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+.. _submittingpatches:
+
+Submitting patches: the essential guide to getting your code into the kernel
+============================================================================
+
+For a person or company who wishes to submit a change to the Linux
+kernel, the process can sometimes be daunting if you're not familiar
+with "the system." This text is a collection of suggestions which
+can greatly increase the chances of your change being accepted.
+
+This document contains a large number of suggestions in a relatively terse
+format. For detailed information on how the kernel development process
+works, see Documentation/process/development-process.rst. Also, read
+Documentation/process/submit-checklist.rst
+for a list of items to check before submitting code.
+For device tree binding patches, read
+Documentation/devicetree/bindings/submitting-patches.rst.
+
+This documentation assumes that you're using ``git`` to prepare your patches.
+If you're unfamiliar with ``git``, you would be well-advised to learn how to
+use it, it will make your life as a kernel developer and in general much
+easier.
+
+Some subsystems and maintainer trees have additional information about
+their workflow and expectations, see
+:ref:`Documentation/process/maintainer-handbooks.rst <maintainer_handbooks_main>`.
+
+Obtain a current source tree
+----------------------------
+
+If you do not have a repository with the current kernel source handy, use
+``git`` to obtain one. You'll want to start with the mainline repository,
+which can be grabbed with::
+
+ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git
+
+Note, however, that you may not want to develop against the mainline tree
+directly. Most subsystem maintainers run their own trees and want to see
+patches prepared against those trees. See the **T:** entry for the subsystem
+in the MAINTAINERS file to find that tree, or simply ask the maintainer if
+the tree is not listed there.
+
+.. _describe_changes:
+
+Describe your changes
+---------------------
+
+Describe your problem. Whether your patch is a one-line bug fix or
+5000 lines of a new feature, there must be an underlying problem that
+motivated you to do this work. Convince the reviewer that there is a
+problem worth fixing and that it makes sense for them to read past the
+first paragraph.
+
+Describe user-visible impact. Straight up crashes and lockups are
+pretty convincing, but not all bugs are that blatant. Even if the
+problem was spotted during code review, describe the impact you think
+it can have on users. Keep in mind that the majority of Linux
+installations run kernels from secondary stable trees or
+vendor/product-specific trees that cherry-pick only specific patches
+from upstream, so include anything that could help route your change
+downstream: provoking circumstances, excerpts from dmesg, crash
+descriptions, performance regressions, latency spikes, lockups, etc.
+
+Quantify optimizations and trade-offs. If you claim improvements in
+performance, memory consumption, stack footprint, or binary size,
+include numbers that back them up. But also describe non-obvious
+costs. Optimizations usually aren't free but trade-offs between CPU,
+memory, and readability; or, when it comes to heuristics, between
+different workloads. Describe the expected downsides of your
+optimization so that the reviewer can weigh costs against benefits.
+
+Once the problem is established, describe what you are actually doing
+about it in technical detail. It's important to describe the change
+in plain English for the reviewer to verify that the code is behaving
+as you intend it to.
+
+The maintainer will thank you if you write your patch description in a
+form which can be easily pulled into Linux's source code management
+system, ``git``, as a "commit log". See :ref:`the_canonical_patch_format`.
+
+Solve only one problem per patch. If your description starts to get
+long, that's a sign that you probably need to split up your patch.
+See :ref:`split_changes`.
+
+When you submit or resubmit a patch or patch series, include the
+complete patch description and justification for it. Don't just
+say that this is version N of the patch (series). Don't expect the
+subsystem maintainer to refer back to earlier patch versions or referenced
+URLs to find the patch description and put that into the patch.
+I.e., the patch (series) and its description should be self-contained.
+This benefits both the maintainers and reviewers. Some reviewers
+probably didn't even receive earlier versions of the patch.
+
+Describe your changes in imperative mood, e.g. "make xyzzy do frotz"
+instead of "[This patch] makes xyzzy do frotz" or "[I] changed xyzzy
+to do frotz", as if you are giving orders to the codebase to change
+its behaviour.
+
+If you want to refer to a specific commit, don't just refer to the
+SHA-1 ID of the commit. Please also include the oneline summary of
+the commit, to make it easier for reviewers to know what it is about.
+Example::
+
+ Commit e21d2170f36602ae2708 ("video: remove unnecessary
+ platform_set_drvdata()") removed the unnecessary
+ platform_set_drvdata(), but left the variable "dev" unused,
+ delete it.
+
+You should also be sure to use at least the first twelve characters of the
+SHA-1 ID. The kernel repository holds a *lot* of objects, making
+collisions with shorter IDs a real possibility. Bear in mind that, even if
+there is no collision with your six-character ID now, that condition may
+change five years from now.
+
+If related discussions or any other background information behind the change
+can be found on the web, add 'Link:' tags pointing to it. If the patch is a
+result of some earlier mailing list discussions or something documented on the
+web, point to it.
+
+When linking to mailing list archives, preferably use the lore.kernel.org
+message archiver service. To create the link URL, use the contents of the
+``Message-Id`` header of the message without the surrounding angle brackets.
+For example::
+
+ Link: https://lore.kernel.org/r/30th.anniversary.repost@klaava.Helsinki.FI/
+
+Please check the link to make sure that it is actually working and points
+to the relevant message.
+
+However, try to make your explanation understandable without external
+resources. In addition to giving a URL to a mailing list archive or bug,
+summarize the relevant points of the discussion that led to the
+patch as submitted.
+
+In case your patch fixes a bug, use the 'Closes:' tag with a URL referencing
+the report in the mailing list archives or a public bug tracker. For example::
+
+ Closes: https://example.com/issues/1234
+
+Some bug trackers have the ability to close issues automatically when a
+commit with such a tag is applied. Some bots monitoring mailing lists can
+also track such tags and take certain actions. Private bug trackers and
+invalid URLs are forbidden.
+
+If your patch fixes a bug in a specific commit, e.g. you found an issue using
+``git bisect``, please use the 'Fixes:' tag with the first 12 characters of
+the SHA-1 ID, and the one line summary. Do not split the tag across multiple
+lines, tags are exempt from the "wrap at 75 columns" rule in order to simplify
+parsing scripts. For example::
+
+ Fixes: 54a4f0239f2e ("KVM: MMU: make kvm_mmu_zap_page() return the number of pages it actually freed")
+
+The following ``git config`` settings can be used to add a pretty format for
+outputting the above style in the ``git log`` or ``git show`` commands::
+
+ [core]
+ abbrev = 12
+ [pretty]
+ fixes = Fixes: %h (\"%s\")
+
+An example call::
+
+ $ git log -1 --pretty=fixes 54a4f0239f2e
+ Fixes: 54a4f0239f2e ("KVM: MMU: make kvm_mmu_zap_page() return the number of pages it actually freed")
+
+.. _split_changes:
+
+Separate your changes
+---------------------
+
+Separate each **logical change** into a separate patch.
+
+For example, if your changes include both bug fixes and performance
+enhancements for a single driver, separate those changes into two
+or more patches. If your changes include an API update, and a new
+driver which uses that new API, separate those into two patches.
+
+On the other hand, if you make a single change to numerous files,
+group those changes into a single patch. Thus a single logical change
+is contained within a single patch.
+
+The point to remember is that each patch should make an easily understood
+change that can be verified by reviewers. Each patch should be justifiable
+on its own merits.
+
+If one patch depends on another patch in order for a change to be
+complete, that is OK. Simply note **"this patch depends on patch X"**
+in your patch description.
+
+When dividing your change into a series of patches, take special care to
+ensure that the kernel builds and runs properly after each patch in the
+series. Developers using ``git bisect`` to track down a problem can end up
+splitting your patch series at any point; they will not thank you if you
+introduce bugs in the middle.
+
+If you cannot condense your patch set into a smaller set of patches,
+then only post say 15 or so at a time and wait for review and integration.
+
+
+
+Style-check your changes
+------------------------
+
+Check your patch for basic style violations, details of which can be
+found in Documentation/process/coding-style.rst.
+Failure to do so simply wastes
+the reviewers time and will get your patch rejected, probably
+without even being read.
+
+One significant exception is when moving code from one file to
+another -- in this case you should not modify the moved code at all in
+the same patch which moves it. This clearly delineates the act of
+moving the code and your changes. This greatly aids review of the
+actual differences and allows tools to better track the history of
+the code itself.
+
+Check your patches with the patch style checker prior to submission
+(scripts/checkpatch.pl). Note, though, that the style checker should be
+viewed as a guide, not as a replacement for human judgment. If your code
+looks better with a violation then its probably best left alone.
+
+The checker reports at three levels:
+ - ERROR: things that are very likely to be wrong
+ - WARNING: things requiring careful review
+ - CHECK: things requiring thought
+
+You should be able to justify all violations that remain in your
+patch.
+
+
+Select the recipients for your patch
+------------------------------------
+
+You should always copy the appropriate subsystem maintainer(s) and list(s) on
+any patch to code that they maintain; look through the MAINTAINERS file and the
+source code revision history to see who those maintainers are. The script
+scripts/get_maintainer.pl can be very useful at this step (pass paths to your
+patches as arguments to scripts/get_maintainer.pl). If you cannot find a
+maintainer for the subsystem you are working on, Andrew Morton
+(akpm@linux-foundation.org) serves as a maintainer of last resort.
+
+linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org should be used by default for all patches, but the
+volume on that list has caused a number of developers to tune it out. Please
+do not spam unrelated lists and unrelated people, though.
+
+Many kernel-related lists are hosted on vger.kernel.org; you can find a
+list of them at http://vger.kernel.org/vger-lists.html. There are
+kernel-related lists hosted elsewhere as well, though.
+
+Do not send more than 15 patches at once to the vger mailing lists!!!
+
+Linus Torvalds is the final arbiter of all changes accepted into the
+Linux kernel. His e-mail address is <torvalds@linux-foundation.org>.
+He gets a lot of e-mail, and, at this point, very few patches go through
+Linus directly, so typically you should do your best to -avoid-
+sending him e-mail.
+
+If you have a patch that fixes an exploitable security bug, send that patch
+to security@kernel.org. For severe bugs, a short embargo may be considered
+to allow distributors to get the patch out to users; in such cases,
+obviously, the patch should not be sent to any public lists. See also
+Documentation/process/security-bugs.rst.
+
+Patches that fix a severe bug in a released kernel should be directed
+toward the stable maintainers by putting a line like this::
+
+ Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org
+
+into the sign-off area of your patch (note, NOT an email recipient). You
+should also read Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst
+in addition to this document.
+
+If changes affect userland-kernel interfaces, please send the MAN-PAGES
+maintainer (as listed in the MAINTAINERS file) a man-pages patch, or at
+least a notification of the change, so that some information makes its way
+into the manual pages. User-space API changes should also be copied to
+linux-api@vger.kernel.org.
+
+
+No MIME, no links, no compression, no attachments. Just plain text
+-------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+Linus and other kernel developers need to be able to read and comment
+on the changes you are submitting. It is important for a kernel
+developer to be able to "quote" your changes, using standard e-mail
+tools, so that they may comment on specific portions of your code.
+
+For this reason, all patches should be submitted by e-mail "inline". The
+easiest way to do this is with ``git send-email``, which is strongly
+recommended. An interactive tutorial for ``git send-email`` is available at
+https://git-send-email.io.
+
+If you choose not to use ``git send-email``:
+
+.. warning::
+
+ Be wary of your editor's word-wrap corrupting your patch,
+ if you choose to cut-n-paste your patch.
+
+Do not attach the patch as a MIME attachment, compressed or not.
+Many popular e-mail applications will not always transmit a MIME
+attachment as plain text, making it impossible to comment on your
+code. A MIME attachment also takes Linus a bit more time to process,
+decreasing the likelihood of your MIME-attached change being accepted.
+
+Exception: If your mailer is mangling patches then someone may ask
+you to re-send them using MIME.
+
+See Documentation/process/email-clients.rst for hints about configuring
+your e-mail client so that it sends your patches untouched.
+
+Respond to review comments
+--------------------------
+
+Your patch will almost certainly get comments from reviewers on ways in
+which the patch can be improved, in the form of a reply to your email. You must
+respond to those comments; ignoring reviewers is a good way to get ignored in
+return. You can simply reply to their emails to answer their comments. Review
+comments or questions that do not lead to a code change should almost certainly
+bring about a comment or changelog entry so that the next reviewer better
+understands what is going on.
+
+Be sure to tell the reviewers what changes you are making and to thank them
+for their time. Code review is a tiring and time-consuming process, and
+reviewers sometimes get grumpy. Even in that case, though, respond
+politely and address the problems they have pointed out. When sending a next
+version, add a ``patch changelog`` to the cover letter or to individual patches
+explaining difference against previous submission (see
+:ref:`the_canonical_patch_format`).
+
+See Documentation/process/email-clients.rst for recommendations on email
+clients and mailing list etiquette.
+
+.. _interleaved_replies:
+
+Use trimmed interleaved replies in email discussions
+----------------------------------------------------
+Top-posting is strongly discouraged in Linux kernel development
+discussions. Interleaved (or "inline") replies make conversations much
+easier to follow. For more details see:
+https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posting_style#Interleaved_style
+
+As is frequently quoted on the mailing list::
+
+ A: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_post
+ Q: Were do I find info about this thing called top-posting?
+ A: Because it messes up the order in which people normally read text.
+ Q: Why is top-posting such a bad thing?
+ A: Top-posting.
+ Q: What is the most annoying thing in e-mail?
+
+Similarly, please trim all unneeded quotations that aren't relevant
+to your reply. This makes responses easier to find, and saves time and
+space. For more details see: http://daringfireball.net/2007/07/on_top ::
+
+ A: No.
+ Q: Should I include quotations after my reply?
+
+.. _resend_reminders:
+
+Don't get discouraged - or impatient
+------------------------------------
+
+After you have submitted your change, be patient and wait. Reviewers are
+busy people and may not get to your patch right away.
+
+Once upon a time, patches used to disappear into the void without comment,
+but the development process works more smoothly than that now. You should
+receive comments within a week or so; if that does not happen, make sure
+that you have sent your patches to the right place. Wait for a minimum of
+one week before resubmitting or pinging reviewers - possibly longer during
+busy times like merge windows.
+
+It's also ok to resend the patch or the patch series after a couple of
+weeks with the word "RESEND" added to the subject line::
+
+ [PATCH Vx RESEND] sub/sys: Condensed patch summary
+
+Don't add "RESEND" when you are submitting a modified version of your
+patch or patch series - "RESEND" only applies to resubmission of a
+patch or patch series which have not been modified in any way from the
+previous submission.
+
+
+Include PATCH in the subject
+-----------------------------
+
+Due to high e-mail traffic to Linus, and to linux-kernel, it is common
+convention to prefix your subject line with [PATCH]. This lets Linus
+and other kernel developers more easily distinguish patches from other
+e-mail discussions.
+
+``git send-email`` will do this for you automatically.
+
+
+Sign your work - the Developer's Certificate of Origin
+------------------------------------------------------
+
+To improve tracking of who did what, especially with patches that can
+percolate to their final resting place in the kernel through several
+layers of maintainers, we've introduced a "sign-off" procedure on
+patches that are being emailed around.
+
+The sign-off is a simple line at the end of the explanation for the
+patch, which certifies that you wrote it or otherwise have the right to
+pass it on as an open-source patch. The rules are pretty simple: if you
+can certify the below:
+
+Developer's Certificate of Origin 1.1
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+By making a contribution to this project, I certify that:
+
+ (a) The contribution was created in whole or in part by me and I
+ have the right to submit it under the open source license
+ indicated in the file; or
+
+ (b) The contribution is based upon previous work that, to the best
+ of my knowledge, is covered under an appropriate open source
+ license and I have the right under that license to submit that
+ work with modifications, whether created in whole or in part
+ by me, under the same open source license (unless I am
+ permitted to submit under a different license), as indicated
+ in the file; or
+
+ (c) The contribution was provided directly to me by some other
+ person who certified (a), (b) or (c) and I have not modified
+ it.
+
+ (d) I understand and agree that this project and the contribution
+ are public and that a record of the contribution (including all
+ personal information I submit with it, including my sign-off) is
+ maintained indefinitely and may be redistributed consistent with
+ this project or the open source license(s) involved.
+
+then you just add a line saying::
+
+ Signed-off-by: Random J Developer <random@developer.example.org>
+
+using a known identity (sorry, no anonymous contributions.)
+This will be done for you automatically if you use ``git commit -s``.
+Reverts should also include "Signed-off-by". ``git revert -s`` does that
+for you.
+
+Some people also put extra tags at the end. They'll just be ignored for
+now, but you can do this to mark internal company procedures or just
+point out some special detail about the sign-off.
+
+Any further SoBs (Signed-off-by:'s) following the author's SoB are from
+people handling and transporting the patch, but were not involved in its
+development. SoB chains should reflect the **real** route a patch took
+as it was propagated to the maintainers and ultimately to Linus, with
+the first SoB entry signalling primary authorship of a single author.
+
+
+When to use Acked-by:, Cc:, and Co-developed-by:
+------------------------------------------------
+
+The Signed-off-by: tag indicates that the signer was involved in the
+development of the patch, or that he/she was in the patch's delivery path.
+
+If a person was not directly involved in the preparation or handling of a
+patch but wishes to signify and record their approval of it then they can
+ask to have an Acked-by: line added to the patch's changelog.
+
+Acked-by: is often used by the maintainer of the affected code when that
+maintainer neither contributed to nor forwarded the patch.
+
+Acked-by: is not as formal as Signed-off-by:. It is a record that the acker
+has at least reviewed the patch and has indicated acceptance. Hence patch
+mergers will sometimes manually convert an acker's "yep, looks good to me"
+into an Acked-by: (but note that it is usually better to ask for an
+explicit ack).
+
+Acked-by: does not necessarily indicate acknowledgement of the entire patch.
+For example, if a patch affects multiple subsystems and has an Acked-by: from
+one subsystem maintainer then this usually indicates acknowledgement of just
+the part which affects that maintainer's code. Judgement should be used here.
+When in doubt people should refer to the original discussion in the mailing
+list archives.
+
+If a person has had the opportunity to comment on a patch, but has not
+provided such comments, you may optionally add a ``Cc:`` tag to the patch.
+This is the only tag which might be added without an explicit action by the
+person it names - but it should indicate that this person was copied on the
+patch. This tag documents that potentially interested parties
+have been included in the discussion.
+
+Co-developed-by: states that the patch was co-created by multiple developers;
+it is used to give attribution to co-authors (in addition to the author
+attributed by the From: tag) when several people work on a single patch. Since
+Co-developed-by: denotes authorship, every Co-developed-by: must be immediately
+followed by a Signed-off-by: of the associated co-author. Standard sign-off
+procedure applies, i.e. the ordering of Signed-off-by: tags should reflect the
+chronological history of the patch insofar as possible, regardless of whether
+the author is attributed via From: or Co-developed-by:. Notably, the last
+Signed-off-by: must always be that of the developer submitting the patch.
+
+Note, the From: tag is optional when the From: author is also the person (and
+email) listed in the From: line of the email header.
+
+Example of a patch submitted by the From: author::
+
+ <changelog>
+
+ Co-developed-by: First Co-Author <first@coauthor.example.org>
+ Signed-off-by: First Co-Author <first@coauthor.example.org>
+ Co-developed-by: Second Co-Author <second@coauthor.example.org>
+ Signed-off-by: Second Co-Author <second@coauthor.example.org>
+ Signed-off-by: From Author <from@author.example.org>
+
+Example of a patch submitted by a Co-developed-by: author::
+
+ From: From Author <from@author.example.org>
+
+ <changelog>
+
+ Co-developed-by: Random Co-Author <random@coauthor.example.org>
+ Signed-off-by: Random Co-Author <random@coauthor.example.org>
+ Signed-off-by: From Author <from@author.example.org>
+ Co-developed-by: Submitting Co-Author <sub@coauthor.example.org>
+ Signed-off-by: Submitting Co-Author <sub@coauthor.example.org>
+
+
+Using Reported-by:, Tested-by:, Reviewed-by:, Suggested-by: and Fixes:
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+The Reported-by tag gives credit to people who find bugs and report them and it
+hopefully inspires them to help us again in the future. The tag is intended for
+bugs; please do not use it to credit feature requests. The tag should be
+followed by a Closes: tag pointing to the report, unless the report is not
+available on the web. The Link: tag can be used instead of Closes: if the patch
+fixes a part of the issue(s) being reported. Please note that if the bug was
+reported in private, then ask for permission first before using the Reported-by
+tag.
+
+A Tested-by: tag indicates that the patch has been successfully tested (in
+some environment) by the person named. This tag informs maintainers that
+some testing has been performed, provides a means to locate testers for
+future patches, and ensures credit for the testers.
+
+Reviewed-by:, instead, indicates that the patch has been reviewed and found
+acceptable according to the Reviewer's Statement:
+
+Reviewer's statement of oversight
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+By offering my Reviewed-by: tag, I state that:
+
+ (a) I have carried out a technical review of this patch to
+ evaluate its appropriateness and readiness for inclusion into
+ the mainline kernel.
+
+ (b) Any problems, concerns, or questions relating to the patch
+ have been communicated back to the submitter. I am satisfied
+ with the submitter's response to my comments.
+
+ (c) While there may be things that could be improved with this
+ submission, I believe that it is, at this time, (1) a
+ worthwhile modification to the kernel, and (2) free of known
+ issues which would argue against its inclusion.
+
+ (d) While I have reviewed the patch and believe it to be sound, I
+ do not (unless explicitly stated elsewhere) make any
+ warranties or guarantees that it will achieve its stated
+ purpose or function properly in any given situation.
+
+A Reviewed-by tag is a statement of opinion that the patch is an
+appropriate modification of the kernel without any remaining serious
+technical issues. Any interested reviewer (who has done the work) can
+offer a Reviewed-by tag for a patch. This tag serves to give credit to
+reviewers and to inform maintainers of the degree of review which has been
+done on the patch. Reviewed-by: tags, when supplied by reviewers known to
+understand the subject area and to perform thorough reviews, will normally
+increase the likelihood of your patch getting into the kernel.
+
+Both Tested-by and Reviewed-by tags, once received on mailing list from tester
+or reviewer, should be added by author to the applicable patches when sending
+next versions. However if the patch has changed substantially in following
+version, these tags might not be applicable anymore and thus should be removed.
+Usually removal of someone's Tested-by or Reviewed-by tags should be mentioned
+in the patch changelog (after the '---' separator).
+
+A Suggested-by: tag indicates that the patch idea is suggested by the person
+named and ensures credit to the person for the idea. Please note that this
+tag should not be added without the reporter's permission, especially if the
+idea was not posted in a public forum. That said, if we diligently credit our
+idea reporters, they will, hopefully, be inspired to help us again in the
+future.
+
+A Fixes: tag indicates that the patch fixes an issue in a previous commit. It
+is used to make it easy to determine where a bug originated, which can help
+review a bug fix. This tag also assists the stable kernel team in determining
+which stable kernel versions should receive your fix. This is the preferred
+method for indicating a bug fixed by the patch. See :ref:`describe_changes`
+for more details.
+
+Note: Attaching a Fixes: tag does not subvert the stable kernel rules
+process nor the requirement to Cc: stable@vger.kernel.org on all stable
+patch candidates. For more information, please read
+Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst.
+
+.. _the_canonical_patch_format:
+
+The canonical patch format
+--------------------------
+
+This section describes how the patch itself should be formatted. Note
+that, if you have your patches stored in a ``git`` repository, proper patch
+formatting can be had with ``git format-patch``. The tools cannot create
+the necessary text, though, so read the instructions below anyway.
+
+The canonical patch subject line is::
+
+ Subject: [PATCH 001/123] subsystem: summary phrase
+
+The canonical patch message body contains the following:
+
+ - A ``from`` line specifying the patch author, followed by an empty
+ line (only needed if the person sending the patch is not the author).
+
+ - The body of the explanation, line wrapped at 75 columns, which will
+ be copied to the permanent changelog to describe this patch.
+
+ - An empty line.
+
+ - The ``Signed-off-by:`` lines, described above, which will
+ also go in the changelog.
+
+ - A marker line containing simply ``---``.
+
+ - Any additional comments not suitable for the changelog.
+
+ - The actual patch (``diff`` output).
+
+The Subject line format makes it very easy to sort the emails
+alphabetically by subject line - pretty much any email reader will
+support that - since because the sequence number is zero-padded,
+the numerical and alphabetic sort is the same.
+
+The ``subsystem`` in the email's Subject should identify which
+area or subsystem of the kernel is being patched.
+
+The ``summary phrase`` in the email's Subject should concisely
+describe the patch which that email contains. The ``summary
+phrase`` should not be a filename. Do not use the same ``summary
+phrase`` for every patch in a whole patch series (where a ``patch
+series`` is an ordered sequence of multiple, related patches).
+
+Bear in mind that the ``summary phrase`` of your email becomes a
+globally-unique identifier for that patch. It propagates all the way
+into the ``git`` changelog. The ``summary phrase`` may later be used in
+developer discussions which refer to the patch. People will want to
+google for the ``summary phrase`` to read discussion regarding that
+patch. It will also be the only thing that people may quickly see
+when, two or three months later, they are going through perhaps
+thousands of patches using tools such as ``gitk`` or ``git log
+--oneline``.
+
+For these reasons, the ``summary`` must be no more than 70-75
+characters, and it must describe both what the patch changes, as well
+as why the patch might be necessary. It is challenging to be both
+succinct and descriptive, but that is what a well-written summary
+should do.
+
+The ``summary phrase`` may be prefixed by tags enclosed in square
+brackets: "Subject: [PATCH <tag>...] <summary phrase>". The tags are
+not considered part of the summary phrase, but describe how the patch
+should be treated. Common tags might include a version descriptor if
+the multiple versions of the patch have been sent out in response to
+comments (i.e., "v1, v2, v3"), or "RFC" to indicate a request for
+comments.
+
+If there are four patches in a patch series the individual patches may
+be numbered like this: 1/4, 2/4, 3/4, 4/4. This assures that developers
+understand the order in which the patches should be applied and that
+they have reviewed or applied all of the patches in the patch series.
+
+Here are some good example Subjects::
+
+ Subject: [PATCH 2/5] ext2: improve scalability of bitmap searching
+ Subject: [PATCH v2 01/27] x86: fix eflags tracking
+ Subject: [PATCH v2] sub/sys: Condensed patch summary
+ Subject: [PATCH v2 M/N] sub/sys: Condensed patch summary
+
+The ``from`` line must be the very first line in the message body,
+and has the form:
+
+ From: Patch Author <author@example.com>
+
+The ``from`` line specifies who will be credited as the author of the
+patch in the permanent changelog. If the ``from`` line is missing,
+then the ``From:`` line from the email header will be used to determine
+the patch author in the changelog.
+
+The explanation body will be committed to the permanent source
+changelog, so should make sense to a competent reader who has long since
+forgotten the immediate details of the discussion that might have led to
+this patch. Including symptoms of the failure which the patch addresses
+(kernel log messages, oops messages, etc.) are especially useful for
+people who might be searching the commit logs looking for the applicable
+patch. The text should be written in such detail so that when read
+weeks, months or even years later, it can give the reader the needed
+details to grasp the reasoning for **why** the patch was created.
+
+If a patch fixes a compile failure, it may not be necessary to include
+_all_ of the compile failures; just enough that it is likely that
+someone searching for the patch can find it. As in the ``summary
+phrase``, it is important to be both succinct as well as descriptive.
+
+The ``---`` marker line serves the essential purpose of marking for
+patch handling tools where the changelog message ends.
+
+One good use for the additional comments after the ``---`` marker is
+for a ``diffstat``, to show what files have changed, and the number of
+inserted and deleted lines per file. A ``diffstat`` is especially useful
+on bigger patches. If you are going to include a ``diffstat`` after the
+``---`` marker, please use ``diffstat`` options ``-p 1 -w 70`` so that
+filenames are listed from the top of the kernel source tree and don't
+use too much horizontal space (easily fit in 80 columns, maybe with some
+indentation). (``git`` generates appropriate diffstats by default.)
+
+Other comments relevant only to the moment or the maintainer, not
+suitable for the permanent changelog, should also go here. A good
+example of such comments might be ``patch changelogs`` which describe
+what has changed between the v1 and v2 version of the patch.
+
+Please put this information **after** the ``---`` line which separates
+the changelog from the rest of the patch. The version information is
+not part of the changelog which gets committed to the git tree. It is
+additional information for the reviewers. If it's placed above the
+commit tags, it needs manual interaction to remove it. If it is below
+the separator line, it gets automatically stripped off when applying the
+patch::
+
+ <commit message>
+ ...
+ Signed-off-by: Author <author@mail>
+ ---
+ V2 -> V3: Removed redundant helper function
+ V1 -> V2: Cleaned up coding style and addressed review comments
+
+ path/to/file | 5+++--
+ ...
+
+See more details on the proper patch format in the following
+references.
+
+.. _backtraces:
+
+Backtraces in commit messages
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Backtraces help document the call chain leading to a problem. However,
+not all backtraces are helpful. For example, early boot call chains are
+unique and obvious. Copying the full dmesg output verbatim, however,
+adds distracting information like timestamps, module lists, register and
+stack dumps.
+
+Therefore, the most useful backtraces should distill the relevant
+information from the dump, which makes it easier to focus on the real
+issue. Here is an example of a well-trimmed backtrace::
+
+ unchecked MSR access error: WRMSR to 0xd51 (tried to write 0x0000000000000064)
+ at rIP: 0xffffffffae059994 (native_write_msr+0x4/0x20)
+ Call Trace:
+ mba_wrmsr
+ update_domains
+ rdtgroup_mkdir
+
+.. _explicit_in_reply_to:
+
+Explicit In-Reply-To headers
+----------------------------
+
+It can be helpful to manually add In-Reply-To: headers to a patch
+(e.g., when using ``git send-email``) to associate the patch with
+previous relevant discussion, e.g. to link a bug fix to the email with
+the bug report. However, for a multi-patch series, it is generally
+best to avoid using In-Reply-To: to link to older versions of the
+series. This way multiple versions of the patch don't become an
+unmanageable forest of references in email clients. If a link is
+helpful, you can use the https://lore.kernel.org/ redirector (e.g., in
+the cover email text) to link to an earlier version of the patch series.
+
+
+Providing base tree information
+-------------------------------
+
+When other developers receive your patches and start the review process,
+it is often useful for them to know where in the tree history they
+should place your work. This is particularly useful for automated CI
+processes that attempt to run a series of tests in order to establish
+the quality of your submission before the maintainer starts the review.
+
+If you are using ``git format-patch`` to generate your patches, you can
+automatically include the base tree information in your submission by
+using the ``--base`` flag. The easiest and most convenient way to use
+this option is with topical branches::
+
+ $ git checkout -t -b my-topical-branch master
+ Branch 'my-topical-branch' set up to track local branch 'master'.
+ Switched to a new branch 'my-topical-branch'
+
+ [perform your edits and commits]
+
+ $ git format-patch --base=auto --cover-letter -o outgoing/ master
+ outgoing/0000-cover-letter.patch
+ outgoing/0001-First-Commit.patch
+ outgoing/...
+
+When you open ``outgoing/0000-cover-letter.patch`` for editing, you will
+notice that it will have the ``base-commit:`` trailer at the very
+bottom, which provides the reviewer and the CI tools enough information
+to properly perform ``git am`` without worrying about conflicts::
+
+ $ git checkout -b patch-review [base-commit-id]
+ Switched to a new branch 'patch-review'
+ $ git am patches.mbox
+ Applying: First Commit
+ Applying: ...
+
+Please see ``man git-format-patch`` for more information about this
+option.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The ``--base`` feature was introduced in git version 2.9.0.
+
+If you are not using git to format your patches, you can still include
+the same ``base-commit`` trailer to indicate the commit hash of the tree
+on which your work is based. You should add it either in the cover
+letter or in the first patch of the series and it should be placed
+either below the ``---`` line or at the very bottom of all other
+content, right before your email signature.
+
+
+References
+----------
+
+Andrew Morton, "The perfect patch" (tpp).
+ <https://www.ozlabs.org/~akpm/stuff/tpp.txt>
+
+Jeff Garzik, "Linux kernel patch submission format".
+ <https://web.archive.org/web/20180829112450/http://linux.yyz.us/patch-format.html>
+
+Greg Kroah-Hartman, "How to piss off a kernel subsystem maintainer".
+ <http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/maintainer.html>
+
+ <http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/maintainer-02.html>
+
+ <http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/maintainer-03.html>
+
+ <http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/maintainer-04.html>
+
+ <http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/maintainer-05.html>
+
+ <http://www.kroah.com/log/linux/maintainer-06.html>
+
+NO!!!! No more huge patch bombs to linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org people!
+ <https://lore.kernel.org/r/20050711.125305.08322243.davem@davemloft.net>
+
+Kernel Documentation/process/coding-style.rst
+
+Linus Torvalds's mail on the canonical patch format:
+ <https://lore.kernel.org/r/Pine.LNX.4.58.0504071023190.28951@ppc970.osdl.org>
+
+Andi Kleen, "On submitting kernel patches"
+ Some strategies to get difficult or controversial changes in.
+
+ http://halobates.de/on-submitting-patches.pdf