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+.\"
+.\" Copyright 1993-2005 Werner Almesberger
+.\"           2005-2016 Craig Small
+.\" This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+.\" it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+.\" the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
+.\" (at your option) any later version.
+.\"
+.TH FUSER 1 "2016-04-04" "psmisc" "User Commands"
+.SH NAME
+fuser \- identify processes using files or sockets
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.ad l
+.B fuser
+.RB [ \-fuv ]
+.RB [ \-a | \-s ]
+.RB [ \-4 | \-6 ]
+.RB [ \-c | \-m | \-n
+.IR space ]
+.RB [ \ \-k
+.RB [ \-i ]
+.RB [ \-M ]
+.RB [ \-w ]
+.RB [ \- \fISIGNAL\fR]
+]
+.IR name " ..."
+.br
+.B fuser
+.RB \-l
+.br
+.B fuser
+.RB \-V
+.ad b
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+.B fuser
+displays the PIDs of processes using the specified files or file
+systems.  In the default display mode, each file name is followed by a
+letter denoting the type of access:
+.PP
+.RS
+.PD 0
+.TP
+.B c
+current directory.
+.TP
+.B e
+executable being run.
+.TP
+.B f
+open file.
+.B f
+is omitted in default display mode.
+.TP
+.B F
+open file for writing.
+.B F
+is omitted in default display mode.
+.TP
+.B r
+root directory.
+.TP
+.B m
+mmap'ed file or shared library.
+.TP
+.B .
+Placeholder, omitted in default display mode.
+.PD
+.RE
+.LP
+.B fuser
+returns a non-zero return code if none of the specified files is
+accessed or in case of a fatal error.  If at least one access has been
+found,
+.B fuser
+returns zero.
+.PP
+In order to look up processes using TCP and UDP sockets, the
+corresponding name space has to be selected with the
+.B \-n
+option. By default
+.B fuser
+will look in both IPv6 and IPv4 sockets.  To change the default,
+behavior, use the
+.B \-4
+and
+.B \-6
+options.  The socket(s) can be specified by the local and remote port,
+and the remote address.  All fields are optional, but commas in front
+of missing fields must be present:
+.PP
+\fB[\fR\fIlcl_port\fR\fB][\fR,\fB[\fR\fIrmt_host\fR\fB][\fR,\fB[\fIrmt_port\fR\fB]]]
+.PP
+Either symbolic or numeric values can be used for IP addresses and port
+numbers.
+.PP
+.B fuser
+outputs only the PIDs to stdout, everything else is sent to stderr.
+.SH OPTIONS
+.TP
+\fB\-a\fR, \fB\-\-all\fR
+Show all files specified on the command line.  By default, only files
+that are accessed by at least one process are shown.
+.TP
+\fB\-c\fR
+Same as \-m option, used for POSIX compatibility.
+.TP
+\fB\-f\fR
+Silently ignored, used for POSIX compatibility.
+.TP
+\fB\-k\fR, \fB\-\-kill\fR
+Kill processes accessing the file.  Unless changed with
+\fB\-\fR\fISIGNAL\fR, SIGKILL is sent.  An
+.B fuser
+process never kills itself, but may kill other
+.B fuser
+processes.  The effective user ID of the process executing
+.B fuser
+is set to its real user ID before attempting to kill.
+.TP
+\fB\-i\fR, \fB\-\-interactive\fR
+Ask the user for confirmation before killing a process. This option is
+silently ignored if
+.B \-k
+is not present too.
+.TP
+\fB\-I\fR, \fB\-\-inode\fR
+For the name space
+.B file
+let all comparisions be based on the inodes of the specified file(s)
+and never on the file names even on network based file systems.
+.TP
+\fB\-l\fR, \fB\-\-list\-signals\fR
+List all known signal names.
+.TP
+\fB\-m\fR \fINAME\fR, \fB\-\-mount\fR \fINAME\fR
+.I NAME
+specifies a file on a mounted file system or a block device that is
+mounted.  All processes accessing files on that file system are listed.
+If a directory file is specified, it is automatically changed to
+.IR NAME /.
+to use any file system that might be mounted on that directory.
+.TP
+\fB\-M\fR, \fB\-\-ismountpoint\fR
+Request will be fulfilled only if
+.I NAME
+specifies a mountpoint.  This is an invaluable seatbelt which prevents
+you from killing the machine if
+.I NAME
+happens to not be a filesystem.
+.TP
+\fB\-w\fP
+Kill only processes which have write access.  This option is silently
+ignored if
+.B \-k
+is not present too.
+.TP
+\fB\-n \fISPACE\fR, \fB\-\-namespace\fR \fISPACE\fR
+Select a different name space.  The name spaces
+.B file
+(file names, the default),
+.B udp
+(local UDP ports), and
+.B tcp
+(local TCP ports) are supported.  For ports, either the port number or
+the symbolic name can be specified.  If there is no ambiguity, the
+shortcut notation \fIname\fB/\fIspace\fR (e.g. \fI80\fB/\fItcp\fR)
+can be used.
+.TP
+\fB\-s\fR, \fB\-\-silent\fR
+Silent operation.
+.B  \-u
+and
+.B \-v
+are ignored in this mode.
+.B \-a
+must not be used with
+.BR \-s .
+.TP
+\fB\-\fISIGNAL\fR
+Use the specified signal instead of SIGKILL when killing processes.
+Signals can be specified either by name (e.g.
+.BR \-HUP ) or by
+number (e.g.
+.BR \-1 ).
+This option is silently ignored if the
+.B \-k
+option is not used.
+.TP
+\fB\-u\fR, \fB\-\-user\fR
+Append the user name of the process owner to each PID.
+.TP
+\fB\-v\fR, \fB\-\-verbose\fR
+
+Verbose mode.  Processes are shown in a
+.BR  ps -like
+style.  The fields PID, USER and COMMAND are similar to
+.BR ps .
+ACCESS shows how the process accesses the file.  Verbose mode will also
+show when a particular file is being accessed as a mount point, knfs
+export or swap file.  In this case
+.B kernel
+is shown instead of the PID.
+.TP
+\fB\-V\fR, \fB\-\-version\fR
+Display version information.
+.TP
+\fB\-4\fR, \fB\-\-ipv4\fR
+Search only for IPv4 sockets.  This option must not be used with the
+.B \-6
+option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp namespaces.
+.TP
+\fB\-6\fR, \fB\-\-ipv6\fR
+Search only for IPv6 sockets.  This option must not be used with the
+.B \-4
+option and only has an effect with the tcp and udp namespaces.
+.IP \fB\-\fR
+Reset all options and set the signal back to SIGKILL.
+.SH FILES
+.TP
+/proc
+location of the proc file system
+.SH EXAMPLES
+.TP
+.B fuser \-km /home
+kills all processes accessing the file system /home in any way.
+.TP
+\fBif fuser \-s /dev/ttyS1; then :; else \fIsomething\fB; fi\fR
+invokes
+.I something
+if no other process is using /dev/ttyS1.
+.TP
+.B fuser telnet/tcp
+shows all processes at the (local) TELNET port.
+.SH RESTRICTIONS
+Processes accessing the same file or file system several times in the
+same way are only shown once.
+.PP
+If the same object is specified several times on the command line, some
+of those entries may be ignored.
+.PP
+.B fuser
+may only be able to gather partial information unless run with
+privileges.  As a consequence, files opened by processes belonging to
+other users may not be listed and executables may be classified as
+mapped only.
+.PP
+.B fuser
+cannot report on any processes that it doesn't have permission to look
+at the file descriptor table for.  The most common time this problem
+occurs is when looking for TCP or UDP sockets when running
+.B fuser
+as a non-root user.  In this case
+.B fuser
+will report no access.
+.PP
+Installing
+.B fuser
+SUID root will avoid problems associated with partial information, but
+may be undesirable for security and privacy reasons.
+.PP
+.B udp
+and
+.B tcp
+name spaces, and UNIX domain sockets can't be searched with kernels
+older than 1.3.78.
+.PP
+Accesses by the kernel are only shown with the
+.B \-v
+option.
+.PP
+The
+.B \-k
+option only works on processes.  If the user is the kernel,
+.B fuser
+will print an advice, but take no action beyond that.
+.SH BUGS
+.PP
+fuser \-m /dev/sgX will show (or kill with the \-k flag) all processes,
+even if you don't have that device configured.  There may be other
+devices it does this for too.
+.PP
+The mount \-m option will match any file within the same device as the
+specified file, use the \-M option as well if you mean to specify only
+the mount point.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.BR kill (1),
+.BR killall (1),
+.BR lsof (8),
+.BR pkill (1),
+.BR ps (1),
+.BR kill (2).
+.\{{{}}}