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Always turn off hyphenation; it makes +.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. +.if n .ad l +.nh +.SH "NAME" +ar \- create, modify, and extract from archives +.SH "SYNOPSIS" +.IX Header "SYNOPSIS" +ar [\fB\-X32_64\fR] [\fB\-\fR]\fIp\fR[\fImod\fR] [\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR] [\fB\-\-target\fR \fIbfdname\fR] [\fB\-\-output\fR \fIdirname\fR] [\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR \fIlibdeps\fR] [\fB\-\-thin\fR] [\fIrelpos\fR] [\fIcount\fR] \fIarchive\fR [\fImember\fR...] +.SH "DESCRIPTION" +.IX Header "DESCRIPTION" +The \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR program creates, modifies, and extracts from +archives. An \fIarchive\fR is a single file holding a collection of +other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve +the original individual files (called \fImembers\fR of the archive). +.PP +The original files' contents, mode (permissions), timestamp, owner, and +group are preserved in the archive, and can be restored on +extraction. +.PP +\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR can maintain archives whose members have names of any +length; however, depending on how \fBar\fR is configured on your +system, a limit on member-name length may be imposed for compatibility +with archive formats maintained with other tools. If it exists, the +limit is often 15 characters (typical of formats related to a.out) or 16 +characters (typical of formats related to coff). +.PP +\&\fBar\fR is considered a binary utility because archives of this sort +are most often used as \fIlibraries\fR holding commonly needed +subroutines. Since libraries often will depend on other libraries, +\&\fBar\fR can also record the dependencies of a library when the +\&\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR option is specified. +.PP +\&\fBar\fR creates an index to the symbols defined in relocatable +object modules in the archive when you specify the modifier \fBs\fR. +Once created, this index is updated in the archive whenever \fBar\fR +makes a change to its contents (save for the \fBq\fR update operation). +An archive with such an index speeds up linking to the library, and +allows routines in the library to call each other without regard to +their placement in the archive. +.PP +You may use \fBnm \-s\fR or \fBnm \-\-print\-armap\fR to list this index +table. If an archive lacks the table, another form of \fBar\fR called +\&\fBranlib\fR can be used to add just the table. +.PP +\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR can optionally create a \fIthin\fR archive, +which contains a symbol index and references to the original copies +of the member files of the archive. This is useful for building +libraries for use within a local build tree, where the relocatable +objects are expected to remain available, and copying the contents of +each object would only waste time and space. +.PP +An archive can either be \fIthin\fR or it can be normal. It cannot +be both at the same time. Once an archive is created its format +cannot be changed without first deleting it and then creating a new +archive in its place. +.PP +Thin archives are also \fIflattened\fR, so that adding one thin +archive to another thin archive does not nest it, as would happen with +a normal archive. Instead the elements of the first archive are added +individually to the second archive. +.PP +The paths to the elements of the archive are stored relative to the +archive itself. +.PP +\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR is designed to be compatible with two different +facilities. You can control its activity using command-line options, +like the different varieties of \fBar\fR on Unix systems; or, if you +specify the single command-line option \fB\-M\fR, you can control it +with a script supplied via standard input, like the \s-1MRI\s0 \*(L"librarian\*(R" +program. +.SH "OPTIONS" +.IX Header "OPTIONS" +\&\s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR allows you to mix the operation code \fIp\fR and modifier +flags \fImod\fR in any order, within the first command-line argument. +.PP +If you wish, you may begin the first command-line argument with a +dash. +.PP +The \fIp\fR keyletter specifies what operation to execute; it may be +any of the following, but you must specify only one of them: +.IP "\fBd\fR" 4 +.IX Item "d" +\&\fIDelete\fR modules from the archive. Specify the names of modules to +be deleted as \fImember\fR...; the archive is untouched if you +specify no files to delete. +.Sp +If you specify the \fBv\fR modifier, \fBar\fR lists each module +as it is deleted. +.IP "\fBm\fR" 4 +.IX Item "m" +Use this operation to \fImove\fR members in an archive. +.Sp +The ordering of members in an archive can make a difference in how +programs are linked using the library, if a symbol is defined in more +than one member. +.Sp +If no modifiers are used with \f(CW\*(C`m\*(C'\fR, any members you name in the +\&\fImember\fR arguments are moved to the \fIend\fR of the archive; +you can use the \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, or \fBi\fR modifiers to move them to a +specified place instead. +.IP "\fBp\fR" 4 +.IX Item "p" +\&\fIPrint\fR the specified members of the archive, to the standard +output file. If the \fBv\fR modifier is specified, show the member +name before copying its contents to standard output. +.Sp +If you specify no \fImember\fR arguments, all the files in the archive are +printed. +.IP "\fBq\fR" 4 +.IX Item "q" +\&\fIQuick append\fR; Historically, add the files \fImember\fR... to the end of +\&\fIarchive\fR, without checking for replacement. +.Sp +The modifiers \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, and \fBi\fR do \fInot\fR affect this +operation; new members are always placed at the end of the archive. +.Sp +The modifier \fBv\fR makes \fBar\fR list each file as it is appended. +.Sp +Since the point of this operation is speed, implementations of +\&\fBar\fR have the option of not updating the archive's symbol +table if one exists. Too many different systems however assume that +symbol tables are always up-to-date, so \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR will +rebuild the table even with a quick append. +.Sp +Note \- \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR treats the command \fBqs\fR as a +synonym for \fBr\fR \- replacing already existing files in the +archive and appending new ones at the end. +.IP "\fBr\fR" 4 +.IX Item "r" +Insert the files \fImember\fR... into \fIarchive\fR (with +\&\fIreplacement\fR). This operation differs from \fBq\fR in that any +previously existing members are deleted if their names match those being +added. +.Sp +If one of the files named in \fImember\fR... does not exist, \fBar\fR +displays an error message, and leaves undisturbed any existing members +of the archive matching that name. +.Sp +By default, new members are added at the end of the file; but you may +use one of the modifiers \fBa\fR, \fBb\fR, or \fBi\fR to request +placement relative to some existing member. +.Sp +The modifier \fBv\fR used with this operation elicits a line of +output for each file inserted, along with one of the letters \fBa\fR or +\&\fBr\fR to indicate whether the file was appended (no old member +deleted) or replaced. +.IP "\fBs\fR" 4 +.IX Item "s" +Add an index to the archive, or update it if it already exists. Note +this command is an exception to the rule that there can only be one +command letter, as it is possible to use it as either a command or a +modifier. In either case it does the same thing. +.IP "\fBt\fR" 4 +.IX Item "t" +Display a \fItable\fR listing the contents of \fIarchive\fR, or those +of the files listed in \fImember\fR... that are present in the +archive. Normally only the member name is shown, but if the modifier +\&\fBO\fR is specified, then the corresponding offset of the member is also +displayed. Finally, in order to see the modes (permissions), timestamp, +owner, group, and size the \fBv\fR modifier should be included. +.Sp +If you do not specify a \fImember\fR, all files in the archive +are listed. +.Sp +If there is more than one file with the same name (say, \fBfie\fR) in +an archive (say \fBb.a\fR), \fBar t b.a fie\fR lists only the +first instance; to see them all, you must ask for a complete +listing\-\-\-in our example, \fBar t b.a\fR. +.IP "\fBx\fR" 4 +.IX Item "x" +\&\fIExtract\fR members (named \fImember\fR) from the archive. You can +use the \fBv\fR modifier with this operation, to request that +\&\fBar\fR list each name as it extracts it. +.Sp +If you do not specify a \fImember\fR, all files in the archive +are extracted. +.Sp +Files cannot be extracted from a thin archive, and there are +restrictions on extracting from archives created with \fBP\fR: The +paths must not be absolute, may not contain \f(CW\*(C`..\*(C'\fR, and any +subdirectories in the paths must exist. If it is desired to avoid +these restrictions then used the \fB\-\-output\fR option to specify +an output directory. +.PP +A number of modifiers (\fImod\fR) may immediately follow the \fIp\fR +keyletter, to specify variations on an operation's behavior: +.IP "\fBa\fR" 4 +.IX Item "a" +Add new files \fIafter\fR an existing member of the +archive. If you use the modifier \fBa\fR, the name of an existing archive +member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the +\&\fIarchive\fR specification. +.IP "\fBb\fR" 4 +.IX Item "b" +Add new files \fIbefore\fR an existing member of the +archive. If you use the modifier \fBb\fR, the name of an existing archive +member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the +\&\fIarchive\fR specification. (same as \fBi\fR). +.IP "\fBc\fR" 4 +.IX Item "c" +\&\fICreate\fR the archive. The specified \fIarchive\fR is always +created if it did not exist, when you request an update. But a warning is +issued unless you specify in advance that you expect to create it, by +using this modifier. +.IP "\fBD\fR" 4 +.IX Item "D" +Operate in \fIdeterministic\fR mode. When adding files and the archive +index use zero for UIDs, GIDs, timestamps, and use consistent file modes +for all files. When this option is used, if \fBar\fR is used with +identical options and identical input files, multiple runs will create +identical output files regardless of the input files' owners, groups, +file modes, or modification times. +.Sp +If \fIbinutils\fR was configured with +\&\fB\-\-enable\-deterministic\-archives\fR, then this mode is on by default. +It can be disabled with the \fBU\fR modifier, below. +.IP "\fBf\fR" 4 +.IX Item "f" +Truncate names in the archive. \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR will normally permit file +names of any length. This will cause it to create archives which are +not compatible with the native \fBar\fR program on some systems. If +this is a concern, the \fBf\fR modifier may be used to truncate file +names when putting them in the archive. +.IP "\fBi\fR" 4 +.IX Item "i" +Insert new files \fIbefore\fR an existing member of the +archive. If you use the modifier \fBi\fR, the name of an existing archive +member must be present as the \fIrelpos\fR argument, before the +\&\fIarchive\fR specification. (same as \fBb\fR). +.IP "\fBl\fR" 4 +.IX Item "l" +Specify dependencies of this library. The dependencies must immediately +follow this option character, must use the same syntax as the linker +command line, and must be specified within a single argument. I.e., if +multiple items are needed, they must be quoted to form a single command +line argument. For example \fBL \*(L"\-L/usr/local/lib \-lmydep1 \-lmydep2\*(R"\fR +.IP "\fBN\fR" 4 +.IX Item "N" +Uses the \fIcount\fR parameter. This is used if there are multiple +entries in the archive with the same name. Extract or delete instance +\&\fIcount\fR of the given name from the archive. +.IP "\fBo\fR" 4 +.IX Item "o" +Preserve the \fIoriginal\fR dates of members when extracting them. If +you do not specify this modifier, files extracted from the archive +are stamped with the time of extraction. +.IP "\fBO\fR" 4 +.IX Item "O" +Display member offsets inside the archive. Use together with the \fBt\fR +option. +.IP "\fBP\fR" 4 +.IX Item "P" +Use the full path name when matching or storing names in the archive. +Archives created with full path names are not \s-1POSIX\s0 compliant, and +thus may not work with tools other than up to date \s-1GNU\s0 tools. +Modifying such archives with \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR without using +\&\fBP\fR will remove the full path names unless the archive is a +thin archive. Note that \fBP\fR may be useful when adding files to +a thin archive since \fBr\fR without \fBP\fR ignores the path +when choosing which element to replace. Thus +.Sp +.Vb 1 +\& ar rcST archive.a subdir/file1 subdir/file2 file1 +.Ve +.Sp +will result in the first \f(CW\*(C`subdir/file1\*(C'\fR being replaced with +\&\f(CW\*(C`file1\*(C'\fR from the current directory. Adding \fBP\fR will +prevent this replacement. +.IP "\fBs\fR" 4 +.IX Item "s" +Write an object-file index into the archive, or update an existing one, +even if no other change is made to the archive. You may use this modifier +flag either with any operation, or alone. Running \fBar s\fR on an +archive is equivalent to running \fBranlib\fR on it. +.IP "\fBS\fR" 4 +.IX Item "S" +Do not generate an archive symbol table. This can speed up building a +large library in several steps. The resulting archive can not be used +with the linker. In order to build a symbol table, you must omit the +\&\fBS\fR modifier on the last execution of \fBar\fR, or you must run +\&\fBranlib\fR on the archive. +.IP "\fBT\fR" 4 +.IX Item "T" +Deprecated alias for \fB\-\-thin\fR. \fBT\fR is not recommended because in +many ar implementations \fBT\fR has a different meaning, as specified by +X/Open System Interface. +.IP "\fBu\fR" 4 +.IX Item "u" +Normally, \fBar r\fR... inserts all files +listed into the archive. If you would like to insert \fIonly\fR those +of the files you list that are newer than existing members of the same +names, use this modifier. The \fBu\fR modifier is allowed only for the +operation \fBr\fR (replace). In particular, the combination \fBqu\fR is +not allowed, since checking the timestamps would lose any speed +advantage from the operation \fBq\fR. +.IP "\fBU\fR" 4 +.IX Item "U" +Do \fInot\fR operate in \fIdeterministic\fR mode. This is the inverse +of the \fBD\fR modifier, above: added files and the archive index will +get their actual \s-1UID, GID,\s0 timestamp, and file mode values. +.Sp +This is the default unless \fIbinutils\fR was configured with +\&\fB\-\-enable\-deterministic\-archives\fR. +.IP "\fBv\fR" 4 +.IX Item "v" +This modifier requests the \fIverbose\fR version of an operation. Many +operations display additional information, such as filenames processed, +when the modifier \fBv\fR is appended. +.IP "\fBV\fR" 4 +.IX Item "V" +This modifier shows the version number of \fBar\fR. +.PP +The \fBar\fR program also supports some command-line options which +are neither modifiers nor actions, but which do change its behaviour +in specific ways: +.IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4 +.IX Item "--help" +Displays the list of command-line options supported by \fBar\fR +and then exits. +.IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4 +.IX Item "--version" +Displays the version information of \fBar\fR and then exits. +.IP "\fB\-X32_64\fR" 4 +.IX Item "-X32_64" +\&\fBar\fR ignores an initial option spelled \fB\-X32_64\fR, for +compatibility with \s-1AIX.\s0 The behaviour produced by this option is the +default for \s-1GNU\s0 \fBar\fR. \fBar\fR does not support any +of the other \fB\-X\fR options; in particular, it does not support +\&\fB\-X32\fR which is the default for \s-1AIX\s0 \fBar\fR. +.IP "\fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR" 4 +.IX Item "--plugin name" +The optional command-line switch \fB\-\-plugin\fR \fIname\fR causes +\&\fBar\fR to load the plugin called \fIname\fR which adds support +for more file formats, including object files with link-time +optimization information. +.Sp +This option is only available if the toolchain has been built with +plugin support enabled. +.Sp +If \fB\-\-plugin\fR is not provided, but plugin support has been +enabled then \fBar\fR iterates over the files in +\&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR in alphabetic order and the first +plugin that claims the object in question is used. +.Sp +Please note that this plugin search directory is \fInot\fR the one +used by \fBld\fR's \fB\-plugin\fR option. In order to make +\&\fBar\fR use the linker plugin it must be copied into the +\&\fI${libdir}/bfd\-plugins\fR directory. For \s-1GCC\s0 based compilations +the linker plugin is called \fIliblto_plugin.so.0.0.0\fR. For Clang +based compilations it is called \fILLVMgold.so\fR. The \s-1GCC\s0 plugin +is always backwards compatible with earlier versions, so it is +sufficient to just copy the newest one. +.IP "\fB\-\-target\fR \fItarget\fR" 4 +.IX Item "--target target" +The optional command-line switch \fB\-\-target\fR \fIbfdname\fR +specifies that the archive members are in an object code format +different from your system's default format. See +.IP "\fB\-\-output\fR \fIdirname\fR" 4 +.IX Item "--output dirname" +The \fB\-\-output\fR option can be used to specify a path to a +directory into which archive members should be extracted. If this +option is not specified then the current directory will be used. +.Sp +Note \- although the presence of this option does imply a \fBx\fR +extraction operation that option must still be included on the command +line. +.IP "\fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR \fIlibdeps\fR" 4 +.IX Item "--record-libdeps libdeps" +The \fB\-\-record\-libdeps\fR option is identical to the \fBl\fR modifier, +just handled in long form. +.IP "\fB\-\-thin\fR" 4 +.IX Item "--thin" +Make the specified \fIarchive\fR a \fIthin\fR archive. If it already +exists and is a regular archive, the existing members must be present +in the same directory as \fIarchive\fR. +.IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4 +.IX Item "@file" +Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are +inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR +does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated +literally, and not removed. +.Sp +Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace +character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire +option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a +backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included +with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional +@\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively. +.SH "SEE ALSO" +.IX Header "SEE ALSO" +\&\fBnm\fR\|(1), \fBranlib\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR. +.SH "COPYRIGHT" +.IX Header "COPYRIGHT" +Copyright (c) 1991\-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.PP +Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document +under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 +or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; +with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no +Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the +section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R". |