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diff --git a/Documentation/sound/designs/midi-2.0.rst b/Documentation/sound/designs/midi-2.0.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..086487ca7a --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/sound/designs/midi-2.0.rst @@ -0,0 +1,566 @@ +================= +MIDI 2.0 on Linux +================= + +General +======= + +MIDI 2.0 is an extended protocol for providing higher resolutions and +more fine controls over the legacy MIDI 1.0. The fundamental changes +introduced for supporting MIDI 2.0 are: + +- Support of Universal MIDI Packet (UMP) +- Support of MIDI 2.0 protocol messages +- Transparent conversions between UMP and legacy MIDI 1.0 byte stream +- MIDI-CI for property and profile configurations + +UMP is a new container format to hold all MIDI protocol 1.0 and MIDI +2.0 protocol messages. Unlike the former byte stream, it's 32bit +aligned, and each message can be put in a single packet. UMP can send +the events up to 16 "UMP Groups", where each UMP Group contain up to +16 MIDI channels. + +MIDI 2.0 protocol is an extended protocol to achieve the higher +resolution and more controls over the old MIDI 1.0 protocol. + +MIDI-CI is a high-level protocol that can talk with the MIDI device +for the flexible profiles and configurations. It's represented in the +form of special SysEx. + +For Linux implementations, the kernel supports the UMP transport and +the encoding/decoding of MIDI protocols on UMP, while MIDI-CI is +supported in user-space over the standard SysEx. + +As of this writing, only USB MIDI device supports the UMP and Linux +2.0 natively. The UMP support itself is pretty generic, hence it +could be used by other transport layers, although it could be +implemented differently (e.g. as a ALSA sequencer client), too. + +The access to UMP devices are provided in two ways: the access via +rawmidi device and the access via ALSA sequencer API. + +ALSA sequencer API was extended to allow the payload of UMP packets. +It's allowed to connect freely between MIDI 1.0 and MIDI 2.0 sequencer +clients, and the events are converted transparently. + + +Kernel Configuration +==================== + +The following new configs are added for supporting MIDI 2.0: +`CONFIG_SND_UMP`, `CONFIG_SND_UMP_LEGACY_RAWMIDI`, +`CONFIG_SND_SEQ_UMP`, `CONFIG_SND_SEQ_UMP_CLIENT`, and +`CONFIG_SND_USB_AUDIO_MIDI_V2`. The first visible one is +`CONFIG_SND_USB_AUDIO_MIDI_V2`, and when you choose it (to set `=y`), +the core support for UMP (`CONFIG_SND_UMP`) and the sequencer binding +(`CONFIG_SND_SEQ_UMP_CLIENT`) will be automatically selected. + +Additionally, `CONFIG_SND_UMP_LEGACY_RAWMIDI=y` will enable the +support for the legacy raw MIDI device for UMP Endpoints. + + +Rawmidi Device with USB MIDI 2.0 +================================ + +When a device supports MIDI 2.0, the USB-audio driver probes and uses +the MIDI 2.0 interface (that is found always at the altset 1) as +default instead of the MIDI 1.0 interface (at altset 0). You can +switch back to the binding with the old MIDI 1.0 interface by passing +`midi2_enable=0` option to snd-usb-audio driver module, too. + +The USB audio driver tries to query the UMP Endpoint and UMP Function +Block information that are provided since UMP v1.1, and builds up the +topology based on those information. When the device is older and +doesn't respond to the new UMP inquiries, the driver falls back and +builds the topology based on Group Terminal Block (GTB) information +from the USB descriptor. Some device might be screwed up by the +unexpected UMP command; in such a case, pass `midi2_ump_probe=0` +option to snd-usb-audio driver for skipping the UMP v1.1 inquiries. + +When the MIDI 2.0 device is probed, the kernel creates a rawmidi +device for each UMP Endpoint of the device. Its device name is +`/dev/snd/umpC*D*` and different from the standard rawmidi device name +`/dev/snd/midiC*D*` for MIDI 1.0, in order to avoid confusing the +legacy applications accessing mistakenly to UMP devices. + +You can read and write UMP packet data directly from/to this UMP +rawmidi device. For example, reading via `hexdump` like below will +show the incoming UMP packets of the card 0 device 0 in the hex +format:: + + % hexdump -C /dev/snd/umpC0D0 + 00000000 01 07 b0 20 00 07 b0 20 64 3c 90 20 64 3c 80 20 |... ... d<. d<. | + +Unlike the MIDI 1.0 byte stream, UMP is a 32bit packet, and the size +for reading or writing the device is also aligned to 32bit (which is 4 +bytes). + +The 32-bit words in the UMP packet payload are always in CPU native +endianness. Transport drivers are responsible to convert UMP words +from / to system endianness to required transport endianness / byte +order. + +When `CONFIG_SND_UMP_LEGACY_RAWMIDI` is set, the driver creates +another standard raw MIDI device additionally as `/dev/snd/midiC*D*`. +This contains 16 substreams, and each substream corresponds to a +(0-based) UMP Group. Legacy applications can access to the specified +group via each substream in MIDI 1.0 byte stream format. With the +ALSA rawmidi API, you can open the arbitrary substream, while just +opening `/dev/snd/midiC*D*` will end up with opening the first +substream. + +Each UMP Endpoint can provide the additional information, constructed +from the information inquired via UMP 1.1 Stream messages or USB MIDI +2.0 descriptors. And a UMP Endpoint may contain one or more UMP +Blocks, where UMP Block is an abstraction introduced in the ALSA UMP +implementations to represent the associations among UMP Groups. UMP +Block corresponds to Function Block in UMP 1.1 specification. When +UMP 1.1 Function Block information isn't available, it's filled +partially from Group Terminal Block (GTB) as defined in USB MIDI 2.0 +specifications. + +The information of UMP Endpoints and UMP Blocks are found in the proc +file `/proc/asound/card*/midi*`. For example:: + + % cat /proc/asound/card1/midi0 + ProtoZOA MIDI + + Type: UMP + EP Name: ProtoZOA + EP Product ID: ABCD12345678 + UMP Version: 0x0000 + Protocol Caps: 0x00000100 + Protocol: 0x00000100 + Num Blocks: 3 + + Block 0 (ProtoZOA Main) + Direction: bidirection + Active: Yes + Groups: 1-1 + Is MIDI1: No + + Block 1 (ProtoZOA Ext IN) + Direction: output + Active: Yes + Groups: 2-2 + Is MIDI1: Yes (Low Speed) + .... + +Note that `Groups` field shown in the proc file above indicates the +1-based UMP Group numbers (from-to). + +Those additional UMP Endpoint and UMP Block information can be +obtained via the new ioctls `SNDRV_UMP_IOCTL_ENDPOINT_INFO` and +`SNDRV_UMP_IOCTL_BLOCK_INFO`, respectively. + +The rawmidi name and the UMP Endpoint name are usually identical, and +in the case of USB MIDI, it's taken from `iInterface` of the +corresponding USB MIDI interface descriptor. If it's not provided, +it's copied from `iProduct` of the USB device descriptor as a +fallback. + +The Endpoint Product ID is a string field and supposed to be unique. +It's copied from `iSerialNumber` of the device for USB MIDI. + +The protocol capabilities and the actual protocol bits are defined in +`asound.h`. + + +ALSA Sequencer with USB MIDI 2.0 +================================ + +In addition to the rawmidi interfaces, ALSA sequencer interface +supports the new UMP MIDI 2.0 device, too. Now, each ALSA sequencer +client may set its MIDI version (0, 1 or 2) to declare itself being +either the legacy, UMP MIDI 1.0 or UMP MIDI 2.0 device, respectively. +The first, legacy client is the one that sends/receives the old +sequencer event as was. Meanwhile, UMP MIDI 1.0 and 2.0 clients send +and receive in the extended event record for UMP. The MIDI version is +seen in the new `midi_version` field of `snd_seq_client_info`. + +A UMP packet can be sent/received in a sequencer event embedded by +specifying the new event flag bit `SNDRV_SEQ_EVENT_UMP`. When this +flag is set, the event has 16 byte (128 bit) data payload for holding +the UMP packet. Without the `SNDRV_SEQ_EVENT_UMP` bit flag, the event +is treated as a legacy event as it was (with max 12 byte data +payload). + +With `SNDRV_SEQ_EVENT_UMP` flag set, the type field of a UMP sequencer +event is ignored (but it should be set to 0 as default). + +The type of each client can be seen in `/proc/asound/seq/clients`. +For example:: + + % cat /proc/asound/seq/clients + Client info + cur clients : 3 + .... + Client 14 : "Midi Through" [Kernel Legacy] + Port 0 : "Midi Through Port-0" (RWe-) + Client 20 : "ProtoZOA" [Kernel UMP MIDI1] + UMP Endpoint: ProtoZOA + UMP Block 0: ProtoZOA Main [Active] + Groups: 1-1 + UMP Block 1: ProtoZOA Ext IN [Active] + Groups: 2-2 + UMP Block 2: ProtoZOA Ext OUT [Active] + Groups: 3-3 + Port 0 : "MIDI 2.0" (RWeX) [In/Out] + Port 1 : "ProtoZOA Main" (RWeX) [In/Out] + Port 2 : "ProtoZOA Ext IN" (-We-) [Out] + Port 3 : "ProtoZOA Ext OUT" (R-e-) [In] + +Here you can find two types of kernel clients, "Legacy" for client 14, +and "UMP MIDI1" for client 20, which is a USB MIDI 2.0 device. +A USB MIDI 2.0 client gives always the port 0 as "MIDI 2.0" and the +rest ports from 1 for each UMP Group (e.g. port 1 for Group 1). +In this example, the device has three active groups (Main, Ext IN and +Ext OUT), and those are exposed as sequencer ports from 1 to 3. +The "MIDI 2.0" port is for a UMP Endpoint, and its difference from +other UMP Group ports is that UMP Endpoint port sends the events from +the all ports on the device ("catch-all"), while each UMP Group port +sends only the events from the given UMP Group. +Also, UMP groupless messages (such as the UMP message type 0x0f) are +sent only to the UMP Endpoint port. + +Note that, although each UMP sequencer client usually creates 16 +ports, those ports that don't belong to any UMP Blocks (or belonging +to inactive UMP Blocks) are marked as inactive, and they don't appear +in the proc outputs. In the example above, the sequencer ports from 4 +to 16 are present but not shown there. + +The proc file above shows the UMP Block information, too. The same +entry (but with more detailed information) is found in the rawmidi +proc output. + +When clients are connected between different MIDI versions, the events +are translated automatically depending on the client's version, not +only between the legacy and the UMP MIDI 1.0/2.0 types, but also +between UMP MIDI 1.0 and 2.0 types, too. For example, running +`aseqdump` program on the ProtoZOA Main port in the legacy mode will +give you the output like:: + + % aseqdump -p 20:1 + Waiting for data. Press Ctrl+C to end. + Source Event Ch Data + 20:1 Note on 0, note 60, velocity 100 + 20:1 Note off 0, note 60, velocity 100 + 20:1 Control change 0, controller 11, value 4 + +When you run `aseqdump` in MIDI 2.0 mode, it'll receive the high +precision data like:: + + % aseqdump -u 2 -p 20:1 + Waiting for data. Press Ctrl+C to end. + Source Event Ch Data + 20:1 Note on 0, note 60, velocity 0xc924, attr type = 0, data = 0x0 + 20:1 Note off 0, note 60, velocity 0xc924, attr type = 0, data = 0x0 + 20:1 Control change 0, controller 11, value 0x2000000 + +while the data is automatically converted by ALSA sequencer core. + + +Rawmidi API Extensions +====================== + +* The additional UMP Endpoint information can be obtained via the new + ioctl `SNDRV_UMP_IOCTL_ENDPOINT_INFO`. It contains the associated + card and device numbers, the bit flags, the protocols, the number of + UMP Blocks, the name string of the endpoint, etc. + + The protocols are specified in two field, the protocol capabilities + and the current protocol. Both contain the bit flags specifying the + MIDI protocol version (`SNDRV_UMP_EP_INFO_PROTO_MIDI1` or + `SNDRV_UMP_EP_INFO_PROTO_MIDI2`) in the upper byte and the jitter + reduction timestamp (`SNDRV_UMP_EP_INFO_PROTO_JRTS_TX` and + `SNDRV_UMP_EP_INFO_PROTO_JRTS_RX`) in the lower byte. + + A UMP Endpoint may contain up to 32 UMP Blocks, and the number of + the currently assigned blocks are shown in the Endpoint information. + +* Each UMP Block information can be obtained via another new ioctl + `SNDRV_UMP_IOCTL_BLOCK_INFO`. The block ID number (0-based) has to + be passed for the block to query. The received data contains the + associated the direction of the block, the first associated group ID + (0-based) and the number of groups, the name string of the block, + etc. + + The direction is either `SNDRV_UMP_DIR_INPUT`, + `SNDRV_UMP_DIR_OUTPUT` or `SNDRV_UMP_DIR_BIDIRECTION`. + +* For the device supports UMP v1.1, the UMP MIDI protocol can be + switched via "Stream Configuration Request" message (UMP type 0x0f, + status 0x05). When UMP core receives such a message, it updates the + UMP EP info and the corresponding sequencer clients as well. + + +Control API Extensions +====================== + +* The new ioctl `SNDRV_CTL_IOCTL_UMP_NEXT_DEVICE` is introduced for + querying the next UMP rawmidi device, while the existing ioctl + `SNDRV_CTL_IOCTL_RAWMIDI_NEXT_DEVICE` queries only the legacy + rawmidi devices. + + For setting the subdevice (substream number) to be opened, use the + ioctl `SNDRV_CTL_IOCTL_RAWMIDI_PREFER_SUBDEVICE` like the normal + rawmidi. + +* Two new ioctls `SNDRV_CTL_IOCTL_UMP_ENDPOINT_INFO` and + `SNDRV_CTL_IOCTL_UMP_BLOCK_INFO` provide the UMP Endpoint and UMP + Block information of the specified UMP device via ALSA control API + without opening the actual (UMP) rawmidi device. + The `card` field is ignored upon inquiry, always tied with the card + of the control interface. + + +Sequencer API Extensions +======================== + +* `midi_version` field is added to `snd_seq_client_info` to indicate + the current MIDI version (either 0, 1 or 2) of each client. + When `midi_version` is 1 or 2, the alignment of read from a UMP + sequencer client is also changed from the former 28 bytes to 32 + bytes for the extended payload. The alignment size for the write + isn't changed, but each event size may differ depending on the new + bit flag below. + +* `SNDRV_SEQ_EVENT_UMP` flag bit is added for each sequencer event + flags. When this bit flag is set, the sequencer event is extended + to have a larger payload of 16 bytes instead of the legacy 12 + bytes, and the event contains the UMP packet in the payload. + +* The new sequencer port type bit (`SNDRV_SEQ_PORT_TYPE_MIDI_UMP`) + indicates the port being UMP-capable. + +* The sequencer ports have new capability bits to indicate the + inactive ports (`SNDRV_SEQ_PORT_CAP_INACTIVE`) and the UMP Endpoint + port (`SNDRV_SEQ_PORT_CAP_UMP_ENDPOINT`). + +* The event conversion of ALSA sequencer clients can be suppressed the + new filter bit `SNDRV_SEQ_FILTER_NO_CONVERT` set to the client info. + For example, the kernel pass-through client (`snd-seq-dummy`) sets + this flag internally. + +* The port information gained the new field `direction` to indicate + the direction of the port (either `SNDRV_SEQ_PORT_DIR_INPUT`, + `SNDRV_SEQ_PORT_DIR_OUTPUT` or `SNDRV_SEQ_PORT_DIR_BIDIRECTION`). + +* Another additional field for the port information is `ump_group` + which specifies the associated UMP Group Number (1-based). + When it's non-zero, the UMP group field in the UMP packet updated + upon delivery to the specified group (corrected to be 0-based). + Each sequencer port is supposed to set this field if it's a port to + specific to a certain UMP group. + +* Each client may set the additional event filter for UMP Groups in + `group_filter` bitmap. The filter consists of bitmap from 1-based + Group numbers. For example, when the bit 1 is set, messages from + Group 1 (i.e. the very first group) are filtered and not delivered. + The bit 0 is used for filtering UMP groupless messages. + +* Two new ioctls are added for UMP-capable clients: + `SNDRV_SEQ_IOCTL_GET_CLIENT_UMP_INFO` and + `SNDRV_SEQ_IOCTL_SET_CLIENT_UMP_INFO`. They are used to get and set + either `snd_ump_endpoint_info` or `snd_ump_block_info` data + associated with the sequencer client. The USB MIDI driver provides + those information from the underlying UMP rawmidi, while a + user-space client may provide its own data via `*_SET` ioctl. + For an Endpoint data, pass 0 to the `type` field, while for a Block + data, pass the block number + 1 to the `type` field. + Setting the data for a kernel client shall result in an error. + +* With UMP 1.1, Function Block information may be changed + dynamically. When the update of Function Block is received from the + device, ALSA sequencer core changes the corresponding sequencer port + name and attributes accordingly, and notifies the changes via the + announcement to the ALSA sequencer system port, similarly like the + normal port change notification. + + +MIDI2 USB Gadget Function Driver +================================ + +The latest kernel contains the support for USB MIDI 2.0 gadget +function driver, which can be used for prototyping and debugging MIDI +2.0 features. + +`CONFIG_USB_GADGET`, `CONFIG_USB_CONFIGFS` and +`CONFIG_USB_CONFIGFS_F_MIDI2` need to be enabled for the MIDI2 gadget +driver. + +In addition, for using a gadget driver, you need a working UDC driver. +In the example below, we use `dummy_hcd` driver (enabled via +`CONFIG_USB_DUMMY_HCD`) that is available on PC and VM for debugging +purpose. There are other UDC drivers depending on the platform, and +those can be used for a real device, instead, too. + +At first, on a system to run the gadget, load `libcomposite` module:: + + % modprobe libcomposite + +and you'll have `usb_gadget` subdirectory under configfs space +(typically `/sys/kernel/config` on modern OS). Then create a gadget +instance and add configurations there, for example:: + + % cd /sys/kernel/config + % mkdir usb_gadget/g1 + + % cd usb_gadget/g1 + % mkdir configs/c.1 + % mkdir functions/midi2.usb0 + + % echo 0x0004 > idProduct + % echo 0x17b3 > idVendor + % mkdir strings/0x409 + % echo "ACME Enterprises" > strings/0x409/manufacturer + % echo "ACMESynth" > strings/0x409/product + % echo "ABCD12345" > strings/0x409/serialnumber + + % mkdir configs/c.1/strings/0x409 + % echo "Monosynth" > configs/c.1/strings/0x409/configuration + % echo 120 > configs/c.1/MaxPower + +At this point, there must be a subdirectory `ep.0`, and that is the +configuration for a UMP Endpoint. You can fill the Endpoint +information like:: + + % echo "ACMESynth" > functions/midi2.usb0/iface_name + % echo "ACMESynth" > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/ep_name + % echo "ABCD12345" > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/product_id + % echo 0x0123 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/family + % echo 0x4567 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/model + % echo 0x123456 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/manufacturer + % echo 0x12345678 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/sw_revision + +The default MIDI protocol can be set either 1 or 2:: + + % echo 2 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/protocol + +And, you can find a subdirectory `block.0` under this Endpoint +subdirectory. This defines the Function Block information:: + + % echo "Monosynth" > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.0/name + % echo 0 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.0/first_group + % echo 1 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.0/num_groups + +Finally, link the configuration and enable it:: + + % ln -s functions/midi2.usb0 configs/c.1 + % echo dummy_udc.0 > UDC + +where `dummy_udc.0` is an example case and it differs depending on the +system. You can find the UDC instances in `/sys/class/udc` and pass +the found name instead:: + + % ls /sys/class/udc + dummy_udc.0 + +Now, the MIDI 2.0 gadget device is enabled, and the gadget host +creates a new sound card instance containing a UMP rawmidi device by +`f_midi2` driver:: + + % cat /proc/asound/cards + .... + 1 [Gadget ]: f_midi2 - MIDI 2.0 Gadget + MIDI 2.0 Gadget + +And on the connected host, a similar card should appear, too, but with +the card and device names given in the configfs above:: + + % cat /proc/asound/cards + .... + 2 [ACMESynth ]: USB-Audio - ACMESynth + ACME Enterprises ACMESynth at usb-dummy_hcd.0-1, high speed + +You can play a MIDI file on the gadget side:: + + % aplaymidi -p 20:1 to_host.mid + +and this will appear as an input from a MIDI device on the connected +host:: + + % aseqdump -p 20:0 -u 2 + +Vice versa, a playback on the connected host will work as an input on +the gadget, too. + +Each Function Block may have different direction and UI-hint, +specified via `direction` and `ui_hint` attributes. +Passing `1` is for input-only, `2` for out-only and `3` for +bidirectional (the default value). For example:: + + % echo 2 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.0/direction + % echo 2 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.0/ui_hint + +When you need more than one Function Blocks, you can create +subdirectories `block.1`, `block.2`, etc dynamically, and configure +them in the configuration procedure above before linking. +For example, to create a second Function Block for a keyboard:: + + % mkdir functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.1 + % echo "Keyboard" > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.1/name + % echo 1 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.1/first_group + % echo 1 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.1/num_groups + % echo 1 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.1/direction + % echo 1 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.1/ui_hint + +The `block.*` subdirectories can be removed dynamically, too (except +for `block.0` which is persistent). + +For assigning a Function Block for MIDI 1.0 I/O, set up in `is_midi1` +attribute. 1 is for MIDI 1.0, and 2 is for MIDI 1.0 with low speed +connection:: + + % echo 2 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.1/is_midi1 + +For disabling the processing of UMP Stream messages in the gadget +driver, pass `0` to `process_ump` attribute in the top-level config:: + + % echo 0 > functions/midi2.usb0/process_ump + +The MIDI 1.0 interface at altset 0 is supported by the gadget driver, +too. When MIDI 1.0 interface is selected by the connected host, the +UMP I/O on the gadget is translated from/to USB MIDI 1.0 packets +accordingly while the gadget driver keeps communicating with the +user-space over UMP rawmidi. + +MIDI 1.0 ports are set up from the config in each Function Block. +For example:: + + % echo 0 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.0/midi1_first_group + % echo 1 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.0/block.0/midi1_num_groups + +The configuration above will enable the Group 1 (the index 0) for MIDI +1.0 interface. Note that those groups must be in the groups defined +for the Function Block itself. + +The gadget driver supports more than one UMP Endpoints, too. +Similarly like the Function Blocks, you can create a new subdirectory +`ep.1` (but under the card top-level config) to enable a new Endpoint:: + + % mkdir functions/midi2.usb0/ep.1 + +and create a new Function Block there. For example, to create 4 +Groups for the Function Block of this new Endpoint:: + + % mkdir functions/midi2.usb0/ep.1/block.0 + % echo 4 > functions/midi2.usb0/ep.1/block.0/num_groups + +Now, you'll have 4 rawmidi devices in total: the first two are UMP +rawmidi devices for Endpoint 0 and Endpoint 1, and other two for the +legacy MIDI 1.0 rawmidi devices corresponding to both EP 0 and EP 1. + +The current altsetting on the gadget can be informed via a control +element "Operation Mode" with `RAWMIDI` iface. e.g. you can read it +via `amixer` program running on the gadget host like:: + + % amixer -c1 cget iface=RAWMIDI,name='Operation Mode' + ; type=INTEGER,access=r--v----,values=1,min=0,max=2,step=0 + : values=2 + +The value (shown in the second returned line with `: values=`) +indicates 1 for MIDI 1.0 (altset 0), 2 for MIDI 2.0 (altset 1) and 0 +for unset. + +As of now, the configurations can't be changed after binding. |