Adding upstream version 4.22.0.upstream/4.22.0

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+.\" Copyright (c) 2006, Michael Kerrisk <mtk.manpages@gmail.com>
+.\"
+.\" SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+.\"
+.TH standards 7 2023-10-31 "Linux man-pages 6.06"
+.SH NAME
+standards \- C and UNIX Standards
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The STANDARDS section that appears in many manual pages identifies
+various standards to which the documented interface conforms.
+The following list briefly describes these standards.
+.TP
+.B V7
+Version 7 (also known as Seventh Edition) UNIX,
+released by AT&T/Bell Labs in 1979.
+After this point, UNIX systems diverged into two main dialects:
+BSD and System V.
+.TP
+.B 4.2BSD
+This is an implementation standard defined by the 4.2 release
+of the
+.IR "Berkeley Software Distribution",
+released by the University of California at Berkeley.
+This was the first Berkeley release that contained a TCP/IP
+stack and the sockets API.
+4.2BSD was released in 1983.
+.IP
+Earlier major BSD releases included
+.I 3BSD
+(1980),
+.I 4BSD
+(1980),
+and
+.I 4.1BSD
+(1981).
+.TP
+.B 4.3BSD
+The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.
+.TP
+.B 4.4BSD
+The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993.
+This was the last major Berkeley release.
+.TP
+.B System V
+This is an implementation standard defined by AT&T's milestone 1983
+release of its commercial System V (five) release.
+The previous major AT&T release was
+.IR "System III" ,
+released in 1981.
+.TP
+.B System V release 2 (SVr2)
+This was the next System V release, made in 1985.
+The SVr2 was formally described in the
+.I "System V Interface Definition version 1"
+.RI ( "SVID 1" )
+published in 1985.
+.TP
+.B System V release 3 (SVr3)
+This was the successor to SVr2, released in 1986.
+This release was formally described in the
+.I "System V Interface Definition version 2"
+.RI ( "SVID 2" ).
+.TP
+.B System V release 4 (SVr4)
+This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989.
+This version of System V is described in the "Programmer's Reference
+Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall
+1992, ISBN 0-13-951294-2)
+This release was formally described in the
+.I "System V Interface Definition version 3"
+.RI ( "SVID 3" ),
+and is considered the definitive System V release.
+.TP
+.B SVID 4
+System V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995.
+Available online at
+.UR http://www.sco.com\:/developers\:/devspecs/
+.UE .
+.TP
+.B C89
+This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI
+(American National Standards Institute) in 1989
+.RI ( X3.159-1989 ).
+Sometimes this is known as
+.IR "ANSI C" ,
+but since C99 is also an
+ANSI standard, this term is ambiguous.
+This standard was also ratified by
+ISO (International Standards Organization) in 1990
+.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1990" ),
+and is thus occasionally referred to as
+.IR "ISO C90" .
+.TP
+.B C99
+This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 1999
+.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:1999" ).
+Available online at
+.UR http://www.open\-std.org\:/jtc1\:/sc22\:/wg14\:/www\:/standards
+.UE .
+.TP
+.B C11
+This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 2011
+.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9899:2011" ).
+.TP
+.B LFS
+The Large File Summit specification, completed in 1996.
+This specification defined mechanisms that allowed 32-bit systems
+to support the use of large files (i.e., 64-bit file offsets).
+See
+.UR https://www.opengroup.org\:/platform\:/lfs.html
+.UE .
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1-1988
+This was the first POSIX standard,
+ratified by IEEE as IEEE Std 1003.1-1988,
+and subsequently adopted (with minor revisions) as an ISO standard in 1990.
+The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard Stallman.
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1-1990
+"Portable Operating System Interface for Computing Environments".
+IEEE 1003.1-1990 part 1, ratified by ISO in 1990
+.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990" ).
+.TP
+.B POSIX.2
+IEEE Std 1003.2-1992,
+describing commands and utilities, ratified by ISO in 1993
+.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-2:1993" ).
+.TP
+.BR POSIX.1b " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4\fP)"
+IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993,
+describing real-time facilities
+for portable operating systems, ratified by ISO in 1996
+.RI ( "ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996" ).
+.TP
+.BR POSIX.1c " (formerly known as \fIPOSIX.4a\fP)"
+IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads interfaces.
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1d
+IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999, which describes additional real-time extensions.
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1g
+IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (including sockets).
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1j
+IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time extensions.
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1-1996
+A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c.
+.TP
+.B XPG3
+Released in 1989, this was the first release of the X/Open
+Portability Guide to be based on a POSIX standard (POSIX.1-1988).
+This multivolume guide was developed by the X/Open Group,
+a multivendor consortium.
+.TP
+.B XPG4
+A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992.
+This revision incorporated POSIX.2.
+.TP
+.B XPG4v2
+A 1994 revision of XPG4.
+This is also referred to as
+.IR "Spec 1170" ,
+where 1170 referred to the number of interfaces
+defined by this standard.
+.TP
+.B "SUS (SUSv1)"
+Single UNIX Specification.
+This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other X/Open standards
+(X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2,
+X/Open Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4).
+Systems conforming to this standard can be branded
+.IR "UNIX 95" .
+.TP
+.B SUSv2
+Single UNIX Specification version 2.
+Sometimes also referred to (incorrectly) as
+.IR XPG5 .
+This standard appeared in 1997.
+Systems conforming to this standard can be branded
+.IR "UNIX 98" .
+See also
+.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version2/
+.UE .)
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1-2001
+.TQ
+.B SUSv3
+This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the
+POSIX.1, POSIX.2, and SUS standards into a single document,
+conducted under the auspices of the Austin Group
+.UR http://www.opengroup.org\:/austin/
+.UE .
+The standard is available online at
+.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version3/
+.UE .
+.IP
+The standard defines two levels of conformance:
+.IR "POSIX conformance" ,
+which is a baseline set of interfaces required of a conforming system;
+and
+.IR "XSI Conformance",
+which additionally mandates a set of interfaces
+(the "XSI extension") which are only optional for POSIX conformance.
+XSI-conformant systems can be branded
+.IR "UNIX 03" .
+.IP
+The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:
+.IP
+.BR XBD :
+Definitions, terms, and concepts, header file specifications.
+.IP
+.BR XSH :
+Specifications of functions (i.e., system calls and library
+functions in actual implementations).
+.IP
+.BR XCU :
+Specifications of commands and utilities
+(i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2).
+.IP
+.BR XRAT :
+Informative text on the other parts of the standard.
+.IP
+POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the
+library functions standardized in C99 are also
+standardized in POSIX.1-2001.
+.IP
+The Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) comprises the
+Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT as above,
+plus X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2 as an extra volume that is
+not in POSIX.1-2001.
+.IP
+Two Technical Corrigenda (minor fixes and improvements)
+of the original 2001 standard have occurred:
+TC1 in 2003
+and TC2 in 2004.
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1-2008
+.TQ
+.B SUSv4
+Work on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and
+ratified in 2008.
+The standard is available online at
+.UR http://www.unix.org\:/version4/
+.UE .
+.IP
+The changes in this revision are not as large as those
+that occurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3,
+but a number of new interfaces are added
+and various details of existing specifications are modified.
+Many of the interfaces that were optional in
+POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory in the 2008 revision of the standard.
+A few interfaces that are present in POSIX.1-2001 are marked
+as obsolete in POSIX.1-2008, or removed from the standard altogether.
+.IP
+The revised standard is structured in the same way as its predecessor.
+The Single UNIX Specification version 4 (SUSv4) comprises the
+Base Specifications containing XBD, XSH, XCU, and XRAT,
+plus X/Open Curses Issue 7 as an extra volume that is
+not in POSIX.1-2008.
+.IP
+Again there are two levels of conformance: the baseline
+.IR "POSIX Conformance" ,
+and
+.IR "XSI Conformance" ,
+which mandates an additional set of interfaces
+beyond those in the base specification.
+.IP
+In general, where the STANDARDS section of a manual page
+lists POSIX.1-2001, it can be assumed that the interface also
+conforms to POSIX.1-2008, unless otherwise noted.
+.IP
+Technical Corrigendum 1 (minor fixes and improvements)
+of this standard was released in 2013.
+.IP
+Technical Corrigendum 2 of this standard was released in 2016.
+.IP
+Further information can be found on the Austin Group web site,
+.UR http://www.opengroup.org\:/austin/
+.UE .
+.TP
+.B SUSv4 2016 edition
+This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2008, with the addition of
+Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 and the XCurses specification.
+.TP
+.B POSIX.1-2017
+This revision of POSIX is technically identical to POSIX.1-2008 with
+Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied.
+.TP
+.B SUSv4 2018 edition
+This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2017, with the addition of
+the XCurses specification.
+.P
+The interfaces documented in POSIX.1/SUS are available as
+manual pages under sections 0p (header files), 1p (commands),
+and 3p (functions);
+thus one can write "man 3p open".
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR getconf (1),
+.BR confstr (3),
+.BR pathconf (3),
+.BR sysconf (3),
+.BR attributes (7),
+.BR feature_test_macros (7),
+.BR libc (7),
+.BR posixoptions (7),
+.BR system_data_types (7)