1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
|
========
zsmalloc
========
This allocator is designed for use with zram. Thus, the allocator is
supposed to work well under low memory conditions. In particular, it
never attempts higher order page allocation which is very likely to
fail under memory pressure. On the other hand, if we just use single
(0-order) pages, it would suffer from very high fragmentation --
any object of size PAGE_SIZE/2 or larger would occupy an entire page.
This was one of the major issues with its predecessor (xvmalloc).
To overcome these issues, zsmalloc allocates a bunch of 0-order pages
and links them together using various 'struct page' fields. These linked
pages act as a single higher-order page i.e. an object can span 0-order
page boundaries. The code refers to these linked pages as a single entity
called zspage.
For simplicity, zsmalloc can only allocate objects of size up to PAGE_SIZE
since this satisfies the requirements of all its current users (in the
worst case, page is incompressible and is thus stored "as-is" i.e. in
uncompressed form). For allocation requests larger than this size, failure
is returned (see zs_malloc).
Additionally, zs_malloc() does not return a dereferenceable pointer.
Instead, it returns an opaque handle (unsigned long) which encodes actual
location of the allocated object. The reason for this indirection is that
zsmalloc does not keep zspages permanently mapped since that would cause
issues on 32-bit systems where the VA region for kernel space mappings
is very small. So, before using the allocating memory, the object has to
be mapped using zs_map_object() to get a usable pointer and subsequently
unmapped using zs_unmap_object().
stat
====
With CONFIG_ZSMALLOC_STAT, we could see zsmalloc internal information via
``/sys/kernel/debug/zsmalloc/<user name>``. Here is a sample of stat output::
# cat /sys/kernel/debug/zsmalloc/zram0/classes
class size 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 99% 100% obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
...
...
30 512 0 12 4 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 414 3464 3346 433 1 14
31 528 2 7 2 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 117 4154 3793 536 4 44
32 544 6 3 4 1 2 1 0 0 0 1 260 4170 3965 556 2 26
...
...
class
index
size
object size zspage stores
10%
the number of zspages with usage ratio less than 10% (see below)
20%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 10% and 20%
30%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 20% and 30%
40%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 30% and 40%
50%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 40% and 50%
60%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 50% and 60%
70%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 60% and 70%
80%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 70% and 80%
90%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 80% and 90%
99%
the number of zspages with usage ratio between 90% and 99%
100%
the number of zspages with usage ratio 100%
obj_allocated
the number of objects allocated
obj_used
the number of objects allocated to the user
pages_used
the number of pages allocated for the class
pages_per_zspage
the number of 0-order pages to make a zspage
freeable
the approximate number of pages class compaction can free
Each zspage maintains inuse counter which keeps track of the number of
objects stored in the zspage. The inuse counter determines the zspage's
"fullness group" which is calculated as the ratio of the "inuse" objects to
the total number of objects the zspage can hold (objs_per_zspage). The
closer the inuse counter is to objs_per_zspage, the better.
Internals
=========
zsmalloc has 255 size classes, each of which can hold a number of zspages.
Each zspage can contain up to ZSMALLOC_CHAIN_SIZE physical (0-order) pages.
The optimal zspage chain size for each size class is calculated during the
creation of the zsmalloc pool (see calculate_zspage_chain_size()).
As an optimization, zsmalloc merges size classes that have similar
characteristics in terms of the number of pages per zspage and the number
of objects that each zspage can store.
For instance, consider the following size classes:::
class size 10% .... 100% obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
...
94 1536 0 .... 0 0 0 0 3 0
100 1632 0 .... 0 0 0 0 2 0
...
Size classes #95-99 are merged with size class #100. This means that when we
need to store an object of size, say, 1568 bytes, we end up using size class
#100 instead of size class #96. Size class #100 is meant for objects of size
1632 bytes, so each object of size 1568 bytes wastes 1632-1568=64 bytes.
Size class #100 consists of zspages with 2 physical pages each, which can
hold a total of 5 objects. If we need to store 13 objects of size 1568, we
end up allocating three zspages, or 6 physical pages.
However, if we take a closer look at size class #96 (which is meant for
objects of size 1568 bytes) and trace `calculate_zspage_chain_size()`, we
find that the most optimal zspage configuration for this class is a chain
of 5 physical pages:::
pages per zspage wasted bytes used%
1 960 76
2 352 95
3 1312 89
4 704 95
5 96 99
This means that a class #96 configuration with 5 physical pages can store 13
objects of size 1568 in a single zspage, using a total of 5 physical pages.
This is more efficient than the class #100 configuration, which would use 6
physical pages to store the same number of objects.
As the zspage chain size for class #96 increases, its key characteristics
such as pages per-zspage and objects per-zspage also change. This leads to
dewer class mergers, resulting in a more compact grouping of classes, which
reduces memory wastage.
Let's take a closer look at the bottom of `/sys/kernel/debug/zsmalloc/zramX/classes`:::
class size 10% .... 100% obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
...
202 3264 0 .. 0 0 0 0 4 0
254 4096 0 .. 0 0 0 0 1 0
...
Size class #202 stores objects of size 3264 bytes and has a maximum of 4 pages
per zspage. Any object larger than 3264 bytes is considered huge and belongs
to size class #254, which stores each object in its own physical page (objects
in huge classes do not share pages).
Increasing the size of the chain of zspages also results in a higher watermark
for the huge size class and fewer huge classes overall. This allows for more
efficient storage of large objects.
For zspage chain size of 8, huge class watermark becomes 3632 bytes:::
class size 10% .... 100% obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
...
202 3264 0 .. 0 0 0 0 4 0
211 3408 0 .. 0 0 0 0 5 0
217 3504 0 .. 0 0 0 0 6 0
222 3584 0 .. 0 0 0 0 7 0
225 3632 0 .. 0 0 0 0 8 0
254 4096 0 .. 0 0 0 0 1 0
...
For zspage chain size of 16, huge class watermark becomes 3840 bytes:::
class size 10% .... 100% obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
...
202 3264 0 .. 0 0 0 0 4 0
206 3328 0 .. 0 0 0 0 13 0
207 3344 0 .. 0 0 0 0 9 0
208 3360 0 .. 0 0 0 0 14 0
211 3408 0 .. 0 0 0 0 5 0
212 3424 0 .. 0 0 0 0 16 0
214 3456 0 .. 0 0 0 0 11 0
217 3504 0 .. 0 0 0 0 6 0
219 3536 0 .. 0 0 0 0 13 0
222 3584 0 .. 0 0 0 0 7 0
223 3600 0 .. 0 0 0 0 15 0
225 3632 0 .. 0 0 0 0 8 0
228 3680 0 .. 0 0 0 0 9 0
230 3712 0 .. 0 0 0 0 10 0
232 3744 0 .. 0 0 0 0 11 0
234 3776 0 .. 0 0 0 0 12 0
235 3792 0 .. 0 0 0 0 13 0
236 3808 0 .. 0 0 0 0 14 0
238 3840 0 .. 0 0 0 0 15 0
254 4096 0 .. 0 0 0 0 1 0
...
Overall the combined zspage chain size effect on zsmalloc pool configuration:::
pages per zspage number of size classes (clusters) huge size class watermark
4 69 3264
5 86 3408
6 93 3504
7 112 3584
8 123 3632
9 140 3680
10 143 3712
11 159 3744
12 164 3776
13 180 3792
14 183 3808
15 188 3840
16 191 3840
A synthetic test
----------------
zram as a build artifacts storage (Linux kernel compilation).
* `CONFIG_ZSMALLOC_CHAIN_SIZE=4`
zsmalloc classes stats:::
class size 10% .... 100% obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
...
Total 13 .. 51 413836 412973 159955 3
zram mm_stat:::
1691783168 628083717 655175680 0 655175680 60 0 34048 34049
* `CONFIG_ZSMALLOC_CHAIN_SIZE=8`
zsmalloc classes stats:::
class size 10% .... 100% obj_allocated obj_used pages_used pages_per_zspage freeable
...
Total 18 .. 87 414852 412978 156666 0
zram mm_stat:::
1691803648 627793930 641703936 0 641703936 60 0 33591 33591
Using larger zspage chains may result in using fewer physical pages, as seen
in the example where the number of physical pages used decreased from 159955
to 156666, at the same time maximum zsmalloc pool memory usage went down from
655175680 to 641703936 bytes.
However, this advantage may be offset by the potential for increased system
memory pressure (as some zspages have larger chain sizes) in cases where there
is heavy internal fragmentation and zspool compaction is unable to relocate
objects and release zspages. In these cases, it is recommended to decrease
the limit on the size of the zspage chains (as specified by the
CONFIG_ZSMALLOC_CHAIN_SIZE option).
Functions
=========
.. kernel-doc:: mm/zsmalloc.c
|
