrHigh | +8 | LengthLow | +12 | LengthHigh | +16 | Type | + +-------------------+ +</pre> + +where 'size' is the size of the associated structure in bytes, which can +be greater than the minimum of 20 bytes. 'BaseAddrLow' is the lower 32 +bits of the starting address, and 'BaseAddrHigh' is the upper 32 bits, +for a total of a 64-bit starting address. 'LengthLow' is the lower 32 bits +of the size of the memory region in bytes, and 'LengthHigh' is the upper 32 +bits, for a total of a 64-bit length. 'Type' is the variety of address +range represented, where a value of 1 indicates available RAM, and all +other values currently indicated a reserved area.<P> + +The map provided is guaranteed to list all standard RAM that should +be available for normal use.<P> + +<HR> + +<H2><A NAME="author">Authors</A></H2> + +<pre> +Bryan Ford +Computer Systems Laboratory +University of Utah +Salt Lake City, UT 84112 +(801) 581-4280 +baford@cs.utah.edu + +Erich Stefan Boleyn +924 S.W. 16th Ave, #202 +Portland, OR, USA 97205 +(503) 226-0741 +erich@uruk.org +</pre> + +We would also like to thank the many other people have provided comments, +ideas, information, and other forms of support for our work.<P> + +<H3>Revision History</H3> + +<pre> +Version 0.6 3/29/96 (a few wording changes, header checksum, and + clarification of machine state passed to the OS) +Version 0.5 2/23/96 (name change) +Version 0.4 2/1/96 (major changes plus HTMLification) +Version 0.3 12/23/95 +Version 0.2 10/22/95 +Version 0.1 6/26/95 +</pre> + +<HR> + +<H2><A NAME="notes">Notes on PCs</A></H2> + +In reference to bit 0 of the multiboot_info.flags parameter, +if the bootloader +in question uses older BIOS interfaces, or the newest ones are not +available (see description about bit 6), then a maximum of either +15 or 63 megabytes of memory may be reported. It is HIGHLY recommended +that bootloaders perform a thorough memory probe.<P> + +In reference to bit 1 of the multiboot_info.flags parameter, it is +recognized that determination of which BIOS drive maps to which +OS-level device-driver is non-trivial, at best. Many kludges have +been made to various OSes instead of solving this problem, most of +them breaking under many conditions. To encourage the use of +general-purpose solutions to this problem, here are 2 +<A HREF=bios_mapping.txt>BIOS Device Mapping Techniques</A>.<P> + +In reference to bit 6 of the multiboot_info.flags parameter, it is +important to note that the data structure used there +(starting with 'BaseAddrLow') is the data returned by the +<A HREF=mem64mb.html>INT 15h, AX=E820h +- Query System Address Map</A> call. More information +on reserved memory regions is defined on that web page. +The interface here is meant to allow a bootloader to +work unmodified with any reasonable extensions of the BIOS interface, +passing along any extra data to be interpreted by the OS as desired.<P> + +<HR> + +<H2><A NAME="example_os">Example OS Code</A> (from Bryan Ford)</H2> + +EDITOR'S NOTE: These examples are relevant to the Proposal version 0.5, +which is basically identical except for the multiboot OS header, which was +missing the checksum. A patch to bring Mach4 UK22 up to version 0.6 is +available in the GRUB FTP area mentioned in the +<A HREF="#example_boot">Example Bootloader Code</A> section below.<P> + +The Mach 4 distribution, available by anonymous FTP from +flux.cs.utah.edu:/flux, contains a C header file that defines the +MultiBoot data structures described above; anyone is welcome to rip it +out and use it for other boot loaders and OS's:<P> + +<pre> + mach4-i386/include/mach/machine/multiboot.h +</pre> + +This distribution also contains code implementing a "Linux boot adaptor", +which collects a MultiBoot-compliant OS image and an optional set of boot +modules, compresses them, and packages them into a single traditional Linux +boot image that can be loaded from LILO or other Linux boot loaders. There +is also a corresponding "BSD boot adaptor" which can be used to wrap a +MultiBoot kernel and set of modules and produce an image that can be loaded +from the FreeBSD and NetBSD boot loaders. All of this code can be used as-is +or as a basis for other boot loaders. These are the directories of primary +relevance:<P> + +<pre> + mach4-i386/boot + mach4-i386/boot/bsd + mach4-i386/boot/linux +</pre> + +The Mach kernel itself in this distribution contains code that demonstrates +how to create a compliant OS. The following files are of primary +relevance:<P> + +<pre> + mach4-i386/kernel/i386at/boothdr.S + mach4-i386/kernel/i386at/model_dep.c +</pre> + +Finally, I have created patches against the Linux 1.2.2 and FreeBSD 2.0 +kernels, in order to make them compliant with this proposed standard. +These patches are available in kahlua.cs.utah.edu:/private/boot.<P> + +<HR> + +<H2><A NAME"example_boot">Example Bootloader Code</A> (from Erich Boleyn)</H2> + +The <A HREF=http://www.uruk.org/grub/>GRUB</A> bootloader project +will be fully +Multiboot-compliant, supporting all required and optional +features present in this standard.<P> + +A final release has not been made, but both the GRUB beta release +(which is quite stable) and a patch for Multiboot version 0.6 for +Mach4 UK22 are available in the GRUB +<A HREF=ftp://ftp.uruk.org/public/grub/>public release</A> +area.<P> + +<HR> + +<A HREF=mailto:erich@uruk.org><I>erich@uruk.org</I></A><P> + +</BODY> +</HTML> + |