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+.\" This man page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML source.
+.\" Do not hand-hack it!  If you have bug fixes or improvements, please find
+.\" the corresponding HTML page on the Netpbm website, generate a patch
+.\" against that, and send it to the Netpbm maintainer.
+.TH "Pnmscalefixed User Manual" 0 "01 July 2020" "netpbm documentation"
+
+.SH NAME
+
+pnmscalefixed - scale a PNM file quickly
+
+.UN description
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.PP
+This program is part of
+.BR "Netpbm" (1)\c
+\&.
+
+\fBpnmscalefixed\fP is like \fBpamscale\fP except that
+it uses fixed point arithmetic internally instead of floating point,
+which may make it run faster.  In turn, it is less accurate and may
+distort the image.  It also lacks many of the features of \fBpamscale\fP.
+.PP
+Use the \fBpamscale\fP user manual with \fBpnmscalefixed\fP.  This
+document only describes the difference.  Avoid any feature mentioned in
+the \fBpamscale\fP manual as not existing before Netpbm 9.9.
+.PP
+\fBpnmscalefixed\fP uses fixed point 12 bit arithmetic.  By
+contrast, \fBpamscale\fP uses floating point arithmetic which on most
+machines is probably 24 bit precision.  This makes
+\fBpnmscalefixed\fP run faster (30% faster in one experiment), but
+the imprecision can cause distortions at the right and bottom edges.
+.PP
+The distortion takes the following form: One pixel from the edge of
+the input is rendered larger in the output than the scaling factor
+requires.  Consequently, the rest of the image is smaller than the
+scaling factor requires, because the overall dimensions of the image
+are always as requested.  This distortion will usually be very hard to
+see.
+.PP
+\fBpnmscalefixed\fP with the \fB-verbose\fP option tells you how
+much distortion there is.
+.PP
+The amount of distortion depends on the size of the input image and how
+close the scaling factor is to an integral 1/4096th.
+.PP
+If the scaling factor is an exact multiple of 1/4096, there is no
+distortion.  So, for example doubling or halving an image causes no
+distortion.  But reducing it or enlarging it by a third would cause
+some distortion.  To consider an extreme case, scaling a 100,000 row
+image down to 50,022 rows would create an output image with all of the
+input squeezed into the top 50,000 rows, and the last row of the input
+copied into the bottom 22 rows of output.
+.PP
+\fBpnmscalefixed\fP could probably be modified to use 16 bit or
+better arithmetic without losing anything.  The modification would
+consist of a single constant in the source code.  Until there is a
+demonstrated need for that, though, the Netpbm maintainer wants to
+keep the safety cushion afforded by the original 12 bit precision.
+.PP
+\fBpnmscalefixed\fP does not have \fBpamscale\fP's \fB-nomix\fP
+option.
+
+.UN options
+.SH OPTIONS
+.PP
+In addition to the options common to all programs based on libnetpbm
+(most notably \fB-quiet\fP, see 
+.UR index.html#commonoptions
+ Common Options
+.UE
+\&), \fBpnmscalefixed\fP recognizes the following
+command line options:
+
+
+.TP
+\fB-xsize\fP
+.TP
+\fB-width\fP
+.TP
+\fB-ysize\fP
+.TP
+\fB-height\fP
+.TP
+\fB-xscale\fP
+.TP
+\fB-yscale\fP
+.TP
+\fB-pixels\fP
+.TP
+\fB-xysize\fP
+.TP
+\fB-reduce\fP
+.sp
+These options determine the scale factors.  See the
+.BR "\fBpamscale\fP" (1)\c
+\& user manual for details.
+
+.TP
+\fB-verbose\fP
+.sp
+Report details of the transformation.
+
+
+.UN history
+.SH HISTORY
+.PP
+\fBpnmscalefixed\fP was originally \fBpnmscale\fP. In Netpbm 9.9
+(November 2000) \fBpnmscale\fP was rewritten to use floating point
+arithmetic; the former fixed point arithmetic version was renamed
+\fBpnmscalefixed\fP.
+
+.UN seealso
+.SH SEE ALSO
+.BR "pamscale" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pamstretch" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pamstretch-gen" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pbmreduce" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pbmpscale" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pamenlarge" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pnmscale" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pnm" (1)\c
+\&,
+.BR "pam" (1)\c
+\&
+.SH DOCUMENT SOURCE
+This manual page was generated by the Netpbm tool 'makeman' from HTML
+source.  The master documentation is at
+.IP
+.B http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/doc/pnmscalefixed.html
+.PP
+\ No newline at end of file