Adding upstream version 4.22.0.upstream/4.22.0

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+.\" This man page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source.
+.\" Do not hand-hack it!  If you have bug fixes or improvements, please find
+.\" the corresponding HTML page on the Netpbm website, generate a patch
+.\" against that, and send it to the Netpbm maintainer.
+.TH "Pgmminkowski User Manual" 0 "29 October 2002" "netpbm documentation"
+
+.SH NAME
+
+pgmminkowski - compute Minkowski integral
+
+.UN synopsis
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+
+\fBpgmminkowski\fP \fIpgmfile\fP
+
+.UN description
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.PP
+This program is part of
+.BR "Netpbm" (1)\c
+\&.
+
+\fBpgmminkowski\fP computes the 3 Minkowski integrals of a PGM image. 
+.PP
+The Minkowski integrals mathematically characterize the shapes in the
+image and hence are the basis of "morphological image analysis."
+.PP
+Hadwiger's theorem has it that these integrals are the only
+motion-invariant, additive and conditionally continuous functions of a
+two-dimensional image, which means that they are preserved under
+certain kinds of deformations of the image.  On top of that, they are
+very easy and quickly calculated.  This makes them of interest for
+certain kinds of pattern recognition.
+.PP
+Basically, the Minkowski integrals are the area, total perimeter
+length, and the Euler characteristic of the image, where these metrics
+apply to the foreground image, not the rectangular PGM image itself.  The
+foreground image consists of all the pixels in the image that are
+white.  For a grayscale image, there is some threshold of intensity
+applied to categorize pixels into black and white, and the Minkowski
+integrals are calculated as a function of this threshold value. The
+total surface area refers to the number of white pixels in the PGM and
+the perimeter is the sum of perimeters of each closed white region in
+the PGM.
+.PP
+For a grayscale image, these numbers are a function of the threshold
+of what you want to call black or white.  \fBpgmminkowski\fP reports these
+numbers as a function of the threshold for all possible threshold
+values.  Since the total surface area can increase only as a function
+of the threshold, it is a reparameterization of the threshold.  It
+turns out that if you consider the other two functions, the boundary
+length and the Euler characteristic, as a function of the first one,
+the surface, you get two functions that are a fingerprint of the
+picture.  This fingerprint is e.g. sufficient to recognize the
+difference between pictures of different crystal lattices under a
+scanning tunnelling electron microscope.
+.PP
+For more information about Minkowski integrals, see e.g. 
+
+.IP \(bu
+
+.UR http://rugth30.phys.rug.nl/pdf/prechaos.pdf
+ J.S. Kole, K. Michielsen, and H. De Raedt, "Morphological Image Analysis of Quantum Motion in Billiards", Phys. Rev. E 63, 016201-1 - 016201-7 (2001) 
+.UE
+\&
+
+.IP \(bu
+K. Michielsen and
+H. De Raedt, "Integral-Geometry Morphological Image Analysis",
+Phys. Rep. 347, 461-538 (2001).
+
+
+.PP
+The output is suitable for direct use as a datafile in \fBgnuplot\fP.
+.PP
+In addition to the three Minkowski integrals, \fBpgmminkowski\fP also
+lists the horizontal and vertical edge counts.
+
+
+
+.UN options
+.SH OPTIONS
+.PP
+There are no command line options defined specifically
+for \fBpgmminkowski\fP, but it recognizes the options common to all
+programs based on libnetpbm (See 
+.UR index.html#commonoptions
+ Common Options
+.UE
+\&.)
+
+.UN seealso
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR "pgmmorphconv" (1)\c
+\&
+.BR "pbmminkowski" (1)\c
+\&
+.BR "pgm" (1)\c
+\&
+
+.UN authors
+.SH AUTHORS
+
+Luuk van Dijk, 2001.
+.PP
+Based on work which is Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 by Jef Poskanzer.
+.SH DOCUMENT SOURCE
+This manual page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML
+source.  The master documentation is at
+.IP
+.B http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pgmminkowski.html
+.PP
\ No newline at end of file