Adding upstream version 2.0.13.upstream/2.0.13upstream

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 2332 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/usr/dash/sh.1 b/usr/dash/sh.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff5881a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr/dash/sh.1
@@ -0,0 +1,2332 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\" Copyright (c) 1997-2005
+.\"	Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au>.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" Kenneth Almquist.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)sh.1	8.6 (Berkeley) 5/4/95
+.\"
+.Dd January 19, 2003
+.Os
+.Dt SH 1
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm sh
+.Nd command interpreter (shell)
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Op Cm +aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl o Ar option_name
+.Op Cm +o Ar option_name
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Ar command_file Oo Ar argument ... Oc
+.Ek
+.Nm
+.Fl c
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Op Cm +aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl o Ar option_name
+.Op Cm +o Ar option_name
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Ar command_string
+.Op Ar command_name Oo Ar argument ... Oc
+.Ek
+.Nm
+.Fl s
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Op Cm +aCefnuvxIimqVEb
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Fl o Ar option_name
+.Op Cm +o Ar option_name
+.Ek
+.Bk -words
+.Op Ar argument ...
+.Ek
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+.Nm
+is the standard command interpreter for the system.
+The current version of
+.Nm
+is in the process of being changed to conform with the
+.Tn POSIX
+1003.2 and 1003.2a specifications for the shell.
+This version has many
+features which make it appear similar in some respects to the Korn shell,
+but it is not a Korn shell clone (see
+.Xr ksh 1 ) .
+Only features designated by
+.Tn POSIX ,
+plus a few Berkeley extensions, are being incorporated into this shell.
+We expect
+.Tn POSIX
+conformance by the time 4.4 BSD is released.
+This man page is not intended
+to be a tutorial or a complete specification of the shell.
+.Ss Overview
+The shell is a command that reads lines from either a file or the
+terminal, interprets them, and generally executes other commands.
+It is the program that is running when a user logs into the system
+(although a user can select a different shell with the
+.Xr chsh 1
+command).
+The shell implements a language that has flow control
+constructs, a macro facility that provides a variety of features in
+addition to data storage, along with built in history and line editing
+capabilities.
+It incorporates many features to aid interactive use and
+has the advantage that the interpretative language is common to both
+interactive and non-interactive use (shell scripts).
+That is, commands
+can be typed directly to the running shell or can be put into a file and
+the file can be executed directly by the shell.
+.Ss Invocation
+If no args are present and if the standard input of the shell
+is connected to a terminal (or if the
+.Fl i
+flag is set),
+and the
+.Fl c
+option is not present, the shell is considered an interactive shell.
+An interactive shell generally prompts before each command and handles
+programming and command errors differently (as described below).
+When first starting,
+the shell inspects argument 0, and if it begins with a dash
+.Sq - ,
+the shell is also considered
+a login shell.
+This is normally done automatically by the system
+when the user first logs in.
+A login shell first reads commands
+from the files
+.Pa /etc/profile
+and
+.Pa .profile
+if they exist.
+If the environment variable
+.Ev ENV
+is set on entry to an interactive shell, or is set in the
+.Pa .profile
+of a login shell, the shell next reads
+commands from the file named in
+.Ev ENV .
+Therefore, a user should place commands that are to be executed only at
+login time in the
+.Pa .profile
+file, and commands that are executed for every interactive shell inside the
+.Ev ENV
+file.
+To set the
+.Ev ENV
+variable to some file, place the following line in your
+.Pa .profile
+of your home directory
+.Pp
+.Dl ENV=$HOME/.shinit; export ENV
+.Pp
+substituting for
+.Dq .shinit
+any filename you wish.
+.Pp
+If command line arguments besides the options have been specified, then
+the shell treats the first argument as the name of a file from which to
+read commands (a shell script), and the remaining arguments are set as the
+positional parameters of the shell ($1, $2, etc).
+Otherwise, the shell
+reads commands from its standard input.
+.Ss Argument List Processing
+All of the single letter options have a corresponding name that can be
+used as an argument to the
+.Fl o
+option.
+The set
+.Fl o
+name is provided next to the single letter option in
+the description below.
+Specifying a dash
+.Dq -
+turns the option on, while using a plus
+.Dq +
+disables the option.
+The following options can be set from the command line or
+with the
+.Ic set
+builtin (described later).
+.Bl -tag -width aaaallexportfoo -offset indent
+.It Fl a Em allexport
+Export all variables assigned to.
+.It Fl c
+Read commands from the
+.Ar command_string
+operand instead of from the standard input.
+Special parameter 0 will be set from the
+.Ar command_name
+operand and the positional parameters ($1, $2, etc.)
+set from the remaining argument operands.
+.It Fl C Em noclobber
+Don't overwrite existing files with
+.Dq \*[Gt] .
+.It Fl e Em errexit
+If not interactive, exit immediately if any untested command fails.
+The exit status of a command is considered to be
+explicitly tested if the command is used to control an
+.Ic if ,
+.Ic elif ,
+.Ic while ,
+or
+.Ic until ;
+or if the command is the left hand operand of an
+.Dq &&
+or
+.Dq ||
+operator.
+.It Fl f Em noglob
+Disable pathname expansion.
+.It Fl n Em noexec
+If not interactive, read commands but do not execute them.
+This is useful for checking the syntax of shell scripts.
+.It Fl u Em nounset
+Write a message to standard error when attempting to expand a variable
+that is not set, and if the shell is not interactive, exit immediately.
+.It Fl v Em verbose
+The shell writes its input to standard error as it is read.
+Useful for debugging.
+.It Fl x Em xtrace
+Write each command to standard error (preceded by a
+.Sq +\  )
+before it is executed.
+Useful for debugging.
+.It Fl I Em ignoreeof
+Ignore EOF's from input when interactive.
+.It Fl i Em interactive
+Force the shell to behave interactively.
+.It Fl m Em monitor
+Turn on job control (set automatically when interactive).
+.It Fl s Em stdin
+Read commands from standard input (set automatically if no file arguments
+are present).
+This option has no effect when set after the shell has
+already started running (i.e. with
+.Ic set ) .
+.It Fl V Em vi
+Enable the built-in
+.Xr vi 1
+command line editor (disables
+.Fl E
+if it has been set).
+.It Fl E Em emacs
+Enable the built-in
+.Xr emacs 1
+command line editor (disables
+.Fl V
+if it has been set).
+.It Fl b Em notify
+Enable asynchronous notification of background job completion.
+(UNIMPLEMENTED for 4.4alpha)
+.El
+.Ss Lexical Structure
+The shell reads input in terms of lines from a file and breaks it up into
+words at whitespace (blanks and tabs), and at certain sequences of
+characters that are special to the shell called
+.Dq operators .
+There are two types of operators: control operators and redirection
+operators (their meaning is discussed later).
+Following is a list of operators:
+.Bl -ohang -offset indent
+.It "Control operators:"
+.Dl &  &&  \&(  \&)  \&;  ;; | || \*[Lt]newline\*[Gt]
+.It "Redirection operators:"
+.Dl \*[Lt]  \*[Gt]  \*[Gt]|  \*[Lt]\*[Lt]  \*[Gt]\*[Gt]  \*[Lt]&  \*[Gt]&  \*[Lt]\*[Lt]-  \*[Lt]\*[Gt]
+.El
+.Ss Quoting
+Quoting is used to remove the special meaning of certain characters or
+words to the shell, such as operators, whitespace, or keywords.
+There are three types of quoting: matched single quotes,
+matched double quotes, and backslash.
+.Ss Backslash
+A backslash preserves the literal meaning of the following
+character, with the exception of
+.Aq newline .
+A backslash preceding a
+.Aq newline
+is treated as a line continuation.
+.Ss Single Quotes
+Enclosing characters in single quotes preserves the literal meaning of all
+the characters (except single quotes, making it impossible to put
+single-quotes in a single-quoted string).
+.Ss Double Quotes
+Enclosing characters within double quotes preserves the literal
+meaning of all characters except dollarsign
+.Pq $ ,
+backquote
+.Pq ` ,
+and backslash
+.Pq \e .
+The backslash inside double quotes is historically weird, and serves to
+quote only the following characters:
+.Dl $  `  \*q  \e  \*[Lt]newline\*[Gt] .
+Otherwise it remains literal.
+.Ss Reserved Words
+Reserved words are words that have special meaning to the
+shell and are recognized at the beginning of a line and
+after a control operator.
+The following are reserved words:
+.Bl -column while while while while while -offset indent
+.It ! Ta elif Ta fi Ta while Ta case
+.It else Ta for Ta then Ta { Ta }
+.It do Ta done Ta until Ta if Ta esac
+.El
+.Pp
+Their meaning is discussed later.
+.Ss Aliases
+An alias is a name and corresponding value set using the
+.Xr alias 1
+builtin command.
+Whenever a reserved word may occur (see above),
+and after checking for reserved words, the shell
+checks the word to see if it matches an alias.
+If it does, it replaces it in the input stream with its value.
+For example, if there is an alias called
+.Dq lf
+with the value
+.Dq "ls -F" ,
+then the input:
+.Pp
+.Dl lf foobar Aq return
+.Pp
+would become
+.Pp
+.Dl ls -F foobar Aq return
+.Pp
+Aliases provide a convenient way for naive users to create shorthands for
+commands without having to learn how to create functions with arguments.
+They can also be used to create lexically obscure code.
+This use is discouraged.
+.Ss Commands
+The shell interprets the words it reads according to a language, the
+specification of which is outside the scope of this man page (refer to the
+BNF in the
+.Tn POSIX
+1003.2 document).
+Essentially though, a line is read and if the first
+word of the line (or after a control operator) is not a reserved word,
+then the shell has recognized a simple command.
+Otherwise, a complex
+command or some other special construct may have been recognized.
+.Ss Simple Commands
+If a simple command has been recognized, the shell performs
+the following actions:
+.Bl -enum -offset indent
+.It
+Leading words of the form
+.Dq name=value
+are stripped off and assigned to the environment of the simple command.
+Redirection operators and their arguments (as described below) are
+stripped off and saved for processing.
+.It
+The remaining words are expanded as described in
+the section called
+.Dq Expansions ,
+and the first remaining word is considered the command name and the
+command is located.
+The remaining words are considered the arguments of the command.
+If no command name resulted, then the
+.Dq name=value
+variable assignments recognized in item 1 affect the current shell.
+.It
+Redirections are performed as described in the next section.
+.El
+.Ss Redirections
+Redirections are used to change where a command reads its input or sends
+its output.
+In general, redirections open, close, or duplicate an
+existing reference to a file.
+The overall format used for redirection is:
+.Pp
+.Dl [n] Va redir-op Ar file
+.Pp
+where
+.Va redir-op
+is one of the redirection operators mentioned previously.
+Following is a list of the possible redirections.
+The
+.Bq n
+is an optional number, as in
+.Sq 3
+(not
+.Sq Bq 3 ,
+that refers to a file descriptor.
+.Bl -tag -width aaabsfiles -offset indent
+.It [n] Ns \*[Gt] file
+Redirect standard output (or n) to file.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Gt]| file
+Same, but override the
+.Fl C
+option.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Gt]\*[Gt] file
+Append standard output (or n) to file.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Lt] file
+Redirect standard input (or n) from file.
+.It [n1] Ns \*[Lt]& Ns n2
+Duplicate standard input (or n1) from file descriptor n2.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Lt]&-
+Close standard input (or n).
+.It [n1] Ns \*[Gt]& Ns n2
+Duplicate standard output (or n1) to n2.
+.It [n] Ns \*[Gt]&-
+Close standard output (or n).
+.It [n] Ns \*[Lt]\*[Gt] file
+Open file for reading and writing on standard input (or n).
+.El
+.Pp
+The following redirection is often called a
+.Dq here-document .
+.Bl -item -offset indent
+.It
+.Li [n]\*[Lt]\*[Lt] delimiter
+.Dl here-doc-text ...
+.Li delimiter
+.El
+.Pp
+All the text on successive lines up to the delimiter is saved away and
+made available to the command on standard input, or file descriptor n if
+it is specified.
+If the delimiter as specified on the initial line is
+quoted, then the here-doc-text is treated literally, otherwise the text is
+subjected to parameter expansion, command substitution, and arithmetic
+expansion (as described in the section on
+.Dq Expansions ) .
+If the operator is
+.Dq \*[Lt]\*[Lt]-
+instead of
+.Dq \*[Lt]\*[Lt] ,
+then leading tabs in the here-doc-text are stripped.
+.Ss Search and Execution
+There are three types of commands: shell functions, builtin commands, and
+normal programs -- and the command is searched for (by name) in that order.
+They each are executed in a different way.
+.Pp
+When a shell function is executed, all of the shell positional parameters
+(except $0, which remains unchanged) are set to the arguments of the shell
+function.
+The variables which are explicitly placed in the environment of
+the command (by placing assignments to them before the function name) are
+made local to the function and are set to the values given.
+Then the command given in the function definition is executed.
+The positional parameters are restored to their original values
+when the command completes.
+This all occurs within the current shell.
+.Pp
+Shell builtins are executed internally to the shell, without spawning a
+new process.
+.Pp
+Otherwise, if the command name doesn't match a function or builtin, the
+command is searched for as a normal program in the file system (as
+described in the next section).
+When a normal program is executed, the shell runs the program,
+passing the arguments and the environment to the program.
+If the program is not a normal executable file (i.e., if it does
+not begin with the "magic number" whose
+.Tn ASCII
+representation is "#!", so
+.Xr execve 2
+returns
+.Er ENOEXEC
+then) the shell will interpret the program in a subshell.
+The child shell will reinitialize itself in this case,
+so that the effect will be as if a
+new shell had been invoked to handle the ad-hoc shell script, except that
+the location of hashed commands located in the parent shell will be
+remembered by the child.
+.Pp
+Note that previous versions of this document and the source code itself
+misleadingly and sporadically refer to a shell script without a magic
+number as a "shell procedure".
+.Ss Path Search
+When locating a command, the shell first looks to see if it has a shell
+function by that name.
+Then it looks for a builtin command by that name.
+If a builtin command is not found, one of two things happen:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Command names containing a slash are simply executed without performing
+any searches.
+.It
+The shell searches each entry in
+.Ev PATH
+in turn for the command.
+The value of the
+.Ev PATH
+variable should be a series of entries separated by colons.
+Each entry consists of a directory name.
+The current directory may be indicated
+implicitly by an empty directory name, or explicitly by a single period.
+.El
+.Ss Command Exit Status
+Each command has an exit status that can influence the behaviour
+of other shell commands.
+The paradigm is that a command exits
+with zero for normal or success, and non-zero for failure,
+error, or a false indication.
+The man page for each command
+should indicate the various exit codes and what they mean.
+Additionally, the builtin commands return exit codes, as does
+an executed shell function.
+.Pp
+If a command consists entirely of variable assignments then the
+exit status of the command is that of the last command substitution
+if any, otherwise 0.
+.Ss Complex Commands
+Complex commands are combinations of simple commands with control
+operators or reserved words, together creating a larger complex command.
+More generally, a command is one of the following:
+.Bl -bullet
+.It
+simple command
+.It
+pipeline
+.It
+list or compound-list
+.It
+compound command
+.It
+function definition
+.El
+.Pp
+Unless otherwise stated, the exit status of a command is that of the last
+simple command executed by the command.
+.Ss Pipelines
+A pipeline is a sequence of one or more commands separated
+by the control operator |.
+The standard output of all but
+the last command is connected to the standard input
+of the next command.
+The standard output of the last
+command is inherited from the shell, as usual.
+.Pp
+The format for a pipeline is:
+.Pp
+.Dl [!] command1 [ | command2 ...]
+.Pp
+The standard output of command1 is connected to the standard input of
+command2.
+The standard input, standard output, or both of a command is
+considered to be assigned by the pipeline before any redirection specified
+by redirection operators that are part of the command.
+.Pp
+If the pipeline is not in the background (discussed later), the shell
+waits for all commands to complete.
+.Pp
+If the reserved word ! does not precede the pipeline, the exit status is
+the exit status of the last command specified in the pipeline.
+Otherwise, the exit status is the logical NOT of the exit status of the
+last command.
+That is, if the last command returns zero, the exit status
+is 1; if the last command returns greater than zero, the exit status is
+zero.
+.Pp
+Because pipeline assignment of standard input or standard output or both
+takes place before redirection, it can be modified by redirection.
+For example:
+.Pp
+.Dl $ command1 2\*[Gt]&1 | command2
+.Pp
+sends both the standard output and standard error of command1
+to the standard input of command2.
+.Pp
+A ; or
+.Aq newline
+terminator causes the preceding AND-OR-list (described
+next) to be executed sequentially; a & causes asynchronous execution of
+the preceding AND-OR-list.
+.Pp
+Note that unlike some other shells, each process in the pipeline is a
+child of the invoking shell (unless it is a shell builtin, in which case
+it executes in the current shell -- but any effect it has on the
+environment is wiped).
+.Ss Background Commands -- &
+If a command is terminated by the control operator ampersand (&), the
+shell executes the command asynchronously -- that is, the shell does not
+wait for the command to finish before executing the next command.
+.Pp
+The format for running a command in background is:
+.Pp
+.Dl command1 & [command2 & ...]
+.Pp
+If the shell is not interactive, the standard input of an asynchronous
+command is set to
+.Pa /dev/null .
+.Ss Lists -- Generally Speaking
+A list is a sequence of zero or more commands separated by newlines,
+semicolons, or ampersands, and optionally terminated by one of these three
+characters.
+The commands in a list are executed in the order they are written.
+If command is followed by an ampersand, the shell starts the
+command and immediately proceed onto the next command; otherwise it waits
+for the command to terminate before proceeding to the next one.
+.Ss Short-Circuit List Operators
+.Dq &&
+and
+.Dq ||
+are AND-OR list operators.
+.Dq &&
+executes the first command, and then executes the second command iff the
+exit status of the first command is zero.
+.Dq ||
+is similar, but executes the second command iff the exit status of the first
+command is nonzero.
+.Dq &&
+and
+.Dq ||
+both have the same priority.
+.Ss Flow-Control Constructs -- if, while, for, case
+The syntax of the if command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+if list
+then list
+[ elif list
+then    list ] ...
+[ else list ]
+fi
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The syntax of the while command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+while list
+do   list
+done
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The two lists are executed repeatedly while the exit status of the
+first list is zero.
+The until command is similar, but has the word
+until in place of while, which causes it to
+repeat until the exit status of the first list is zero.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the for command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+for variable in word ...
+do   list
+done
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The words are expanded, and then the list is executed repeatedly with the
+variable set to each word in turn.
+do and done may be replaced with
+.Dq {
+and
+.Dq } .
+.Pp
+The syntax of the break and continue command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+break [ num ]
+continue [ num ]
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Break terminates the num innermost for or while loops.
+Continue continues with the next iteration of the innermost loop.
+These are implemented as builtin commands.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the case command is
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+case word in
+pattern) list ;;
+\&...
+esac
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The pattern can actually be one or more patterns (see
+.Sx Shell Patterns
+described later), separated by
+.Dq \*(Ba
+characters.
+.Ss Grouping Commands Together
+Commands may be grouped by writing either
+.Pp
+.Dl (list)
+.Pp
+or
+.Pp
+.Dl { list; }
+.Pp
+The first of these executes the commands in a subshell.
+Builtin commands grouped into a (list) will not affect the current shell.
+The second form does not fork another shell so is slightly more efficient.
+Grouping commands together this way allows you to redirect
+their output as though they were one program:
+.Pp
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+{ printf \*q hello \*q ; printf \*q world\\n" ; } \*[Gt] greeting
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Note that
+.Dq }
+must follow a control operator (here,
+.Dq \&; )
+so that it is recognized as a reserved word and not as another command argument.
+.Ss Functions
+The syntax of a function definition is
+.Pp
+.Dl name ( ) command
+.Pp
+A function definition is an executable statement; when executed it
+installs a function named name and returns an exit status of zero.
+The command is normally a list enclosed between
+.Dq {
+and
+.Dq } .
+.Pp
+Variables may be declared to be local to a function by using a local
+command.
+This should appear as the first statement of a function, and the syntax is
+.Pp
+.Dl local [ variable | - ] ...
+.Pp
+Local is implemented as a builtin command.
+.Pp
+When a variable is made local, it inherits the initial value and exported
+and readonly flags from the variable with the same name in the surrounding
+scope, if there is one.
+Otherwise, the variable is initially unset.
+The shell uses dynamic scoping, so that if you make the variable x local to
+function f, which then calls function g, references to the variable x made
+inside g will refer to the variable x declared inside f, not to the global
+variable named x.
+.Pp
+The only special parameter that can be made local is
+.Dq - .
+Making
+.Dq -
+local any shell options that are changed via the set command inside the
+function to be restored to their original values when the function
+returns.
+.Pp
+The syntax of the return command is
+.Pp
+.Dl return [ exitstatus ]
+.Pp
+It terminates the currently executing function.
+Return is implemented as a builtin command.
+.Ss Variables and Parameters
+The shell maintains a set of parameters.
+A parameter denoted by a name is called a variable.
+When starting up, the shell turns all the environment
+variables into shell variables.
+New variables can be set using the form
+.Pp
+.Dl name=value
+.Pp
+Variables set by the user must have a name consisting solely of
+alphabetics, numerics, and underscores - the first of which must not be
+numeric.
+A parameter can also be denoted by a number or a special
+character as explained below.
+.Ss Positional Parameters
+A positional parameter is a parameter denoted by a number (n \*[Gt] 0).
+The shell sets these initially to the values of its command line arguments
+that follow the name of the shell script.
+The
+.Ic set
+builtin can also be used to set or reset them.
+.Ss Special Parameters
+A special parameter is a parameter denoted by one of the following special
+characters.
+The value of the parameter is listed next to its character.
+.Bl -tag -width thinhyphena
+.It *
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the
+expansion occurs within a double-quoted string it expands to a single
+field with the value of each parameter separated by the first character of
+the
+.Ev IFS
+variable, or by a
+.Aq space
+if
+.Ev IFS
+is unset.
+.It @
+Expands to the positional parameters, starting from one.
+When the expansion occurs within double-quotes, each positional
+parameter expands as a separate argument.
+If there are no positional parameters, the
+expansion of @ generates zero arguments, even when @ is
+double-quoted.
+What this basically means, for example, is
+if $1 is
+.Dq abc
+and $2 is
+.Dq def ghi ,
+then
+.Qq $@
+expands to
+the two arguments:
+.Pp
+.Sm off
+.Dl \*q abc \*q \  \*q def\ ghi \*q
+.Sm on
+.It #
+Expands to the number of positional parameters.
+.It ?
+Expands to the exit status of the most recent pipeline.
+.It - (Hyphen.)
+Expands to the current option flags (the single-letter
+option names concatenated into a string) as specified on
+invocation, by the set builtin command, or implicitly
+by the shell.
+.It $
+Expands to the process ID of the invoked shell.
+A subshell retains the same value of $ as its parent.
+.It !
+Expands to the process ID of the most recent background
+command executed from the current shell.
+For a pipeline, the process ID is that of the last command in the pipeline.
+.It 0 (Zero.)
+Expands to the name of the shell or shell script.
+.El
+.Ss Word Expansions
+This clause describes the various expansions that are performed on words.
+Not all expansions are performed on every word, as explained later.
+.Pp
+Tilde expansions, parameter expansions, command substitutions, arithmetic
+expansions, and quote removals that occur within a single word expand to a
+single field.
+It is only field splitting or pathname expansion that can
+create multiple fields from a single word.
+The single exception to this
+rule is the expansion of the special parameter @ within double-quotes, as
+was described above.
+.Pp
+The order of word expansion is:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Tilde Expansion, Parameter Expansion, Command Substitution,
+Arithmetic Expansion (these all occur at the same time).
+.It
+Field Splitting is performed on fields
+generated by step (1) unless the
+.Ev IFS
+variable is null.
+.It
+Pathname Expansion (unless set
+.Fl f
+is in effect).
+.It
+Quote Removal.
+.El
+.Pp
+The $ character is used to introduce parameter expansion, command
+substitution, or arithmetic evaluation.
+.Ss Tilde Expansion (substituting a user's home directory)
+A word beginning with an unquoted tilde character (~) is
+subjected to tilde expansion.
+All the characters up to
+a slash (/) or the end of the word are treated as a username
+and are replaced with the user's home directory.
+If the username is missing (as in
+.Pa ~/foobar ) ,
+the tilde is replaced with the value of the
+.Va HOME
+variable (the current user's home directory).
+.Ss Parameter Expansion
+The format for parameter expansion is as follows:
+.Pp
+.Dl ${expression}
+.Pp
+where expression consists of all characters until the matching
+.Dq } .
+Any
+.Dq }
+escaped by a backslash or within a quoted string, and characters in
+embedded arithmetic expansions, command substitutions, and variable
+expansions, are not examined in determining the matching
+.Dq } .
+.Pp
+The simplest form for parameter expansion is:
+.Pp
+.Dl ${parameter}
+.Pp
+The value, if any, of parameter is substituted.
+.Pp
+The parameter name or symbol can be enclosed in braces, which are
+optional except for positional parameters with more than one digit or
+when parameter is followed by a character that could be interpreted as
+part of the name.
+If a parameter expansion occurs inside double-quotes:
+.Bl -enum
+.It
+Pathname expansion is not performed on the results of the expansion.
+.It
+Field splitting is not performed on the results of the
+expansion, with the exception of @.
+.El
+.Pp
+In addition, a parameter expansion can be modified by using one of the
+following formats.
+.Bl -tag -width aaparameterwordaaaaa
+.It ${parameter:-word}
+Use Default Values.
+If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of word
+is substituted; otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted.
+.It ${parameter:=word}
+Assign Default Values.
+If parameter is unset or null, the expansion of
+word is assigned to parameter.
+In all cases, the final value of parameter is substituted.
+Only variables, not positional parameters or special
+parameters, can be assigned in this way.
+.It ${parameter:?[word]}
+Indicate Error if Null or Unset.
+If parameter is unset or null, the
+expansion of word (or a message indicating it is unset if word is omitted)
+is written to standard error and the shell exits with a nonzero exit status.
+Otherwise, the value of parameter is substituted.
+An interactive shell need not exit.
+.It ${parameter:+word}
+Use Alternative Value.
+If parameter is unset or null, null is
+substituted; otherwise, the expansion of word is substituted.
+.El
+.Pp
+In the parameter expansions shown previously, use of the colon in the
+format results in a test for a parameter that is unset or null; omission
+of the colon results in a test for a parameter that is only unset.
+.Bl -tag -width aaparameterwordaaaaa
+.It ${#parameter}
+String Length.
+The length in characters of the value of parameter.
+.El
+.Pp
+The following four varieties of parameter expansion provide for substring
+processing.
+In each case, pattern matching notation (see
+.Sx Shell Patterns ) ,
+rather than regular expression notation, is used to evaluate the patterns.
+If parameter is * or @, the result of the expansion is unspecified.
+Enclosing the full parameter expansion string in double-quotes does not
+cause the following four varieties of pattern characters to be quoted,
+whereas quoting characters within the braces has this effect.
+.Bl -tag -width aaparameterwordaaaaa
+.It ${parameter%word}
+Remove Smallest Suffix Pattern.
+The word is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the
+smallest portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It ${parameter%%word}
+Remove Largest Suffix Pattern.
+The word is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the largest
+portion of the suffix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It ${parameter#word}
+Remove Smallest Prefix Pattern.
+The word is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the
+smallest portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.It ${parameter##word}
+Remove Largest Prefix Pattern.
+The word is expanded to produce a pattern.
+The parameter expansion then results in parameter, with the largest
+portion of the prefix matched by the pattern deleted.
+.El
+.Ss Command Substitution
+Command substitution allows the output of a command to be substituted in
+place of the command name itself.
+Command substitution occurs when the command is enclosed as follows:
+.Pp
+.Dl $(command)
+.Pp
+or
+.Po
+.Dq backquoted
+version
+.Pc :
+.Pp
+.Dl `command`
+.Pp
+The shell expands the command substitution by executing command in a
+subshell environment and replacing the command substitution with the
+standard output of the command, removing sequences of one or more
+.Ao newline Ac Ns s
+at the end of the substitution.
+(Embedded
+.Ao newline Ac Ns s
+before
+the end of the output are not removed; however, during field splitting,
+they may be translated into
+.Ao space Ac Ns s ,
+depending on the value of
+.Ev IFS
+and quoting that is in effect.)
+.Ss Arithmetic Expansion
+Arithmetic expansion provides a mechanism for evaluating an arithmetic
+expression and substituting its value.
+The format for arithmetic expansion is as follows:
+.Pp
+.Dl $((expression))
+.Pp
+The expression is treated as if it were in double-quotes, except
+that a double-quote inside the expression is not treated specially.
+The shell expands all tokens in the expression for parameter expansion,
+command substitution, and quote removal.
+.Pp
+Next, the shell treats this as an arithmetic expression and
+substitutes the value of the expression.
+.Ss White Space Splitting (Field Splitting)
+After parameter expansion, command substitution, and
+arithmetic expansion the shell scans the results of
+expansions and substitutions that did not occur in double-quotes for
+field splitting and multiple fields can result.
+.Pp
+The shell treats each character of the
+.Ev IFS
+as a delimiter and uses the delimiters to split the results of parameter
+expansion and command substitution into fields.
+.Ss Pathname Expansion (File Name Generation)
+Unless the
+.Fl f
+flag is set, file name generation is performed after word splitting is
+complete.
+Each word is viewed as a series of patterns, separated by slashes.
+The process of expansion replaces the word with the names of all
+existing files whose names can be formed by replacing each pattern with a
+string that matches the specified pattern.
+There are two restrictions on
+this: first, a pattern cannot match a string containing a slash, and
+second, a pattern cannot match a string starting with a period unless the
+first character of the pattern is a period.
+The next section describes the
+patterns used for both Pathname Expansion and the
+.Ic case
+command.
+.Ss Shell Patterns
+A pattern consists of normal characters, which match themselves,
+and meta-characters.
+The meta-characters are
+.Dq \&! ,
+.Dq * ,
+.Dq \&? ,
+and
+.Dq \&[ .
+These characters lose their special meanings if they are quoted.
+When command or variable substitution is performed
+and the dollar sign or back quotes are not double quoted,
+the value of the variable or the output of
+the command is scanned for these characters and they are turned into
+meta-characters.
+.Pp
+An asterisk
+.Pq Dq *
+matches any string of characters.
+A question mark matches any single character.
+A left bracket
+.Pq Dq \&[
+introduces a character class.
+The end of the character class is indicated by a
+.Pq Dq \&] ;
+if the
+.Dq \&]
+is missing then the
+.Dq \&[
+matches a
+.Dq \&[
+rather than introducing a character class.
+A character class matches any of the characters between the square brackets.
+A range of characters may be specified using a minus sign.
+The character class may be complemented
+by making an exclamation point the first character of the character class.
+.Pp
+To include a
+.Dq \&]
+in a character class, make it the first character listed (after the
+.Dq \&! ,
+if any).
+To include a minus sign, make it the first or last character listed.
+.Ss Builtins
+This section lists the builtin commands which are builtin because they
+need to perform some operation that can't be performed by a separate
+process.
+In addition to these, there are several other commands that may
+be builtin for efficiency (e.g.
+.Xr printf 1 ,
+.Xr echo 1 ,
+.Xr test 1 ,
+etc).
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It :
+.It true
+A null command that returns a 0 (true) exit value.
+.It \&. file
+The commands in the specified file are read and executed by the shell.
+.It alias Op Ar name Ns Op Ar "=string ..."
+If
+.Ar name=string
+is specified, the shell defines the alias
+.Ar name
+with value
+.Ar string .
+If just
+.Ar name
+is specified, the value of the alias
+.Ar name
+is printed.
+With no arguments, the
+.Ic alias
+builtin prints the
+names and values of all defined aliases (see
+.Ic unalias ) .
+.It bg [ Ar job ] ...
+Continue the specified jobs (or the current job if no
+jobs are given) in the background.
+.It Xo command
+.Op Fl p
+.Op Fl v
+.Op Fl V
+.Ar command
+.Op Ar arg ...
+.Xc
+Execute the specified command but ignore shell functions when searching
+for it.
+(This is useful when you
+have a shell function with the same name as a builtin command.)
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It Fl p
+search for command using a
+.Ev PATH
+that guarantees to find all the standard utilities.
+.It Fl V
+Do not execute the command but
+search for the command and print the resolution of the
+command search.
+This is the same as the type builtin.
+.It Fl v
+Do not execute the command but
+search for the command and print the absolute pathname
+of utilities, the name for builtins or the expansion of aliases.
+.El
+.It cd Ar -
+.It Xo cd Op Fl LP
+.Op Ar directory
+.Xc
+Switch to the specified directory (default
+.Ev HOME ) .
+If an entry for
+.Ev CDPATH
+appears in the environment of the
+.Ic cd
+command or the shell variable
+.Ev CDPATH
+is set and the directory name does not begin with a slash, then the
+directories listed in
+.Ev CDPATH
+will be searched for the specified directory.
+The format of
+.Ev CDPATH
+is the same as that of
+.Ev PATH .
+If a single dash is specified as the argument, it will be replaced by the
+value of
+.Ev OLDPWD .
+The
+.Ic cd
+command will print out the name of the
+directory that it actually switched to if this is different from the name
+that the user gave.
+These may be different either because the
+.Ev CDPATH
+mechanism was used or because the argument is a single dash.
+The
+.Fl P
+option causes the physical directory structure to be used, that is, all
+symbolic links are resolved to their respective values.  The
+.Fl L
+option turns off the effect of any preceding
+.Fl P
+options.
+.It Xo echo Op Fl n
+.Ar args...
+.Xc
+Print the arguments on the standard output, separated by spaces.
+Unless the
+.Fl n
+option is present, a newline is output following the arguments.
+.Pp
+If any of the following sequences of characters is encountered during
+output, the sequence is not output.  Instead, the specified action is
+performed:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Li \eb
+A backspace character is output.
+.It Li \ec
+Subsequent output is suppressed.  This is normally used at the end of the
+last argument to suppress the trailing newline that
+.Ic echo
+would otherwise output.
+.It Li \ef
+Output a form feed.
+.It Li \en
+Output a newline character.
+.It Li \er
+Output a carriage return.
+.It Li \et
+Output a (horizontal) tab character.
+.It Li \ev
+Output a vertical tab.
+.It Li \e0 Ns Ar digits
+Output the character whose value is given by zero to three octal digits.
+If there are zero digits, a nul character is output.
+.It Li \e\e
+Output a backslash.
+.El
+.Pp
+All other backslash sequences elicit undefined behaviour.
+.It eval Ar string ...
+Concatenate all the arguments with spaces.
+Then re-parse and execute the command.
+.It exec Op Ar command arg ...
+Unless command is omitted, the shell process is replaced with the
+specified program (which must be a real program, not a shell builtin or
+function).
+Any redirections on the
+.Ic exec
+command are marked as permanent, so that they are not undone when the
+.Ic exec
+command finishes.
+.It exit Op Ar exitstatus
+Terminate the shell process.
+If
+.Ar exitstatus
+is given it is used as the exit status of the shell; otherwise the
+exit status of the preceding command is used.
+.It export Ar name ...
+.It export Fl p
+The specified names are exported so that they will appear in the
+environment of subsequent commands.
+The only way to un-export a variable is to unset it.
+The shell allows the value of a variable to be set at the
+same time it is exported by writing
+.Pp
+.Dl export name=value
+.Pp
+With no arguments the export command lists the names of all exported variables.
+With the
+.Fl p
+option specified the output will be formatted suitably for non-interactive use.
+.It Xo fc Op Fl e Ar editor
+.Op Ar first Op Ar last
+.Xc
+.It Xo fc Fl l
+.Op Fl nr
+.Op Ar first Op Ar last
+.Xc
+.It Xo fc Fl s Op Ar old=new
+.Op Ar first
+.Xc
+The
+.Ic fc
+builtin lists, or edits and re-executes, commands previously entered
+to an interactive shell.
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It Fl e No editor
+Use the editor named by editor to edit the commands.
+The editor string is a command name, subject to search via the
+.Ev PATH
+variable.
+The value in the
+.Ev FCEDIT
+variable is used as a default when
+.Fl e
+is not specified.
+If
+.Ev FCEDIT
+is null or unset, the value of the
+.Ev EDITOR
+variable is used.
+If
+.Ev EDITOR
+is null or unset,
+.Xr ed 1
+is used as the editor.
+.It Fl l No (ell)
+List the commands rather than invoking an editor on them.
+The commands are written in the sequence indicated by
+the first and last operands, as affected by
+.Fl r ,
+with each command preceded by the command number.
+.It Fl n
+Suppress command numbers when listing with -l.
+.It Fl r
+Reverse the order of the commands listed (with
+.Fl l )
+or edited (with neither
+.Fl l
+nor
+.Fl s ) .
+.It Fl s
+Re-execute the command without invoking an editor.
+.It first
+.It last
+Select the commands to list or edit.
+The number of previous commands that
+can be accessed are determined by the value of the
+.Ev HISTSIZE
+variable.
+The value of first or last or both are one of the following:
+.Bl -tag -width 5n
+.It [+]number
+A positive number representing a command number; command numbers can be
+displayed with the
+.Fl l
+option.
+.It Fl number
+A negative decimal number representing the command that was executed
+number of commands previously.
+For example, \-1 is the immediately previous command.
+.El
+.It string
+A string indicating the most recently entered command that begins with
+that string.
+If the old=new operand is not also specified with
+.Fl s ,
+the string form of the first operand cannot contain an embedded equal sign.
+.El
+.Pp
+The following environment variables affect the execution of fc:
+.Bl -tag -width HISTSIZE
+.It Ev FCEDIT
+Name of the editor to use.
+.It Ev HISTSIZE
+The number of previous commands that are accessible.
+.El
+.It fg Op Ar job
+Move the specified job or the current job to the foreground.
+.It getopts Ar optstring var
+The
+.Tn POSIX
+.Ic getopts
+command, not to be confused with the
+.Em Bell Labs
+-derived
+.Xr getopt 1 .
+.Pp
+The first argument should be a series of letters, each of which may be
+optionally followed by a colon to indicate that the option requires an
+argument.
+The variable specified is set to the parsed option.
+.Pp
+The
+.Ic getopts
+command deprecates the older
+.Xr getopt 1
+utility due to its handling of arguments containing whitespace.
+.Pp
+The
+.Ic getopts
+builtin may be used to obtain options and their arguments
+from a list of parameters.
+When invoked,
+.Ic getopts
+places the value of the next option from the option string in the list in
+the shell variable specified by
+.Va var
+and its index in the shell variable
+.Ev OPTIND .
+When the shell is invoked,
+.Ev OPTIND
+is initialized to 1.
+For each option that requires an argument, the
+.Ic getopts
+builtin will place it in the shell variable
+.Ev OPTARG .
+If an option is not allowed for in the
+.Va optstring ,
+then
+.Ev OPTARG
+will be unset.
+.Pp
+.Va optstring
+is a string of recognized option letters (see
+.Xr getopt 3 ) .
+If a letter is followed by a colon, the option is expected to have an
+argument which may or may not be separated from it by white space.
+If an option character is not found where expected,
+.Ic getopts
+will set the variable
+.Va var
+to a
+.Dq \&? ;
+.Ic getopts
+will then unset
+.Ev OPTARG
+and write output to standard error.
+By specifying a colon as the first character of
+.Va optstring
+all errors will be ignored.
+.Pp
+A nonzero value is returned when the last option is reached.
+If there are no remaining arguments,
+.Ic getopts
+will set
+.Va var
+to the special option,
+.Dq -- ,
+otherwise, it will set
+.Va var
+to
+.Dq \&? .
+.Pp
+The following code fragment shows how one might process the arguments
+for a command that can take the options
+.Op a
+and
+.Op b ,
+and the option
+.Op c ,
+which requires an argument.
+.Pp
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+while getopts abc: f
+do
+	case $f in
+	a | b)	flag=$f;;
+	c)	carg=$OPTARG;;
+	\\?)	echo $USAGE; exit 1;;
+	esac
+done
+shift `expr $OPTIND - 1`
+.Ed
+.Pp
+This code will accept any of the following as equivalent:
+.Pp
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+cmd \-acarg file file
+cmd \-a \-c arg file file
+cmd \-carg -a file file
+cmd \-a \-carg \-\- file file
+.Ed
+.It hash Fl rv Ar command ...
+The shell maintains a hash table which remembers the
+locations of commands.
+With no arguments whatsoever,
+the
+.Ic hash
+command prints out the contents of this table.
+Entries which have not been looked at since the last
+.Ic cd
+command are marked with an asterisk; it is possible for these entries
+to be invalid.
+.Pp
+With arguments, the
+.Ic hash
+command removes the specified commands from the hash table (unless
+they are functions) and then locates them.
+With the
+.Fl v
+option, hash prints the locations of the commands as it finds them.
+The
+.Fl r
+option causes the hash command to delete all the entries in the hash table
+except for functions.
+.It pwd Op Fl LP
+builtin command remembers what the current directory
+is rather than recomputing it each time.
+This makes it faster.
+However, if the current directory is renamed, the builtin version of
+.Ic pwd
+will continue to print the old name for the directory.
+The
+.Fl P
+option causes the physical value of the current working directory to be shown,
+that is, all symbolic links are resolved to their respective values.  The
+.Fl L
+option turns off the effect of any preceding
+.Fl P
+options.
+.It Xo read Op Fl p Ar prompt
+.Op Fl r
+.Ar variable
+.Op Ar ...
+.Xc
+The prompt is printed if the
+.Fl p
+option is specified and the standard input is a terminal.
+Then a line is read from the standard input.
+The trailing newline is deleted from the
+line and the line is split as described in the section on word splitting
+above, and the pieces are assigned to the variables in order.
+At least one variable must be specified.
+If there are more pieces than variables, the remaining pieces
+(along with the characters in
+.Ev IFS
+that separated them) are assigned to the last variable.
+If there are more variables than pieces,
+the remaining variables are assigned the null string.
+The
+.Ic read
+builtin will indicate success unless EOF is encountered on input, in
+which case failure is returned.
+.Pp
+By default, unless the
+.Fl r
+option is specified, the backslash
+.Dq \e
+acts as an escape character, causing the following character to be treated
+literally.
+If a backslash is followed by a newline, the backslash and the
+newline will be deleted.
+.It readonly Ar name ...
+.It readonly Fl p
+The specified names are marked as read only, so that they cannot be
+subsequently modified or unset.
+The shell allows the value of a variable
+to be set at the same time it is marked read only by writing
+.Pp
+.Dl readonly name=value
+.Pp
+With no arguments the readonly command lists the names of all read only
+variables.
+With the
+.Fl p
+option specified the output will be formatted suitably for non-interactive use.
+.Pp
+.It Xo printf Ar format
+.Op Ar arguments  ...
+.Xc
+.Ic printf
+formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control
+of the
+.Ar format  .
+The
+.Ar format
+is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters,
+which are simply copied to standard output, character escape sequences which
+are converted and copied to the standard output, and format specifications,
+each of which causes printing of the next successive
+.Ar argument  .
+.Pp
+The
+.Ar arguments
+after the first are treated as strings if the corresponding format is
+either
+.Cm b ,
+.Cm c
+or
+.Cm s ;
+otherwise it is evaluated as a C constant, with the following extensions:
+.Pp
+.Bl -bullet -offset indent -compact
+.It
+A leading plus or minus sign is allowed.
+.It
+If the leading character is a single or double quote, the value is the
+.Tn ASCII
+code of the next character.
+.El
+.Pp
+The format string is reused as often as necessary to satisfy the
+.Ar arguments  .
+Any extra format specifications are evaluated with zero or the null
+string.
+.Pp
+Character escape sequences are in backslash notation as defined in
+.St -ansiC .
+The characters and their meanings are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent
+.It Cm \ea
+Write a \*[Lt]bell\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \eb
+Write a \*[Lt]backspace\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \ef
+Write a \*[Lt]form-feed\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \en
+Write a \*[Lt]new-line\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \er
+Write a \*[Lt]carriage return\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \et
+Write a \*[Lt]tab\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \ev
+Write a \*[Lt]vertical tab\*[Gt] character.
+.It Cm \e\e
+Write a backslash character.
+.It Cm \e Ns Ar num
+Write an 8\-bit character whose
+.Tn ASCII
+value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit
+octal number
+.Ar num .
+.El
+.Pp
+Each format specification is introduced by the percent character
+(``%'').
+The remainder of the format specification includes,
+in the following order:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It "Zero or more of the following flags:"
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm #
+A `#' character
+specifying that the value should be printed in an ``alternative form''.
+For
+.Cm b ,
+.Cm c ,
+.Cm d ,
+and
+.Cm s
+formats, this option has no effect.
+For the
+.Cm o
+format the precision of the number is increased to force the first
+character of the output string to a zero.
+For the
+.Cm x
+.Pq Cm X
+format, a non-zero result has the string
+.Li 0x
+.Pq Li 0X
+prepended to it.
+For
+.Cm e  ,
+.Cm E ,
+.Cm f  ,
+.Cm g ,
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, the result will always contain a decimal point, even if no
+digits follow the point (normally, a decimal point only appears in the
+results of those formats if a digit follows the decimal point).
+For
+.Cm g
+and
+.Cm G
+formats, trailing zeros are not removed from the result as they
+would otherwise be.
+.It Cm \&\-
+A minus sign `\-' which specifies
+.Em left adjustment
+of the output in the indicated field;
+.It Cm \&+
+A `+' character specifying that there should always be
+a sign placed before the number when using signed formats.
+.It Sq \&\ \&
+A space specifying that a blank should be left before a positive number
+for a signed format.
+A `+' overrides a space if both are used;
+.It Cm \&0
+A zero `0' character indicating that zero-padding should be used
+rather than blank-padding.
+A `\-' overrides a `0' if both are used;
+.El
+.It "Field Width:"
+An optional digit string specifying a
+.Em field width ;
+if the output string has fewer characters than the field width it will
+be blank-padded on the left (or right, if the left-adjustment indicator
+has been given) to make up the field width (note that a leading zero
+is a flag, but an embedded zero is part of a field width);
+.It Precision :
+An optional period,
+.Sq Cm \&.\& ,
+followed by an optional digit string giving a
+.Em precision
+which specifies the number of digits to appear after the decimal point,
+for
+.Cm e
+and
+.Cm f
+formats, or the maximum number of characters to be printed
+from a string
+.Sm off
+.Pf ( Cm b
+.Sm on
+and
+.Cm s
+formats); if the digit string is missing, the precision is treated
+as zero;
+.It Format :
+A character which indicates the type of format to use (one of
+.Cm diouxXfwEgGbcs ) .
+.El
+.Pp
+A field width or precision may be
+.Sq Cm \&*
+instead of a digit string.
+In this case an
+.Ar argument
+supplies the field width or precision.
+.Pp
+The format characters and their meanings are:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Cm diouXx
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed as a signed decimal (d or i), unsigned octal, unsigned decimal,
+or unsigned hexadecimal (X or x), respectively.
+.It Cm f
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Sm off
+.Pf [\-]ddd Cm \&. No ddd
+.Sm on
+where the number of d's
+after the decimal point is equal to the precision specification for
+the argument.
+If the precision is missing, 6 digits are given; if the precision
+is explicitly 0, no digits and no decimal point are printed.
+.It Cm eE
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in the style
+.Sm off
+.Pf [\-]d Cm \&. No ddd Cm e No \\*(Pmdd
+.Sm on
+where there
+is one digit before the decimal point and the number after is equal to
+the precision specification for the argument; when the precision is
+missing, 6 digits are produced.
+An upper-case E is used for an `E' format.
+.It Cm gG
+The
+.Ar argument
+is printed in style
+.Cm f
+or in style
+.Cm e
+.Pq Cm E
+whichever gives full precision in minimum space.
+.It Cm b
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed with backslash-escape sequences expanded.
+.br
+The following additional backslash-escape sequences are supported:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm \ec
+Causes
+.Nm
+to ignore any remaining characters in the string operand containing it,
+any remaining string operands, and any additional characters in
+the format operand.
+.It Cm \e0 Ns Ar num
+Write an 8\-bit character whose
+.Tn ASCII
+value is the 1\-, 2\-, or 3\-digit
+octal number
+.Ar num .
+.El
+.It Cm c
+The first character of
+.Ar argument
+is printed.
+.It Cm s
+Characters from the string
+.Ar argument
+are printed until the end is reached or until the number of characters
+indicated by the precision specification is reached; if the
+precision is omitted, all characters in the string are printed.
+.It Cm \&%
+Print a `%'; no argument is used.
+.El
+.Pp
+In no case does a non-existent or small field width cause truncation of
+a field; padding takes place only if the specified field width exceeds
+the actual width.
+.It Xo set
+.Oo {
+.Fl options | Cm +options | Cm -- }
+.Oc Ar arg ...
+.Xc
+The
+.Ic set
+command performs three different functions.
+.Pp
+With no arguments, it lists the values of all shell variables.
+.Pp
+If options are given, it sets the specified option
+flags, or clears them as described in the section called
+.Sx Argument List Processing .
+.Pp
+The third use of the set command is to set the values of the shell's
+positional parameters to the specified args.
+To change the positional
+parameters without changing any options, use
+.Dq --
+as the first argument to set.
+If no args are present, the set command
+will clear all the positional parameters (equivalent to executing
+.Dq shift $# . )
+.It shift Op Ar n
+Shift the positional parameters n times.
+A
+.Ic shift
+sets the value of
+.Va $1
+to the value of
+.Va $2 ,
+the value of
+.Va $2
+to the value of
+.Va $3 ,
+and so on, decreasing
+the value of
+.Va $#
+by one.
+If n is greater than the number of positional parameters,
+.Ic shift
+will issue an error message, and exit with return status 2.
+.It test Ar expression
+.It \&[ Ar expression Cm ]
+The
+.Ic test
+utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates
+to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise
+it returns 1 (false).
+If there is no expression, test also
+returns 1 (false).
+.Pp
+All operators and flags are separate arguments to the
+.Ic test
+utility.
+.Pp
+The following primaries are used to construct expression:
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Fl b Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a block special
+file.
+.It Fl c Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a character
+special file.
+.It Fl d Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a directory.
+.It Fl e Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists (regardless of type).
+.It Fl f Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a regular file.
+.It Fl g Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its set group ID flag
+is set.
+.It Fl h Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a symbolic link.
+.It Fl k Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its sticky bit is set.
+.It Fl n Ar string
+True if the length of
+.Ar string
+is nonzero.
+.It Fl p Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+is a named pipe
+.Po Tn FIFO Pc .
+.It Fl r Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is readable.
+.It Fl s Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and has a size greater
+than zero.
+.It Fl t Ar file_descriptor
+True if the file whose file descriptor number
+is
+.Ar file_descriptor
+is open and is associated with a terminal.
+.It Fl u Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its set user ID flag
+is set.
+.It Fl w Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is writable.
+True
+indicates only that the write flag is on.
+The file is not writable on a read-only file
+system even if this test indicates true.
+.It Fl x Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is executable.
+True
+indicates only that the execute flag is on.
+If
+.Ar file
+is a directory, true indicates that
+.Ar file
+can be searched.
+.It Fl z Ar string
+True if the length of
+.Ar string
+is zero.
+.It Fl L Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a symbolic link.
+This operator is retained for compatibility with previous versions of
+this program.
+Do not rely on its existence; use
+.Fl h
+instead.
+.It Fl O Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its owner matches the effective user id of this process.
+.It Fl G Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and its group matches the effective group id of this process.
+.It Fl S Ar file
+True if
+.Ar file
+exists and is a socket.
+.It Ar file1 Fl nt Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+exists and is newer than
+.Ar file2 .
+.It Ar file1 Fl ot Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+exists and is older than
+.Ar file2 .
+.It Ar file1 Fl ef Ar file2
+True if
+.Ar file1
+and
+.Ar file2
+exist and refer to the same file.
+.It Ar string
+True if
+.Ar string
+is not the null
+string.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&= Ar \&s\&2
+True if the strings
+.Ar \&s\&1
+and
+.Ar \&s\&2
+are identical.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&!= Ar \&s\&2
+True if the strings
+.Ar \&s\&1
+and
+.Ar \&s\&2
+are not identical.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&\*[Lt] Ar \&s\&2
+True if string
+.Ar \&s\&1
+comes before
+.Ar \&s\&2
+based on the ASCII value of their characters.
+.It Ar \&s\&1 Cm \&\*[Gt] Ar \&s\&2
+True if string
+.Ar \&s\&1
+comes after
+.Ar \&s\&2
+based on the ASCII value of their characters.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&eq Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integers
+.Ar \&n\&1
+and
+.Ar \&n\&2
+are algebraically
+equal.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&ne Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integers
+.Ar \&n\&1
+and
+.Ar \&n\&2
+are not
+algebraically equal.
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&gt Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically
+greater than the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&ge Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically
+greater than or equal to the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&lt Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically less
+than the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.It Ar \&n\&1 Fl \&le Ar \&n\&2
+True if the integer
+.Ar \&n\&1
+is algebraically less
+than or equal to the integer
+.Ar \&n\&2 .
+.El
+.Pp
+These primaries can be combined with the following operators:
+.Bl -tag -width Ar
+.It Cm \&! Ar expression
+True if
+.Ar expression
+is false.
+.It Ar expression1 Fl a Ar expression2
+True if both
+.Ar expression1
+and
+.Ar expression2
+are true.
+.It Ar expression1 Fl o Ar expression2
+True if either
+.Ar expression1
+or
+.Ar expression2
+are true.
+.It Cm \&( Ns Ar expression Ns Cm \&)
+True if expression is true.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl a
+operator has higher precedence than the
+.Fl o
+operator.
+.It times
+Print the accumulated user and system times for the shell and for processes
+run from the shell.  The return status is 0.
+.It Xo trap
+.Op Ar action Ar signal ...
+.Xc
+Cause the shell to parse and execute action when any of the specified
+signals are received.
+The signals are specified by signal number or as the name of the signal.
+If
+.Ar signal
+is
+.Li 0 ,
+the action is executed when the shell exits.
+.Ar action
+may be null, which cause the specified signals to be ignored.
+With
+.Ar action
+omitted or set to `-' the specified signals are set to their default action.
+When the shell forks off a subshell, it resets trapped (but not ignored)
+signals to the default action.
+The
+.Ic trap
+command has no effect on signals that were
+ignored on entry to the shell.
+.Ic trap
+without any arguments cause it to write a list of signals and their
+associated action to the standard output in a format that is suitable
+as an input to the shell that achieves the same trapping results.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Pp
+.Dl trap
+.Pp
+List trapped signals and their corresponding action
+.Pp
+.Dl trap '' INT QUIT tstp 30
+.Pp
+Ignore signals INT QUIT TSTP USR1
+.Pp
+.Dl trap date INT
+.Pp
+Print date upon receiving signal INT
+.It type Op Ar name ...
+Interpret each name as a command and print the resolution of the command
+search.
+Possible resolutions are:
+shell keyword, alias, shell builtin,
+command, tracked alias and not found.
+For aliases the alias expansion is
+printed; for commands and tracked aliases the complete pathname of the
+command is printed.
+.It ulimit Xo
+.Op Fl H \*(Ba Fl S
+.Op Fl a \*(Ba Fl tfdscmlpn Op Ar value
+.Xc
+Inquire about or set the hard or soft limits on processes or set new
+limits.
+The choice between hard limit (which no process is allowed to
+violate, and which may not be raised once it has been lowered) and soft
+limit (which causes processes to be signaled but not necessarily killed,
+and which may be raised) is made with these flags:
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+.It Fl H
+set or inquire about hard limits
+.It Fl S
+set or inquire about soft limits.
+If neither
+.Fl H
+nor
+.Fl S
+is specified, the soft limit is displayed or both limits are set.
+If both are specified, the last one wins.
+.El
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width Fl
+The limit to be interrogated or set, then, is chosen by specifying
+any one of these flags:
+.It Fl a
+show all the current limits
+.It Fl t
+show or set the limit on CPU time (in seconds)
+.It Fl f
+show or set the limit on the largest file that can be created
+(in 512-byte blocks)
+.It Fl d
+show or set the limit on the data segment size of a process (in kilobytes)
+.It Fl s
+show or set the limit on the stack size of a process (in kilobytes)
+.It Fl c
+show or set the limit on the largest core dump size that can be produced
+(in 512-byte blocks)
+.It Fl m
+show or set the limit on the total physical memory that can be
+in use by a process (in kilobytes)
+.It Fl l
+show or set the limit on how much memory a process can lock with
+.Xr mlock 2
+(in kilobytes)
+.It Fl p
+show or set the limit on the number of processes this user can
+have at one time
+.It Fl n
+show or set the limit on the number files a process can have open at once
+.El
+.Pp
+If none of these is specified, it is the limit on file size that is shown
+or set.
+If value is specified, the limit is set to that number; otherwise
+the current limit is displayed.
+.Pp
+Limits of an arbitrary process can be displayed or set using the
+.Xr sysctl 8
+utility.
+.Pp
+.It umask Op Ar mask
+Set the value of umask (see
+.Xr umask 2 )
+to the specified octal value.
+If the argument is omitted, the umask value is printed.
+.It unalias Xo
+.Op Fl a
+.Op Ar name
+.Xc
+If
+.Ar name
+is specified, the shell removes that alias.
+If
+.Fl a
+is specified, all aliases are removed.
+.It unset Xo
+.Op Fl fv
+.Ar name ...
+.Xc
+The specified variables and functions are unset and unexported.
+If
+.Fl f
+or
+.Fl v
+is specified, the corresponding function or variable is unset, respectively.
+If a given name corresponds to both a variable and a function, and no
+options are given, only the variable is unset.
+.It wait Op Ar job
+Wait for the specified job to complete and return the exit status of the
+last process in the job.
+If the argument is omitted, wait for all jobs to
+complete and the return an exit status of zero.
+.El
+.Ss Command Line Editing
+When
+.Nm
+is being used interactively from a terminal, the current command
+and the command history (see
+.Ic fc
+in
+.Sx Builtins )
+can be edited using vi-mode command-line editing.
+This mode uses commands, described below,
+similar to a subset of those described in the vi man page.
+The command
+.Ql set -o vi
+enables vi-mode editing and place sh into vi insert mode.
+With vi-mode
+enabled, sh can be switched between insert mode and command mode.
+The editor is not described in full here, but will be in a later document.
+It's similar to vi: typing
+.Aq ESC
+will throw you into command VI command mode.
+Hitting
+.Aq return
+while in command mode will pass the line to the shell.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+Errors that are detected by the shell, such as a syntax error, will cause the
+shell to exit with a non-zero exit status.
+If the shell is not an
+interactive shell, the execution of the shell file will be aborted.
+Otherwise
+the shell will return the exit status of the last command executed, or
+if the exit builtin is used with a numeric argument, it will return the
+argument.
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+.Bl -tag -width MAILCHECK
+.It Ev HOME
+Set automatically by
+.Xr login 1
+from the user's login directory in the password file
+.Pq Xr passwd 4 .
+This environment variable also functions as the default argument for the
+cd builtin.
+.It Ev PATH
+The default search path for executables.
+See the above section
+.Sx Path Search .
+.It Ev CDPATH
+The search path used with the cd builtin.
+.It Ev MAIL
+The name of a mail file, that will be checked for the arrival of new mail.
+Overridden by
+.Ev MAILPATH .
+.It Ev MAILCHECK
+The frequency in seconds that the shell checks for the arrival of mail
+in the files specified by the
+.Ev MAILPATH
+or the
+.Ev MAIL
+file.
+If set to 0, the check will occur at each prompt.
+.It Ev MAILPATH
+A colon
+.Dq \&:
+separated list of file names, for the shell to check for incoming mail.
+This environment setting overrides the
+.Ev MAIL
+setting.
+There is a maximum of 10 mailboxes that can be monitored at once.
+.It Ev PS1
+The primary prompt string, which defaults to
+.Dq $ \  ,
+unless you are the superuser, in which case it defaults to
+.Dq # \  .
+.It Ev PS2
+The secondary prompt string, which defaults to
+.Dq \*[Gt] \  .
+.It Ev PS4
+Output before each line when execution trace (set -x) is enabled,
+defaults to
+.Dq + \  .
+.It Ev IFS
+Input Field Separators.
+This is normally set to
+.Aq space ,
+.Aq tab ,
+and
+.Aq newline .
+See the
+.Sx White Space Splitting
+section for more details.
+.It Ev TERM
+The default terminal setting for the shell.
+This is inherited by
+children of the shell, and is used in the history editing modes.
+.It Ev HISTSIZE
+The number of lines in the history buffer for the shell.
+.It Ev PWD
+The logical value of the current working directory.  This is set by the
+.Ic cd
+command.
+.It Ev OLDPWD
+The previous logical value of the current working directory.  This is set by
+the
+.Ic cd
+command.
+.It Ev PPID
+The process ID of the parent process of the shell.
+.El
+.Sh FILES
+.Bl -item -width HOMEprofilexxxx
+.It
+.Pa $HOME/.profile
+.It
+.Pa /etc/profile
+.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr csh 1 ,
+.Xr echo 1 ,
+.Xr getopt 1 ,
+.Xr ksh 1 ,
+.Xr login 1 ,
+.Xr printf 1 ,
+.Xr test 1 ,
+.Xr getopt 3 ,
+.Xr passwd 5 ,
+.\" .Xr profile 4 ,
+.Xr environ 7 ,
+.Xr sysctl 8
+.Sh HISTORY
+A
+.Nm
+command appeared in
+.At v1 .
+It was, however, unmaintainable so we wrote this one.
+.Sh BUGS
+Setuid shell scripts should be avoided at all costs, as they are a
+significant security risk.
+.Pp
+PS1, PS2, and PS4 should be subject to parameter expansion before
+being displayed.