Adding upstream version 4.22.0.upstream/4.22.0

Signed-off-by: Daniel Baumann <daniel.baumann@progress-linux.org>

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+\
+.\" This man page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source.
+.\" Do not hand-hack it!  If you have bug fixes or improvements, please find
+.\" the corresponding HTML page on the Netpbm website, generate a patch
+.\" against that, and send it to the Netpbm maintainer.
+.TH "Pamgauss User Manual" 0 "18 May 2017" "netpbm documentation"
+
+.SH NAME
+
+\fBpamgauss\fP - create a two-dimensional Gaussian function as a PAM image
+
+.UN synopsis
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+
+\fBpamgauss\fP
+\fIwidth\fP
+\fIheight\fP
+\fB-sigma=\fP\fInumber\fP
+[\fB-maxval=\fP\fInumber\fP]
+[\fB-tupletype=\fP\fIstring\fP]
+[\fB-maximize\fP]
+[\fB-oversample=\fP\fInumber\fP]
+.PP
+Minimum unique abbreviation of option is acceptable.  You may use double
+hyphens instead of single hyphen to denote options.  You may use white
+space in place of the equals sign to separate an option name from its value.
+
+
+.UN examples
+.SH EXAMPLES
+
+.nf
+     pamgauss 7 7 -sigma=.5 -maximize -tupletype=GRAYSCALE | pamtopnm >gauss.pgm
+     pnmconvol -nooffset -normalize gauss.pgm myimage.ppm >blurred.ppm
+.fi
+
+.UN description
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.PP
+This program is part of
+.BR "Netpbm" (1)\c
+\&.
+.PP
+\fBpamgauss\fP generates a one-plane PAM image whose samples are a
+Gaussian function of their distance from the center of the image.  I.e.
+the sample value is highest in the center and goes down, in a bell curve
+shape, as you move away from the center.
+.PP
+You can use this image as a convolution kernel with
+\fBpnmconvol\fP to blur an image.  (This technique is known as
+Gaussian blurring).
+
+\fIwidth\fP and \fIheight\fP are the dimensions of the image that
+\fBpamgauss\fP generates.  Mathematically speaking, they are the domain of
+the two-dimensional Gaussian function.  If you want to be sure you get a whole
+Gaussian function, make sure that you choose a standard deviation and image
+dimensions so that if you made it any larger, the sample values at the edges
+would be zero.
+.PP
+The output image is PAM.  To make it usable with \fBpnmconvol\fP,
+specify \fB-tupletype=GRAYSCALE\fP so \fBpnmconvol\fP can use it as
+if it were PGM.  You must use the \fB-nooffset\fP option on
+\fBpnmconvol\fP because zero means zero in the PAM that
+\fBpamgauss\fP generates.
+.PP
+Without \fB-maximize\fP, the sum of all the samples is equal to the
+image's maxval (within rounding error).  This is true even if you clip the
+Gaussian function by making the image too small.  This is what is normally
+required of a convolution kernel.
+.PP
+\fBpamgauss\fP oversamples and averages to represent the continuous
+Gaussian function in discrete samples in the PAM output.  Consider an image 11
+samples wide and an oversampling factor of 10.  The samples can be thought of
+as contiguous squares one unit wide.  The center of the image is thus the
+center of the 6th sample from the left.  The 3rd sample from the left covers a
+range of distances from 3 to 4 units from the center of the image.  Because
+the oversampling factor is 10, \fBpamgauss\fP computes the value of the
+Gaussian function at 10 points evenly spaced between 3 and 4 units from the
+center of the image and assigns the 3rd sample from the left the mean of those
+10 values.
+
+
+.UN options
+.SH OPTIONS
+
+
+.TP
+\fB-sigma=\fP\fInumber\fP
+This is the standard deviation of the Gaussian function.  The higher the
+number, the more spread out the function is.  Normally, you want to make this
+number low enough that the function reaches zero value before the edge of your
+image.
+.sp
+\fInumber\fP is in units of samples.
+.sp
+This option is required.  There is no default.
+
+.TP
+\fB-maximize\fP
+Causes \fBpamgauss\fP to use the whole dynamic range available in
+the output PAM image by choosing an amplitude for the Gaussian function that
+causes the maximum value in the image to be the maxval of the image.
+.sp
+If you select this, you probably want to normalize the output (scale the
+samples down so the volume under the surface of the two-dimensional Gaussian
+function is the maxval) before you use it, for example with
+\fBpnmconvol\fP's \fB-normalize\fP option.  The reason this is different
+from just not using \fB-maximize\fP is that this subsequent normalization can
+be done with much more precision than can be represented in a PAM image.
+.sp
+Without this option, \fBpamgauss\fP uses an amplitude that makes the volume
+under the surface of the two-dimensional Gaussian function the maxval of the
+image.  This means all the samples in the image are normally considerably less
+than the maxval.
+.sp
+This option was new in Netpbm 10.79 (June 2017).
+
+.TP
+\fB-maxval=\fP\fInumber\fP
+This is the maxval for the output image.  65535 is almost always the best
+value to use.  But there may be some programs (not part of Netpbm) that can't
+handle a maxval greater than 255.
+.sp
+The default is 255.
+
+.TP
+\fB-tupletype=\fP\fIstring\fP
+This is the value of the "tuple_type" attribute of the created PAM image.
+It can be any string up to 255 characters.
+.sp
+If you don't specify this, \fBpamgauss\fP generates a PAM with unspecified
+tuple type.
+
+.TP
+\fB-oversample=\fP\fInumber\fP
+This sets the oversampling factor.  \fBpamgauss\fP samples the Gaussian
+function this many times, both horizontally and vertically, to get the value
+of each sample in the output.
+.sp
+An oversampling factor of 1 means no oversampling, which means each 
+sample is based only on the value of the Gaussian function at the center of
+the sample.
+.sp
+The default is 5 divided by the standard deviation, rounded up to a whole
+number.
+.sp
+This option was new in Netpbm 10.79 (June 2017).  Before that, it is
+essentially 1 - there is no oversampling.
+
+
+
+.UN seealso
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR "pnmconvol" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pamtopnm" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pgmkernel" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pamseq" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pam" (5)\c
+\&
+
+.UN history
+.SH HISTORY
+.PP
+\fBpamgauss\fP was new in Netpbm 10.23 (July 2004).
+.SH DOCUMENT SOURCE
+This manual page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML
+source.  The master documentation is at
+.IP
+.B http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pamgauss.html
+.PP
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