Adding upstream version 4.22.0.upstream/4.22.0

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

1 files changed, 476 insertions, 0 deletions

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+.\" -*- mode: troff; coding: utf-8 -*-
+.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 5.01 (Pod::Simple 3.43)
+.\"
+.\" Standard preamble:
+.\" ========================================================================
+.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
+.if t .sp .5v
+.if n .sp
+..
+.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
+.ft CW
+.nf
+.ne \\$1
+..
+.de Ve \" End verbatim text
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+.fi
+..
+.\" \*(C` and \*(C' are quotes in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
+.ie n \{\
+.    ds C` ""
+.    ds C' ""
+'br\}
+.el\{\
+.    ds C`
+.    ds C'
+'br\}
+.\"
+.\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform.
+.ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq
+.el       .ds Aq '
+.\"
+.\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
+.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index
+.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the
+.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
+.\"
+.\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'.
+.de IX
+..
+.nr rF 0
+.if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1
+.if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\
+.    if \nF \{\
+.        de IX
+.        tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
+..
+.        if !\nF==2 \{\
+.            nr % 0
+.            nr F 2
+.        \}
+.    \}
+.\}
+.rr rF
+.\" ========================================================================
+.\"
+.IX Title "PERLREREF 1"
+.TH PERLREREF 1 2024-01-25 "perl v5.38.2" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
+.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
+.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
+.if n .ad l
+.nh
+.SH NAME
+perlreref \- Perl Regular Expressions Reference
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
+This is a quick reference to Perl's regular expressions.
+For full information see perlre and perlop, as well
+as the "SEE ALSO" section in this document.
+.SS OPERATORS
+.IX Subsection "OPERATORS"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`=~\*(C'\fR determines to which variable the regex is applied.
+In its absence, \f(CW$_\fR is used.
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\&    $var =~ /foo/;
+.Ve
+.PP
+\&\f(CW\*(C`!~\*(C'\fR determines to which variable the regex is applied,
+and negates the result of the match; it returns
+false if the match succeeds, and true if it fails.
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\&    $var !~ /foo/;
+.Ve
+.PP
+\&\f(CW\*(C`m/pattern/msixpogcdualn\*(C'\fR searches a string for a pattern match,
+applying the given options.
+.PP
+.Vb 10
+\&    m  Multiline mode \- ^ and $ match internal lines
+\&    s  match as a Single line \- . matches \en
+\&    i  case\-Insensitive
+\&    x  eXtended legibility \- free whitespace and comments
+\&    p  Preserve a copy of the matched string \-
+\&       ${^PREMATCH}, ${^MATCH}, ${^POSTMATCH} will be defined.
+\&    o  compile pattern Once
+\&    g  Global \- all occurrences
+\&    c  don\*(Aqt reset pos on failed matches when using /g
+\&    a  restrict \ed, \es, \ew and [:posix:] to match ASCII only
+\&    aa (two a\*(Aqs) also /i matches exclude ASCII/non\-ASCII
+\&    l  match according to current locale
+\&    u  match according to Unicode rules
+\&    d  match according to native rules unless something indicates
+\&       Unicode
+\&    n  Non\-capture mode. Don\*(Aqt let () fill in $1, $2, etc...
+.Ve
+.PP
+If 'pattern' is an empty string, the last \fIsuccessfully\fR matched
+regex is used. Delimiters other than '/' may be used for both this
+operator and the following ones. The leading \f(CW\*(C`m\*(C'\fR can be omitted
+if the delimiter is '/'.
+.PP
+\&\f(CW\*(C`qr/pattern/msixpodualn\*(C'\fR lets you store a regex in a variable,
+or pass one around. Modifiers as for \f(CW\*(C`m//\*(C'\fR, and are stored
+within the regex.
+.PP
+\&\f(CW\*(C`s/pattern/replacement/msixpogcedual\*(C'\fR substitutes matches of
+\&'pattern' with 'replacement'. Modifiers as for \f(CW\*(C`m//\*(C'\fR,
+with two additions:
+.PP
+.Vb 2
+\&    e  Evaluate \*(Aqreplacement\*(Aq as an expression
+\&    r  Return substitution and leave the original string untouched.
+.Ve
+.PP
+\&'e' may be specified multiple times. 'replacement' is interpreted
+as a double quoted string unless a single-quote (\f(CW\*(C`\*(Aq\*(C'\fR) is the delimiter.
+.PP
+\&\f(CW\*(C`m?pattern?\*(C'\fR is like \f(CW\*(C`m/pattern/\*(C'\fR but matches only once. No alternate
+delimiters can be used.  Must be reset with \fBreset()\fR.
+.SS SYNTAX
+.IX Subsection "SYNTAX"
+.Vb 10
+\& \e       Escapes the character immediately following it
+\& .       Matches any single character except a newline (unless /s is
+\&           used)
+\& ^       Matches at the beginning of the string (or line, if /m is used)
+\& $       Matches at the end of the string (or line, if /m is used)
+\& *       Matches the preceding element 0 or more times
+\& +       Matches the preceding element 1 or more times
+\& ?       Matches the preceding element 0 or 1 times
+\& {...}   Specifies a range of occurrences for the element preceding it
+\& [...]   Matches any one of the characters contained within the brackets
+\& (...)   Groups subexpressions for capturing to $1, $2...
+\& (?:...) Groups subexpressions without capturing (cluster)
+\& |       Matches either the subexpression preceding or following it
+\& \eg1 or \eg{1}, \eg2 ...    Matches the text from the Nth group
+\& \e1, \e2, \e3 ...           Matches the text from the Nth group
+\& \eg\-1 or \eg{\-1}, \eg\-2 ... Matches the text from the Nth previous group
+\& \eg{name}     Named backreference
+\& \ek<name>     Named backreference
+\& \ek\*(Aqname\*(Aq     Named backreference
+\& (?P=name)    Named backreference (python syntax)
+.Ve
+.SS "ESCAPE SEQUENCES"
+.IX Subsection "ESCAPE SEQUENCES"
+These work as in normal strings.
+.PP
+.Vb 10
+\&   \ea       Alarm (beep)
+\&   \ee       Escape
+\&   \ef       Formfeed
+\&   \en       Newline
+\&   \er       Carriage return
+\&   \et       Tab
+\&   \e037     Char whose ordinal is the 3 octal digits, max \e777
+\&   \eo{2307} Char whose ordinal is the octal number, unrestricted
+\&   \ex7f     Char whose ordinal is the 2 hex digits, max \exFF
+\&   \ex{263a} Char whose ordinal is the hex number, unrestricted
+\&   \ecx      Control\-x
+\&   \eN{name} A named Unicode character or character sequence
+\&   \eN{U+263D} A Unicode character by hex ordinal
+\&
+\&   \el  Lowercase next character
+\&   \eu  Titlecase next character
+\&   \eL  Lowercase until \eE
+\&   \eU  Uppercase until \eE
+\&   \eF  Foldcase until \eE
+\&   \eQ  Disable pattern metacharacters until \eE
+\&   \eE  End modification
+.Ve
+.PP
+For Titlecase, see "Titlecase".
+.PP
+This one works differently from normal strings:
+.PP
+.Vb 1
+\&   \eb  An assertion, not backspace, except in a character class
+.Ve
+.SS "CHARACTER CLASSES"
+.IX Subsection "CHARACTER CLASSES"
+.Vb 4
+\&   [amy]    Match \*(Aqa\*(Aq, \*(Aqm\*(Aq or \*(Aqy\*(Aq
+\&   [f\-j]    Dash specifies "range"
+\&   [f\-j\-]   Dash escaped or at start or end means \*(Aqdash\*(Aq
+\&   [^f\-j]   Caret indicates "match any character _except_ these"
+.Ve
+.PP
+The following sequences (except \f(CW\*(C`\eN\*(C'\fR) work within or without a character class.
+The first six are locale aware, all are Unicode aware. See perllocale
+and perlunicode for details.
+.PP
+.Vb 10
+\&   \ed      A digit
+\&   \eD      A nondigit
+\&   \ew      A word character
+\&   \eW      A non\-word character
+\&   \es      A whitespace character
+\&   \eS      A non\-whitespace character
+\&   \eh      A horizontal whitespace
+\&   \eH      A non horizontal whitespace
+\&   \eN      A non newline (when not followed by \*(Aq{NAME}\*(Aq;;
+\&           not valid in a character class; equivalent to [^\en]; it\*(Aqs
+\&           like \*(Aq.\*(Aq without /s modifier)
+\&   \ev      A vertical whitespace
+\&   \eV      A non vertical whitespace
+\&   \eR      A generic newline           (?>\ev|\ex0D\ex0A)
+\&
+\&   \epP     Match P\-named (Unicode) property
+\&   \ep{...} Match Unicode property with name longer than 1 character
+\&   \ePP     Match non\-P
+\&   \eP{...} Match lack of Unicode property with name longer than 1 char
+\&   \eX      Match Unicode extended grapheme cluster
+.Ve
+.PP
+POSIX character classes and their Unicode and Perl equivalents:
+.PP
+.Vb 3
+\&            ASCII\-         Full\-
+\&   POSIX    range          range    backslash
+\& [[:...:]]  \ep{...}        \ep{...}   sequence    Description
+\&
+\& \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
+\& alnum   PosixAlnum       XPosixAlnum            \*(Aqalpha\*(Aq plus \*(Aqdigit\*(Aq
+\& alpha   PosixAlpha       XPosixAlpha            Alphabetic characters
+\& ascii   ASCII                                   Any ASCII character
+\& blank   PosixBlank       XPosixBlank   \eh       Horizontal whitespace;
+\&                                                   full\-range also
+\&                                                   written as
+\&                                                   \ep{HorizSpace} (GNU
+\&                                                   extension)
+\& cntrl   PosixCntrl       XPosixCntrl            Control characters
+\& digit   PosixDigit       XPosixDigit   \ed       Decimal digits
+\& graph   PosixGraph       XPosixGraph            \*(Aqalnum\*(Aq plus \*(Aqpunct\*(Aq
+\& lower   PosixLower       XPosixLower            Lowercase characters
+\& print   PosixPrint       XPosixPrint            \*(Aqgraph\*(Aq plus \*(Aqspace\*(Aq,
+\&                                                   but not any Controls
+\& punct   PosixPunct       XPosixPunct            Punctuation and Symbols
+\&                                                   in ASCII\-range; just
+\&                                                   punct outside it
+\& space   PosixSpace       XPosixSpace   \es       Whitespace
+\& upper   PosixUpper       XPosixUpper            Uppercase characters
+\& word    PosixWord        XPosixWord    \ew       \*(Aqalnum\*(Aq + Unicode marks
+\&                                                    + connectors, like
+\&                                                    \*(Aq_\*(Aq (Perl extension)
+\& xdigit  ASCII_Hex_Digit  XPosixDigit            Hexadecimal digit,
+\&                                                    ASCII\-range is
+\&                                                    [0\-9A\-Fa\-f]
+.Ve
+.PP
+Also, various synonyms like \f(CW\*(C`\ep{Alpha}\*(C'\fR for \f(CW\*(C`\ep{XPosixAlpha}\*(C'\fR; all listed
+in "Properties accessible through \ep{} and \eP{}" in perluniprops
+.PP
+Within a character class:
+.PP
+.Vb 3
+\&    POSIX      traditional   Unicode
+\&  [:digit:]       \ed        \ep{Digit}
+\&  [:^digit:]      \eD        \eP{Digit}
+.Ve
+.SS ANCHORS
+.IX Subsection "ANCHORS"
+All are zero-width assertions.
+.PP
+.Vb 11
+\&   ^  Match string start (or line, if /m is used)
+\&   $  Match string end (or line, if /m is used) or before newline
+\&   \eb{} Match boundary of type specified within the braces
+\&   \eB{} Match wherever \eb{} doesn\*(Aqt match
+\&   \eb Match word boundary (between \ew and \eW)
+\&   \eB Match except at word boundary (between \ew and \ew or \eW and \eW)
+\&   \eA Match string start (regardless of /m)
+\&   \eZ Match string end (before optional newline)
+\&   \ez Match absolute string end
+\&   \eG Match where previous m//g left off
+\&   \eK Keep the stuff left of the \eK, don\*(Aqt include it in $&
+.Ve
+.SS QUANTIFIERS
+.IX Subsection "QUANTIFIERS"
+Quantifiers are greedy by default and match the \fBlongest\fR leftmost.
+.PP
+.Vb 10
+\&   Maximal Minimal Possessive Allowed range
+\&   \-\-\-\-\-\-\- \-\-\-\-\-\-\- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\- \-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-\-
+\&   {n,m}   {n,m}?  {n,m}+     Must occur at least n times
+\&                              but no more than m times
+\&   {n,}    {n,}?   {n,}+      Must occur at least n times
+\&   {,n}    {,n}?   {,n}+      Must occur at most n times
+\&   {n}     {n}?    {n}+       Must occur exactly n times
+\&   *       *?      *+         0 or more times (same as {0,})
+\&   +       +?      ++         1 or more times (same as {1,})
+\&   ?       ??      ?+         0 or 1 time (same as {0,1})
+.Ve
+.PP
+The possessive forms (new in Perl 5.10) prevent backtracking: what gets
+matched by a pattern with a possessive quantifier will not be backtracked
+into, even if that causes the whole match to fail.
+.SS "EXTENDED CONSTRUCTS"
+.IX Subsection "EXTENDED CONSTRUCTS"
+.Vb 10
+\&   (?#text)          A comment
+\&   (?:...)           Groups subexpressions without capturing (cluster)
+\&   (?pimsx\-imsx:...) Enable/disable option (as per m// modifiers)
+\&   (?=...)           Zero\-width positive lookahead assertion
+\&   (*pla:...)        Same, starting in 5.32; experimentally in 5.28
+\&   (*positive_lookahead:...) Same, same versions as *pla
+\&   (?!...)           Zero\-width negative lookahead assertion
+\&   (*nla:...)        Same, starting in 5.32; experimentally in 5.28
+\&   (*negative_lookahead:...) Same, same versions as *nla
+\&   (?<=...)          Zero\-width positive lookbehind assertion
+\&   (*plb:...)        Same, starting in 5.32; experimentally in 5.28
+\&   (*positive_lookbehind:...) Same, same versions as *plb
+\&   (?<!...)          Zero\-width negative lookbehind assertion
+\&   (*nlb:...)        Same, starting in 5.32; experimentally in 5.28
+\&   (*negative_lookbehind:...) Same, same versions as *plb
+\&   (?>...)           Grab what we can, prohibit backtracking
+\&   (*atomic:...)     Same, starting in 5.32; experimentally in 5.28
+\&   (?|...)           Branch reset
+\&   (?<name>...)      Named capture
+\&   (?\*(Aqname\*(Aq...)      Named capture
+\&   (?P<name>...)     Named capture (python syntax)
+\&   (?[...])          Extended bracketed character class
+\&   (?{ code })       Embedded code, return value becomes $^R
+\&   (??{ code })      Dynamic regex, return value used as regex
+\&   (?N)              Recurse into subpattern number N
+\&   (?\-N), (?+N)      Recurse into Nth previous/next subpattern
+\&   (?R), (?0)        Recurse at the beginning of the whole pattern
+\&   (?&name)          Recurse into a named subpattern
+\&   (?P>name)         Recurse into a named subpattern (python syntax)
+\&   (?(cond)yes|no)
+\&   (?(cond)yes)      Conditional expression, where "(cond)" can be:
+\&                     (?=pat)   lookahead; also (*pla:pat)
+\&                               (*positive_lookahead:pat)
+\&                     (?!pat)   negative lookahead; also (*nla:pat)
+\&                               (*negative_lookahead:pat)
+\&                     (?<=pat)  lookbehind; also (*plb:pat)
+\&                               (*lookbehind:pat)
+\&                     (?<!pat)  negative lookbehind; also (*nlb:pat)
+\&                               (*negative_lookbehind:pat)
+\&                     (N)       subpattern N has matched something
+\&                     (<name>)  named subpattern has matched something
+\&                     (\*(Aqname\*(Aq)  named subpattern has matched something
+\&                     (?{code}) code condition
+\&                     (R)       true if recursing
+\&                     (RN)      true if recursing into Nth subpattern
+\&                     (R&name)  true if recursing into named subpattern
+\&                     (DEFINE)  always false, no no\-pattern allowed
+.Ve
+.SS VARIABLES
+.IX Subsection "VARIABLES"
+.Vb 1
+\&   $_    Default variable for operators to use
+\&
+\&   $\`    Everything prior to matched string
+\&   $&    Entire matched string
+\&   $\*(Aq    Everything after to matched string
+\&
+\&   ${^PREMATCH}   Everything prior to matched string
+\&   ${^MATCH}      Entire matched string
+\&   ${^POSTMATCH}  Everything after to matched string
+.Ve
+.PP
+Note to those still using Perl 5.18 or earlier:
+The use of \f(CW\*(C`$\`\*(C'\fR, \f(CW$&\fR or \f(CW\*(C`$\*(Aq\*(C'\fR will slow down \fBall\fR regex use
+within your program. Consult perlvar for \f(CW\*(C`@\-\*(C'\fR
+to see equivalent expressions that won't cause slow down.
+See also Devel::SawAmpersand. Starting with Perl 5.10, you
+can also use the equivalent variables \f(CW\*(C`${^PREMATCH}\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`${^MATCH}\*(C'\fR
+and \f(CW\*(C`${^POSTMATCH}\*(C'\fR, but for them to be defined, you have to
+specify the \f(CW\*(C`/p\*(C'\fR (preserve) modifier on your regular expression.
+In Perl 5.20, the use of \f(CW\*(C`$\`\*(C'\fR, \f(CW$&\fR and \f(CW\*(C`$\*(Aq\*(C'\fR makes no speed difference.
+.PP
+.Vb 8
+\&   $1, $2 ...  hold the Xth captured expr
+\&   $+    Last parenthesized pattern match
+\&   $^N   Holds the most recently closed capture
+\&   $^R   Holds the result of the last (?{...}) expr
+\&   @\-    Offsets of starts of groups. $\-[0] holds start of whole match
+\&   @+    Offsets of ends of groups. $+[0] holds end of whole match
+\&   %+    Named capture groups
+\&   %\-    Named capture groups, as array refs
+.Ve
+.PP
+Captured groups are numbered according to their \fIopening\fR paren.
+.SS FUNCTIONS
+.IX Subsection "FUNCTIONS"
+.Vb 5
+\&   lc          Lowercase a string
+\&   lcfirst     Lowercase first char of a string
+\&   uc          Uppercase a string
+\&   ucfirst     Titlecase first char of a string
+\&   fc          Foldcase a string
+\&
+\&   pos         Return or set current match position
+\&   quotemeta   Quote metacharacters
+\&   reset       Reset m?pattern? status
+\&   study       Analyze string for optimizing matching
+\&
+\&   split       Use a regex to split a string into parts
+.Ve
+.PP
+The first five of these are like the escape sequences \f(CW\*(C`\eL\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\el\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\eU\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\eu\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`\eF\*(C'\fR.  For Titlecase, see "Titlecase"; For
+Foldcase, see "Foldcase".
+.SS TERMINOLOGY
+.IX Subsection "TERMINOLOGY"
+\fITitlecase\fR
+.IX Subsection "Titlecase"
+.PP
+Unicode concept which most often is equal to uppercase, but for
+certain characters like the German "sharp s" there is a difference.
+.PP
+\fIFoldcase\fR
+.IX Subsection "Foldcase"
+.PP
+Unicode form that is useful when comparing strings regardless of case,
+as certain characters have complex one-to-many case mappings. Primarily a
+variant of lowercase.
+.SH AUTHOR
+.IX Header "AUTHOR"
+Iain Truskett. Updated by the Perl 5 Porters.
+.PP
+This document may be distributed under the same terms as Perl itself.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlretut for a tutorial on regular expressions.
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlrequick for a rapid tutorial.
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlre for more details.
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlvar for details on the variables.
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlop for details on the operators.
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlfunc for details on the functions.
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlfaq6 for FAQs on regular expressions.
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlrebackslash for a reference on backslash sequences.
+.IP \(bu 4
+perlrecharclass for a reference on character classes.
+.IP \(bu 4
+The re module to alter behaviour and aid
+debugging.
+.IP \(bu 4
+"Debugging Regular Expressions" in perldebug
+.IP \(bu 4
+perluniintro, perlunicode, charnames and perllocale
+for details on regexes and internationalisation.
+.IP \(bu 4
+\&\fIMastering Regular Expressions\fR by Jeffrey Friedl
+(<http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596528126/>) for a thorough grounding and
+reference on the topic.
+.SH THANKS
+.IX Header "THANKS"
+David P.C. Wollmann,
+Richard Soderberg,
+Sean M. Burke,
+Tom Christiansen,
+Jim Cromie,
+and
+Jeffrey Goff
+for useful advice.