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+.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
+
+======================================
+_DSD Device Properties Related to GPIO
+======================================
+
+With the release of ACPI 5.1, the _DSD configuration object finally
+allows names to be given to GPIOs (and other things as well) returned
+by _CRS. Previously, we were only able to use an integer index to find
+the corresponding GPIO, which is pretty error prone (it depends on
+the _CRS output ordering, for example).
+
+With _DSD we can now query GPIOs using a name instead of an integer
+index, like the ASL example below shows::
+
+ // Bluetooth device with reset and shutdown GPIOs
+ Device (BTH)
+ {
+ Name (_HID, ...)
+
+ Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate ()
+ {
+ GpioIo (Exclusive, PullUp, 0, 0, IoRestrictionOutputOnly,
+ "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) { 15 }
+ GpioIo (Exclusive, PullUp, 0, 0, IoRestrictionOutputOnly,
+ "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) { 27, 31 }
+ })
+
+ Name (_DSD, Package ()
+ {
+ ToUUID("daffd814-6eba-4d8c-8a91-bc9bbf4aa301"),
+ Package ()
+ {
+ Package () { "reset-gpios", Package () { ^BTH, 1, 1, 0 } },
+ Package () { "shutdown-gpios", Package () { ^BTH, 0, 0, 0 } },
+ }
+ })
+ }
+
+The format of the supported GPIO property is::
+
+ Package () { "name", Package () { ref, index, pin, active_low }}
+
+ref
+ The device that has _CRS containing GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources,
+ typically this is the device itself (BTH in our case).
+index
+ Index of the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource in _CRS starting from zero.
+pin
+ Pin in the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource. Typically this is zero.
+active_low
+ If 1, the GPIO is marked as active_low.
+
+Since ACPI GpioIo() resource does not have a field saying whether it is
+active low or high, the "active_low" argument can be used here. Setting
+it to 1 marks the GPIO as active low.
+
+Note, active_low in _DSD does not make sense for GpioInt() resource and
+must be 0. GpioInt() resource has its own means of defining it.
+
+In our Bluetooth example the "reset-gpios" refers to the second GpioIo()
+resource, second pin in that resource with the GPIO number of 31.
+
+The GpioIo() resource unfortunately doesn't explicitly provide an initial
+state of the output pin which driver should use during its initialization.
+
+Linux tries to use common sense here and derives the state from the bias
+and polarity settings. The table below shows the expectations:
+
++-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+| Pull Bias | Polarity | Requested... |
++=============+=============+===============================================+
+| Implicit |
++-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+| **Default** | x | AS IS (assumed firmware configured it for us) |
++-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+| Explicit |
++-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+| **None** | x | AS IS (assumed firmware configured it for us) |
+| | | with no Pull Bias |
++-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+| **Up** | x (no _DSD) | |
+| +-------------+ as high, assuming non-active |
+| | Low | |
+| +-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+| | High | as high, assuming active |
++-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+| **Down** | x (no _DSD) | |
+| +-------------+ as low, assuming non-active |
+| | High | |
+| +-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+| | Low | as low, assuming active |
++-------------+-------------+-----------------------------------------------+
+
+That said, for our above example the both GPIOs, since the bias setting
+is explicit and _DSD is present, will be treated as active with a high
+polarity and Linux will configure the pins in this state until a driver
+reprograms them differently.
+
+It is possible to leave holes in the array of GPIOs. This is useful in
+cases like with SPI host controllers where some chip selects may be
+implemented as GPIOs and some as native signals. For example a SPI host
+controller can have chip selects 0 and 2 implemented as GPIOs and 1 as
+native::
+
+ Package () {
+ "cs-gpios",
+ Package () {
+ ^GPIO, 19, 0, 0, // chip select 0: GPIO
+ 0, // chip select 1: native signal
+ ^GPIO, 20, 0, 0, // chip select 2: GPIO
+ }
+ }
+
+Note, that historically ACPI has no means of the GPIO polarity and thus
+the SPISerialBus() resource defines it on the per-chip basis. In order
+to avoid a chain of negations, the GPIO polarity is considered being
+Active High. Even for the cases when _DSD() is involved (see the example
+above) the GPIO CS polarity must be defined Active High to avoid ambiguity.
+
+Other supported properties
+==========================
+
+Following Device Tree compatible device properties are also supported by
+_DSD device properties for GPIO controllers:
+
+- gpio-hog
+- output-high
+- output-low
+- input
+- line-name
+
+Example::
+
+ Name (_DSD, Package () {
+ // _DSD Hierarchical Properties Extension UUID
+ ToUUID("dbb8e3e6-5886-4ba6-8795-1319f52a966b"),
+ Package () {
+ Package () { "hog-gpio8", "G8PU" }
+ }
+ })
+
+ Name (G8PU, Package () {
+ ToUUID("daffd814-6eba-4d8c-8a91-bc9bbf4aa301"),
+ Package () {
+ Package () { "gpio-hog", 1 },
+ Package () { "gpios", Package () { 8, 0 } },
+ Package () { "output-high", 1 },
+ Package () { "line-name", "gpio8-pullup" },
+ }
+ })
+
+- gpio-line-names
+
+The ``gpio-line-names`` declaration is a list of strings ("names"), which
+describes each line/pin of a GPIO controller/expander. This list, contained in
+a package, must be inserted inside the GPIO controller declaration of an ACPI
+table (typically inside the DSDT). The ``gpio-line-names`` list must respect the
+following rules (see also the examples):
+
+ - the first name in the list corresponds with the first line/pin of the GPIO
+ controller/expander
+ - the names inside the list must be consecutive (no "holes" are permitted)
+ - the list can be incomplete and can end before the last GPIO line: in
+ other words, it is not mandatory to fill all the GPIO lines
+ - empty names are allowed (two quotation marks ``""`` correspond to an empty
+ name)
+ - names inside one GPIO controller/expander must be unique
+
+Example of a GPIO controller of 16 lines, with an incomplete list with two
+empty names::
+
+ Package () {
+ "gpio-line-names",
+ Package () {
+ "pin_0",
+ "pin_1",
+ "",
+ "",
+ "pin_3",
+ "pin_4_push_button",
+ }
+ }
+
+At runtime, the above declaration produces the following result (using the
+"libgpiod" tools)::
+
+ root@debian:~# gpioinfo gpiochip4
+ gpiochip4 - 16 lines:
+ line 0: "pin_0" unused input active-high
+ line 1: "pin_1" unused input active-high
+ line 2: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 3: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 4: "pin_3" unused input active-high
+ line 5: "pin_4_push_button" unused input active-high
+ line 6: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 7 unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 8: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 9: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 10: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 11: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 12: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 13: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 14: unnamed unused input active-high
+ line 15: unnamed unused input active-high
+ root@debian:~# gpiofind pin_4_push_button
+ gpiochip4 5
+ root@debian:~#
+
+Another example::
+
+ Package () {
+ "gpio-line-names",
+ Package () {
+ "SPI0_CS_N", "EXP2_INT", "MUX6_IO", "UART0_RXD",
+ "MUX7_IO", "LVL_C_A1", "MUX0_IO", "SPI1_MISO",
+ }
+ }
+
+See Documentation/devicetree/bindings/gpio/gpio.txt for more information
+about these properties.
+
+ACPI GPIO Mappings Provided by Drivers
+======================================
+
+There are systems in which the ACPI tables do not contain _DSD but provide _CRS
+with GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources and device drivers still need to work with
+them.
+
+In those cases ACPI device identification objects, _HID, _CID, _CLS, _SUB, _HRV,
+available to the driver can be used to identify the device and that is supposed
+to be sufficient to determine the meaning and purpose of all of the GPIO lines
+listed by the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources returned by _CRS. In other words,
+the driver is supposed to know what to use the GpioIo()/GpioInt() resources for
+once it has identified the device. Having done that, it can simply assign names
+to the GPIO lines it is going to use and provide the GPIO subsystem with a
+mapping between those names and the ACPI GPIO resources corresponding to them.
+
+To do that, the driver needs to define a mapping table as a NULL-terminated
+array of struct acpi_gpio_mapping objects that each contains a name, a pointer
+to an array of line data (struct acpi_gpio_params) objects and the size of that
+array. Each struct acpi_gpio_params object consists of three fields,
+crs_entry_index, line_index, active_low, representing the index of the target
+GpioIo()/GpioInt() resource in _CRS starting from zero, the index of the target
+line in that resource starting from zero, and the active-low flag for that line,
+respectively, in analogy with the _DSD GPIO property format specified above.
+
+For the example Bluetooth device discussed previously the data structures in
+question would look like this::
+
+ static const struct acpi_gpio_params reset_gpio = { 1, 1, false };
+ static const struct acpi_gpio_params shutdown_gpio = { 0, 0, false };
+
+ static const struct acpi_gpio_mapping bluetooth_acpi_gpios[] = {
+ { "reset-gpios", &reset_gpio, 1 },
+ { "shutdown-gpios", &shutdown_gpio, 1 },
+ { }
+ };
+
+Next, the mapping table needs to be passed as the second argument to
+acpi_dev_add_driver_gpios() or its managed analogue that will
+register it with the ACPI device object pointed to by its first
+argument. That should be done in the driver's .probe() routine.
+On removal, the driver should unregister its GPIO mapping table by
+calling acpi_dev_remove_driver_gpios() on the ACPI device object where that
+table was previously registered.
+
+Using the _CRS fallback
+=======================
+
+If a device does not have _DSD or the driver does not create ACPI GPIO
+mapping, the Linux GPIO framework refuses to return any GPIOs. This is
+because the driver does not know what it actually gets. For example if we
+have a device like below::
+
+ Device (BTH)
+ {
+ Name (_HID, ...)
+
+ Name (_CRS, ResourceTemplate () {
+ GpioIo (Exclusive, PullNone, 0, 0, IoRestrictionNone,
+ "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) { 15 }
+ GpioIo (Exclusive, PullNone, 0, 0, IoRestrictionNone,
+ "\\_SB.GPO0", 0, ResourceConsumer) { 27 }
+ })
+ }
+
+The driver might expect to get the right GPIO when it does::
+
+ desc = gpiod_get(dev, "reset", GPIOD_OUT_LOW);
+ if (IS_ERR(desc))
+ ...error handling...
+
+but since there is no way to know the mapping between "reset" and
+the GpioIo() in _CRS desc will hold ERR_PTR(-ENOENT).
+
+The driver author can solve this by passing the mapping explicitly
+(this is the recommended way and it's documented in the above chapter).
+
+The ACPI GPIO mapping tables should not contaminate drivers that are not
+knowing about which exact device they are servicing on. It implies that
+the ACPI GPIO mapping tables are hardly linked to an ACPI ID and certain
+objects, as listed in the above chapter, of the device in question.
+
+Getting GPIO descriptor
+=======================
+
+There are two main approaches to get GPIO resource from ACPI::
+
+ desc = gpiod_get(dev, connection_id, flags);
+ desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, connection_id, index, flags);
+
+We may consider two different cases here, i.e. when connection ID is
+provided and otherwise.
+
+Case 1::
+
+ desc = gpiod_get(dev, "non-null-connection-id", flags);
+ desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, "non-null-connection-id", index, flags);
+
+Case 2::
+
+ desc = gpiod_get(dev, NULL, flags);
+ desc = gpiod_get_index(dev, NULL, index, flags);
+
+Case 1 assumes that corresponding ACPI device description must have
+defined device properties and will prevent to getting any GPIO resources
+otherwise.
+
+Case 2 explicitly tells GPIO core to look for resources in _CRS.
+
+Be aware that gpiod_get_index() in cases 1 and 2, assuming that there
+are two versions of ACPI device description provided and no mapping is
+present in the driver, will return different resources. That's why a
+certain driver has to handle them carefully as explained in the previous
+chapter.
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-11-19 21:23:41 +0000