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+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
+# Copyright (C) 2024 ARM Ltd.
+#
+# Utility providing smaps-like output detailing transparent hugepage usage.
+# For more info, run:
+# ./thpmaps --help
+#
+# Requires numpy:
+# pip3 install numpy
+
+
+import argparse
+import collections
+import math
+import os
+import re
+import resource
+import shutil
+import sys
+import textwrap
+import time
+import numpy as np
+
+
+with open('/sys/kernel/mm/transparent_hugepage/hpage_pmd_size') as f:
+ PAGE_SIZE = resource.getpagesize()
+ PAGE_SHIFT = int(math.log2(PAGE_SIZE))
+ PMD_SIZE = int(f.read())
+ PMD_ORDER = int(math.log2(PMD_SIZE / PAGE_SIZE))
+
+
+def align_forward(v, a):
+ return (v + (a - 1)) & ~(a - 1)
+
+
+def align_offset(v, a):
+ return v & (a - 1)
+
+
+def kbnr(kb):
+ # Convert KB to number of pages.
+ return (kb << 10) >> PAGE_SHIFT
+
+
+def nrkb(nr):
+ # Convert number of pages to KB.
+ return (nr << PAGE_SHIFT) >> 10
+
+
+def odkb(order):
+ # Convert page order to KB.
+ return (PAGE_SIZE << order) >> 10
+
+
+def cont_ranges_all(search, index):
+ # Given a list of arrays, find the ranges for which values are monotonically
+ # incrementing in all arrays. all arrays in search and index must be the
+ # same size.
+ sz = len(search[0])
+ r = np.full(sz, 2)
+ d = np.diff(search[0]) == 1
+ for dd in [np.diff(arr) == 1 for arr in search[1:]]:
+ d &= dd
+ r[1:] -= d
+ r[:-1] -= d
+ return [np.repeat(arr, r).reshape(-1, 2) for arr in index]
+
+
+class ArgException(Exception):
+ pass
+
+
+class FileIOException(Exception):
+ pass
+
+
+class BinArrayFile:
+ # Base class used to read /proc/<pid>/pagemap and /proc/kpageflags into a
+ # numpy array. Use inherrited class in a with clause to ensure file is
+ # closed when it goes out of scope.
+ def __init__(self, filename, element_size):
+ self.element_size = element_size
+ self.filename = filename
+ self.fd = os.open(self.filename, os.O_RDONLY)
+
+ def cleanup(self):
+ os.close(self.fd)
+
+ def __enter__(self):
+ return self
+
+ def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
+ self.cleanup()
+
+ def _readin(self, offset, buffer):
+ length = os.preadv(self.fd, (buffer,), offset)
+ if len(buffer) != length:
+ raise FileIOException('error: {} failed to read {} bytes at {:x}'
+ .format(self.filename, len(buffer), offset))
+
+ def _toarray(self, buf):
+ assert(self.element_size == 8)
+ return np.frombuffer(buf, dtype=np.uint64)
+
+ def getv(self, vec):
+ vec *= self.element_size
+ offsets = vec[:, 0]
+ lengths = (np.diff(vec) + self.element_size).reshape(len(vec))
+ buf = bytearray(int(np.sum(lengths)))
+ view = memoryview(buf)
+ pos = 0
+ for offset, length in zip(offsets, lengths):
+ offset = int(offset)
+ length = int(length)
+ self._readin(offset, view[pos:pos+length])
+ pos += length
+ return self._toarray(buf)
+
+ def get(self, index, nr=1):
+ offset = index * self.element_size
+ length = nr * self.element_size
+ buf = bytearray(length)
+ self._readin(offset, buf)
+ return self._toarray(buf)
+
+
+PM_PAGE_PRESENT = 1 << 63
+PM_PFN_MASK = (1 << 55) - 1
+
+class PageMap(BinArrayFile):
+ # Read ranges of a given pid's pagemap into a numpy array.
+ def __init__(self, pid='self'):
+ super().__init__(f'/proc/{pid}/pagemap', 8)
+
+
+KPF_ANON = 1 << 12
+KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD = 1 << 15
+KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL = 1 << 16
+KPF_THP = 1 << 22
+
+class KPageFlags(BinArrayFile):
+ # Read ranges of /proc/kpageflags into a numpy array.
+ def __init__(self):
+ super().__init__(f'/proc/kpageflags', 8)
+
+
+vma_all_stats = set([
+ "Size",
+ "Rss",
+ "Pss",
+ "Pss_Dirty",
+ "Shared_Clean",
+ "Shared_Dirty",
+ "Private_Clean",
+ "Private_Dirty",
+ "Referenced",
+ "Anonymous",
+ "KSM",
+ "LazyFree",
+ "AnonHugePages",
+ "ShmemPmdMapped",
+ "FilePmdMapped",
+ "Shared_Hugetlb",
+ "Private_Hugetlb",
+ "Swap",
+ "SwapPss",
+ "Locked",
+])
+
+vma_min_stats = set([
+ "Rss",
+ "Anonymous",
+ "AnonHugePages",
+ "ShmemPmdMapped",
+ "FilePmdMapped",
+])
+
+VMA = collections.namedtuple('VMA', [
+ 'name',
+ 'start',
+ 'end',
+ 'read',
+ 'write',
+ 'execute',
+ 'private',
+ 'pgoff',
+ 'major',
+ 'minor',
+ 'inode',
+ 'stats',
+])
+
+class VMAList:
+ # A container for VMAs, parsed from /proc/<pid>/smaps. Iterate over the
+ # instance to receive VMAs.
+ def __init__(self, pid='self', stats=[]):
+ self.vmas = []
+ with open(f'/proc/{pid}/smaps', 'r') as file:
+ for line in file:
+ elements = line.split()
+ if '-' in elements[0]:
+ start, end = map(lambda x: int(x, 16), elements[0].split('-'))
+ major, minor = map(lambda x: int(x, 16), elements[3].split(':'))
+ self.vmas.append(VMA(
+ name=elements[5] if len(elements) == 6 else '',
+ start=start,
+ end=end,
+ read=elements[1][0] == 'r',
+ write=elements[1][1] == 'w',
+ execute=elements[1][2] == 'x',
+ private=elements[1][3] == 'p',
+ pgoff=int(elements[2], 16),
+ major=major,
+ minor=minor,
+ inode=int(elements[4], 16),
+ stats={},
+ ))
+ else:
+ param = elements[0][:-1]
+ if param in stats:
+ value = int(elements[1])
+ self.vmas[-1].stats[param] = {'type': None, 'value': value}
+
+ def __iter__(self):
+ yield from self.vmas
+
+
+def thp_parse(vma, kpageflags, ranges, indexes, vfns, pfns, anons, heads):
+ # Given 4 same-sized arrays representing a range within a page table backed
+ # by THPs (vfns: virtual frame numbers, pfns: physical frame numbers, anons:
+ # True if page is anonymous, heads: True if page is head of a THP), return a
+ # dictionary of statistics describing the mapped THPs.
+ stats = {
+ 'file': {
+ 'partial': 0,
+ 'aligned': [0] * (PMD_ORDER + 1),
+ 'unaligned': [0] * (PMD_ORDER + 1),
+ },
+ 'anon': {
+ 'partial': 0,
+ 'aligned': [0] * (PMD_ORDER + 1),
+ 'unaligned': [0] * (PMD_ORDER + 1),
+ },
+ }
+
+ for rindex, rpfn in zip(ranges[0], ranges[2]):
+ index_next = int(rindex[0])
+ index_end = int(rindex[1]) + 1
+ pfn_end = int(rpfn[1]) + 1
+
+ folios = indexes[index_next:index_end][heads[index_next:index_end]]
+
+ # Account pages for any partially mapped THP at the front. In that case,
+ # the first page of the range is a tail.
+ nr = (int(folios[0]) if len(folios) else index_end) - index_next
+ stats['anon' if anons[index_next] else 'file']['partial'] += nr
+
+ # Account pages for any partially mapped THP at the back. In that case,
+ # the next page after the range is a tail.
+ if len(folios):
+ flags = int(kpageflags.get(pfn_end)[0])
+ if flags & KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL:
+ nr = index_end - int(folios[-1])
+ folios = folios[:-1]
+ index_end -= nr
+ stats['anon' if anons[index_end - 1] else 'file']['partial'] += nr
+
+ # Account fully mapped THPs in the middle of the range.
+ if len(folios):
+ folio_nrs = np.append(np.diff(folios), np.uint64(index_end - folios[-1]))
+ folio_orders = np.log2(folio_nrs).astype(np.uint64)
+ for index, order in zip(folios, folio_orders):
+ index = int(index)
+ order = int(order)
+ nr = 1 << order
+ vfn = int(vfns[index])
+ align = 'aligned' if align_forward(vfn, nr) == vfn else 'unaligned'
+ anon = 'anon' if anons[index] else 'file'
+ stats[anon][align][order] += nr
+
+ # Account PMD-mapped THPs spearately, so filter out of the stats. There is a
+ # race between acquiring the smaps stats and reading pagemap, where memory
+ # could be deallocated. So clamp to zero incase it would have gone negative.
+ anon_pmd_mapped = vma.stats['AnonHugePages']['value']
+ file_pmd_mapped = vma.stats['ShmemPmdMapped']['value'] + \
+ vma.stats['FilePmdMapped']['value']
+ stats['anon']['aligned'][PMD_ORDER] = max(0, stats['anon']['aligned'][PMD_ORDER] - kbnr(anon_pmd_mapped))
+ stats['file']['aligned'][PMD_ORDER] = max(0, stats['file']['aligned'][PMD_ORDER] - kbnr(file_pmd_mapped))
+
+ rstats = {
+ f"anon-thp-pmd-aligned-{odkb(PMD_ORDER)}kB": {'type': 'anon', 'value': anon_pmd_mapped},
+ f"file-thp-pmd-aligned-{odkb(PMD_ORDER)}kB": {'type': 'file', 'value': file_pmd_mapped},
+ }
+
+ def flatten_sub(type, subtype, stats):
+ param = f"{type}-thp-pte-{subtype}-{{}}kB"
+ for od, nr in enumerate(stats[2:], 2):
+ rstats[param.format(odkb(od))] = {'type': type, 'value': nrkb(nr)}
+
+ def flatten_type(type, stats):
+ flatten_sub(type, 'aligned', stats['aligned'])
+ flatten_sub(type, 'unaligned', stats['unaligned'])
+ rstats[f"{type}-thp-pte-partial"] = {'type': type, 'value': nrkb(stats['partial'])}
+
+ flatten_type('anon', stats['anon'])
+ flatten_type('file', stats['file'])
+
+ return rstats
+
+
+def cont_parse(vma, order, ranges, anons, heads):
+ # Given 4 same-sized arrays representing a range within a page table backed
+ # by THPs (vfns: virtual frame numbers, pfns: physical frame numbers, anons:
+ # True if page is anonymous, heads: True if page is head of a THP), return a
+ # dictionary of statistics describing the contiguous blocks.
+ nr_cont = 1 << order
+ nr_anon = 0
+ nr_file = 0
+
+ for rindex, rvfn, rpfn in zip(*ranges):
+ index_next = int(rindex[0])
+ index_end = int(rindex[1]) + 1
+ vfn_start = int(rvfn[0])
+ pfn_start = int(rpfn[0])
+
+ if align_offset(pfn_start, nr_cont) != align_offset(vfn_start, nr_cont):
+ continue
+
+ off = align_forward(vfn_start, nr_cont) - vfn_start
+ index_next += off
+
+ while index_next + nr_cont <= index_end:
+ folio_boundary = heads[index_next+1:index_next+nr_cont].any()
+ if not folio_boundary:
+ if anons[index_next]:
+ nr_anon += nr_cont
+ else:
+ nr_file += nr_cont
+ index_next += nr_cont
+
+ # Account blocks that are PMD-mapped spearately, so filter out of the stats.
+ # There is a race between acquiring the smaps stats and reading pagemap,
+ # where memory could be deallocated. So clamp to zero incase it would have
+ # gone negative.
+ anon_pmd_mapped = vma.stats['AnonHugePages']['value']
+ file_pmd_mapped = vma.stats['ShmemPmdMapped']['value'] + \
+ vma.stats['FilePmdMapped']['value']
+ nr_anon = max(0, nr_anon - kbnr(anon_pmd_mapped))
+ nr_file = max(0, nr_file - kbnr(file_pmd_mapped))
+
+ rstats = {
+ f"anon-cont-pmd-aligned-{nrkb(nr_cont)}kB": {'type': 'anon', 'value': anon_pmd_mapped},
+ f"file-cont-pmd-aligned-{nrkb(nr_cont)}kB": {'type': 'file', 'value': file_pmd_mapped},
+ }
+
+ rstats[f"anon-cont-pte-aligned-{nrkb(nr_cont)}kB"] = {'type': 'anon', 'value': nrkb(nr_anon)}
+ rstats[f"file-cont-pte-aligned-{nrkb(nr_cont)}kB"] = {'type': 'file', 'value': nrkb(nr_file)}
+
+ return rstats
+
+
+def vma_print(vma, pid):
+ # Prints a VMA instance in a format similar to smaps. The main difference is
+ # that the pid is included as the first value.
+ print("{:010d}: {:016x}-{:016x} {}{}{}{} {:08x} {:02x}:{:02x} {:08x} {}"
+ .format(
+ pid, vma.start, vma.end,
+ 'r' if vma.read else '-', 'w' if vma.write else '-',
+ 'x' if vma.execute else '-', 'p' if vma.private else 's',
+ vma.pgoff, vma.major, vma.minor, vma.inode, vma.name
+ ))
+
+
+def stats_print(stats, tot_anon, tot_file, inc_empty):
+ # Print a statistics dictionary.
+ label_field = 32
+ for label, stat in stats.items():
+ type = stat['type']
+ value = stat['value']
+ if value or inc_empty:
+ pad = max(0, label_field - len(label) - 1)
+ if type == 'anon' and tot_anon > 0:
+ percent = f' ({value / tot_anon:3.0%})'
+ elif type == 'file' and tot_file > 0:
+ percent = f' ({value / tot_file:3.0%})'
+ else:
+ percent = ''
+ print(f"{label}:{' ' * pad}{value:8} kB{percent}")
+
+
+def vma_parse(vma, pagemap, kpageflags, contorders):
+ # Generate thp and cont statistics for a single VMA.
+ start = vma.start >> PAGE_SHIFT
+ end = vma.end >> PAGE_SHIFT
+
+ pmes = pagemap.get(start, end - start)
+ present = pmes & PM_PAGE_PRESENT != 0
+ pfns = pmes & PM_PFN_MASK
+ pfns = pfns[present]
+ vfns = np.arange(start, end, dtype=np.uint64)
+ vfns = vfns[present]
+
+ pfn_vec = cont_ranges_all([pfns], [pfns])[0]
+ flags = kpageflags.getv(pfn_vec)
+ anons = flags & KPF_ANON != 0
+ heads = flags & KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD != 0
+ thps = flags & KPF_THP != 0
+
+ vfns = vfns[thps]
+ pfns = pfns[thps]
+ anons = anons[thps]
+ heads = heads[thps]
+
+ indexes = np.arange(len(vfns), dtype=np.uint64)
+ ranges = cont_ranges_all([vfns, pfns], [indexes, vfns, pfns])
+
+ thpstats = thp_parse(vma, kpageflags, ranges, indexes, vfns, pfns, anons, heads)
+ contstats = [cont_parse(vma, order, ranges, anons, heads) for order in contorders]
+
+ tot_anon = vma.stats['Anonymous']['value']
+ tot_file = vma.stats['Rss']['value'] - tot_anon
+
+ return {
+ **thpstats,
+ **{k: v for s in contstats for k, v in s.items()}
+ }, tot_anon, tot_file
+
+
+def do_main(args):
+ pids = set()
+ rollup = {}
+ rollup_anon = 0
+ rollup_file = 0
+
+ if args.cgroup:
+ strict = False
+ for walk_info in os.walk(args.cgroup):
+ cgroup = walk_info[0]
+ with open(f'{cgroup}/cgroup.procs') as pidfile:
+ for line in pidfile.readlines():
+ pids.add(int(line.strip()))
+ elif args.pid:
+ strict = True
+ pids = pids.union(args.pid)
+ else:
+ strict = False
+ for pid in os.listdir('/proc'):
+ if pid.isdigit():
+ pids.add(int(pid))
+
+ if not args.rollup:
+ print(" PID START END PROT OFFSET DEV INODE OBJECT")
+
+ for pid in pids:
+ try:
+ with PageMap(pid) as pagemap:
+ with KPageFlags() as kpageflags:
+ for vma in VMAList(pid, vma_all_stats if args.inc_smaps else vma_min_stats):
+ if (vma.read or vma.write or vma.execute) and vma.stats['Rss']['value'] > 0:
+ stats, vma_anon, vma_file = vma_parse(vma, pagemap, kpageflags, args.cont)
+ else:
+ stats = {}
+ vma_anon = 0
+ vma_file = 0
+ if args.inc_smaps:
+ stats = {**vma.stats, **stats}
+ if args.rollup:
+ for k, v in stats.items():
+ if k in rollup:
+ assert(rollup[k]['type'] == v['type'])
+ rollup[k]['value'] += v['value']
+ else:
+ rollup[k] = v
+ rollup_anon += vma_anon
+ rollup_file += vma_file
+ else:
+ vma_print(vma, pid)
+ stats_print(stats, vma_anon, vma_file, args.inc_empty)
+ except (FileNotFoundError, ProcessLookupError, FileIOException):
+ if strict:
+ raise
+
+ if args.rollup:
+ stats_print(rollup, rollup_anon, rollup_file, args.inc_empty)
+
+
+def main():
+ docs_width = shutil.get_terminal_size().columns
+ docs_width -= 2
+ docs_width = min(80, docs_width)
+
+ def format(string):
+ text = re.sub(r'\s+', ' ', string)
+ text = re.sub(r'\s*\\n\s*', '\n', text)
+ paras = text.split('\n')
+ paras = [textwrap.fill(p, width=docs_width) for p in paras]
+ return '\n'.join(paras)
+
+ def formatter(prog):
+ return argparse.RawDescriptionHelpFormatter(prog, width=docs_width)
+
+ def size2order(human):
+ units = {
+ "K": 2**10, "M": 2**20, "G": 2**30,
+ "k": 2**10, "m": 2**20, "g": 2**30,
+ }
+ unit = 1
+ if human[-1] in units:
+ unit = units[human[-1]]
+ human = human[:-1]
+ try:
+ size = int(human)
+ except ValueError:
+ raise ArgException('error: --cont value must be integer size with optional KMG unit')
+ size *= unit
+ order = int(math.log2(size / PAGE_SIZE))
+ if order < 1:
+ raise ArgException('error: --cont value must be size of at least 2 pages')
+ if (1 << order) * PAGE_SIZE != size:
+ raise ArgException('error: --cont value must be size of power-of-2 pages')
+ if order > PMD_ORDER:
+ raise ArgException('error: --cont value must be less than or equal to PMD order')
+ return order
+
+ parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(formatter_class=formatter,
+ description=format("""Prints information about how transparent huge
+ pages are mapped, either system-wide, or for a specified
+ process or cgroup.\\n
+ \\n
+ When run with --pid, the user explicitly specifies the set
+ of pids to scan. e.g. "--pid 10 [--pid 134 ...]". When run
+ with --cgroup, the user passes either a v1 or v2 cgroup and
+ all pids that belong to the cgroup subtree are scanned. When
+ run with neither --pid nor --cgroup, the full set of pids on
+ the system is gathered from /proc and scanned as if the user
+ had provided "--pid 1 --pid 2 ...".\\n
+ \\n
+ A default set of statistics is always generated for THP
+ mappings. However, it is also possible to generate
+ additional statistics for "contiguous block mappings" where
+ the block size is user-defined.\\n
+ \\n
+ Statistics are maintained independently for anonymous and
+ file-backed (pagecache) memory and are shown both in kB and
+ as a percentage of either total anonymous or total
+ file-backed memory as appropriate.\\n
+ \\n
+ THP Statistics\\n
+ --------------\\n
+ \\n
+ Statistics are always generated for fully- and
+ contiguously-mapped THPs whose mapping address is aligned to
+ their size, for each <size> supported by the system.
+ Separate counters describe THPs mapped by PTE vs those
+ mapped by PMD. (Although note a THP can only be mapped by
+ PMD if it is PMD-sized):\\n
+ \\n
+ - anon-thp-pte-aligned-<size>kB\\n
+ - file-thp-pte-aligned-<size>kB\\n
+ - anon-thp-pmd-aligned-<size>kB\\n
+ - file-thp-pmd-aligned-<size>kB\\n
+ \\n
+ Similarly, statistics are always generated for fully- and
+ contiguously-mapped THPs whose mapping address is *not*
+ aligned to their size, for each <size> supported by the
+ system. Due to the unaligned mapping, it is impossible to
+ map by PMD, so there are only PTE counters for this case:\\n
+ \\n
+ - anon-thp-pte-unaligned-<size>kB\\n
+ - file-thp-pte-unaligned-<size>kB\\n
+ \\n
+ Statistics are also always generated for mapped pages that
+ belong to a THP but where the is THP is *not* fully- and
+ contiguously- mapped. These "partial" mappings are all
+ counted in the same counter regardless of the size of the
+ THP that is partially mapped:\\n
+ \\n
+ - anon-thp-pte-partial\\n
+ - file-thp-pte-partial\\n
+ \\n
+ Contiguous Block Statistics\\n
+ ---------------------------\\n
+ \\n
+ An optional, additional set of statistics is generated for
+ every contiguous block size specified with `--cont <size>`.
+ These statistics show how much memory is mapped in
+ contiguous blocks of <size> and also aligned to <size>. A
+ given contiguous block must all belong to the same THP, but
+ there is no requirement for it to be the *whole* THP.
+ Separate counters describe contiguous blocks mapped by PTE
+ vs those mapped by PMD:\\n
+ \\n
+ - anon-cont-pte-aligned-<size>kB\\n
+ - file-cont-pte-aligned-<size>kB\\n
+ - anon-cont-pmd-aligned-<size>kB\\n
+ - file-cont-pmd-aligned-<size>kB\\n
+ \\n
+ As an example, if monitoring 64K contiguous blocks (--cont
+ 64K), there are a number of sources that could provide such
+ blocks: a fully- and contiguously-mapped 64K THP that is
+ aligned to a 64K boundary would provide 1 block. A fully-
+ and contiguously-mapped 128K THP that is aligned to at least
+ a 64K boundary would provide 2 blocks. Or a 128K THP that
+ maps its first 100K, but contiguously and starting at a 64K
+ boundary would provide 1 block. A fully- and
+ contiguously-mapped 2M THP would provide 32 blocks. There
+ are many other possible permutations.\\n"""),
+ epilog=format("""Requires root privilege to access pagemap and
+ kpageflags."""))
+
+ group = parser.add_mutually_exclusive_group(required=False)
+ group.add_argument('--pid',
+ metavar='pid', required=False, type=int, default=[], action='append',
+ help="""Process id of the target process. Maybe issued multiple times to
+ scan multiple processes. --pid and --cgroup are mutually exclusive.
+ If neither are provided, all processes are scanned to provide
+ system-wide information.""")
+
+ group.add_argument('--cgroup',
+ metavar='path', required=False,
+ help="""Path to the target cgroup in sysfs. Iterates over every pid in
+ the cgroup and its children. --pid and --cgroup are mutually
+ exclusive. If neither are provided, all processes are scanned to
+ provide system-wide information.""")
+
+ parser.add_argument('--rollup',
+ required=False, default=False, action='store_true',
+ help="""Sum the per-vma statistics to provide a summary over the whole
+ system, process or cgroup.""")
+
+ parser.add_argument('--cont',
+ metavar='size[KMG]', required=False, default=[], action='append',
+ help="""Adds stats for memory that is mapped in contiguous blocks of
+ <size> and also aligned to <size>. May be issued multiple times to
+ track multiple sized blocks. Useful to infer e.g. arm64 contpte and
+ hpa mappings. Size must be a power-of-2 number of pages.""")
+
+ parser.add_argument('--inc-smaps',
+ required=False, default=False, action='store_true',
+ help="""Include all numerical, additive /proc/<pid>/smaps stats in the
+ output.""")
+
+ parser.add_argument('--inc-empty',
+ required=False, default=False, action='store_true',
+ help="""Show all statistics including those whose value is 0.""")
+
+ parser.add_argument('--periodic',
+ metavar='sleep_ms', required=False, type=int,
+ help="""Run in a loop, polling every sleep_ms milliseconds.""")
+
+ args = parser.parse_args()
+
+ try:
+ args.cont = [size2order(cont) for cont in args.cont]
+ except ArgException as e:
+ parser.print_usage()
+ raise
+
+ if args.periodic:
+ while True:
+ do_main(args)
+ print()
+ time.sleep(args.periodic / 1000)
+ else:
+ do_main(args)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+ try:
+ main()
+ except Exception as e:
+ prog = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
+ print(f'{prog}: {e}')
+ exit(1)
generated by cgit v1.2.3 (git 2.39.1) at 2024-11-01 06:09:49 +0000