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+=====================
+autofs - how it works
+=====================
+
+Purpose
+=======
+
+The goal of autofs is to provide on-demand mounting and race free
+automatic unmounting of various other filesystems. This provides two
+key advantages:
+
+1. There is no need to delay boot until all filesystems that
+ might be needed are mounted. Processes that try to access those
+ slow filesystems might be delayed but other processes can
+ continue freely. This is particularly important for
+ network filesystems (e.g. NFS) or filesystems stored on
+ media with a media-changing robot.
+
+2. The names and locations of filesystems can be stored in
+ a remote database and can change at any time. The content
+ in that data base at the time of access will be used to provide
+ a target for the access. The interpretation of names in the
+ filesystem can even be programmatic rather than database-backed,
+ allowing wildcards for example, and can vary based on the user who
+ first accessed a name.
+
+Context
+=======
+
+The "autofs" filesystem module is only one part of an autofs system.
+There also needs to be a user-space program which looks up names
+and mounts filesystems. This will often be the "automount" program,
+though other tools including "systemd" can make use of "autofs".
+This document describes only the kernel module and the interactions
+required with any user-space program. Subsequent text refers to this
+as the "automount daemon" or simply "the daemon".
+
+"autofs" is a Linux kernel module which provides the "autofs"
+filesystem type. Several "autofs" filesystems can be mounted and they
+can each be managed separately, or all managed by the same daemon.
+
+Content
+=======
+
+An autofs filesystem can contain 3 sorts of objects: directories,
+symbolic links and mount traps. Mount traps are directories with
+extra properties as described in the next section.
+
+Objects can only be created by the automount daemon: symlinks are
+created with a regular `symlink` system call, while directories and
+mount traps are created with `mkdir`. The determination of whether a
+directory should be a mount trap is based on a master map. This master
+map is consulted by autofs to determine which directories are mount
+points. Mount points can be *direct*/*indirect*/*offset*.
+On most systems, the default master map is located at */etc/auto.master*.
+
+If neither the *direct* or *offset* mount options are given (so the
+mount is considered to be *indirect*), then the root directory is
+always a regular directory, otherwise it is a mount trap when it is
+empty and a regular directory when not empty. Note that *direct* and
+*offset* are treated identically so a concise summary is that the root
+directory is a mount trap only if the filesystem is mounted *direct*
+and the root is empty.
+
+Directories created in the root directory are mount traps only if the
+filesystem is mounted *indirect* and they are empty.
+
+Directories further down the tree depend on the *maxproto* mount
+option and particularly whether it is less than five or not.
+When *maxproto* is five, no directories further down the
+tree are ever mount traps, they are always regular directories. When
+the *maxproto* is four (or three), these directories are mount traps
+precisely when they are empty.
+
+So: non-empty (i.e. non-leaf) directories are never mount traps. Empty
+directories are sometimes mount traps, and sometimes not depending on
+where in the tree they are (root, top level, or lower), the *maxproto*,
+and whether the mount was *indirect* or not.
+
+Mount Traps
+===========
+
+A core element of the implementation of autofs is the Mount Traps
+which are provided by the Linux VFS. Any directory provided by a
+filesystem can be designated as a trap. This involves two separate
+features that work together to allow autofs to do its job.
+
+**DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT**
+
+If a dentry has the DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT flag set (which gets set if
+the inode has S_AUTOMOUNT set, or can be set directly) then it is
+(potentially) a mount trap. Any access to this directory beyond a
+"`stat`" will (normally) cause the `d_op->d_automount()` dentry operation
+to be called. The task of this method is to find the filesystem that
+should be mounted on the directory and to return it. The VFS is
+responsible for actually mounting the root of this filesystem on the
+directory.
+
+autofs doesn't find the filesystem itself but sends a message to the
+automount daemon asking it to find and mount the filesystem. The
+autofs `d_automount` method then waits for the daemon to report that
+everything is ready. It will then return "`NULL`" indicating that the
+mount has already happened. The VFS doesn't try to mount anything but
+follows down the mount that is already there.
+
+This functionality is sufficient for some users of mount traps such
+as NFS which creates traps so that mountpoints on the server can be
+reflected on the client. However it is not sufficient for autofs. As
+mounting onto a directory is considered to be "beyond a `stat`", the
+automount daemon would not be able to mount a filesystem on the 'trap'
+directory without some way to avoid getting caught in the trap. For
+that purpose there is another flag.
+
+**DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT**
+
+If a dentry has DCACHE_MANAGE_TRANSIT set then two very different but
+related behaviours are invoked, both using the `d_op->d_manage()`
+dentry operation.
+
+Firstly, before checking to see if any filesystem is mounted on the
+directory, d_manage() will be called with the `rcu_walk` parameter set
+to `false`. It may return one of three things:
+
+- A return value of zero indicates that there is nothing special
+ about this dentry and normal checks for mounts and automounts
+ should proceed.
+
+ autofs normally returns zero, but first waits for any
+ expiry (automatic unmounting of the mounted filesystem) to
+ complete. This avoids races.
+
+- A return value of `-EISDIR` tells the VFS to ignore any mounts
+ on the directory and to not consider calling `->d_automount()`.
+ This effectively disables the **DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT** flag
+ causing the directory not be a mount trap after all.
+
+ autofs returns this if it detects that the process performing the
+ lookup is the automount daemon and that the mount has been
+ requested but has not yet completed. How it determines this is
+ discussed later. This allows the automount daemon not to get
+ caught in the mount trap.
+
+ There is a subtlety here. It is possible that a second autofs
+ filesystem can be mounted below the first and for both of them to
+ be managed by the same daemon. For the daemon to be able to mount
+ something on the second it must be able to "walk" down past the
+ first. This means that d_manage cannot *always* return -EISDIR for
+ the automount daemon. It must only return it when a mount has
+ been requested, but has not yet completed.
+
+ `d_manage` also returns `-EISDIR` if the dentry shouldn't be a
+ mount trap, either because it is a symbolic link or because it is
+ not empty.
+
+- Any other negative value is treated as an error and returned
+ to the caller.
+
+ autofs can return
+
+ - -ENOENT if the automount daemon failed to mount anything,
+ - -ENOMEM if it ran out of memory,
+ - -EINTR if a signal arrived while waiting for expiry to
+ complete
+ - or any other error sent down by the automount daemon.
+
+
+The second use case only occurs during an "RCU-walk" and so `rcu_walk`
+will be set.
+
+An RCU-walk is a fast and lightweight process for walking down a
+filename path (i.e. it is like running on tip-toes). RCU-walk cannot
+cope with all situations so when it finds a difficulty it falls back
+to "REF-walk", which is slower but more robust.
+
+RCU-walk will never call `->d_automount`; the filesystems must already
+be mounted or RCU-walk cannot handle the path.
+To determine if a mount-trap is safe for RCU-walk mode it calls
+`->d_manage()` with `rcu_walk` set to `true`.
+
+In this case `d_manage()` must avoid blocking and should avoid taking
+spinlocks if at all possible. Its sole purpose is to determine if it
+would be safe to follow down into any mounted directory and the only
+reason that it might not be is if an expiry of the mount is
+underway.
+
+In the `rcu_walk` case, `d_manage()` cannot return -EISDIR to tell the
+VFS that this is a directory that doesn't require d_automount. If
+`rcu_walk` sees a dentry with DCACHE_NEED_AUTOMOUNT set but nothing
+mounted, it *will* fall back to REF-walk. `d_manage()` cannot make the
+VFS remain in RCU-walk mode, but can only tell it to get out of
+RCU-walk mode by returning `-ECHILD`.
+
+So `d_manage()`, when called with `rcu_walk` set, should either return
+-ECHILD if there is any reason to believe it is unsafe to enter the
+mounted filesystem, otherwise it should return 0.
+
+autofs will return `-ECHILD` if an expiry of the filesystem has been
+initiated or is being considered, otherwise it returns 0.
+
+
+Mountpoint expiry
+=================
+
+The VFS has a mechanism for automatically expiring unused mounts,
+much as it can expire any unused dentry information from the dcache.
+This is guided by the MNT_SHRINKABLE flag. This only applies to
+mounts that were created by `d_automount()` returning a filesystem to be
+mounted. As autofs doesn't return such a filesystem but leaves the
+mounting to the automount daemon, it must involve the automount daemon
+in unmounting as well. This also means that autofs has more control
+over expiry.
+
+The VFS also supports "expiry" of mounts using the MNT_EXPIRE flag to
+the `umount` system call. Unmounting with MNT_EXPIRE will fail unless
+a previous attempt had been made, and the filesystem has been inactive
+and untouched since that previous attempt. autofs does not depend on
+this but has its own internal tracking of whether filesystems were
+recently used. This allows individual names in the autofs directory
+to expire separately.
+
+With version 4 of the protocol, the automount daemon can try to
+unmount any filesystems mounted on the autofs filesystem or remove any
+symbolic links or empty directories any time it likes. If the unmount
+or removal is successful the filesystem will be returned to the state
+it was before the mount or creation, so that any access of the name
+will trigger normal auto-mount processing. In particular, `rmdir` and
+`unlink` do not leave negative entries in the dcache as a normal
+filesystem would, so an attempt to access a recently-removed object is
+passed to autofs for handling.
+
+With version 5, this is not safe except for unmounting from top-level
+directories. As lower-level directories are never mount traps, other
+processes will see an empty directory as soon as the filesystem is
+unmounted. So it is generally safest to use the autofs expiry
+protocol described below.
+
+Normally the daemon only wants to remove entries which haven't been
+used for a while. For this purpose autofs maintains a "`last_used`"
+time stamp on each directory or symlink. For symlinks it genuinely
+does record the last time the symlink was "used" or followed to find
+out where it points to. For directories the field is used slightly
+differently. The field is updated at mount time and during expire
+checks if it is found to be in use (ie. open file descriptor or
+process working directory) and during path walks. The update done
+during path walks prevents frequent expire and immediate mount of
+frequently accessed automounts. But in the case where a GUI continually
+access or an application frequently scans an autofs directory tree
+there can be an accumulation of mounts that aren't actually being
+used. To cater for this case the "`strictexpire`" autofs mount option
+can be used to avoid the "`last_used`" update on path walk thereby
+preventing this apparent inability to expire mounts that aren't
+really in use.
+
+The daemon is able to ask autofs if anything is due to be expired,
+using an `ioctl` as discussed later. For a *direct* mount, autofs
+considers if the entire mount-tree can be unmounted or not. For an
+*indirect* mount, autofs considers each of the names in the top level
+directory to determine if any of those can be unmounted and cleaned
+up.
+
+There is an option with indirect mounts to consider each of the leaves
+that has been mounted on instead of considering the top-level names.
+This was originally intended for compatibility with version 4 of autofs
+and should be considered as deprecated for Sun Format automount maps.
+However, it may be used again for amd format mount maps (which are
+generally indirect maps) because the amd automounter allows for the
+setting of an expire timeout for individual mounts. But there are
+some difficulties in making the needed changes for this.
+
+When autofs considers a directory it checks the `last_used` time and
+compares it with the "timeout" value set when the filesystem was
+mounted, though this check is ignored in some cases. It also checks if
+the directory or anything below it is in use. For symbolic links,
+only the `last_used` time is ever considered.
+
+If both appear to support expiring the directory or symlink, an action
+is taken.
+
+There are two ways to ask autofs to consider expiry. The first is to
+use the **AUTOFS_IOC_EXPIRE** ioctl. This only works for indirect
+mounts. If it finds something in the root directory to expire it will
+return the name of that thing. Once a name has been returned the
+automount daemon needs to unmount any filesystems mounted below the
+name normally. As described above, this is unsafe for non-toplevel
+mounts in a version-5 autofs. For this reason the current `automount(8)`
+does not use this ioctl.
+
+The second mechanism uses either the **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_EXPIRE_CMD** or
+the **AUTOFS_IOC_EXPIRE_MULTI** ioctl. This will work for both direct and
+indirect mounts. If it selects an object to expire, it will notify
+the daemon using the notification mechanism described below. This
+will block until the daemon acknowledges the expiry notification.
+This implies that the "`EXPIRE`" ioctl must be sent from a different
+thread than the one which handles notification.
+
+While the ioctl is blocking, the entry is marked as "expiring" and
+`d_manage` will block until the daemon affirms that the unmount has
+completed (together with removing any directories that might have been
+necessary), or has been aborted.
+
+Communicating with autofs: detecting the daemon
+===============================================
+
+There are several forms of communication between the automount daemon
+and the filesystem. As we have already seen, the daemon can create and
+remove directories and symlinks using normal filesystem operations.
+autofs knows whether a process requesting some operation is the daemon
+or not based on its process-group id number (see getpgid(1)).
+
+When an autofs filesystem is mounted the pgid of the mounting
+processes is recorded unless the "pgrp=" option is given, in which
+case that number is recorded instead. Any request arriving from a
+process in that process group is considered to come from the daemon.
+If the daemon ever has to be stopped and restarted a new pgid can be
+provided through an ioctl as will be described below.
+
+Communicating with autofs: the event pipe
+=========================================
+
+When an autofs filesystem is mounted, the 'write' end of a pipe must
+be passed using the 'fd=' mount option. autofs will write
+notification messages to this pipe for the daemon to respond to.
+For version 5, the format of the message is::
+
+ struct autofs_v5_packet {
+ struct autofs_packet_hdr hdr;
+ autofs_wqt_t wait_queue_token;
+ __u32 dev;
+ __u64 ino;
+ __u32 uid;
+ __u32 gid;
+ __u32 pid;
+ __u32 tgid;
+ __u32 len;
+ char name[NAME_MAX+1];
+ };
+
+And the format of the header is::
+
+ struct autofs_packet_hdr {
+ int proto_version; /* Protocol version */
+ int type; /* Type of packet */
+ };
+
+where the type is one of ::
+
+ autofs_ptype_missing_indirect
+ autofs_ptype_expire_indirect
+ autofs_ptype_missing_direct
+ autofs_ptype_expire_direct
+
+so messages can indicate that a name is missing (something tried to
+access it but it isn't there) or that it has been selected for expiry.
+
+The pipe will be set to "packet mode" (equivalent to passing
+`O_DIRECT`) to _pipe2(2)_ so that a read from the pipe will return at
+most one packet, and any unread portion of a packet will be discarded.
+
+The `wait_queue_token` is a unique number which can identify a
+particular request to be acknowledged. When a message is sent over
+the pipe the affected dentry is marked as either "active" or
+"expiring" and other accesses to it block until the message is
+acknowledged using one of the ioctls below with the relevant
+`wait_queue_token`.
+
+Communicating with autofs: root directory ioctls
+================================================
+
+The root directory of an autofs filesystem will respond to a number of
+ioctls. The process issuing the ioctl must have the CAP_SYS_ADMIN
+capability, or must be the automount daemon.
+
+The available ioctl commands are:
+
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_READY**:
+ a notification has been handled. The argument
+ to the ioctl command is the "wait_queue_token" number
+ corresponding to the notification being acknowledged.
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_FAIL**:
+ similar to above, but indicates failure with
+ the error code `ENOENT`.
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_CATATONIC**:
+ Causes the autofs to enter "catatonic"
+ mode meaning that it stops sending notifications to the daemon.
+ This mode is also entered if a write to the pipe fails.
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_PROTOVER**:
+ This returns the protocol version in use.
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_PROTOSUBVER**:
+ Returns the protocol sub-version which
+ is really a version number for the implementation.
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_SETTIMEOUT**:
+ This passes a pointer to an unsigned
+ long. The value is used to set the timeout for expiry, and
+ the current timeout value is stored back through the pointer.
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_ASKUMOUNT**:
+ Returns, in the pointed-to `int`, 1 if
+ the filesystem could be unmounted. This is only a hint as
+ the situation could change at any instant. This call can be
+ used to avoid a more expensive full unmount attempt.
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_EXPIRE**:
+ as described above, this asks if there is
+ anything suitable to expire. A pointer to a packet::
+
+ struct autofs_packet_expire_multi {
+ struct autofs_packet_hdr hdr;
+ autofs_wqt_t wait_queue_token;
+ int len;
+ char name[NAME_MAX+1];
+ };
+
+ is required. This is filled in with the name of something
+ that can be unmounted or removed. If nothing can be expired,
+ `errno` is set to `EAGAIN`. Even though a `wait_queue_token`
+ is present in the structure, no "wait queue" is established
+ and no acknowledgment is needed.
+- **AUTOFS_IOC_EXPIRE_MULTI**:
+ This is similar to
+ **AUTOFS_IOC_EXPIRE** except that it causes notification to be
+ sent to the daemon, and it blocks until the daemon acknowledges.
+ The argument is an integer which can contain two different flags.
+
+ **AUTOFS_EXP_IMMEDIATE** causes `last_used` time to be ignored
+ and objects are expired if the are not in use.
+
+ **AUTOFS_EXP_FORCED** causes the in use status to be ignored
+ and objects are expired ieven if they are in use. This assumes
+ that the daemon has requested this because it is capable of
+ performing the umount.
+
+ **AUTOFS_EXP_LEAVES** will select a leaf rather than a top-level
+ name to expire. This is only safe when *maxproto* is 4.
+
+Communicating with autofs: char-device ioctls
+=============================================
+
+It is not always possible to open the root of an autofs filesystem,
+particularly a *direct* mounted filesystem. If the automount daemon
+is restarted there is no way for it to regain control of existing
+mounts using any of the above communication channels. To address this
+need there is a "miscellaneous" character device (major 10, minor 235)
+which can be used to communicate directly with the autofs filesystem.
+It requires CAP_SYS_ADMIN for access.
+
+The 'ioctl's that can be used on this device are described in a separate
+document `autofs-mount-control.txt`, and are summarised briefly here.
+Each ioctl is passed a pointer to an `autofs_dev_ioctl` structure::
+
+ struct autofs_dev_ioctl {
+ __u32 ver_major;
+ __u32 ver_minor;
+ __u32 size; /* total size of data passed in
+ * including this struct */
+ __s32 ioctlfd; /* automount command fd */
+
+ /* Command parameters */
+ union {
+ struct args_protover protover;
+ struct args_protosubver protosubver;
+ struct args_openmount openmount;
+ struct args_ready ready;
+ struct args_fail fail;
+ struct args_setpipefd setpipefd;
+ struct args_timeout timeout;
+ struct args_requester requester;
+ struct args_expire expire;
+ struct args_askumount askumount;
+ struct args_ismountpoint ismountpoint;
+ };
+
+ char path[];
+ };
+
+For the **OPEN_MOUNT** and **IS_MOUNTPOINT** commands, the target
+filesystem is identified by the `path`. All other commands identify
+the filesystem by the `ioctlfd` which is a file descriptor open on the
+root, and which can be returned by **OPEN_MOUNT**.
+
+The `ver_major` and `ver_minor` are in/out parameters which check that
+the requested version is supported, and report the maximum version
+that the kernel module can support.
+
+Commands are:
+
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_VERSION_CMD**:
+ does nothing, except validate and
+ set version numbers.
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_OPENMOUNT_CMD**:
+ return an open file descriptor
+ on the root of an autofs filesystem. The filesystem is identified
+ by name and device number, which is stored in `openmount.devid`.
+ Device numbers for existing filesystems can be found in
+ `/proc/self/mountinfo`.
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_CLOSEMOUNT_CMD**:
+ same as `close(ioctlfd)`.
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_SETPIPEFD_CMD**:
+ if the filesystem is in
+ catatonic mode, this can provide the write end of a new pipe
+ in `setpipefd.pipefd` to re-establish communication with a daemon.
+ The process group of the calling process is used to identify the
+ daemon.
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_REQUESTER_CMD**:
+ `path` should be a
+ name within the filesystem that has been auto-mounted on.
+ On successful return, `requester.uid` and `requester.gid` will be
+ the UID and GID of the process which triggered that mount.
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ISMOUNTPOINT_CMD**:
+ Check if path is a
+ mountpoint of a particular type - see separate documentation for
+ details.
+
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOVER_CMD**
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_PROTOSUBVER_CMD**
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_READY_CMD**
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_FAIL_CMD**
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_CATATONIC_CMD**
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_TIMEOUT_CMD**
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_EXPIRE_CMD**
+- **AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_ASKUMOUNT_CMD**
+
+These all have the same
+function as the similarly named **AUTOFS_IOC** ioctls, except
+that **FAIL** can be given an explicit error number in `fail.status`
+instead of assuming `ENOENT`, and this **EXPIRE** command
+corresponds to **AUTOFS_IOC_EXPIRE_MULTI**.
+
+Catatonic mode
+==============
+
+As mentioned, an autofs mount can enter "catatonic" mode. This
+happens if a write to the notification pipe fails, or if it is
+explicitly requested by an `ioctl`.
+
+When entering catatonic mode, the pipe is closed and any pending
+notifications are acknowledged with the error `ENOENT`.
+
+Once in catatonic mode attempts to access non-existing names will
+result in `ENOENT` while attempts to access existing directories will
+be treated in the same way as if they came from the daemon, so mount
+traps will not fire.
+
+When the filesystem is mounted a _uid_ and _gid_ can be given which
+set the ownership of directories and symbolic links. When the
+filesystem is in catatonic mode, any process with a matching UID can
+create directories or symlinks in the root directory, but not in other
+directories.
+
+Catatonic mode can only be left via the
+**AUTOFS_DEV_IOCTL_OPENMOUNT_CMD** ioctl on the `/dev/autofs`.
+
+The "ignore" mount option
+=========================
+
+The "ignore" mount option can be used to provide a generic indicator
+to applications that the mount entry should be ignored when displaying
+mount information.
+
+In other OSes that provide autofs and that provide a mount list to user
+space based on the kernel mount list a no-op mount option ("ignore" is
+the one use on the most common OSes) is allowed so that autofs file
+system users can optionally use it.
+
+This is intended to be used by user space programs to exclude autofs
+mounts from consideration when reading the mounts list.
+
+autofs, name spaces, and shared mounts
+======================================
+
+With bind mounts and name spaces it is possible for an autofs
+filesystem to appear at multiple places in one or more filesystem
+name spaces. For this to work sensibly, the autofs filesystem should
+always be mounted "shared". e.g. ::
+
+ mount --make-shared /autofs/mount/point
+
+The automount daemon is only able to manage a single mount location for
+an autofs filesystem and if mounts on that are not 'shared', other
+locations will not behave as expected. In particular access to those
+other locations will likely result in the `ELOOP` error ::
+
+ Too many levels of symbolic links