Adding upstream version 6.6.15.upstream/6.6.15

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

3 files changed, 1623 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/.gitignore b/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52f613cdad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+/initramfs/
+/libc-test
+/nolibc-test
+/run.out
+/sysroot/
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/Makefile b/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/Makefile
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfe66776a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/Makefile
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+# Makefile for nolibc tests
+include ../../../scripts/Makefile.include
+# We need this for the "cc-option" macro.
+include ../../../build/Build.include
+
+# we're in ".../tools/testing/selftests/nolibc"
+ifeq ($(srctree),)
+srctree := $(patsubst %/tools/testing/selftests/,%,$(dir $(CURDIR)))
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(ARCH),)
+include $(srctree)/scripts/subarch.include
+ARCH = $(SUBARCH)
+endif
+
+# XARCH extends the kernel's ARCH with a few variants of the same
+# architecture that only differ by the configuration, the toolchain
+# and the Qemu program used. It is copied as-is into ARCH except for
+# a few specific values which are mapped like this:
+#
+#  XARCH        | ARCH      | config
+#  -------------|-----------|-------------------------
+#  ppc          | powerpc   | 32 bits
+#  ppc64        | powerpc   | 64 bits big endian
+#  ppc64le      | powerpc   | 64 bits little endian
+#
+# It is recommended to only use XARCH, though it does not harm if
+# ARCH is already set. For simplicity, ARCH is sufficient for all
+# architectures where both are equal.
+
+# configure default variants for target kernel supported architectures
+XARCH_powerpc    = ppc
+XARCH            = $(or $(XARCH_$(ARCH)),$(ARCH))
+
+# map from user input variants to their kernel supported architectures
+ARCH_ppc         = powerpc
+ARCH_ppc64       = powerpc
+ARCH_ppc64le     = powerpc
+ARCH            := $(or $(ARCH_$(XARCH)),$(XARCH))
+
+# kernel image names by architecture
+IMAGE_i386       = arch/x86/boot/bzImage
+IMAGE_x86_64     = arch/x86/boot/bzImage
+IMAGE_x86        = arch/x86/boot/bzImage
+IMAGE_arm64      = arch/arm64/boot/Image
+IMAGE_arm        = arch/arm/boot/zImage
+IMAGE_mips       = vmlinuz
+IMAGE_ppc        = vmlinux
+IMAGE_ppc64      = vmlinux
+IMAGE_ppc64le    = arch/powerpc/boot/zImage
+IMAGE_riscv      = arch/riscv/boot/Image
+IMAGE_s390       = arch/s390/boot/bzImage
+IMAGE_loongarch  = arch/loongarch/boot/vmlinuz.efi
+IMAGE            = $(IMAGE_$(XARCH))
+IMAGE_NAME       = $(notdir $(IMAGE))
+
+# default kernel configurations that appear to be usable
+DEFCONFIG_i386       = defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_x86_64     = defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_x86        = defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_arm64      = defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_arm        = multi_v7_defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_mips       = malta_defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_ppc        = pmac32_defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_ppc64      = powernv_be_defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_ppc64le    = powernv_defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_riscv      = defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_s390       = defconfig
+DEFCONFIG_loongarch  = defconfig
+DEFCONFIG            = $(DEFCONFIG_$(XARCH))
+
+# optional tests to run (default = all)
+TEST =
+
+# QEMU_ARCH: arch names used by qemu
+QEMU_ARCH_i386       = i386
+QEMU_ARCH_x86_64     = x86_64
+QEMU_ARCH_x86        = x86_64
+QEMU_ARCH_arm64      = aarch64
+QEMU_ARCH_arm        = arm
+QEMU_ARCH_mips       = mipsel  # works with malta_defconfig
+QEMU_ARCH_ppc        = ppc
+QEMU_ARCH_ppc64      = ppc64
+QEMU_ARCH_ppc64le    = ppc64le
+QEMU_ARCH_riscv      = riscv64
+QEMU_ARCH_s390       = s390x
+QEMU_ARCH_loongarch  = loongarch64
+QEMU_ARCH            = $(QEMU_ARCH_$(XARCH))
+
+# QEMU_ARGS : some arch-specific args to pass to qemu
+QEMU_ARGS_i386       = -M pc -append "console=ttyS0,9600 i8042.noaux panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_x86_64     = -M pc -append "console=ttyS0,9600 i8042.noaux panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_x86        = -M pc -append "console=ttyS0,9600 i8042.noaux panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_arm64      = -M virt -cpu cortex-a53 -append "panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_arm        = -M virt -append "panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_mips       = -M malta -append "panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_ppc        = -M g3beige -append "console=ttyS0 panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_ppc64      = -M powernv -append "console=hvc0 panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_ppc64le    = -M powernv -append "console=hvc0 panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_riscv      = -M virt -append "console=ttyS0 panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_s390       = -M s390-ccw-virtio -m 1G -append "console=ttyS0 panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS_loongarch  = -M virt -append "console=ttyS0,115200 panic=-1 $(TEST:%=NOLIBC_TEST=%)"
+QEMU_ARGS            = $(QEMU_ARGS_$(XARCH)) $(QEMU_ARGS_EXTRA)
+
+# OUTPUT is only set when run from the main makefile, otherwise
+# it defaults to this nolibc directory.
+OUTPUT ?= $(CURDIR)/
+
+ifeq ($(V),1)
+Q=
+else
+Q=@
+endif
+
+CFLAGS_ppc = -m32 -mbig-endian -mno-vsx $(call cc-option,-mmultiple)
+CFLAGS_ppc64 = -m64 -mbig-endian -mno-vsx $(call cc-option,-mmultiple)
+CFLAGS_ppc64le = -m64 -mlittle-endian -mno-vsx $(call cc-option,-mabi=elfv2)
+CFLAGS_s390 = -m64
+CFLAGS_mips = -EL
+CFLAGS_STACKPROTECTOR ?= $(call cc-option,-mstack-protector-guard=global $(call cc-option,-fstack-protector-all))
+CFLAGS  ?= -Os -fno-ident -fno-asynchronous-unwind-tables -std=c89 -W -Wall -Wextra \
+		$(call cc-option,-fno-stack-protector) \
+		$(CFLAGS_$(XARCH)) $(CFLAGS_STACKPROTECTOR)
+LDFLAGS :=
+
+REPORT  ?= awk '/\[OK\][\r]*$$/{p++} /\[FAIL\][\r]*$$/{if (!f) printf("\n"); f++; print;} /\[SKIPPED\][\r]*$$/{s++} \
+		END{ printf("\n%3d test(s): %3d passed, %3d skipped, %3d failed => status: ", p+s+f, p, s, f); \
+		if (f) printf("failure\n"); else if (s) printf("warning\n"); else printf("success\n");; \
+		printf("\nSee all results in %s\n", ARGV[1]); }'
+
+help:
+	@echo "Supported targets under selftests/nolibc:"
+	@echo "  all          call the \"run\" target below"
+	@echo "  help         this help"
+	@echo "  sysroot      create the nolibc sysroot here (uses \$$ARCH)"
+	@echo "  nolibc-test  build the executable (uses \$$CC and \$$CROSS_COMPILE)"
+	@echo "  libc-test    build an executable using the compiler's default libc instead"
+	@echo "  run-user     runs the executable under QEMU (uses \$$XARCH, \$$TEST)"
+	@echo "  initramfs    prepare the initramfs with nolibc-test"
+	@echo "  defconfig    create a fresh new default config (uses \$$XARCH)"
+	@echo "  kernel       (re)build the kernel with the initramfs (uses \$$XARCH)"
+	@echo "  run          runs the kernel in QEMU after building it (uses \$$XARCH, \$$TEST)"
+	@echo "  rerun        runs a previously prebuilt kernel in QEMU (uses \$$XARCH, \$$TEST)"
+	@echo "  clean        clean the sysroot, initramfs, build and output files"
+	@echo ""
+	@echo "The output file is \"run.out\". Test ranges may be passed using \$$TEST."
+	@echo ""
+	@echo "Currently using the following variables:"
+	@echo "  ARCH          = $(ARCH)"
+	@echo "  XARCH         = $(XARCH)"
+	@echo "  CROSS_COMPILE = $(CROSS_COMPILE)"
+	@echo "  CC            = $(CC)"
+	@echo "  OUTPUT        = $(OUTPUT)"
+	@echo "  TEST          = $(TEST)"
+	@echo "  QEMU_ARCH     = $(if $(QEMU_ARCH),$(QEMU_ARCH),UNKNOWN_ARCH) [determined from \$$XARCH]"
+	@echo "  IMAGE_NAME    = $(if $(IMAGE_NAME),$(IMAGE_NAME),UNKNOWN_ARCH) [determined from \$$XARCH]"
+	@echo ""
+
+all: run
+
+sysroot: sysroot/$(ARCH)/include
+
+sysroot/$(ARCH)/include:
+	$(Q)rm -rf sysroot/$(ARCH) sysroot/sysroot
+	$(QUIET_MKDIR)mkdir -p sysroot
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) -C ../../../include/nolibc ARCH=$(ARCH) OUTPUT=$(CURDIR)/sysroot/ headers_standalone
+	$(Q)mv sysroot/sysroot sysroot/$(ARCH)
+
+ifneq ($(NOLIBC_SYSROOT),0)
+nolibc-test: nolibc-test.c sysroot/$(ARCH)/include
+	$(QUIET_CC)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ \
+	  -nostdlib -static -Isysroot/$(ARCH)/include $< -lgcc
+else
+nolibc-test: nolibc-test.c
+	$(QUIET_CC)$(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ \
+	  -nostdlib -static -include ../../../include/nolibc/nolibc.h $< -lgcc
+endif
+
+libc-test: nolibc-test.c
+	$(QUIET_CC)$(HOSTCC) -o $@ $<
+
+# local libc-test
+run-libc-test: libc-test
+	$(Q)./libc-test > "$(CURDIR)/run.out" || :
+	$(Q)$(REPORT) $(CURDIR)/run.out
+
+# local nolibc-test
+run-nolibc-test: nolibc-test
+	$(Q)./nolibc-test > "$(CURDIR)/run.out" || :
+	$(Q)$(REPORT) $(CURDIR)/run.out
+
+# qemu user-land test
+run-user: nolibc-test
+	$(Q)qemu-$(QEMU_ARCH) ./nolibc-test > "$(CURDIR)/run.out" || :
+	$(Q)$(REPORT) $(CURDIR)/run.out
+
+initramfs: nolibc-test
+	$(QUIET_MKDIR)mkdir -p initramfs
+	$(call QUIET_INSTALL, initramfs/init)
+	$(Q)cp nolibc-test initramfs/init
+
+defconfig:
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(srctree) ARCH=$(ARCH) CC=$(CC) CROSS_COMPILE=$(CROSS_COMPILE) mrproper $(DEFCONFIG) prepare
+
+kernel: initramfs
+	$(Q)$(MAKE) -C $(srctree) ARCH=$(ARCH) CC=$(CC) CROSS_COMPILE=$(CROSS_COMPILE) $(IMAGE_NAME) CONFIG_INITRAMFS_SOURCE=$(CURDIR)/initramfs
+
+# run the tests after building the kernel
+run: kernel
+	$(Q)qemu-system-$(QEMU_ARCH) -display none -no-reboot -kernel "$(srctree)/$(IMAGE)" -serial stdio $(QEMU_ARGS) > "$(CURDIR)/run.out"
+	$(Q)$(REPORT) $(CURDIR)/run.out
+
+# re-run the tests from an existing kernel
+rerun:
+	$(Q)qemu-system-$(QEMU_ARCH) -display none -no-reboot -kernel "$(srctree)/$(IMAGE)" -serial stdio $(QEMU_ARGS) > "$(CURDIR)/run.out"
+	$(Q)$(REPORT) $(CURDIR)/run.out
+
+# report with existing test log
+report:
+	$(Q)$(REPORT) $(CURDIR)/run.out
+
+clean:
+	$(call QUIET_CLEAN, sysroot)
+	$(Q)rm -rf sysroot
+	$(call QUIET_CLEAN, nolibc-test)
+	$(Q)rm -f nolibc-test
+	$(call QUIET_CLEAN, libc-test)
+	$(Q)rm -f libc-test
+	$(call QUIET_CLEAN, initramfs)
+	$(Q)rm -rf initramfs
+	$(call QUIET_CLEAN, run.out)
+	$(Q)rm -rf run.out
+
+.PHONY: sysroot/$(ARCH)/include
diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/nolibc-test.c b/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/nolibc-test.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb3bf91462
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/testing/selftests/nolibc/nolibc-test.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1383 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
+
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#define _LARGEFILE64_SOURCE
+
+/* libc-specific include files
+ * The program may be built in 3 ways:
+ *   $(CC) -nostdlib -include /path/to/nolibc.h => NOLIBC already defined
+ *   $(CC) -nostdlib -I/path/to/nolibc/sysroot  => _NOLIBC_* guards are present
+ *   $(CC) with default libc                    => NOLIBC* never defined
+ */
+#ifndef NOLIBC
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#ifndef _NOLIBC_STDIO_H
+/* standard libcs need more includes */
+#include <sys/auxv.h>
+#include <sys/io.h>
+#include <sys/ioctl.h>
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#include <sys/mount.h>
+#include <sys/prctl.h>
+#include <sys/reboot.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/syscall.h>
+#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
+#include <sys/time.h>
+#include <sys/wait.h>
+#include <dirent.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <poll.h>
+#include <sched.h>
+#include <signal.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <limits.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* for the type of int_fast16_t and int_fast32_t, musl differs from glibc and nolibc */
+#define SINT_MAX_OF_TYPE(type) (((type)1 << (sizeof(type) * 8 - 2)) - (type)1 + ((type)1 << (sizeof(type) * 8 - 2)))
+#define SINT_MIN_OF_TYPE(type) (-SINT_MAX_OF_TYPE(type) - 1)
+
+/* will be used to test initialization of environ */
+static char **test_envp;
+
+/* will be used to test initialization of argv */
+static char **test_argv;
+
+/* will be used to test initialization of argc */
+static int test_argc;
+
+/* will be used by some test cases as readable file, please don't write it */
+static const char *argv0;
+
+/* definition of a series of tests */
+struct test {
+	const char *name;              /* test name */
+	int (*func)(int min, int max); /* handler */
+};
+
+#ifndef _NOLIBC_STDLIB_H
+char *itoa(int i)
+{
+	static char buf[12];
+	int ret;
+
+	ret = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", i);
+	return (ret >= 0 && ret < sizeof(buf)) ? buf : "#err";
+}
+#endif
+
+#define CASE_ERR(err) \
+	case err: return #err
+
+/* returns the error name (e.g. "ENOENT") for common errors, "SUCCESS" for 0,
+ * or the decimal value for less common ones.
+ */
+static const char *errorname(int err)
+{
+	switch (err) {
+	case 0: return "SUCCESS";
+	CASE_ERR(EPERM);
+	CASE_ERR(ENOENT);
+	CASE_ERR(ESRCH);
+	CASE_ERR(EINTR);
+	CASE_ERR(EIO);
+	CASE_ERR(ENXIO);
+	CASE_ERR(E2BIG);
+	CASE_ERR(ENOEXEC);
+	CASE_ERR(EBADF);
+	CASE_ERR(ECHILD);
+	CASE_ERR(EAGAIN);
+	CASE_ERR(ENOMEM);
+	CASE_ERR(EACCES);
+	CASE_ERR(EFAULT);
+	CASE_ERR(ENOTBLK);
+	CASE_ERR(EBUSY);
+	CASE_ERR(EEXIST);
+	CASE_ERR(EXDEV);
+	CASE_ERR(ENODEV);
+	CASE_ERR(ENOTDIR);
+	CASE_ERR(EISDIR);
+	CASE_ERR(EINVAL);
+	CASE_ERR(ENFILE);
+	CASE_ERR(EMFILE);
+	CASE_ERR(ENOTTY);
+	CASE_ERR(ETXTBSY);
+	CASE_ERR(EFBIG);
+	CASE_ERR(ENOSPC);
+	CASE_ERR(ESPIPE);
+	CASE_ERR(EROFS);
+	CASE_ERR(EMLINK);
+	CASE_ERR(EPIPE);
+	CASE_ERR(EDOM);
+	CASE_ERR(ERANGE);
+	CASE_ERR(ENOSYS);
+	CASE_ERR(EOVERFLOW);
+	default:
+		return itoa(err);
+	}
+}
+
+static void putcharn(char c, size_t n)
+{
+	char buf[64];
+
+	memset(buf, c, n);
+	buf[n] = '\0';
+	fputs(buf, stdout);
+}
+
+enum RESULT {
+	OK,
+	FAIL,
+	SKIPPED,
+};
+
+static void result(int llen, enum RESULT r)
+{
+	const char *msg;
+
+	if (r == OK)
+		msg = " [OK]";
+	else if (r == SKIPPED)
+		msg = "[SKIPPED]";
+	else
+		msg = "[FAIL]";
+
+	if (llen < 64)
+		putcharn(' ', 64 - llen);
+	puts(msg);
+}
+
+/* The tests below are intended to be used by the macroes, which evaluate
+ * expression <expr>, print the status to stdout, and update the "ret"
+ * variable to count failures. The functions themselves return the number
+ * of failures, thus either 0 or 1.
+ */
+
+#define EXPECT_ZR(cond, expr)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_zr(expr, llen); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_zr(int expr, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr == 0);
+
+	llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_NZ(cond, expr, val)			\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_nz(expr, llen; } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_nz(int expr, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr != 0);
+
+	llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_EQ(cond, expr, val)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_eq(expr, llen, val); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_eq(uint64_t expr, int llen, uint64_t val)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr == val);
+
+	llen += printf(" = %lld ", (long long)expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_NE(cond, expr, val)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ne(expr, llen, val); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ne(int expr, int llen, int val)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr != val);
+
+	llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_GE(cond, expr, val)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ge(expr, llen, val); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ge(int expr, int llen, int val)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr >= val);
+
+	llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_GT(cond, expr, val)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_gt(expr, llen, val); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_gt(int expr, int llen, int val)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr > val);
+
+	llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_LE(cond, expr, val)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_le(expr, llen, val); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_le(int expr, int llen, int val)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr <= val);
+
+	llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_LT(cond, expr, val)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_lt(expr, llen, val); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_lt(int expr, int llen, int val)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr < val);
+
+	llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_SYSZR(cond, expr)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_syszr(expr, llen); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_syszr(int expr, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (expr) {
+		ret = 1;
+		llen += printf(" = %d %s ", expr, errorname(errno));
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_SYSEQ(cond, expr, val)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_syseq(expr, llen, val); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_syseq(int expr, int llen, int val)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (expr != val) {
+		ret = 1;
+		llen += printf(" = %d %s ", expr, errorname(errno));
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_SYSNE(cond, expr, val)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_sysne(expr, llen, val); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_sysne(int expr, int llen, int val)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	if (expr == val) {
+		ret = 1;
+		llen += printf(" = %d %s ", expr, errorname(errno));
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		llen += printf(" = %d ", expr);
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_SYSER2(cond, expr, expret, experr1, experr2)		\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_syserr2(expr, expret, experr1, experr2, llen); } while (0)
+
+#define EXPECT_SYSER(cond, expr, expret, experr)			\
+	EXPECT_SYSER2(cond, expr, expret, experr, 0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_syserr2(int expr, int expret, int experr1, int experr2, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	int _errno = errno;
+
+	llen += printf(" = %d %s ", expr, errorname(_errno));
+	if (expr != expret || (_errno != experr1 && _errno != experr2)) {
+		ret = 1;
+		if (experr2 == 0)
+			llen += printf(" != (%d %s) ", expret, errorname(experr1));
+		else
+			llen += printf(" != (%d %s %s) ", expret, errorname(experr1), errorname(experr2));
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRZR(cond, expr)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptrzr(expr, llen); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptrzr(const void *expr, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> ", expr);
+	if (expr) {
+		ret = 1;
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRNZ(cond, expr)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptrnz(expr, llen); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptrnz(const void *expr, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> ", expr);
+	if (!expr) {
+		ret = 1;
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#define EXPECT_PTREQ(cond, expr, cmp)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptreq(expr, llen, cmp); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptreq(const void *expr, int llen, const void *cmp)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> ", expr);
+	if (expr != cmp) {
+		ret = 1;
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRNE(cond, expr, cmp)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptrne(expr, llen, cmp); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptrne(const void *expr, int llen, const void *cmp)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> ", expr);
+	if (expr == cmp) {
+		ret = 1;
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRGE(cond, expr, cmp)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptrge(expr, llen, cmp); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptrge(const void *expr, int llen, const void *cmp)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr >= cmp);
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRGT(cond, expr, cmp)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptrgt(expr, llen, cmp); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptrgt(const void *expr, int llen, const void *cmp)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr > cmp);
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRLE(cond, expr, cmp)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptrle(expr, llen, cmp); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptrle(const void *expr, int llen, const void *cmp)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr <= cmp);
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRLT(cond, expr, cmp)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptrlt(expr, llen, cmp); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptrlt(const void *expr, int llen, const void *cmp)
+{
+	int ret = !(expr < cmp);
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> ", expr);
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRER2(cond, expr, expret, experr1, experr2)		\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_ptrerr2(expr, expret, experr1, experr2, llen); } while (0)
+
+#define EXPECT_PTRER(cond, expr, expret, experr)			\
+	EXPECT_PTRER2(cond, expr, expret, experr, 0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_ptrerr2(const void *expr, const void *expret, int experr1, int experr2, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+	int _errno = errno;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%p> %s ", expr, errorname(_errno));
+	if (expr != expret || (_errno != experr1 && _errno != experr2)) {
+		ret = 1;
+		if (experr2 == 0)
+			llen += printf(" != (<%p> %s) ", expret, errorname(experr1));
+		else
+			llen += printf(" != (<%p> %s %s) ", expret, errorname(experr1), errorname(experr2));
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#define EXPECT_STRZR(cond, expr)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_strzr(expr, llen); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_strzr(const char *expr, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%s> ", expr);
+	if (expr) {
+		ret = 1;
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_STRNZ(cond, expr)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_strnz(expr, llen); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_strnz(const char *expr, int llen)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%s> ", expr);
+	if (!expr) {
+		ret = 1;
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_STREQ(cond, expr, cmp)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_streq(expr, llen, cmp); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_streq(const char *expr, int llen, const char *cmp)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%s> ", expr);
+	if (strcmp(expr, cmp) != 0) {
+		ret = 1;
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+#define EXPECT_STRNE(cond, expr, cmp)				\
+	do { if (!(cond)) result(llen, SKIPPED); else ret += expect_strne(expr, llen, cmp); } while (0)
+
+static __attribute__((unused))
+int expect_strne(const char *expr, int llen, const char *cmp)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	llen += printf(" = <%s> ", expr);
+	if (strcmp(expr, cmp) == 0) {
+		ret = 1;
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+	} else {
+		result(llen, OK);
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+/* declare tests based on line numbers. There must be exactly one test per line. */
+#define CASE_TEST(name) \
+	case __LINE__: llen += printf("%d %s", test, #name);
+
+int run_startup(int min, int max)
+{
+	int test;
+	int ret = 0;
+	/* kernel at least passes HOME and TERM, shell passes more */
+	int env_total = 2;
+	/* checking NULL for argv/argv0, environ and _auxv is not enough, let's compare with sbrk(0) or &end */
+	extern char end;
+	char *brk = sbrk(0) != (void *)-1 ? sbrk(0) : &end;
+	/* differ from nolibc, both glibc and musl have no global _auxv */
+	const unsigned long *test_auxv = (void *)-1;
+#ifdef NOLIBC
+	test_auxv = _auxv;
+#endif
+
+	for (test = min; test >= 0 && test <= max; test++) {
+		int llen = 0; /* line length */
+
+		/* avoid leaving empty lines below, this will insert holes into
+		 * test numbers.
+		 */
+		switch (test + __LINE__ + 1) {
+		CASE_TEST(argc);             EXPECT_GE(1, test_argc, 1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(argv_addr);        EXPECT_PTRGT(1, test_argv, brk); break;
+		CASE_TEST(argv_environ);     EXPECT_PTRLT(1, test_argv, environ); break;
+		CASE_TEST(argv_total);       EXPECT_EQ(1, environ - test_argv - 1, test_argc ?: 1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(argv0_addr);       EXPECT_PTRGT(1, argv0, brk); break;
+		CASE_TEST(argv0_str);        EXPECT_STRNZ(1, argv0 > brk ? argv0 : NULL); break;
+		CASE_TEST(argv0_len);        EXPECT_GE(1,  argv0 > brk ? strlen(argv0) : 0, 1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(environ_addr);     EXPECT_PTRGT(1, environ, brk); break;
+		CASE_TEST(environ_envp);     EXPECT_PTREQ(1, environ, test_envp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(environ_auxv);     EXPECT_PTRLT(test_auxv != (void *)-1, environ, test_auxv); break;
+		CASE_TEST(environ_total);    EXPECT_GE(test_auxv != (void *)-1, (void *)test_auxv - (void *)environ - 1, env_total); break;
+		CASE_TEST(environ_HOME);     EXPECT_PTRNZ(1, getenv("HOME")); break;
+		CASE_TEST(auxv_addr);        EXPECT_PTRGT(test_auxv != (void *)-1, test_auxv, brk); break;
+		CASE_TEST(auxv_AT_UID);      EXPECT_EQ(1, getauxval(AT_UID), getuid()); break;
+		CASE_TEST(auxv_AT_PAGESZ);   EXPECT_GE(1, getauxval(AT_PAGESZ), 4096); break;
+		case __LINE__:
+			return ret; /* must be last */
+		/* note: do not set any defaults so as to permit holes above */
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+/* used by some syscall tests below */
+int test_getdents64(const char *dir)
+{
+	char buffer[4096];
+	int fd, ret;
+	int err;
+
+	ret = fd = open(dir, O_RDONLY | O_DIRECTORY, 0);
+	if (ret < 0)
+		return ret;
+
+	ret = getdents64(fd, (void *)buffer, sizeof(buffer));
+	err = errno;
+	close(fd);
+
+	errno = err;
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int test_getpagesize(void)
+{
+	int x = getpagesize();
+	int c;
+
+	if (x < 0)
+		return x;
+
+#if defined(__x86_64__) || defined(__i386__) || defined(__i486__) || defined(__i586__) || defined(__i686__)
+	/*
+	 * x86 family is always 4K page.
+	 */
+	c = (x == 4096);
+#elif defined(__aarch64__)
+	/*
+	 * Linux aarch64 supports three values of page size: 4K, 16K, and 64K
+	 * which are selected at kernel compilation time.
+	 */
+	c = (x == 4096 || x == (16 * 1024) || x == (64 * 1024));
+#else
+	/*
+	 * Assuming other architectures must have at least 4K page.
+	 */
+	c = (x >= 4096);
+#endif
+
+	return !c;
+}
+
+int test_fork(void)
+{
+	int status;
+	pid_t pid;
+
+	/* flush the printf buffer to avoid child flush it */
+	fflush(stdout);
+	fflush(stderr);
+
+	pid = fork();
+
+	switch (pid) {
+	case -1:
+		return 1;
+
+	case 0:
+		exit(123);
+
+	default:
+		pid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+
+		return pid == -1 || !WIFEXITED(status) || WEXITSTATUS(status) != 123;
+	}
+}
+
+int test_stat_timestamps(void)
+{
+	struct stat st;
+
+	if (sizeof(st.st_atim.tv_sec) != sizeof(st.st_atime))
+		return 1;
+
+	if (stat("/proc/self/", &st) && stat(argv0, &st) && stat("/", &st))
+		return 1;
+
+	if (st.st_atim.tv_sec != st.st_atime || st.st_atim.tv_nsec > 1000000000)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (st.st_mtim.tv_sec != st.st_mtime || st.st_mtim.tv_nsec > 1000000000)
+		return 1;
+
+	if (st.st_ctim.tv_sec != st.st_ctime || st.st_ctim.tv_nsec > 1000000000)
+		return 1;
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+int test_mmap_munmap(void)
+{
+	int ret, fd, i, page_size;
+	void *mem;
+	size_t file_size, length;
+	off_t offset, pa_offset;
+	struct stat stat_buf;
+	const char * const files[] = {
+		"/dev/zero",
+		"/proc/1/exe", "/proc/self/exe",
+		argv0,
+		NULL
+	};
+
+	page_size = getpagesize();
+	if (page_size < 0)
+		return 1;
+
+	/* find a right file to mmap, existed and accessible */
+	for (i = 0; files[i] != NULL; i++) {
+		ret = fd = open(files[i], O_RDONLY);
+		if (ret == -1)
+			continue;
+		else
+			break;
+	}
+	if (ret == -1)
+		return 1;
+
+	ret = stat(files[i], &stat_buf);
+	if (ret == -1)
+		goto end;
+
+	/* file size of the special /dev/zero is 0, let's assign one manually */
+	if (i == 0)
+		file_size = 3*page_size;
+	else
+		file_size = stat_buf.st_size;
+
+	offset = file_size - 1;
+	if (offset < 0)
+		offset = 0;
+	length = file_size - offset;
+	pa_offset = offset & ~(page_size - 1);
+
+	mem = mmap(NULL, length + offset - pa_offset, PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, fd, pa_offset);
+	if (mem == MAP_FAILED) {
+		ret = 1;
+		goto end;
+	}
+
+	ret = munmap(mem, length + offset - pa_offset);
+
+end:
+	close(fd);
+	return !!ret;
+}
+
+int test_pipe(void)
+{
+	const char *const msg = "hello, nolibc";
+	int pipefd[2];
+	char buf[32];
+	size_t len;
+
+	if (pipe(pipefd) == -1)
+		return 1;
+
+	write(pipefd[1], msg, strlen(msg));
+	close(pipefd[1]);
+	len = read(pipefd[0], buf, sizeof(buf));
+	close(pipefd[0]);
+
+	if (len != strlen(msg))
+		return 1;
+
+	return !!memcmp(buf, msg, len);
+}
+
+
+/* Run syscall tests between IDs <min> and <max>.
+ * Return 0 on success, non-zero on failure.
+ */
+int run_syscall(int min, int max)
+{
+	struct timeval tv;
+	struct timezone tz;
+	struct stat stat_buf;
+	int euid0;
+	int proc;
+	int test;
+	int tmp;
+	int ret = 0;
+	void *p1, *p2;
+	int has_gettid = 1;
+
+	/* <proc> indicates whether or not /proc is mounted */
+	proc = stat("/proc", &stat_buf) == 0;
+
+	/* this will be used to skip certain tests that can't be run unprivileged */
+	euid0 = geteuid() == 0;
+
+	/* from 2.30, glibc provides gettid() */
+#if defined(__GLIBC_MINOR__) && defined(__GLIBC__)
+	has_gettid = __GLIBC__ > 2 || (__GLIBC__ == 2 && __GLIBC_MINOR__ >= 30);
+#endif
+
+	for (test = min; test >= 0 && test <= max; test++) {
+		int llen = 0; /* line length */
+
+		/* avoid leaving empty lines below, this will insert holes into
+		 * test numbers.
+		 */
+		switch (test + __LINE__ + 1) {
+		CASE_TEST(getpid);            EXPECT_SYSNE(1, getpid(), -1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(getppid);           EXPECT_SYSNE(1, getppid(), -1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(gettid);            EXPECT_SYSNE(has_gettid, gettid(), -1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(getpgid_self);      EXPECT_SYSNE(1, getpgid(0), -1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(getpgid_bad);       EXPECT_SYSER(1, getpgid(-1), -1, ESRCH); break;
+		CASE_TEST(kill_0);            EXPECT_SYSZR(1, kill(getpid(), 0)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(kill_CONT);         EXPECT_SYSZR(1, kill(getpid(), 0)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(kill_BADPID);       EXPECT_SYSER(1, kill(INT_MAX, 0), -1, ESRCH); break;
+		CASE_TEST(sbrk_0);            EXPECT_PTRNE(1, sbrk(0), (void *)-1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(sbrk);              if ((p1 = p2 = sbrk(4096)) != (void *)-1) p2 = sbrk(-4096); EXPECT_SYSZR(1, (p2 == (void *)-1) || p2 == p1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(brk);               EXPECT_SYSZR(1, brk(sbrk(0))); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chdir_root);        EXPECT_SYSZR(1, chdir("/")); chdir(getenv("PWD")); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chdir_dot);         EXPECT_SYSZR(1, chdir(".")); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chdir_blah);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, chdir("/blah"), -1, ENOENT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chmod_argv0);       EXPECT_SYSZR(1, chmod(argv0, 0555)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chmod_self);        EXPECT_SYSER(proc, chmod("/proc/self", 0555), -1, EPERM); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chown_self);        EXPECT_SYSER(proc, chown("/proc/self", 0, 0), -1, EPERM); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chroot_root);       EXPECT_SYSZR(euid0, chroot("/")); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chroot_blah);       EXPECT_SYSER(1, chroot("/proc/self/blah"), -1, ENOENT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(chroot_exe);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, chroot(argv0), -1, ENOTDIR); break;
+		CASE_TEST(close_m1);          EXPECT_SYSER(1, close(-1), -1, EBADF); break;
+		CASE_TEST(close_dup);         EXPECT_SYSZR(1, close(dup(0))); break;
+		CASE_TEST(dup_0);             tmp = dup(0);  EXPECT_SYSNE(1, tmp, -1); close(tmp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(dup_m1);            tmp = dup(-1); EXPECT_SYSER(1, tmp, -1, EBADF); if (tmp != -1) close(tmp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(dup2_0);            tmp = dup2(0, 100);  EXPECT_SYSNE(1, tmp, -1); close(tmp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(dup2_m1);           tmp = dup2(-1, 100); EXPECT_SYSER(1, tmp, -1, EBADF); if (tmp != -1) close(tmp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(dup3_0);            tmp = dup3(0, 100, 0);  EXPECT_SYSNE(1, tmp, -1); close(tmp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(dup3_m1);           tmp = dup3(-1, 100, 0); EXPECT_SYSER(1, tmp, -1, EBADF); if (tmp != -1) close(tmp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(execve_root);       EXPECT_SYSER(1, execve("/", (char*[]){ [0] = "/", [1] = NULL }, NULL), -1, EACCES); break;
+		CASE_TEST(fork);              EXPECT_SYSZR(1, test_fork()); break;
+		CASE_TEST(getdents64_root);   EXPECT_SYSNE(1, test_getdents64("/"), -1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(getdents64_null);   EXPECT_SYSER(1, test_getdents64("/dev/null"), -1, ENOTDIR); break;
+		CASE_TEST(gettimeofday_tv);   EXPECT_SYSZR(1, gettimeofday(&tv, NULL)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(gettimeofday_tv_tz);EXPECT_SYSZR(1, gettimeofday(&tv, &tz)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(getpagesize);       EXPECT_SYSZR(1, test_getpagesize()); break;
+		CASE_TEST(ioctl_tiocinq);     EXPECT_SYSZR(1, ioctl(0, TIOCINQ, &tmp)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(ioctl_tiocinq);     EXPECT_SYSZR(1, ioctl(0, TIOCINQ, &tmp)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(link_root1);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, link("/", "/"), -1, EEXIST); break;
+		CASE_TEST(link_blah);         EXPECT_SYSER(1, link("/proc/self/blah", "/blah"), -1, ENOENT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(link_dir);          EXPECT_SYSER(euid0, link("/", "/blah"), -1, EPERM); break;
+		CASE_TEST(link_cross);        EXPECT_SYSER(proc, link("/proc/self/cmdline", "/blah"), -1, EXDEV); break;
+		CASE_TEST(lseek_m1);          EXPECT_SYSER(1, lseek(-1, 0, SEEK_SET), -1, EBADF); break;
+		CASE_TEST(lseek_0);           EXPECT_SYSER(1, lseek(0, 0, SEEK_SET), -1, ESPIPE); break;
+		CASE_TEST(mkdir_root);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, mkdir("/", 0755), -1, EEXIST); break;
+		CASE_TEST(mmap_bad);          EXPECT_PTRER(1, mmap(NULL, 0, PROT_READ, MAP_PRIVATE, 0, 0), MAP_FAILED, EINVAL); break;
+		CASE_TEST(munmap_bad);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, munmap((void *)1, 0), -1, EINVAL); break;
+		CASE_TEST(mmap_munmap_good);  EXPECT_SYSZR(1, test_mmap_munmap()); break;
+		CASE_TEST(open_tty);          EXPECT_SYSNE(1, tmp = open("/dev/null", 0), -1); if (tmp != -1) close(tmp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(open_blah);         EXPECT_SYSER(1, tmp = open("/proc/self/blah", 0), -1, ENOENT); if (tmp != -1) close(tmp); break;
+		CASE_TEST(pipe);              EXPECT_SYSZR(1, test_pipe()); break;
+		CASE_TEST(poll_null);         EXPECT_SYSZR(1, poll(NULL, 0, 0)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(poll_stdout);       EXPECT_SYSNE(1, ({ struct pollfd fds = { 1, POLLOUT, 0}; poll(&fds, 1, 0); }), -1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(poll_fault);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, poll((void *)1, 1, 0), -1, EFAULT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(prctl);             EXPECT_SYSER(1, prctl(PR_SET_NAME, (unsigned long)NULL, 0, 0, 0), -1, EFAULT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(read_badf);         EXPECT_SYSER(1, read(-1, &tmp, 1), -1, EBADF); break;
+		CASE_TEST(rmdir_blah);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, rmdir("/blah"), -1, ENOENT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(sched_yield);       EXPECT_SYSZR(1, sched_yield()); break;
+		CASE_TEST(select_null);       EXPECT_SYSZR(1, ({ struct timeval tv = { 0 }; select(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, &tv); })); break;
+		CASE_TEST(select_stdout);     EXPECT_SYSNE(1, ({ fd_set fds; FD_ZERO(&fds); FD_SET(1, &fds); select(2, NULL, &fds, NULL, NULL); }), -1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(select_fault);      EXPECT_SYSER(1, select(1, (void *)1, NULL, NULL, 0), -1, EFAULT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(stat_blah);         EXPECT_SYSER(1, stat("/proc/self/blah", &stat_buf), -1, ENOENT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(stat_fault);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, stat((void *)1, &stat_buf), -1, EFAULT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(stat_timestamps);   EXPECT_SYSZR(1, test_stat_timestamps()); break;
+		CASE_TEST(symlink_root);      EXPECT_SYSER(1, symlink("/", "/"), -1, EEXIST); break;
+		CASE_TEST(unlink_root);       EXPECT_SYSER(1, unlink("/"), -1, EISDIR); break;
+		CASE_TEST(unlink_blah);       EXPECT_SYSER(1, unlink("/proc/self/blah"), -1, ENOENT); break;
+		CASE_TEST(wait_child);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, wait(&tmp), -1, ECHILD); break;
+		CASE_TEST(waitpid_min);       EXPECT_SYSER(1, waitpid(INT_MIN, &tmp, WNOHANG), -1, ESRCH); break;
+		CASE_TEST(waitpid_child);     EXPECT_SYSER(1, waitpid(getpid(), &tmp, WNOHANG), -1, ECHILD); break;
+		CASE_TEST(write_badf);        EXPECT_SYSER(1, write(-1, &tmp, 1), -1, EBADF); break;
+		CASE_TEST(write_zero);        EXPECT_SYSZR(1, write(1, &tmp, 0)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(syscall_noargs);    EXPECT_SYSEQ(1, syscall(__NR_getpid), getpid()); break;
+		CASE_TEST(syscall_args);      EXPECT_SYSER(1, syscall(__NR_statx, 0, NULL, 0, 0, NULL), -1, EFAULT); break;
+		case __LINE__:
+			return ret; /* must be last */
+		/* note: do not set any defaults so as to permit holes above */
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+int run_stdlib(int min, int max)
+{
+	int test;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	for (test = min; test >= 0 && test <= max; test++) {
+		int llen = 0; /* line length */
+
+		/* avoid leaving empty lines below, this will insert holes into
+		 * test numbers.
+		 */
+		switch (test + __LINE__ + 1) {
+		CASE_TEST(getenv_TERM);        EXPECT_STRNZ(1, getenv("TERM")); break;
+		CASE_TEST(getenv_blah);        EXPECT_STRZR(1, getenv("blah")); break;
+		CASE_TEST(setcmp_blah_blah);   EXPECT_EQ(1, strcmp("blah", "blah"), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(setcmp_blah_blah2);  EXPECT_NE(1, strcmp("blah", "blah2"), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(setncmp_blah_blah);  EXPECT_EQ(1, strncmp("blah", "blah", 10), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(setncmp_blah_blah4); EXPECT_EQ(1, strncmp("blah", "blah4", 4), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(setncmp_blah_blah5); EXPECT_NE(1, strncmp("blah", "blah5", 5), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(setncmp_blah_blah6); EXPECT_NE(1, strncmp("blah", "blah6", 6), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(strchr_foobar_o);    EXPECT_STREQ(1, strchr("foobar", 'o'), "oobar"); break;
+		CASE_TEST(strchr_foobar_z);    EXPECT_STRZR(1, strchr("foobar", 'z')); break;
+		CASE_TEST(strrchr_foobar_o);   EXPECT_STREQ(1, strrchr("foobar", 'o'), "obar"); break;
+		CASE_TEST(strrchr_foobar_z);   EXPECT_STRZR(1, strrchr("foobar", 'z')); break;
+		CASE_TEST(memcmp_20_20);       EXPECT_EQ(1, memcmp("aaa\x20", "aaa\x20", 4), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(memcmp_20_60);       EXPECT_LT(1, memcmp("aaa\x20", "aaa\x60", 4), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(memcmp_60_20);       EXPECT_GT(1, memcmp("aaa\x60", "aaa\x20", 4), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(memcmp_20_e0);       EXPECT_LT(1, memcmp("aaa\x20", "aaa\xe0", 4), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(memcmp_e0_20);       EXPECT_GT(1, memcmp("aaa\xe0", "aaa\x20", 4), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(memcmp_80_e0);       EXPECT_LT(1, memcmp("aaa\x80", "aaa\xe0", 4), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(memcmp_e0_80);       EXPECT_GT(1, memcmp("aaa\xe0", "aaa\x80", 4), 0); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int8_max);          EXPECT_EQ(1, INT8_MAX,         (int8_t)          0x7f); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int8_min);          EXPECT_EQ(1, INT8_MIN,         (int8_t)          0x80); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint8_max);         EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT8_MAX,        (uint8_t)         0xff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int16_max);         EXPECT_EQ(1, INT16_MAX,        (int16_t)         0x7fff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int16_min);         EXPECT_EQ(1, INT16_MIN,        (int16_t)         0x8000); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint16_max);        EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT16_MAX,       (uint16_t)        0xffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int32_max);         EXPECT_EQ(1, INT32_MAX,        (int32_t)         0x7fffffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int32_min);         EXPECT_EQ(1, INT32_MIN,        (int32_t)         0x80000000); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint32_max);        EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT32_MAX,       (uint32_t)        0xffffffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int64_max);         EXPECT_EQ(1, INT64_MAX,        (int64_t)         0x7fffffffffffffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int64_min);         EXPECT_EQ(1, INT64_MIN,        (int64_t)         0x8000000000000000); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint64_max);        EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT64_MAX,       (uint64_t)        0xffffffffffffffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_least8_max);    EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_LEAST8_MAX,   (int_least8_t)    0x7f); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_least8_min);    EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_LEAST8_MIN,   (int_least8_t)    0x80); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint_least8_max);   EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT_LEAST8_MAX,  (uint_least8_t)   0xff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_least16_max);   EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_LEAST16_MAX,  (int_least16_t)   0x7fff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_least16_min);   EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_LEAST16_MIN,  (int_least16_t)   0x8000); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint_least16_max);  EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT_LEAST16_MAX, (uint_least16_t)  0xffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_least32_max);   EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_LEAST32_MAX,  (int_least32_t)   0x7fffffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_least32_min);   EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_LEAST32_MIN,  (int_least32_t)   0x80000000); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint_least32_max);  EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT_LEAST32_MAX, (uint_least32_t)  0xffffffffU); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_least64_min);   EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_LEAST64_MIN,  (int_least64_t)   0x8000000000000000LL); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_least64_max);   EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_LEAST64_MAX,  (int_least64_t)   0x7fffffffffffffffLL); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint_least64_max);  EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT_LEAST64_MAX, (uint_least64_t)  0xffffffffffffffffULL); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_fast8_max);     EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_FAST8_MAX,    (int_fast8_t)     0x7f); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_fast8_min);     EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_FAST8_MIN,    (int_fast8_t)     0x80); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint_fast8_max);    EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT_FAST8_MAX,   (uint_fast8_t)    0xff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_fast16_min);    EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_FAST16_MIN,   (int_fast16_t)    SINT_MIN_OF_TYPE(int_fast16_t)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_fast16_max);    EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_FAST16_MAX,   (int_fast16_t)    SINT_MAX_OF_TYPE(int_fast16_t)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint_fast16_max);   EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT_FAST16_MAX,  (uint_fast16_t)   UINTPTR_MAX); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_fast32_min);    EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_FAST32_MIN,   (int_fast32_t)    SINT_MIN_OF_TYPE(int_fast32_t)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_fast32_max);    EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_FAST32_MAX,   (int_fast32_t)    SINT_MAX_OF_TYPE(int_fast32_t)); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint_fast32_max);   EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT_FAST32_MAX,  (uint_fast32_t)   UINTPTR_MAX); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_fast64_min);    EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_FAST64_MIN,   (int_fast64_t)    INT64_MIN); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_int_fast64_max);    EXPECT_EQ(1, INT_FAST64_MAX,   (int_fast64_t)    INT64_MAX); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uint_fast64_max);   EXPECT_EQ(1, UINT_FAST64_MAX,  (uint_fast64_t)   UINT64_MAX); break;
+		CASE_TEST(sizeof_long_sane);        EXPECT_EQ(1, sizeof(long) == 8 || sizeof(long) == 4, 1); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_intptr_min);        EXPECT_EQ(1, INTPTR_MIN,  sizeof(long) == 8 ? (intptr_t)  0x8000000000000000LL  : (intptr_t)  0x80000000); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_intptr_max);        EXPECT_EQ(1, INTPTR_MAX,  sizeof(long) == 8 ? (intptr_t)  0x7fffffffffffffffLL  : (intptr_t)  0x7fffffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_uintptr_max);       EXPECT_EQ(1, UINTPTR_MAX, sizeof(long) == 8 ? (uintptr_t) 0xffffffffffffffffULL : (uintptr_t) 0xffffffffU); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_ptrdiff_min);       EXPECT_EQ(1, PTRDIFF_MIN, sizeof(long) == 8 ? (ptrdiff_t) 0x8000000000000000LL  : (ptrdiff_t) 0x80000000); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_ptrdiff_max);       EXPECT_EQ(1, PTRDIFF_MAX, sizeof(long) == 8 ? (ptrdiff_t) 0x7fffffffffffffffLL  : (ptrdiff_t) 0x7fffffff); break;
+		CASE_TEST(limit_size_max);          EXPECT_EQ(1, SIZE_MAX,    sizeof(long) == 8 ? (size_t)    0xffffffffffffffffULL : (size_t)    0xffffffffU); break;
+
+		case __LINE__:
+			return ret; /* must be last */
+		/* note: do not set any defaults so as to permit holes above */
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#define EXPECT_VFPRINTF(c, expected, fmt, ...)				\
+	ret += expect_vfprintf(llen, c, expected, fmt, ##__VA_ARGS__)
+
+static int expect_vfprintf(int llen, int c, const char *expected, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	int ret, fd;
+	ssize_t w, r;
+	char buf[100];
+	FILE *memfile;
+	va_list args;
+
+	fd = open("/tmp", O_TMPFILE | O_EXCL | O_RDWR, 0600);
+	if (fd == -1) {
+		result(llen, SKIPPED);
+		return 0;
+	}
+
+	memfile = fdopen(fd, "w+");
+	if (!memfile) {
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	va_start(args, fmt);
+	w = vfprintf(memfile, fmt, args);
+	va_end(args);
+
+	if (w != c) {
+		llen += printf(" written(%d) != %d", (int)w, c);
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	fflush(memfile);
+	lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+
+	r = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
+
+	fclose(memfile);
+
+	if (r != w) {
+		llen += printf(" written(%d) != read(%d)", (int)w, (int)r);
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+		return 1;
+	}
+
+	buf[r] = '\0';
+	llen += printf(" \"%s\" = \"%s\"", expected, buf);
+	ret = strncmp(expected, buf, c);
+
+	result(llen, ret ? FAIL : OK);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int run_vfprintf(int min, int max)
+{
+	int test;
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	for (test = min; test >= 0 && test <= max; test++) {
+		int llen = 0; /* line length */
+
+		/* avoid leaving empty lines below, this will insert holes into
+		 * test numbers.
+		 */
+		switch (test + __LINE__ + 1) {
+		CASE_TEST(empty);        EXPECT_VFPRINTF(0, "", ""); break;
+		CASE_TEST(simple);       EXPECT_VFPRINTF(3, "foo", "foo"); break;
+		CASE_TEST(string);       EXPECT_VFPRINTF(3, "foo", "%s", "foo"); break;
+		CASE_TEST(number);       EXPECT_VFPRINTF(4, "1234", "%d", 1234); break;
+		CASE_TEST(negnumber);    EXPECT_VFPRINTF(5, "-1234", "%d", -1234); break;
+		CASE_TEST(unsigned);     EXPECT_VFPRINTF(5, "12345", "%u", 12345); break;
+		CASE_TEST(char);         EXPECT_VFPRINTF(1, "c", "%c", 'c'); break;
+		CASE_TEST(hex);          EXPECT_VFPRINTF(1, "f", "%x", 0xf); break;
+		CASE_TEST(pointer);      EXPECT_VFPRINTF(3, "0x1", "%p", (void *) 0x1); break;
+		case __LINE__:
+			return ret; /* must be last */
+		/* note: do not set any defaults so as to permit holes above */
+		}
+	}
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static int smash_stack(void)
+{
+	char buf[100];
+	volatile char *ptr = buf;
+	size_t i;
+
+	for (i = 0; i < 200; i++)
+		ptr[i] = 'P';
+
+	return 1;
+}
+
+static int run_protection(int min __attribute__((unused)),
+			  int max __attribute__((unused)))
+{
+	pid_t pid;
+	int llen = 0, status;
+
+	llen += printf("0 -fstackprotector ");
+
+#if !defined(_NOLIBC_STACKPROTECTOR)
+	llen += printf("not supported");
+	result(llen, SKIPPED);
+	return 0;
+#endif
+
+#if defined(_NOLIBC_STACKPROTECTOR)
+	if (!__stack_chk_guard) {
+		llen += printf("__stack_chk_guard not initialized");
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+		return 1;
+	}
+#endif
+
+	pid = -1;
+	pid = fork();
+
+	switch (pid) {
+	case -1:
+		llen += printf("fork()");
+		result(llen, FAIL);
+		return 1;
+
+	case 0:
+		close(STDOUT_FILENO);
+		close(STDERR_FILENO);
+
+		prctl(PR_SET_DUMPABLE, 0, 0, 0, 0);
+		smash_stack();
+		return 1;
+
+	default:
+		pid = waitpid(pid, &status, 0);
+
+		if (pid == -1 || !WIFSIGNALED(status) || WTERMSIG(status) != SIGABRT) {
+			llen += printf("waitpid()");
+			result(llen, FAIL);
+			return 1;
+		}
+		result(llen, OK);
+		return 0;
+	}
+}
+
+/* prepare what needs to be prepared for pid 1 (stdio, /dev, /proc, etc) */
+int prepare(void)
+{
+	struct stat stat_buf;
+
+	/* It's possible that /dev doesn't even exist or was not mounted, so
+	 * we'll try to create it, mount it, or create minimal entries into it.
+	 * We want at least /dev/null and /dev/console.
+	 */
+	if (stat("/dev/.", &stat_buf) == 0 || mkdir("/dev", 0755) == 0) {
+		if (stat("/dev/console", &stat_buf) != 0 ||
+		    stat("/dev/null", &stat_buf) != 0 ||
+		    stat("/dev/zero", &stat_buf) != 0) {
+			/* try devtmpfs first, otherwise fall back to manual creation */
+			if (mount("/dev", "/dev", "devtmpfs", 0, 0) != 0) {
+				mknod("/dev/console", 0600 | S_IFCHR, makedev(5, 1));
+				mknod("/dev/null",    0666 | S_IFCHR, makedev(1, 3));
+				mknod("/dev/zero",    0666 | S_IFCHR, makedev(1, 5));
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* If no /dev/console was found before calling init, stdio is closed so
+	 * we need to reopen it from /dev/console. If it failed above, it will
+	 * still fail here and we cannot emit a message anyway.
+	 */
+	if (close(dup(1)) == -1) {
+		int fd = open("/dev/console", O_RDWR);
+
+		if (fd >= 0) {
+			if (fd != 0)
+				dup2(fd, 0);
+			if (fd != 1)
+				dup2(fd, 1);
+			if (fd != 2)
+				dup2(fd, 2);
+			if (fd > 2)
+				close(fd);
+			puts("\nSuccessfully reopened /dev/console.");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* try to mount /proc if not mounted. Silently fail otherwise */
+	if (stat("/proc/.", &stat_buf) == 0 || mkdir("/proc", 0755) == 0) {
+		if (stat("/proc/self", &stat_buf) != 0) {
+			/* If not mountable, remove /proc completely to avoid misuse */
+			if (mount("none", "/proc", "proc", 0, 0) != 0)
+				rmdir("/proc");
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* some tests rely on a writable /tmp */
+	mkdir("/tmp", 0755);
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* This is the definition of known test names, with their functions */
+static const struct test test_names[] = {
+	/* add new tests here */
+	{ .name = "startup",    .func = run_startup    },
+	{ .name = "syscall",    .func = run_syscall    },
+	{ .name = "stdlib",     .func = run_stdlib     },
+	{ .name = "vfprintf",   .func = run_vfprintf   },
+	{ .name = "protection", .func = run_protection },
+	{ 0 }
+};
+
+static int is_setting_valid(char *test)
+{
+	int idx, len, test_len, valid = 0;
+	char delimiter;
+
+	if (!test)
+		return valid;
+
+	test_len = strlen(test);
+
+	for (idx = 0; test_names[idx].name; idx++) {
+		len = strlen(test_names[idx].name);
+		if (test_len < len)
+			continue;
+
+		if (strncmp(test, test_names[idx].name, len) != 0)
+			continue;
+
+		delimiter = test[len];
+		if (delimiter != ':' && delimiter != ',' && delimiter != '\0')
+			continue;
+
+		valid = 1;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	return valid;
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp)
+{
+	int min = 0;
+	int max = INT_MAX;
+	int ret = 0;
+	int err;
+	int idx;
+	char *test;
+
+	argv0 = argv[0];
+	test_argc = argc;
+	test_argv = argv;
+	test_envp = envp;
+
+	/* when called as init, it's possible that no console was opened, for
+	 * example if no /dev file system was provided. We'll check that fd#1
+	 * was opened, and if not we'll attempt to create and open /dev/console
+	 * and /dev/null that we'll use for later tests.
+	 */
+	if (getpid() == 1)
+		prepare();
+
+	/* the definition of a series of tests comes from either argv[1] or the
+	 * "NOLIBC_TEST" environment variable. It's made of a comma-delimited
+	 * series of test names and optional ranges:
+	 *    syscall:5-15[:.*],stdlib:8-10
+	 */
+	test = argv[1];
+	if (!is_setting_valid(test))
+		test = getenv("NOLIBC_TEST");
+
+	if (is_setting_valid(test)) {
+		char *comma, *colon, *dash, *value;
+
+		do {
+			comma = strchr(test, ',');
+			if (comma)
+				*(comma++) = '\0';
+
+			colon = strchr(test, ':');
+			if (colon)
+				*(colon++) = '\0';
+
+			for (idx = 0; test_names[idx].name; idx++) {
+				if (strcmp(test, test_names[idx].name) == 0)
+					break;
+			}
+
+			if (test_names[idx].name) {
+				/* The test was named, it will be called at least
+				 * once. We may have an optional range at <colon>
+				 * here, which defaults to the full range.
+				 */
+				do {
+					min = 0; max = INT_MAX;
+					value = colon;
+					if (value && *value) {
+						colon = strchr(value, ':');
+						if (colon)
+							*(colon++) = '\0';
+
+						dash = strchr(value, '-');
+						if (dash)
+							*(dash++) = '\0';
+
+						/* support :val: :min-max: :min-: :-max: */
+						if (*value)
+							min = atoi(value);
+						if (!dash)
+							max = min;
+						else if (*dash)
+							max = atoi(dash);
+
+						value = colon;
+					}
+
+					/* now's time to call the test */
+					printf("Running test '%s'\n", test_names[idx].name);
+					err = test_names[idx].func(min, max);
+					ret += err;
+					printf("Errors during this test: %d\n\n", err);
+				} while (colon && *colon);
+			} else
+				printf("Ignoring unknown test name '%s'\n", test);
+
+			test = comma;
+		} while (test && *test);
+	} else {
+		/* no test mentioned, run everything */
+		for (idx = 0; test_names[idx].name; idx++) {
+			printf("Running test '%s'\n", test_names[idx].name);
+			err = test_names[idx].func(min, max);
+			ret += err;
+			printf("Errors during this test: %d\n\n", err);
+		}
+	}
+
+	printf("Total number of errors: %d\n", ret);
+
+	if (getpid() == 1) {
+		/* we're running as init, there's no other process on the
+		 * system, thus likely started from a VM for a quick check.
+		 * Exiting will provoke a kernel panic that may be reported
+		 * as an error by Qemu or the hypervisor, while stopping
+		 * cleanly will often be reported as a success. This allows
+		 * to use the output of this program for bisecting kernels.
+		 */
+		printf("Leaving init with final status: %d\n", !!ret);
+		if (ret == 0)
+			reboot(RB_POWER_OFF);
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
+		/* QEMU started with "-device isa-debug-exit -no-reboot" will
+		 * exit with status code 2N+1 when N is written to 0x501. We
+		 * hard-code the syscall here as it's arch-dependent.
+		 */
+		else if (syscall(__NR_ioperm, 0x501, 1, 1) == 0)
+			__asm__ volatile ("outb %%al, %%dx" :: "d"(0x501), "a"(0));
+		/* if it does nothing, fall back to the regular panic */
+#endif
+	}
+
+	printf("Exiting with status %d\n", !!ret);
+	return !!ret;
+}