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+'\" et
+.TH NEWGRP "1P" 2017 "IEEE/The Open Group" "POSIX Programmer's Manual"
+.\"
+.SH PROLOG
+This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual.
+The Linux implementation of this interface may differ (consult
+the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior),
+or the interface may not be implemented on Linux.
+.\"
+.SH NAME
+newgrp
+\(em change to a new group
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.LP
+.nf
+newgrp \fB[\fR-l\fB] [\fIgroup\fB]\fR
+.fi
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The
+.IR newgrp
+utility shall create a new shell execution environment with a new real
+and effective group identification. Of the attributes listed in
+.IR "Section 2.12" ", " "Shell Execution Environment",
+the new shell execution environment shall retain the working directory,
+file creation mask, and exported variables from the previous
+environment (that is, open files, traps, unexported variables, alias
+definitions, shell functions, and
+.IR set
+options may be lost). All other aspects of the process environment
+that are preserved by the
+.IR exec
+family of functions defined in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017 shall also be preserved by
+.IR newgrp ;
+whether other aspects are preserved is unspecified.
+.P
+A failure to assign the new group identifications (for example, for
+security or password-related reasons) shall not prevent the new shell
+execution environment from being created.
+.P
+The
+.IR newgrp
+utility shall affect the supplemental groups for the process as
+follows:
+.IP " *" 4
+On systems where the effective group ID is normally in the
+supplementary group list (or whenever the old effective group ID
+actually is in the supplementary group list):
+.RS 4 
+.IP -- 4
+If the new effective group ID is also in the supplementary group list,
+.IR newgrp
+shall change the effective group ID.
+.IP -- 4
+If the new effective group ID is not in the supplementary group list,
+.IR newgrp
+shall add the new effective group ID to the list, if there is room to
+add it.
+.RE
+.IP " *" 4
+On systems where the effective group ID is not normally in the
+supplementary group list (or whenever the old effective group ID is not
+in the supplementary group list):
+.RS 4 
+.IP -- 4
+If the new effective group ID is in the supplementary group list,
+.IR newgrp
+shall delete it.
+.IP -- 4
+If the old effective group ID is not in the supplementary list,
+.IR newgrp
+shall add it if there is room.
+.RE
+.TP 10
+.BR Note:
+The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017 does not specify whether the effective group ID of a process
+is included in its supplementary group list.
+.P
+.P
+With no operands,
+.IR newgrp
+shall change the effective group back to the groups identified in the
+user's user entry, and shall set the list of supplementary groups to
+that set in the user's group database entries.
+.P
+If the first argument is
+.BR '\-' ,
+the results are unspecified.
+.P
+If a password is required for the specified group, and the user is not
+listed as a member of that group in the group database, the user shall
+be prompted to enter the correct password for that group. If the user
+is listed as a member of that group, no password shall be requested.
+If no password is required for the specified group, it is
+implementation-defined whether users not listed as members of that
+group can change to that group. Whether or not a password is required,
+implementation-defined system accounting or security mechanisms may
+impose additional authorization restrictions that may cause
+.IR newgrp
+to write a diagnostic message and suppress the changing of the group
+identification.
+.SH OPTIONS
+The
+.IR newgrp
+utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017,
+.IR "Section 12.2" ", " "Utility Syntax Guidelines",
+except for the unspecified usage of
+.BR '\-' .
+.P
+The following option shall be supported:
+.IP "\fB\-l\fP" 10
+(The letter ell.) Change the environment to what would be expected if
+the user actually logged in again.
+.SH OPERANDS
+The following operand shall be supported:
+.IP "\fIgroup\fR" 10
+A group name from the group database or a non-negative numeric group
+ID. Specifies the group ID to which the real and effective group IDs
+shall be set. If
+.IR group
+is a non-negative numeric string and exists in the group database as a
+group name (see
+\fIgetgrnam\fR()),
+the numeric group ID associated with that group name shall be used as
+the group ID.
+.SH STDIN
+Not used.
+.SH "INPUT FILES"
+The file
+.BR /dev/tty
+shall be used to read a single line of text for password checking, when
+one is required.
+.SH "ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES"
+The following environment variables shall affect the execution of
+.IR newgrp :
+.IP "\fILANG\fP" 10
+Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are
+unset or null. (See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017,
+.IR "Section 8.2" ", " "Internationalization Variables"
+for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine
+the values of locale categories.)
+.IP "\fILC_ALL\fP" 10
+If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the
+other internationalization variables.
+.IP "\fILC_CTYPE\fP" 10
+Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of
+text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to
+multi-byte characters in arguments).
+.IP "\fILC_MESSAGES\fP" 10
+.br
+Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and
+contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
+.IP "\fINLSPATH\fP" 10
+Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of
+.IR LC_MESSAGES .
+.SH "ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS"
+Default.
+.SH STDOUT
+Not used.
+.SH STDERR
+The standard error shall be used for diagnostic messages and a prompt
+string for a password, if one is required. Diagnostic messages may be
+written in cases where the exit status is not available. See the EXIT
+STATUS section.
+.SH "OUTPUT FILES"
+None.
+.SH "EXTENDED DESCRIPTION"
+None.
+.SH "EXIT STATUS"
+If
+.IR newgrp
+succeeds in creating a new shell execution environment, whether or not
+the group identification was changed successfully, the exit status
+shall be the exit status of the shell. Otherwise, the following exit
+value shall be returned:
+.IP >0 6
+An error occurred.
+.SH "CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS"
+The invoking shell may terminate.
+.LP
+.IR "The following sections are informative."
+.SH "APPLICATION USAGE"
+There is no convenient way to enter a password into the group
+database. Use of group passwords is not encouraged, because by their
+very nature they encourage poor security practices. Group passwords
+may disappear in the future.
+.P
+A common implementation of
+.IR newgrp
+is that the current shell uses
+.IR exec
+to overlay itself with
+.IR newgrp ,
+which in turn overlays itself with a new shell after changing group.
+On some implementations, however, this may not occur and
+.IR newgrp
+may be invoked as a subprocess.
+.P
+The
+.IR newgrp
+command is intended only for use from an interactive terminal. It does
+not offer a useful interface for the support of applications.
+.P
+The exit status of
+.IR newgrp
+is generally inapplicable. If
+.IR newgrp
+is used in a script, in most cases it successfully invokes a new shell
+and the rest of the original shell script is bypassed when the new
+shell exits. Used interactively,
+.IR newgrp
+displays diagnostic messages to indicate problems. But usage such as:
+.sp
+.RS 4
+.nf
+
+newgrp foo
+echo $?
+.fi
+.P
+.RE
+.P
+is not useful because the new shell might not have access to any status
+.IR newgrp
+may have generated (and most historical systems do not provide this
+status). A zero status echoed here does not necessarily indicate that
+the user has changed to the new group successfully. Following
+.IR newgrp
+with the
+.IR id
+command provides a portable means of determining whether the group
+change was successful or not.
+.SH EXAMPLES
+None.
+.SH RATIONALE
+Most historical implementations use one of the
+.IR exec
+functions to implement the behavior of
+.IR newgrp .
+Errors detected before the
+.IR exec
+leave the environment unchanged, while errors detected after the
+.IR exec
+leave the user in a changed environment. While it would be useful to
+have
+.IR newgrp
+issue a diagnostic message to tell the user that the environment
+changed, it would be inappropriate to require this change to some
+historical implementations.
+.P
+The password mechanism is allowed in the group database, but how this
+would be implemented is not specified.
+.P
+The
+.IR newgrp
+utility was retained in this volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017, even given the existence of the multiple
+group permissions feature in the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017, for several reasons. First, in
+some implementations, the group ownership of a newly created file is
+determined by the group of the directory in which the file is created,
+as allowed by the System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017; on other implementations, the group ownership
+of a newly created file is determined by the effective group ID. On
+implementations of the latter type,
+.IR newgrp
+allows files to be created with a specific group ownership. Finally,
+many implementations use the real group ID in accounting, and on such
+systems,
+.IR newgrp
+allows the accounting identity of the user to be changed.
+.SH "FUTURE DIRECTIONS"
+None.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.IR "Chapter 2" ", " "Shell Command Language",
+.IR "\fIsh\fR\^"
+.P
+The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017,
+.IR "Chapter 8" ", " "Environment Variables",
+.IR "Section 12.2" ", " "Utility Syntax Guidelines"
+.P
+The System Interfaces volume of POSIX.1\(hy2017,
+.IR "\fIexec\fR\^",
+.IR "\fIgetgrnam\fR\^(\|)"
+.\"
+.SH COPYRIGHT
+Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form
+from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard for Information Technology
+-- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
+Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition,
+Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of
+Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc and The Open Group.
+In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and
+The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard
+is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
+http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
+.PP
+Any typographical or formatting errors that appear
+in this page are most likely
+to have been introduced during the conversion of the source files to
+man page format. To report such errors, see
+https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .