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diff --git a/upstream/fedora-40/man1/refer.1 b/upstream/fedora-40/man1/refer.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..6bf08639 --- /dev/null +++ b/upstream/fedora-40/man1/refer.1 @@ -0,0 +1,2020 @@ +.TH \%refer 1 "24 January 2024" "groff 1.23.0" +.SH Name +\%refer \- process bibliographic references for +.I groff +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.\" Legal Terms +.\" ==================================================================== +.\" +.\" Copyright (C) 1989-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +.\" preserved on all copies. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of +.\" this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that +.\" the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of +.\" a permission notice identical to this one. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this +.\" manual into another language, under the above conditions for +.\" modified versions, except that this permission notice may be +.\" included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation +.\" instead of in the original English. +. +. +.\" Save and disable compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11). +.do nr *groff_refer_1_man_C \n[.cp] +.cp 0 +. +.\" Define fallback for groff 1.23's MR macro if the system lacks it. +.nr do-fallback 0 +.if !\n(.f .nr do-fallback 1 \" mandoc +.if \n(.g .if !d MR .nr do-fallback 1 \" older groff +.if !\n(.g .nr do-fallback 1 \" non-groff *roff +.if \n[do-fallback] \{\ +. de MR +. ie \\n(.$=1 \ +. I \%\\$1 +. el \ +. IR \%\\$1 (\\$2)\\$3 +. . +.\} +.rr do-fallback +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Synopsis +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.SY \%refer +.RB [ \-bCenPRS ] +.RB [ \-a\~\c +.IR n ] +.RB [ \-B +.IB field . macro\c +] +.RB [ \-c\~\c +.IR fields ] +.RB [ \-f\~\c +.IR n ] +.RB [ \-i\~\c +.IR fields ] +.RB [ \-k\~\c +.IR field ] +.RB [ \-l\~\c +.IR range-expression ] +.RB [ \-p\~\c +.IR database-file ] +.RB [ \-s\~\c +.IR fields ] +.RB [ \-t\~\c +.IR n ] +.RI [ file\~ .\|.\|.] +.YS +. +. +.SY \%refer +.B \-\-help +.YS +. +. +.SY \%refer +.B \-v +. +.SY \%refer +.B \-\-version +.YS +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Description +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The GNU implementation of +.I \%refer \" generic +is part of the +.MR groff 1 +document formatting system. +. +.I \%refer +is a +.MR \%troff 1 +preprocessor that prepares bibilographic citations by looking up +keywords specified in a +.MR roff 7 +input document, +obviating the need to type such annotations, +and permitting the citation style in formatted output to be altered +independently and systematically. +. +It copies the contents of each +.I file +to the standard output stream, +except that it interprets lines between +.B .[ +and +.B .]\& +as citations to be translated into +.I groff +input, +and lines between +.B .R1 +and +.B .R2 +as instructions regarding how citations are to be processed. +. +Normally, +.I \%refer +is not executed directly by the user, +but invoked by specifying the +.B \-R +option to +.MR groff 1 . +. +If no +.I file +operands are given on the command line, +or if +.I file +is +.RB \[lq] \- \[rq], +the standard input stream is read. +. +. +.LP +Each citation specifies a reference. +. +The citation can specify a reference that is contained in a +bibliographic database by giving a set of keywords that only that +reference contains. +. +Alternatively it can specify a reference by supplying a database record +in the citation. +. +A combination of these alternatives is also possible. +. +. +.LP +For each citation, +.I \%refer +can produce a mark in the text. +. +This mark consists of some label which can be separated from the text +and from other labels in various ways. +. +For each reference it also outputs +.MR groff 7 +language commands that can be used by a macro package to produce a +formatted reference for each citation. +. +The output of +.I \%refer +must therefore be processed using a suitable macro package, +such as +.\" .IR man , +.IR me , +.IR mm , +.IR mom , +or +.IR ms . +. +The commands to format a citation's reference can be output immediately +after the citation, +or the references may be accumulated, +and the commands output at some later point. +. +If the references are accumulated, +then multiple citations of the same reference will produce a single +formatted reference. +. +. +.LP +The interpretation of lines between +.B .R1 +and +.B .R2 +as prepreocessor commands is a feature of GNU +.IR \%refer . \" GNU +. +Documents making use of this feature can still be processed by AT&T +.I \%refer \" AT&T +just by adding the lines +. +.RS +.EX +\&.de R1 +\&.ig R2 +\&.. +.EE +.RE +. +to the beginning of the document. +. +This will cause +.MR \%troff 1 +to ignore everything between +.B .R1 +and +.BR .R2 . +. +The effect of some commands can also be achieved by options. +. +These options are supported mainly for compatibility with AT&T +.IR \%refer . \" AT&T +. +It is usually more convenient to use commands. +. +. +.LP +.I \%refer +generates +.B .lf +requests so that file names and line numbers in messages produced by +commands that read +.I \%refer +output will be correct; +it also interprets lines beginning with +.B .lf +so that file names and line numbers in the messages and +.B .lf +lines that it produces will be accurate even if the input has been +preprocessed by a command such as +.MR \%soelim 1 . +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Bibliographic databases" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The bibliographic database is a text file consisting of records +separated by one or more blank lines. +. +Within each record fields start with a +.B % +at the beginning of a line. +. +Each field has a one character name that immediately follows the +.BR % . +It is best to use only upper and lower case letters for the names +of fields. +. +The name of the field should be followed by exactly one space, +and then by the contents of the field. +. +Empty fields are ignored. +. +The conventional meaning of each field is as follows: +. +. +.TP +.B %A +The name of an author. +. +If the name contains a suffix such as \[lq]Jr.\&\[rq], +it should be separated from the last name by a comma. +. +There can be multiple occurrences of the +.B %A +field. +. +The order is significant. +. +It is a good idea always to supply an +.B %A +field or a +.B %Q +field. +. +. +.TP +.B %B +For an article that is part of a book, +the title of the book. +. +. +.TP +.B %C +The place (city) of publication. +. +. +.TP +.B %D +The date of publication. +. +The year should be specified in full. +. +If the month is specified, +the name rather than the number of the month should be used, +but only the first three letters are required. +. +It is a good idea always to supply a +.B %D +field; +if the date is unknown, +a value such as +.B in press +or +.B unknown +can be used. +. +. +.TP +.B %E +For an article that is part of a book, +the name of an editor of the book. +. +Where the work has editors and no authors, +the names of the editors should be given as +.B %A +fields and +.RB \[lq] ,\~(ed.)\& \[rq] +or +.RB \[lq] ,\~(eds.)\& \[rq] +should be appended to the last author. +. +. +.TP +.B %G +U.S. government ordering number. +. +. +.TP +.B %I +The publisher (issuer). +. +. +.TP +.B %J +For an article in a journal, +the name of the journal. +. +. +.TP +.B %K +Keywords to be used for searching. +. +. +.TP +.B %L +Label. +. +. +.TP +.B %N +Journal issue number. +. +. +.TP +.B %O +Other information. +. +This is usually printed at the end of the reference. +. +. +.TP +.B %P +Page number. +. +A range of pages can be specified as +.IB m \- \c +.IR n . +. +. +.TP +.B %Q +The name of the author, +if the author is not a person. +. +This will only be used if there are no +.B %A +fields. +. +There can only be one +.B %Q +field. +. +. +.TP +.B %R +Technical report number. +. +. +.TP +.B %S +Series name. +. +. +.TP +.B %T +Title. +. +For an article in a book or journal, +this should be the title of the article. +. +. +.TP +.B %V +Volume number of the journal or book. +. +. +.TP +.B %X +Annotation. +. +. +.LP +For all fields except +.B %A +and +.BR %E , +if there is more than one occurrence of a particular field in a record, +only the last such field will be used. +. +. +.P +If accent strings are used, +they should follow the character to be accented. +. +This means that an +.I ms +document must call the +.B .AM +macro when it initializes. +. +Accent strings should not be quoted: +use one +.B \e +rather than two. +. +Accent strings are an obsolescent feature of the +.I me +and +.I ms +macro packages; +modern documents should use +.I groff +special character escape sequences instead; +see +.MR groff_char 7 . +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Citations +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Citations have a characteristic format. +. +.RS +.EX +.BI .[ opening-text +.I flags keywords +.I fields +.BI .] closing-text +.EE +.RE +. +. +.LP +The +.IR opening-text , +.IR closing-text , +and +.I flags +components are optional. +. +Only one of the +.I keywords +and +.I fields +components need be specified. +. +. +.LP +The +.I keywords +component says to search the bibliographic databases for a reference +that contains all the words in +.IR keywords . +. +It is an error if more than one reference is found. +. +. +.LP +The +.I fields +components specifies additional fields to replace or supplement those +specified in the reference. +. +When references are being accumulated and the +.I keywords +component is non-empty, +then additional fields should be specified only on the first occasion +that a particular reference is cited, +and will apply to all citations of that reference. +. +. +.br +.ne 2v +.LP +The +.I opening-text +and +.I closing-text +components specify strings to be used to bracket the label instead of +those in the +.B \%bracket\-label +command. +. +If either of these components is non-empty, +the strings specified in the +.B \%bracket\-label +command will not be used; +this behavior can be altered using the +.B [ +and +.B ] +flags. +. +Leading and trailing spaces are significant for these components. +. +. +.LP +The +.I flags +component is a list of non-alphanumeric characters each of which +modifies the treatment of this particular citation. +. +AT&T +.I \%refer \" AT&T +will treat these flags as part of the keywords and so will ignore them +since they are non-alphanumeric. +. +The following flags are currently recognized. +. +. +.TP +.B # +Use the label specified by the +.B \%short\-label +command, +instead of that specified by the +.B \%label +command. +. +If no short label has been specified, +the normal label will be used. +. +Typically the short label is used with author-date labels and consists +of only the date and possibly a disambiguating letter; +the +.RB \[lq] # \[rq] +is supposed to be suggestive of a numeric type of label. +. +. +.TP +.B [ +Precede +.I opening-text +with the first string specified in the +.B \%bracket\-label +command. +. +. +.TP +.B ] +Follow +.I closing-text +with the second string specified in the +.B \%bracket\-label +command. +. +. +.LP +An advantage of using the +.B [ +and +.B ] +flags rather than including the brackets in +.I opening-text +and +.I closing-text +is that +. +you can change the style of bracket used in the document just by +changing the +.B \%bracket\-label +command. +. +Another is that sorting and merging of citations will not necessarily be +inhibited if the flags are used. +. +. +.LP +If a label is to be inserted into the text, +it will be attached to the line preceding the +.B .[ +line. +. +If there is no such line, +then an extra line will be inserted before the +.B .[ +line and a warning will be given. +. +. +.LP +There is no special notation for making a citation to multiple +references. +. +Just use a sequence of citations, +one for each reference. +. +Don't put anything between the citations. +. +The labels for all the citations will be attached to the line preceding +the first citation. +. +The labels may also be sorted or merged. +. +See the description of the +.B <> +label expression, +and of the +.B \%sort\-adjacent\-labels +and +.B \%abbreviate\-label\-ranges +commands. +. +A label will not be merged if its citation has a non-empty +.I opening-text +or +.IR closing-text . +. +However, +the labels for a citation using the +.B ] +flag and without any +.I closing-text +immediately followed by a citation using the +.B [ +flag and without any +.I opening-text +may be sorted and merged +even though the first citation's +.I opening-text +or the second citation's +.I closing-text +is non-empty. +. +(If you wish to prevent this, +use the dummy character escape sequence +.B \[rs]& +as the first citation's +.IR closing-text .) +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Commands +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Commands are contained between lines starting with +.B .R1 +and +.BR .R2 . +. +Recognition of these lines can be prevented by the +.B \-R +option. +. +When a +.B .R1 +line is recognized any accumulated references are flushed out. +. +Neither +.B .R1 +nor +.B .R2 +lines, +nor anything between them, +is output. +. +. +.P +Commands are separated by newlines or semicolons. +. +A number sign +.RB ( # ) +introduces a comment that extends to the end of the line, +but does not conceal the newline. +. +Each command is broken up into words. +. +Words are separated by spaces or tabs. +. +A word that begins with a (neutral) double quote +.RB ( \[dq] ) +extends to the next double quote that is not followed by another double +quote. +. +If there is no such double quote, +the word extends to the end of the line. +. +Pairs of double quotes in a word beginning with a double quote collapse +to one double quote. +. +Neither a number sign nor a semicolon is recognized inside double +quotes. +. +A line can be continued by ending it with a backslash +.RB \[lq] \[rs] \[rq]; +this works everywhere except after a number sign. +. +. +.LP +.ds n \fR*\fP\" +Each command +.I name +that is marked with \*n has an associated negative command +.BI no\- name +that undoes the effect of +.IR name . +. +For example, +the +.B no\-sort +command specifies that references should not be sorted. +. +The negative commands take no arguments. +. +. +.LP +In the following description each argument must be a single word; +.I field +is used for a single upper or lower case letter naming a field; +.I fields +is used for a sequence of such letters; +.I m +and +.I n +are used for a non-negative numbers; +.I string +is used for an arbitrary string; +.I file +is used for the name of a file. +. +. +.TP +.BI abbreviate\*n\~ fields\~string1\~string2\~string3\~string4 +Abbreviate the first names of +.IR fields . +. +An initial letter will be separated from another initial letter by +.IR string1 , +from the last name by +.IR string2 , +and from anything else +(such as \[lq]von\[rq] or \[lq]de\[rq]) +by +.IR string3 . +. +These default to a period followed by a space. +. +In a hyphenated first name, +the initial of the first part of the name will be separated from the +hyphen by +.IR string4 ; +this defaults to a period. +. +No attempt is made to handle any ambiguities that might +result from abbreviation. +. +Names are abbreviated before sorting and before label construction. +. +. +.TP +.BI abbreviate\-label\-ranges\*n\~ string +. +Three or more adjacent labels that refer to consecutive references +will be abbreviated to a label consisting of the first label, +followed by +.IR string , +followed by the last label. +. +This is mainly useful with numeric labels. +. +If +.I string +is omitted, +it defaults to +.RB \[lq] \- \[rq]. +. +. +.TP +.B accumulate\*n +Accumulate references instead of writing out each reference +as it is encountered. +. +Accumulated references will be written out whenever a reference +of the form +. +.RS +.RS +.EX +.B .[ +.B $LIST$ +.B .] +.EE +.RE +. +is encountered, +after all input files have been processed, +and whenever a +.B .R1 +line is recognized. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.BI annotate\*n\~ "field string" +.I field +is an annotation; +print it at the end of the reference as a paragraph preceded by the line +. +.RS +.IP +.BI . string +. +. +.LP +If +.I string +is omitted, +it will default to +.BR AP ; +if +.I field +is also omitted it will default to +.BR X . +. +Only one field can be an annotation. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.BI articles\~ string\~\c +\&.\|.\|. +Each +.I string +is a definite or indefinite article, +and should be ignored at the beginning of +.B T +fields when sorting. +. +Initially, +\[lq]a\[rq], +\[lq]an\[rq], +and +\[lq]the\[rq] are recognized as articles. +. +. +.TP +.BI bibliography\~ file\~\c +\&.\|.\|. +. +Write out all the references contained in each bibliographic database +.IR file . +. +This command should come last in an +.BR .R1 / .R2 +block. +. +. +.TP +.BI bracket\-label\~ "string1 string2 string3" +In the text, +bracket each label with +.I string1 +and +.IR string2 . +. +An occurrence of +.I string2 +immediately followed by +.I string1 +will be turned into +.IR string3 . +. +The default behavior is as follows. +. +.RS \" RS twice to get inboard of the tagged paragraph indentation. +.RS +.EX +.B bracket\-label \e*([. \e*(.] \[dq], \[dq] +.EE +.RE +.RE +. +. +.TP +.BI capitalize\~ fields +Convert +.I fields +to caps and small caps. +. +. +.TP +.B compatible\*n +Recognize +.B .R1 +and +.B .R2 +even when followed by a character other than space or newline. +. +. +.TP +.BI database\~ file\~\c +\&.\|.\|. +Search each bibliographic database +.IR file . +. +For each +.IR file , +if an index +.RI file \%.i +created by +.MR \%indxbib 1 +exists, +then it will be searched instead; +each index can cover multiple databases. +. +. +.TP +.BI date\-as\-label\*n\~ string +.I string +is a label expression that specifies a string with which to replace the +.B D +field after constructing the label. +. +See subsection \[lq]Label expressions\[rq] below for a description of +label expressions. +. +This command is useful if you do not want explicit labels in the +reference list, +but instead want to handle any necessary disambiguation by qualifying +the date in some way. +. +The label used in the text would typically be some combination of the +author and date. +. +In most cases you should also use the +.B \%no\-label\-in\-reference +command. +. +For example, +. +.RS \" RS twice to get inboard of the tagged paragraph indentation. +.RS +.EX +.B date\-as\-label D.+yD.y%a*D.\-y +.EE +.RE +. +would attach a disambiguating letter to the year part of the +.B D +field in the reference. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.B default\-database\*n +The default database should be searched. +. +This is the default behavior, +so the negative version of this command is more useful. +. +.I \%refer +determines whether the default database should be searched +on the first occasion that it needs to do a search. +. +Thus a +.B \%no\-default\-database +command must be given before then, +in order to be effective. +. +. +.TP +.BI discard\*n\~ fields +When the reference is read, +.I fields +should be discarded; +no string definitions for +.I fields +will be output. +. +Initially, +.I fields +are +.BR XYZ . +. +. +.TP +.BI et\-al\*n\~ "string m n" +Control use of +.B et al.\& +in the evaluation of +.B @ +expressions in label expressions. +. +If the number of authors needed to make the author sequence unambiguous +is +.I u +and the total number of authors is +.I t +then the last +.IR t \|\-\| u +authors will be replaced by +.I string +provided that +.IR t \|\-\| u +is not less than +.I m +and +.I t +is not less than +.IR n . +. +The default behavior is as follows. +. +.RS \" RS twice to get inboard of the tagged paragraph indentation. +.RS +.EX +.B et\-al \[dq] et al\[dq] 2 3 +.EE +.RE +. +Note the absence of a dot from the end of the abbreviation, +which is arguably not correct. +. +.RI ( "Et al" [.] +is short for +.IR "et alli" , +as +.I etc.\& +is short for +.IR "et cetera".) +.RE +. +. +.TP +.BI include\~ file +Include +.I file +and interpret the contents as commands. +. +. +.TP +.BI join\-authors\~ "string1 string2 string3" +Join multiple authors together with +.IR string s. +. +When there are exactly two authors, +they will be joined with +.IR string1 . +. +When there are more than two authors, +all but the last two will be joined with +.IR string2 , +and the last two authors will be joined with +.IR string3 . +. +If +.I string3 +is omitted, +it will default to +.IR string1 ; +if +.I string2 +is also omitted it will also default to +.IR string1 . +. +For example, +. +.RS +.RS +.EX +join\-authors \[dq] and \[dq] \[dq], \[dq] \[dq], and \[dq] +.EE +.RE +. +will restore the default method for joining authors. +.RE +. +. +.TP +.B label\-in\-reference\*n +When outputting the reference, +define the string +.B [F +to be the reference's label. +. +This is the default behavior, +so the negative version of this command is more useful. +. +. +.TP +.B label\-in\-text\*n +For each reference output a label in the text. +. +The label will be separated from the surrounding text as described in +the +.B \%bracket\-label +command. +. +This is the default behavior, +so the negative version of this command is more useful. +. +. +.TP +.BI label\~ string +.I string +is a label expression describing how to label each reference. +. +. +.TP +.BI separate\-label\-second\-parts\~ string +When merging two-part labels, +separate the second part of the second label from the first label with +.IR string . +. +See the description of the +.B <> +label expression. +. +. +.TP +.B move\-punctuation\*n +In the text, +move any punctuation at the end of line past the label. +. +It is usually a good idea to give this command unless you are using +superscripted numbers as labels. +. +. +.TP +.BI reverse\*n\~ string +Reverse the fields whose names +are in +.IR string . +. +Each field name can be followed by a number which says how many such +fields should be reversed. +. +If no number is given for a field, +all such fields will be reversed. +. +. +.TP +.BI search\-ignore\*n\~ fields +While searching for keys in databases for which no index exists, +ignore the contents of +.IR fields . +. +Initially, +fields +.B XYZ +are ignored. +. +. +.TP +.BI search\-truncate\*n\~ n +Only require the first +.I n +characters of keys to be given. +. +In effect when searching for a given key words in the database are +truncated to the maximum of +.I n +and the length of the key. +. +Initially, +.I n +is\~6. +. +. +.TP +.BI short\-label\*n\~ string +.I string +is a label expression that specifies an alternative +(usually shorter) +style of label. +. +This is used when the +.B # +flag is given in the citation. +. +When using author-date style labels, +the identity of the author or authors is sometimes clear from the +context, +and so it may be desirable to omit the author or authors from the label. +. +The +.B \%short\-label +command will typically be used to specify a label containing just +a date and possibly a disambiguating letter. +. +. +.TP +.BI sort\*n\~ string +Sort references according to +.IR string . +. +References will automatically be accumulated. +. +.I string +should be a list of field names, +each followed by a number, +indicating how many fields with the name should be used for sorting. +. +.RB \[lq] + \[rq] +can be used to indicate that all the fields with the name should be +used. +. +Also +.B .\& +can be used to indicate the references should be sorted using the +(tentative) label. +. +(Subsection \[lq]Label expressions\[rq] below describes the concept of a +tentative label.) +. +. +.TP +.B sort\-adjacent\-labels\*n +Sort labels that are adjacent in the text according to their position +in the reference list. +. +This command should usually be given if the +.B \%abbreviate\-label\-ranges +command has been given, +or if the label expression contains a +.B <> +expression. +. +This will have no effect unless references are being accumulated. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Label expressions" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Label expressions can be evaluated both normally and tentatively. +. +The result of normal evaluation is used for output. +. +The result of tentative evaluation, +called the +.IR "tentative label" , +is used to gather the information that normal evaluation needs to +disambiguate the label. +. +Label expressions specified by the +.B \%date\-as\-label +and +.B \%short\-label +commands are not evaluated tentatively. +. +Normal and tentative evaluation are the same for all types of expression +other than +.BR @ , +.BR * , +and +.B % +expressions. +. +The description below applies to normal evaluation, +except where otherwise specified. +. +. +.TP +.I field +.TQ +.I field\~n +The +.IR n -th +part of +.IR field . +. +If +.I n +is omitted, +it defaults to\~1. +. +. +.TP +.BI \[aq] string \[aq] +The characters in +.I string +literally. +. +. +.TP +.B @ +All the authors joined as specified by the +.B \%join\-authors +command. +. +The whole of each author's name will be used. +. +However, +if the references are sorted by author +(that is, +the sort specification starts with +.RB \[lq] A+ \[rq]), +then authors' last names will be used instead, +provided that this does not introduce ambiguity, +and also an initial subsequence of the authors may be used instead of +all the authors, +again provided that this does not introduce ambiguity. +. +The use of only the last name for the +.IR i -th +author of some reference +is considered to be ambiguous if +there is some other reference, +such that the first +.IR i \|\-\|1 +authors of the references are the same, +the +.IR i -th +authors are not the same, +but the +.IR i -th +authors last names are the same. +. +A proper initial subsequence of the sequence of authors for some +reference is considered to be ambiguous if there is a reference with +some other sequence of authors which also has that subsequence as a +proper initial subsequence. +. +When an initial subsequence of authors is used, +the remaining authors are replaced by the string specified by the +.B \%et\-al +command; +this command may also specify additional requirements that must be +met before an initial subsequence can be used. +. +.B @ +tentatively evaluates to a canonical representation of the authors, +such that authors that compare equally for sorting purpose will have +the same representation. +. +. +.TP +.BI % n +.TQ +.B %a +.TQ +.B %A +.TQ +.B %i +.TQ +.B %I +The serial number of the reference formatted according to the +character following the +.BR % . +The serial number of a reference is\~1 plus the number of earlier +references with same tentative label as this reference. +. +These expressions tentatively evaluate to an empty string. +. +.TP +.IB expr * +If there is another reference with the same tentative label as this +reference, +then +.IR expr , +otherwise an empty string. +. +It tentatively evaluates to an empty string. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr + n +.TQ +.IB expr \- n +The first +.RB ( + ) +or last +.RB ( \- ) +.I n +upper or lower case letters or digits of +.IR expr . +. +.I roff +special characters +(such as +.BR \e(\[aq]a ) +count as a single letter. +. +Accent strings are retained but do not count towards the total. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .l +.I expr +converted to lowercase. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .u +.I expr +converted to uppercase. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .c +.I expr +converted to caps and small caps. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .r +.I expr +reversed so that the last name is first. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .a +.I expr +with first names abbreviated. +. +Fields specified in the +.B \%abbreviate +command are abbreviated before any labels are evaluated. +. +Thus +.B .a +is useful only when you want a field to be abbreviated in a label +but not in a reference. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .y +The year part of +.IR expr . +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .+y +The part of +.I expr +before the year, +or the whole of +.I expr +if it does not contain a year. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .\-y +The part of +.I expr +after the year, +or an empty string if +.I expr +does not contain a year. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr .n +The last name part of +.IR expr . +. +. +.TP +.IB expr1 \[ti] expr2 +.I expr1 +except that if the last character of +.I expr1 +is +.B \- +then it will be replaced by +.IR expr2 . +. +. +.TP +.I expr1 expr2 +The concatenation of +.I expr1 +and +.IR expr2 . +. +. +.TP +.IB expr1 | expr2 +If +.I expr1 +is non-empty then +.I expr1 +otherwise +.IR expr2 . +. +. +.TP +.IB expr1 & expr2 +If +.I expr1 +is non-empty +then +.I expr2 +otherwise an empty string. +. +. +.TP +.IB expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 +If +.I expr1 +is non-empty +then +.I expr2 +otherwise +.IR expr3 . +. +. +.TP +.BI < expr > +The label is in two parts, +which are separated by +.IR expr . +. +Two adjacent two-part labels which have the same first part will be +merged by appending the second part of the second label onto the first +label separated by the string specified in the +.B \%separate\-label\-second\-parts +command +(initially, +a comma followed by a space); +the resulting label will also be a two-part label with the same first +part as before merging, +and so additional labels can be merged into it. +. +It is permissible for the first part to be empty; +this may be desirable for expressions used in the +.B \%short\-label +command. +. +. +.TP +.BI ( expr ) +The same as +.IR expr . +. +Used for grouping. +. +. +.LP +The above expressions are listed in order of precedence +(highest first); +.B & +and +.B | +have the same precedence. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Macro interface" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Each reference starts with a call to the macro +.BR ]\- . +. +The string +.B [F +will be defined to be the label for this reference, +unless the +.B \%no\-label\-in\-reference +command has been given. +. +There then follows a series of string definitions, +one for each field: +string +.BI [ X +corresponds to field +.IR X . +. +The register +.B [P +is set to\~1 if the +.B P +field contains a range of pages. +. +The +.BR [T , +.B [A +and +.B [O +registers are set to\~1 according as the +.BR T , +.B A +and +.B O +fields end with any of +.B .?!\& +(an end-of-sentence character). +. +The +.B [E +register will be set to\~1 if the +.B [E +string contains more than one name. +. +The reference is followed by a call to the +.B ][ +macro. +. +The first argument to this macro gives a number representing +the type of the reference. +. +If a reference contains a +.B J +field, +it will be classified as type\~1, +otherwise if it contains a +.B B +field, +it will be type\~3, +otherwise if it contains a +.B G +or +.B R +field it will be type\~4, +otherwise if it contains an +.B I +field it will be type\~2, +otherwise it will be type\~0. +. +The second argument is a symbolic name for the type: +.BR other , +.BR \%journal\-article , +.BR book , +.BR \%article\-in\-book , +or +.BR \%tech\-report . +. +Groups of references that have been accumulated or are produced by the +.B \%bibliography +command are preceded by a call to the +.B ]< +macro and followed by a call to the +.B ]> +macro. +. +. +.br +.ne 4v +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Options +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.B \-\-help +displays a usage message, +while +.B \-v +and +.B \-\-version +show version information; +all exit afterward. +. +. +.TP +.B \-R +Don't recognize lines beginning with +.BR .R1 / .R2 . +. +. +.P +Other options are equivalent to +.I \%refer +commands. +. +. +.TP 16n +.BI \-a\~ n +.B reverse +.BI A n +. +. +.TP +.B \-b +.B "\%no\-label\-in\-text; \%no\-label\-in\-reference" +. +. +.TP +.B \-B +See below. +. +. +.TP +.BI \-c\~ fields +.B capitalize +.I fields +. +. +.TP +.B \-C +.B compatible +. +. +.TP +.B \-e +.B accumulate +. +. +.TP +.BI \-f\~ n +.B \%label +.BI % n +. +. +.TP +.BI \-i\~ fields +.B search\-ignore +.I fields +. +. +.TP +.B \-k +.B \%label +.B L\[ti]%a +. +. +.TP +.BI \-k\~ field +.B \%label +.IB field \[ti]%a +. +. +.TP +.B \-l +.B \%label +.B A.nD.y%a +. +. +.TP +.BI \-l\~ m +.B \%label +.BI A.n+ m D.y%a +. +. +.TP +.BI \-l\~, n +.B \%label +.BI A.nD.y\- n %a +. +. +.TP +.BI \-l\~ m , n +.B \%label +.BI A.n+ m D.y\- n %a +. +. +.TP +.B \-n +.B \%no\-default\-database +. +. +.TP +.BI \-p\~ db-file +.B database +.I db-file +. +. +.TP +.B \-P +.B move\-punctuation +. +. +.TP +.BI \-s\~ spec +.B sort +.I spec +. +. +.TP +.B \-S +.B \%label \[dq](A.n|Q) \[aq], \[aq] (D.y|D)\[dq]; \ +\%bracket-\%label \[dq]\~(\[dq]\~)\~\[dq];\~\[dq] +. +. +.TP +.BI \-t\~ n +.B search\-truncate +.I n +. +. +.P +The +.B B +option has command equivalents with the addition that the file names +specified on the command line are processed as if they were arguments to +the +.B \%bibliography +command instead of in the normal way. +. +. +.TP 16n +.B \-B +.B "annotate X AP; \%no\-label\-in\-reference" +. +. +.TP +.BI \-B\~ field . macro +.B annotate +.I field +.IB macro ; +.B \%no\-label\-in\-reference +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Environment +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TP +.I REFER +If set, +overrides the default database. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Files +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TP +.I /usr/\:\%dict/\:\%papers/\:\%Ind +Default database. +. +. +.TP +.RI file \%.i +Index files. +. +. +.TP +.I /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%1.23.0/\:\%tmac/\:refer\:.tmac +defines macros and strings facilitating integration with macro packages +that wish to support +.IR \%refer . +. +. +.LP +.I \%refer +uses temporary files. +. +See the +.MR groff 1 +man page for details of where such files are created. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Bugs +.\" ==================================================================== +. +In label expressions, +.B <> +expressions are ignored inside +.BI . char +expressions. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Examples +.\" ==================================================================== +. +We can illustrate the operation of +.I \%refer +with a sample bibliographic database containing one entry and a simple +.I roff +document to cite that entry. +. +. +.P +.RS +.EX +$ \c +.B cat > my\-db\-file +.B %A Daniel P.\[rs]& Friedman +.B %A Matthias Felleisen +.B %C Cambridge, Massachusetts +.B %D 1996 +.B %I The MIT Press +.B %T The Little Schemer, Fourth Edition +$ \c +.B refer -p my\-db\-file +.B Read the book +.B .[ +.B friedman +.B .] +.B on your summer vacation. +.I <Control+D> +\&.lf 1 \- +Read the book\[rs]*([.1\[rs]*(.] +\&.ds [F 1 +\&.]\- +\&.ds [A Daniel P. Friedman and Matthias Felleisen +\&.ds [C Cambridge, Massachusetts +\&.ds [D 1996 +\&.ds [I The MIT Press +\&.ds [T The Little Schemer, Fourth Edition +\&.nr [T 0 +\&.nr [A 0 +\&.][ 2 book +\&.lf 5 \- +on your summer vacation. +.EE +.RE +. +. +.P +The foregoing shows us that +.I \%refer +(a) produces a label \[lq]1\[rq]; +(b) brackets that label with interpolations of the +.RB \[lq] [. \[rq] +and +.RB \[lq] .] \[rq] +strings; +(c) calls a macro +.RB \[lq] ]\- \[rq]; +(d) defines strings and registers containing the label and bibliographic +data for the reference; +(e) calls a macro +.RB \[lq] ][ \[rq]; +and (f) uses the +.B lf +request to restore the line numbers of the original input. +. +As discussed in subsection \[lq]Macro interface\[rq] above, +it is up to the document or a macro package to employ and format this +information usefully. +. +Let us see how we might turn +.MR groff_ms 7 +to this task. +. +. +.P +.RS +.EX +$ \c +.B REFER=my\-db\-file groff \-R \-ms +.B .LP +.B Read the book +.B .[ +.B friedman +.B .] +.B on your summer vacation. +.B Commentary is available.\[rs]*{*\[rs]*} +.B .FS \[rs]*{*\[rs]*} +.B Space reserved for penetrating insight. +.B .FE +.EE +.RE +. +. +.LP +.IR ms 's +automatic footnote numbering mechanism is not aware of +.IR \%refer 's +label numbering, +so we have manually specified a (superscripted) symbolic footnote for +our non-bibliographic aside. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH "See also" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +\[lq]Some Applications of Inverted Indexes on the Unix System\[rq], +by M.\& E.\& Lesk, +1978, +AT&T Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report No.\& 69. +. +. +.LP +.MR \%indxbib 1 , +.MR \%lookbib 1 , +.MR lkbib 1 +. +. +.\" Restore compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11). +.cp \n[*groff_refer_1_man_C] +.do rr *groff_refer_1_man_C +. +. +.\" Local Variables: +.\" fill-column: 72 +.\" mode: nroff +.\" End: +.\" vim: set filetype=groff textwidth=72: |