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+===================================================
+Scalable Vector Extension support for AArch64 Linux
+===================================================
+
+Author: Dave Martin <Dave.Martin@arm.com>
+
+Date: 4 August 2017
+
+This document outlines briefly the interface provided to userspace by Linux in
+order to support use of the ARM Scalable Vector Extension (SVE), including
+interactions with Streaming SVE mode added by the Scalable Matrix Extension
+(SME).
+
+This is an outline of the most important features and issues only and not
+intended to be exhaustive.
+
+This document does not aim to describe the SVE architecture or programmer's
+model. To aid understanding, a minimal description of relevant programmer's
+model features for SVE is included in Appendix A.
+
+
+1. General
+-----------
+
+* SVE registers Z0..Z31, P0..P15 and FFR and the current vector length VL, are
+ tracked per-thread.
+
+* In streaming mode FFR is not accessible unless HWCAP2_SME_FA64 is present
+ in the system, when it is not supported and these interfaces are used to
+ access streaming mode FFR is read and written as zero.
+
+* The presence of SVE is reported to userspace via HWCAP_SVE in the aux vector
+ AT_HWCAP entry. Presence of this flag implies the presence of the SVE
+ instructions and registers, and the Linux-specific system interfaces
+ described in this document. SVE is reported in /proc/cpuinfo as "sve".
+
+* Support for the execution of SVE instructions in userspace can also be
+ detected by reading the CPU ID register ID_AA64PFR0_EL1 using an MRS
+ instruction, and checking that the value of the SVE field is nonzero. [3]
+
+ It does not guarantee the presence of the system interfaces described in the
+ following sections: software that needs to verify that those interfaces are
+ present must check for HWCAP_SVE instead.
+
+* On hardware that supports the SVE2 extensions, HWCAP2_SVE2 will also
+ be reported in the AT_HWCAP2 aux vector entry. In addition to this,
+ optional extensions to SVE2 may be reported by the presence of:
+
+ HWCAP2_SVE2
+ HWCAP2_SVEAES
+ HWCAP2_SVEPMULL
+ HWCAP2_SVEBITPERM
+ HWCAP2_SVESHA3
+ HWCAP2_SVESM4
+ HWCAP2_SVE2P1
+
+ This list may be extended over time as the SVE architecture evolves.
+
+ These extensions are also reported via the CPU ID register ID_AA64ZFR0_EL1,
+ which userspace can read using an MRS instruction. See elf_hwcaps.txt and
+ cpu-feature-registers.txt for details.
+
+* On hardware that supports the SME extensions, HWCAP2_SME will also be
+ reported in the AT_HWCAP2 aux vector entry. Among other things SME adds
+ streaming mode which provides a subset of the SVE feature set using a
+ separate SME vector length and the same Z/V registers. See sme.rst
+ for more details.
+
+* Debuggers should restrict themselves to interacting with the target via the
+ NT_ARM_SVE regset. The recommended way of detecting support for this regset
+ is to connect to a target process first and then attempt a
+ ptrace(PTRACE_GETREGSET, pid, NT_ARM_SVE, &iov). Note that when SME is
+ present and streaming SVE mode is in use the FPSIMD subset of registers
+ will be read via NT_ARM_SVE and NT_ARM_SVE writes will exit streaming mode
+ in the target.
+
+* Whenever SVE scalable register values (Zn, Pn, FFR) are exchanged in memory
+ between userspace and the kernel, the register value is encoded in memory in
+ an endianness-invariant layout, with bits [(8 * i + 7) : (8 * i)] encoded at
+ byte offset i from the start of the memory representation. This affects for
+ example the signal frame (struct sve_context) and ptrace interface
+ (struct user_sve_header) and associated data.
+
+ Beware that on big-endian systems this results in a different byte order than
+ for the FPSIMD V-registers, which are stored as single host-endian 128-bit
+ values, with bits [(127 - 8 * i) : (120 - 8 * i)] of the register encoded at
+ byte offset i. (struct fpsimd_context, struct user_fpsimd_state).
+
+
+2. Vector length terminology
+-----------------------------
+
+The size of an SVE vector (Z) register is referred to as the "vector length".
+
+To avoid confusion about the units used to express vector length, the kernel
+adopts the following conventions:
+
+* Vector length (VL) = size of a Z-register in bytes
+
+* Vector quadwords (VQ) = size of a Z-register in units of 128 bits
+
+(So, VL = 16 * VQ.)
+
+The VQ convention is used where the underlying granularity is important, such
+as in data structure definitions. In most other situations, the VL convention
+is used. This is consistent with the meaning of the "VL" pseudo-register in
+the SVE instruction set architecture.
+
+
+3. System call behaviour
+-------------------------
+
+* On syscall, V0..V31 are preserved (as without SVE). Thus, bits [127:0] of
+ Z0..Z31 are preserved. All other bits of Z0..Z31, and all of P0..P15 and FFR
+ become zero on return from a syscall.
+
+* The SVE registers are not used to pass arguments to or receive results from
+ any syscall.
+
+* In practice the affected registers/bits will be preserved or will be replaced
+ with zeros on return from a syscall, but userspace should not make
+ assumptions about this. The kernel behaviour may vary on a case-by-case
+ basis.
+
+* All other SVE state of a thread, including the currently configured vector
+ length, the state of the PR_SVE_VL_INHERIT flag, and the deferred vector
+ length (if any), is preserved across all syscalls, subject to the specific
+ exceptions for execve() described in section 6.
+
+ In particular, on return from a fork() or clone(), the parent and new child
+ process or thread share identical SVE configuration, matching that of the
+ parent before the call.
+
+
+4. Signal handling
+-------------------
+
+* A new signal frame record sve_context encodes the SVE registers on signal
+ delivery. [1]
+
+* This record is supplementary to fpsimd_context. The FPSR and FPCR registers
+ are only present in fpsimd_context. For convenience, the content of V0..V31
+ is duplicated between sve_context and fpsimd_context.
+
+* The record contains a flag field which includes a flag SVE_SIG_FLAG_SM which
+ if set indicates that the thread is in streaming mode and the vector length
+ and register data (if present) describe the streaming SVE data and vector
+ length.
+
+* The signal frame record for SVE always contains basic metadata, in particular
+ the thread's vector length (in sve_context.vl).
+
+* The SVE registers may or may not be included in the record, depending on
+ whether the registers are live for the thread. The registers are present if
+ and only if:
+ sve_context.head.size >= SVE_SIG_CONTEXT_SIZE(sve_vq_from_vl(sve_context.vl)).
+
+* If the registers are present, the remainder of the record has a vl-dependent
+ size and layout. Macros SVE_SIG_* are defined [1] to facilitate access to
+ the members.
+
+* Each scalable register (Zn, Pn, FFR) is stored in an endianness-invariant
+ layout, with bits [(8 * i + 7) : (8 * i)] stored at byte offset i from the
+ start of the register's representation in memory.
+
+* If the SVE context is too big to fit in sigcontext.__reserved[], then extra
+ space is allocated on the stack, an extra_context record is written in
+ __reserved[] referencing this space. sve_context is then written in the
+ extra space. Refer to [1] for further details about this mechanism.
+
+
+5. Signal return
+-----------------
+
+When returning from a signal handler:
+
+* If there is no sve_context record in the signal frame, or if the record is
+ present but contains no register data as described in the previous section,
+ then the SVE registers/bits become non-live and take unspecified values.
+
+* If sve_context is present in the signal frame and contains full register
+ data, the SVE registers become live and are populated with the specified
+ data. However, for backward compatibility reasons, bits [127:0] of Z0..Z31
+ are always restored from the corresponding members of fpsimd_context.vregs[]
+ and not from sve_context. The remaining bits are restored from sve_context.
+
+* Inclusion of fpsimd_context in the signal frame remains mandatory,
+ irrespective of whether sve_context is present or not.
+
+* The vector length cannot be changed via signal return. If sve_context.vl in
+ the signal frame does not match the current vector length, the signal return
+ attempt is treated as illegal, resulting in a forced SIGSEGV.
+
+* It is permitted to enter or leave streaming mode by setting or clearing
+ the SVE_SIG_FLAG_SM flag but applications should take care to ensure that
+ when doing so sve_context.vl and any register data are appropriate for the
+ vector length in the new mode.
+
+
+6. prctl extensions
+--------------------
+
+Some new prctl() calls are added to allow programs to manage the SVE vector
+length:
+
+prctl(PR_SVE_SET_VL, unsigned long arg)
+
+ Sets the vector length of the calling thread and related flags, where
+ arg == vl | flags. Other threads of the calling process are unaffected.
+
+ vl is the desired vector length, where sve_vl_valid(vl) must be true.
+
+ flags:
+
+ PR_SVE_VL_INHERIT
+
+ Inherit the current vector length across execve(). Otherwise, the
+ vector length is reset to the system default at execve(). (See
+ Section 9.)
+
+ PR_SVE_SET_VL_ONEXEC
+
+ Defer the requested vector length change until the next execve()
+ performed by this thread.
+
+ The effect is equivalent to implicit execution of the following
+ call immediately after the next execve() (if any) by the thread:
+
+ prctl(PR_SVE_SET_VL, arg & ~PR_SVE_SET_VL_ONEXEC)
+
+ This allows launching of a new program with a different vector
+ length, while avoiding runtime side effects in the caller.
+
+
+ Without PR_SVE_SET_VL_ONEXEC, the requested change takes effect
+ immediately.
+
+
+ Return value: a nonnegative on success, or a negative value on error:
+ EINVAL: SVE not supported, invalid vector length requested, or
+ invalid flags.
+
+
+ On success:
+
+ * Either the calling thread's vector length or the deferred vector length
+ to be applied at the next execve() by the thread (dependent on whether
+ PR_SVE_SET_VL_ONEXEC is present in arg), is set to the largest value
+ supported by the system that is less than or equal to vl. If vl ==
+ SVE_VL_MAX, the value set will be the largest value supported by the
+ system.
+
+ * Any previously outstanding deferred vector length change in the calling
+ thread is cancelled.
+
+ * The returned value describes the resulting configuration, encoded as for
+ PR_SVE_GET_VL. The vector length reported in this value is the new
+ current vector length for this thread if PR_SVE_SET_VL_ONEXEC was not
+ present in arg; otherwise, the reported vector length is the deferred
+ vector length that will be applied at the next execve() by the calling
+ thread.
+
+ * Changing the vector length causes all of P0..P15, FFR and all bits of
+ Z0..Z31 except for Z0 bits [127:0] .. Z31 bits [127:0] to become
+ unspecified. Calling PR_SVE_SET_VL with vl equal to the thread's current
+ vector length, or calling PR_SVE_SET_VL with the PR_SVE_SET_VL_ONEXEC
+ flag, does not constitute a change to the vector length for this purpose.
+
+
+prctl(PR_SVE_GET_VL)
+
+ Gets the vector length of the calling thread.
+
+ The following flag may be OR-ed into the result:
+
+ PR_SVE_VL_INHERIT
+
+ Vector length will be inherited across execve().
+
+ There is no way to determine whether there is an outstanding deferred
+ vector length change (which would only normally be the case between a
+ fork() or vfork() and the corresponding execve() in typical use).
+
+ To extract the vector length from the result, bitwise and it with
+ PR_SVE_VL_LEN_MASK.
+
+ Return value: a nonnegative value on success, or a negative value on error:
+ EINVAL: SVE not supported.
+
+
+7. ptrace extensions
+---------------------
+
+* New regsets NT_ARM_SVE and NT_ARM_SSVE are defined for use with
+ PTRACE_GETREGSET and PTRACE_SETREGSET. NT_ARM_SSVE describes the
+ streaming mode SVE registers and NT_ARM_SVE describes the
+ non-streaming mode SVE registers.
+
+ In this description a register set is referred to as being "live" when
+ the target is in the appropriate streaming or non-streaming mode and is
+ using data beyond the subset shared with the FPSIMD Vn registers.
+
+ Refer to [2] for definitions.
+
+The regset data starts with struct user_sve_header, containing:
+
+ size
+
+ Size of the complete regset, in bytes.
+ This depends on vl and possibly on other things in the future.
+
+ If a call to PTRACE_GETREGSET requests less data than the value of
+ size, the caller can allocate a larger buffer and retry in order to
+ read the complete regset.
+
+ max_size
+
+ Maximum size in bytes that the regset can grow to for the target
+ thread. The regset won't grow bigger than this even if the target
+ thread changes its vector length etc.
+
+ vl
+
+ Target thread's current vector length, in bytes.
+
+ max_vl
+
+ Maximum possible vector length for the target thread.
+
+ flags
+
+ at most one of
+
+ SVE_PT_REGS_FPSIMD
+
+ SVE registers are not live (GETREGSET) or are to be made
+ non-live (SETREGSET).
+
+ The payload is of type struct user_fpsimd_state, with the same
+ meaning as for NT_PRFPREG, starting at offset
+ SVE_PT_FPSIMD_OFFSET from the start of user_sve_header.
+
+ Extra data might be appended in the future: the size of the
+ payload should be obtained using SVE_PT_FPSIMD_SIZE(vq, flags).
+
+ vq should be obtained using sve_vq_from_vl(vl).
+
+ or
+
+ SVE_PT_REGS_SVE
+
+ SVE registers are live (GETREGSET) or are to be made live
+ (SETREGSET).
+
+ The payload contains the SVE register data, starting at offset
+ SVE_PT_SVE_OFFSET from the start of user_sve_header, and with
+ size SVE_PT_SVE_SIZE(vq, flags);
+
+ ... OR-ed with zero or more of the following flags, which have the same
+ meaning and behaviour as the corresponding PR_SET_VL_* flags:
+
+ SVE_PT_VL_INHERIT
+
+ SVE_PT_VL_ONEXEC (SETREGSET only).
+
+ If neither FPSIMD nor SVE flags are provided then no register
+ payload is available, this is only possible when SME is implemented.
+
+
+* The effects of changing the vector length and/or flags are equivalent to
+ those documented for PR_SVE_SET_VL.
+
+ The caller must make a further GETREGSET call if it needs to know what VL is
+ actually set by SETREGSET, unless is it known in advance that the requested
+ VL is supported.
+
+* In the SVE_PT_REGS_SVE case, the size and layout of the payload depends on
+ the header fields. The SVE_PT_SVE_*() macros are provided to facilitate
+ access to the members.
+
+* In either case, for SETREGSET it is permissible to omit the payload, in which
+ case only the vector length and flags are changed (along with any
+ consequences of those changes).
+
+* In systems supporting SME when in streaming mode a GETREGSET for
+ NT_REG_SVE will return only the user_sve_header with no register data,
+ similarly a GETREGSET for NT_REG_SSVE will not return any register data
+ when not in streaming mode.
+
+* A GETREGSET for NT_ARM_SSVE will never return SVE_PT_REGS_FPSIMD.
+
+* For SETREGSET, if an SVE_PT_REGS_SVE payload is present and the
+ requested VL is not supported, the effect will be the same as if the
+ payload were omitted, except that an EIO error is reported. No
+ attempt is made to translate the payload data to the correct layout
+ for the vector length actually set. The thread's FPSIMD state is
+ preserved, but the remaining bits of the SVE registers become
+ unspecified. It is up to the caller to translate the payload layout
+ for the actual VL and retry.
+
+* Where SME is implemented it is not possible to GETREGSET the register
+ state for normal SVE when in streaming mode, nor the streaming mode
+ register state when in normal mode, regardless of the implementation defined
+ behaviour of the hardware for sharing data between the two modes.
+
+* Any SETREGSET of NT_ARM_SVE will exit streaming mode if the target was in
+ streaming mode and any SETREGSET of NT_ARM_SSVE will enter streaming mode
+ if the target was not in streaming mode.
+
+* The effect of writing a partial, incomplete payload is unspecified.
+
+
+8. ELF coredump extensions
+---------------------------
+
+* NT_ARM_SVE and NT_ARM_SSVE notes will be added to each coredump for
+ each thread of the dumped process. The contents will be equivalent to the
+ data that would have been read if a PTRACE_GETREGSET of the corresponding
+ type were executed for each thread when the coredump was generated.
+
+9. System runtime configuration
+--------------------------------
+
+* To mitigate the ABI impact of expansion of the signal frame, a policy
+ mechanism is provided for administrators, distro maintainers and developers
+ to set the default vector length for userspace processes:
+
+/proc/sys/abi/sve_default_vector_length
+
+ Writing the text representation of an integer to this file sets the system
+ default vector length to the specified value, unless the value is greater
+ than the maximum vector length supported by the system in which case the
+ default vector length is set to that maximum.
+
+ The result can be determined by reopening the file and reading its
+ contents.
+
+ At boot, the default vector length is initially set to 64 or the maximum
+ supported vector length, whichever is smaller. This determines the initial
+ vector length of the init process (PID 1).
+
+ Reading this file returns the current system default vector length.
+
+* At every execve() call, the new vector length of the new process is set to
+ the system default vector length, unless
+
+ * PR_SVE_VL_INHERIT (or equivalently SVE_PT_VL_INHERIT) is set for the
+ calling thread, or
+
+ * a deferred vector length change is pending, established via the
+ PR_SVE_SET_VL_ONEXEC flag (or SVE_PT_VL_ONEXEC).
+
+* Modifying the system default vector length does not affect the vector length
+ of any existing process or thread that does not make an execve() call.
+
+10. Perf extensions
+--------------------------------
+
+* The arm64 specific DWARF standard [5] added the VG (Vector Granule) register
+ at index 46. This register is used for DWARF unwinding when variable length
+ SVE registers are pushed onto the stack.
+
+* Its value is equivalent to the current SVE vector length (VL) in bits divided
+ by 64.
+
+* The value is included in Perf samples in the regs[46] field if
+ PERF_SAMPLE_REGS_USER is set and the sample_regs_user mask has bit 46 set.
+
+* The value is the current value at the time the sample was taken, and it can
+ change over time.
+
+* If the system doesn't support SVE when perf_event_open is called with these
+ settings, the event will fail to open.
+
+Appendix A. SVE programmer's model (informative)
+=================================================
+
+This section provides a minimal description of the additions made by SVE to the
+ARMv8-A programmer's model that are relevant to this document.
+
+Note: This section is for information only and not intended to be complete or
+to replace any architectural specification.
+
+A.1. Registers
+---------------
+
+In A64 state, SVE adds the following:
+
+* 32 8VL-bit vector registers Z0..Z31
+ For each Zn, Zn bits [127:0] alias the ARMv8-A vector register Vn.
+
+ A register write using a Vn register name zeros all bits of the corresponding
+ Zn except for bits [127:0].
+
+* 16 VL-bit predicate registers P0..P15
+
+* 1 VL-bit special-purpose predicate register FFR (the "first-fault register")
+
+* a VL "pseudo-register" that determines the size of each vector register
+
+ The SVE instruction set architecture provides no way to write VL directly.
+ Instead, it can be modified only by EL1 and above, by writing appropriate
+ system registers.
+
+* The value of VL can be configured at runtime by EL1 and above:
+ 16 <= VL <= VLmax, where VL must be a multiple of 16.
+
+* The maximum vector length is determined by the hardware:
+ 16 <= VLmax <= 256.
+
+ (The SVE architecture specifies 256, but permits future architecture
+ revisions to raise this limit.)
+
+* FPSR and FPCR are retained from ARMv8-A, and interact with SVE floating-point
+ operations in a similar way to the way in which they interact with ARMv8
+ floating-point operations::
+
+ 8VL-1 128 0 bit index
+ +---- //// -----------------+
+ Z0 | : V0 |
+ : :
+ Z7 | : V7 |
+ Z8 | : * V8 |
+ : : :
+ Z15 | : *V15 |
+ Z16 | : V16 |
+ : :
+ Z31 | : V31 |
+ +---- //// -----------------+
+ 31 0
+ VL-1 0 +-------+
+ +---- //// --+ FPSR | |
+ P0 | | +-------+
+ : | | *FPCR | |
+ P15 | | +-------+
+ +---- //// --+
+ FFR | | +-----+
+ +---- //// --+ VL | |
+ +-----+
+
+(*) callee-save:
+ This only applies to bits [63:0] of Z-/V-registers.
+ FPCR contains callee-save and caller-save bits. See [4] for details.
+
+
+A.2. Procedure call standard
+-----------------------------
+
+The ARMv8-A base procedure call standard is extended as follows with respect to
+the additional SVE register state:
+
+* All SVE register bits that are not shared with FP/SIMD are caller-save.
+
+* Z8 bits [63:0] .. Z15 bits [63:0] are callee-save.
+
+ This follows from the way these bits are mapped to V8..V15, which are caller-
+ save in the base procedure call standard.
+
+
+Appendix B. ARMv8-A FP/SIMD programmer's model
+===============================================
+
+Note: This section is for information only and not intended to be complete or
+to replace any architectural specification.
+
+Refer to [4] for more information.
+
+ARMv8-A defines the following floating-point / SIMD register state:
+
+* 32 128-bit vector registers V0..V31
+* 2 32-bit status/control registers FPSR, FPCR
+
+::
+
+ 127 0 bit index
+ +---------------+
+ V0 | |
+ : : :
+ V7 | |
+ * V8 | |
+ : : : :
+ *V15 | |
+ V16 | |
+ : : :
+ V31 | |
+ +---------------+
+
+ 31 0
+ +-------+
+ FPSR | |
+ +-------+
+ *FPCR | |
+ +-------+
+
+(*) callee-save:
+ This only applies to bits [63:0] of V-registers.
+ FPCR contains a mixture of callee-save and caller-save bits.
+
+
+References
+==========
+
+[1] arch/arm64/include/uapi/asm/sigcontext.h
+ AArch64 Linux signal ABI definitions
+
+[2] arch/arm64/include/uapi/asm/ptrace.h
+ AArch64 Linux ptrace ABI definitions
+
+[3] Documentation/arch/arm64/cpu-feature-registers.rst
+
+[4] ARM IHI0055C
+ http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ihi0055c/IHI0055C_beta_aapcs64.pdf
+ http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.subset.swdev.abi/index.html
+ Procedure Call Standard for the ARM 64-bit Architecture (AArch64)
+
+[5] https://github.com/ARM-software/abi-aa/blob/main/aadwarf64/aadwarf64.rst