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diff --git a/upstream/opensuse-tumbleweed/man1/eqn.1 b/upstream/opensuse-tumbleweed/man1/eqn.1 new file mode 100644 index 00000000..3e505a84 --- /dev/null +++ b/upstream/opensuse-tumbleweed/man1/eqn.1 @@ -0,0 +1,2240 @@ +'\" et +.TH \%eqn 1 "4 October 2023" "groff 1.23.0" +.SH Name +\%eqn \- format mathematics (equations) for +.I groff +or MathML +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.\" Legal Terms +.\" ==================================================================== +.\" +.\" Copyright (C) 1989-2023 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this +.\" manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are +.\" preserved on all copies. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of +.\" this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that +.\" the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of +.\" a permission notice identical to this one. +.\" +.\" Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this +.\" manual into another language, under the above conditions for +.\" modified versions, except that this permission notice may be +.\" included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation +.\" instead of in the original English. +. +. +.\" Save and disable compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11). +.do nr *groff_eqn_1_man_C \n[.cp] +.cp 0 +. +.\" Define fallback for groff 1.23's MR macro if the system lacks it. +.nr do-fallback 0 +.if !\n(.f .nr do-fallback 1 \" mandoc +.if \n(.g .if !d MR .nr do-fallback 1 \" older groff +.if !\n(.g .nr do-fallback 1 \" non-groff *roff +.if \n[do-fallback] \{\ +. de MR +. ie \\n(.$=1 \ +. I \%\\$1 +. el \ +. IR \%\\$1 (\\$2)\\$3 +. . +.\} +.rr do-fallback +. +. +.ie \n(.V<\n(.v \ +. ds tx T\h'-.1667m'\v'.224m'E\v'-.224m'\h'-.125m'X +.el \ +. ds tx TeX +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Synopsis +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.SY \%eqn +.RB [ \-CNrR ] +.RB [ \- d +.IR xy ] +.RB [ \-f +.IR F ] +.RB [ \-m +.IR n ] +.RB [ \-M +.IR dir ] +.RB [ \-p +.IR n ] +.RB [ \-s +.IR n ] +.RB [ \-T +.IR dev ] +.RI [ file\~ .\|.\|.] +.YS +. +. +.SY \%eqn +.B \-\-help +.YS +. +. +.SY \%eqn +.B \-v +. +.SY \%eqn +.B \-\-version +.YS +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Description +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The GNU implementation of +.I eqn \" GNU +is part of the +.MR groff 7 +document formatting system. +. +.I \%eqn +is a +.MR \%troff 1 +preprocessor that translates expressions in its own language, +embedded in +.MR roff 7 +input files, +into mathematical notation typeset by +.MR \%troff 1 . +. +It copies each +.IR file 's +contents to the standard output stream, +translating each +.I equation +between lines starting with +.B .EQ +and +.BR .EN , +or within a pair of user-specified delimiters. +. +Normally, +.I \%eqn +is not executed directly by the user, +but invoked by specifying the +.B \-e +option to +.MR groff 1 . +. +While GNU +.IR eqn 's \" GNU +input syntax is highly compatible with AT&T +.IR eqn , \" AT&T +the output +.I \%eqn +produces cannot be processed by AT&T +.IR troff ; \" AT&T +GNU +.I troff \" GNU +(or a +.I troff \" generic +implementing relevant GNU extensions) +must be used. +. +If no +.I file +operands are given on the command line, +or if +.I file +is +.RB \[lq] \- \[rq], +.I \%eqn +reads the standard input stream. +. +. +.P +Unless the +.B \-R +option is used, +.I \%eqn +searches for the file +.I eqnrc +in the directories given with the +.B \-M +option first, +then in +.if !'no'no' .IR /usr/\:\%libexec/\:\%groff/\:\%site\-tmac , +.IR /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%site\-tmac , +and finally in the standard macro directory +.IR /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%1.23.0/\:\%tmac . +. +If it exists and is readable, +.I \%eqn +processes it before any input files. +. +. +.P +This man page primarily discusses the differences between GNU +.I eqn \" GNU +and AT&T +.IR eqn .\" AT&T +. +Most of the new features of the GNU +.I eqn \" GNU +input language are based on \*[tx]. +. +There are some references to the differences between \*[tx] and GNU +.I eqn \" GNU +below; +these may safely be ignored if you do not know \*[tx]. +. +. +.P +Three points are worth special note. \" good, bad, and different +. +. +.IP \[bu] 2n +GNU +.I eqn \" GNU +emits Presentation MathML output when invoked with the +.RB \[lq] "\-T\~MathML" \[rq] +option. +. +. +.IP \[bu] +GNU +.I eqn \" GNU +does not support terminal devices well, +though it may suffice for simple inputs. +. +. +.IP \[bu] +GNU +.I eqn +sets the input token +.RB \[lq] .\|.\|.\& \[rq] +as an ellipsis on the text baseline, +not the three centered dots of AT&T +.IR eqn . \" AT&T +. +Set an ellipsis on the math axis with the GNU extension macro +.BR cdots . +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Anatomy of an equation" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.I eqn +input consists of tokens. +. +Consider a form of Newton's second law of motion. +. +The input +. +. +.P +.RS +.EX +\&.EQ +F = +m a +\&.EN +.EE +.RE +. +. +.P +becomes +.EQ +F = +m a. +.EN +. +Each of +.BR F , +.BR = , +.BR m , +and +.B a +is a token. +. +. +Spaces and newlines are interchangeable; +they separate tokens but do not break lines or produce space in +the output. +. +. +.P +The following input characters not only separate tokens, +but manage their grouping and spacing as well. +. +. +.TP +.B "{ }" +Braces perform grouping. +. +Whereas +.RB \[lq] "e sup a b" \[rq] +expresses +.ie n .RI \[lq]( e "\~to the\~" a )\~times\~ b \[rq], +.el \{\ +.EQ +e sup a b , +.EN +.\} +.RB \[lq] "e sup { a b }" \[rq] +means +.ie n .RI \[lq] e "\~to the\~(" a \~times\~ b )\[rq]. +.el \{\ +.EQ +e sup { a b } . +.EN +.\} +. +When immediately preceded by a +.RB \[lq] left \[rq] +or +.RB \[lq] right \[rq] +primitive, +a brace loses its special meaning. +. +. +.TP +.B "\[ha] \[ti] +are the +.I "half space" +and +.I "full space," +respectively. +. +Use them to tune the appearance of the output. +. +. +.P +Tab and leader characters separate tokens as well as advancing the +drawing position to the next tab stop, +but are seldom used in +.I eqn +input. +. +When they occur, +they must appear at the outermost lexical scope. +. +This roughly means that they can't appear within braces that are +necessary to disambiguate the input; +.I \%eqn +will diagnose an error in this event. +. +(See subsection \[lq]Macros\[rq] below for additional token separation +rules.) +. +. +.P +Other tokens are primitives, +macros, +an argument to either of the foregoing, +or components of an equation. +. +. +.br +.ne 4v +.P +.I Primitives +are fundamental keywords of the +.I eqn +language. +. +They can configure an aspect of the preprocessor's state, +as when setting a \[lq]global\[rq] font selection or type size +.RB ( gfont +and +.BR gsize ), +or declaring or deleting macros +.RB \%(\[lq] define \[rq] +and +.BR undef ); +these are termed +.I commands. +. +Other primitives perform formatting operations on the tokens after them +(as with +.BR fat , +.BR over , +.BR sqrt , +or +.BR up ). +. +. +.P +Equation +.I components +include mathematical variables, +constants, +numeric literals, +and operators. +. +.I \%eqn +remaps some input character sequences to +.I groff +special character escape sequences for economy in equation entry and to +ensure that glyphs from an unstyled font are used; +see +.MR groff_char 7 . +. +. +.P +.RS +.TS +tab(@); +Lf(CR) Lf(CR) Lw(1i) Lf(CR) Lf(CR). ++@\[rs][pl]@\&@\[aq]@\[rs][fm] +-@\[rs][mi]@\&@<=@\[rs][<=] +\&=@\[rs][eq]@\&@>=@\[rs][>=] +.TE +.RE +. +. +.P +.I Macros +permit primitives, +components, +and other macros to be collected and referred to by a single token. +. +Predefined macros make convenient the preparation of +.I eqn +input in a form resembling its spoken expression; +for example, +consider +.BR cos , +.BR hat , +.BR inf , +and +.BR lim . +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Spacing and typeface" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +GNU +.I eqn +imputes types to the components of an equation, +adjusting the spacing between them accordingly. +. +Recognized types are as follows; +most affect spacing only, +whereas the +.RB \%\[lq] letter \[rq] +subtype of +.RB \%\[lq] ordinary \[rq] +also assigns a style. +. +. +.RS 2n \" we need quite a bit of horizontal space for this table +.P +.TS +Lf(CR) Lx +Af(CR) Lx +Af(CR) Lx +Lf(CR) Lx. +ordinary T{ +character such as \[lq]1\[rq], +\[lq]a\[rq], +or +\[lq]!\&\[rq] +T} +letter character to be italicized by default +digit \f[I]n/a\f[] +operator T{ +large operator such as +.ds Su \[lq]\s+5\[*S]\s0\[rq] +.if \n(.g .if !c\[*S] .ds Su the summation operator +\*[Su] +.rm Su +T} +binary binary operator such as \[lq]\[pl]\[rq] +relation relational operator such as \[lq]=\[rq] +opening opening bracket such as \[lq](\[rq] +closing closing bracket such as \[lq])\[rq] +punctuation punctuation character such as \[lq],\[rq] +inner sub-formula contained within brackets +suppress component to which automatic spacing is not applied +.TE +.RE +. +. +.P +Two primitives apply types to equation components. +. +. +.TP +.BI type\~ "t e" +Apply +.RI type\~ t +to +.RI expression\~ e . +. +. +.TP +.BI chartype\~ "t text" +Assign each character in (unquoted) +.I text +.RI type\~ t , +persistently. +. +. +.P +.I \%eqn \" GNU +sets up spacings and styles as if by the following commands. +. +.P +.RS +.TS +tab(@); +Lf(CR)1 Lf(CR). +chartype \[dq]letter\[dq]@abcdefghiklmnopqrstuvwxyz +chartype \[dq]letter\[dq]@ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ +chartype \[dq]letter\[dq]@\[rs][*a]\[rs][*b]\[rs][*g]\[rs][*d]\[rs][*e]\ +\[rs][*z] +chartype \[dq]letter\[dq]@\[rs][*y]\[rs][*h]\[rs][*i]\[rs][*k]\[rs][*l]\ +\[rs][*m] +chartype \[dq]letter\[dq]@\[rs][*n]\[rs][*c]\[rs][*o]\[rs][*p]\[rs][*r]\ +\[rs][*s] +chartype \[dq]letter\[dq]@\[rs][*t]\[rs][*u]\[rs][*f]\[rs][*x]\[rs][*q]\ +\[rs][*w] +chartype \[dq]binary\[dq]@*\[rs][pl]\[rs][mi] +chartype \[dq]relation\[dq]@<>\[rs][eq]\[rs][<=]\[rs][>=] +chartype \[dq]opening\[dq]@{([ +chartype \[dq]closing\[dq]@})] +chartype \[dq]punctuation\[dq]@,;:. +chartype \[dq]suppress\[dq]@\[ha]\[ti] +.TE +.RE +. +. +.P +.I \%eqn +assigns all other ordinary and special +.I roff +characters, +including numerals 0\[en]9, +the +.RB \%\[lq] ordinary \[rq] +type. +. +(The +.RB \[lq] digit \[rq] +type is not used, +but is available for customization.) +.\" XXX: How would you actually customize it, though? There doesn't +.\" seem to be a means of replacing the font associated with a type. +.\" Is the "digit" type just cruft? +. +In keeping with common practice in mathematical typesetting, +lowercase, +but not uppercase, +Greek letters are assigned the +.RB \%\[lq] letter \[rq] +type to style them in italics. +. +The macros for producing ellipses, +.RB \[lq] .\|.\|. \[rq], +.BR cdots , +and +.BR ldots , +use the +.RB \%\[lq] inner \[rq] +type. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Primitives +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.I \%eqn +supports without alteration the AT&T +.I eqn \" AT&T +primitives +.BR above , +.BR back , +.BR bar , +.BR bold , +.BR \%define , +.BR down , +.BR fat , +.BR font , +.BR from , +.BR fwd , +.BR gfont , +.BR gsize , +.BR italic , +.BR left , +.BR lineup , +.BR mark , +.BR \%matrix , +.BR \%ndefine , +.BR over , +.BR right , +.BR roman , +.BR size , +.BR sqrt , +.BR sub , +.BR sup , +.BR \%tdefine , +.BR to , +.BR \%under , +and +.BR up . +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "New primitives" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +The GNU extension primitives +.RB \[lq] type \[rq] +and +.B \%chartype +are discussed in subsection \[lq]Spacing and typeface\[rq] above; +.RB \[lq] set \[rq] +in subsection \[lq]Customization\[rq] below; +and +.B grfont +and +.B gbfont +in subsection \[lq]Fonts\[rq] below. +. +In the following synopses, +.I X +can be any character not appearing in the parameter thus bracketed. +. +. +.TP +.IB e1 \~accent\~ e2 +Set +.I e2 +as an accent over +.IR e1 . +. +.I e2 +is assumed to be at the appropriate height for a lowercase letter +without an ascender; +.I \% eqn +vertically shifts it depending on +.IR e1 's +height. +. +For example, +.B hat +is defined as follows. +. +. +.RS +.IP +.EX +accent { "\[ha]" } +.EE +.RE +. +. +.IP +.BR dotdot , +.BR dot , +.BR tilde , +.BR vec , +and +.B dyad +are also defined using the +.B \%accent +primitive. +. +. +.TP +.BI big\~ e +Enlarge the expression +.IR e ; +semantics like those of CSS \[lq]large\[rq] are intended. +. +In +.I \%troff +output, +the type size is increased by\~5 scaled points. +. +MathML output emits the following. +. +. +.RS +.IP +.EX +<mstyle \%mathsize=\[aq]big\[aq]> +.EE +.RE +. +. +.TP +.BI copy\~ file +.TQ +.BI include\~ file +Interpolate the contents of +.IR file , +omitting lines +beginning with +.B .EQ +or +.BR .EN . +. +If a relative path name, +.I file +is sought relative to the current working directory. +. +. +.TP +.BI ifdef\~ "name X anything X" +If +.I name +is defined as a primitive or macro, +interpret +.IR anything . +. +. +.TP +.BI nosplit\~ text +As +.RI \[dq] text \[dq], +but since +.I text +is not quoted it is subject to macro expansion; +it is not split up and the spacing between characters not adjusted per +subsection \[lq]Spacing and typeface\[rq] above. +. +. +.TP +.IB e\~ opprime +As +.BR prime , +but set the prime symbol as an operator +.RI on\~ e . +. +In the input +.RB \[lq] "A opprime sub 1" \[rq], +the\~\[lq]1\[rq] is tucked under the prime as a subscript to +the\~\[lq]A\[rq] +(as is conventional in mathematical typesetting), +whereas when +.B prime +is used, +the\~\[lq]1\[rq] is a subscript to the prime character. +. +The precedence of +.B \%opprime +is the same as that of +.B bar +and +.RB \%\[lq] under \[rq], +and higher than that of other primitives except +.B \%accent +and +.BR uaccent . +. +In unquoted text, +a neutral apostrophe +.RB ( \[aq] ) +that is not the first character on the input line is treated like +.BR \%opprime . +. +. +.TP +.BI sdefine\~ "name X anything X" +As +.RB \%\[lq] define \[rq], +but +.I name +is not recognized as a macro if called with arguments. +. +. +.TP +.IB e1 \~smallover\~ e2 +As +.BR over , +but reduces the type size of +.I e1 +and +.IR e2 , +and puts less vertical space between +.I e1 +and +.I e2 +and the fraction bar. +. +The +.B over +primitive corresponds to the \*[tx] +.B \[rs]over +primitive in displayed equation styles; +.B smallover +corresponds to +.B \[rs]over +in non-display (\[lq]inline\[rq]) styles. +. +. +.br +.ne 5v +.TP +.BI space\~ n +Set extra vertical spacing around the equation, +replacing the default values, +where +.IR n \~is +an integer in hundredths of an em. +. +If positive, +.IR n \~increases +vertical spacing before the equation; +if negative, +it does so after the equation. +. +This primitive provides an interface to +.IR groff 's +.B \[rs]x +escape sequence, +but with the opposite sign convention. +. +It has no effect if the equation is part of a +.MR \%pic 1 +picture. +. +. +.TP +.BI special\~ "troff-macro e" +Construct an object by calling +.I troff-macro +.RI on\~ e . +. +The +.I troff \" generic +string +.B 0s +contains the +.I eqn \" generic +output +.RI for\~ e , +and the registers +.BR 0w , +.BR 0h , +.BR 0d , +.BR 0skern , +and +.B 0skew +the width, +height, +depth, +subscript kern, +and skew +.RI of\~ e , +respectively. +. +(The +.I subscript kern +of an object indicates how much a subscript on that object should be +\[lq]tucked in\[rq], +or placed to the left relative to a non-subscripted glyph of the same +size. +. +The +.I skew +of an object is how far to the right of the center of the object an +accent over it should be placed.) +. +The macro must modify +.B 0s +so that it outputs the desired result, +returns the drawing position to the text baseline at the beginning of +.IR e , +and updates the foregoing registers to correspond to the new dimensions +of the result. +. +. +.IP +Suppose you want a construct that \[lq]cancels\[rq] an expression by +drawing a diagonal line through it. +. +. +.br +.ne 11v +.RS +.IP +.EX +\&.de Ca +\&. ds 0s \[rs] +\[rs]Z\[aq]\[rs]\[rs]*(0s\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]v\[aq]\[rs]\[rs]n(0du\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]D\[aq]l \[rs]\[rs]n(0wu \-\[rs]\[rs]n(0hu\-\[rs]\ +\[rs]n(0du\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]v\[aq]\[rs]\[rs]n(0hu\[aq] +\&.. +\&.EQ +special Ca "x \[rs][mi] 3 \[rs][pl] x" \[ti] 3 +\&.EN +.EE +.RE +. +. +.IP +We use the +.B \[rs][mi] +and +.B \[rs][pl] +special characters instead of + and \- +because they are part of the argument to a +.I \%troff +macro, +so +.I \%eqn +does not transform them to mathematical glyphs for us. +. +Here's a more complicated construct that draws a box around an +expression; +the bottom of the box rests on the text baseline. +. +We define the +.I eqn \" generic +macro +.B box +to wrap the call of the +.I \%troff +macro +.BR Bx . +. +. +.br +.ne 17v +.RS +.IP +.EX +\&.de Bx +\&.ds 0s \[rs] +\[rs]Z\[aq]\[rs]\[rs]h\[aq]1n\[aq]\[rs]\[rs]*[0s]\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]v\[aq]\[rs]\[rs]n(0du+1n\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]D\[aq]l \[rs]\[rs]n(0wu+2n 0\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]D\[aq]l 0 \-\[rs]\[rs]n(0hu\-\[rs]\[rs]n(0du\-2n\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]D\[aq]l \-\[rs]\[rs]n(0wu\-2n 0\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]D\[aq]l 0 \[rs]\[rs]n(0hu+\[rs]\[rs]n(0du+2n\[aq]\[rs] +\[rs]h\[aq]\[rs]\[rs]n(0wu+2n\[aq] +\&.nr 0w +2n +\&.nr 0d +1n +\&.nr 0h +1n +\&.. +\&.EQ +define box \[aq] special Bx $1 \[aq] +box(foo) \[ti] "bar" +\&.EN +.EE +.RE +. +. +.TP +.BI "split \[dq]" text \[dq] +As +.IR text , +but since +.I text +is quoted, +it is not subject to macro expansion; +it is split up and the spacing between characters adjusted per +subsection \[lq]Spacing and typeface\[rq] above. +. +. +.TP +.IB e1 \~uaccent\~ e2 +Set +.I e2 +as an accent under +.IR e1 . +. +.I e2 +is assumed to be at the appropriate height for a letter without a +descender; +.I \% eqn +vertically shifts it depending on whether +.I e1 +has a descender. +. +.B utilde +is predefined using +.B uaccent +as a tilde accent below the baseline. +. +. +.TP +.BI undef\~ name +Remove definition of macro or primitive +.IR name , +making it undefined. +. +. +.TP +.BI vcenter\~ e +Vertically center +.I e +about the +.IR "math axis" , +a horizontal line upon which fraction bars and characters such as +\[lq]\[pl]\[rq] and \[lq]\[mi]\[rq] are aligned. +. +MathML already behaves this way, +so +.I \%eqn +ignores this primitive when producing that output format. +. +The built-in +.B sum +macro is defined as if by the following. +. +.RS +.IP +.EX +define sum ! { type "operator" vcenter size +5 \[rs](*S } ! +.EE +.RE +. +. +.br +.ne 8v +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Extended primitives" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +GNU +.I eqn \" GNU +extends the syntax of some AT&T +.I eqn \" AT&T +primitives, +introducing one deliberate incompatibility. +. +. +.TP +.B "delim on" +.I \%eqn +recognizes an +.RB \[lq] on \[rq] +argument to the +.B \%delim +primitive specially, +restoring any delimiters previously disabled with +.RB \%\[lq] "delim off" \[rq]. +. +If delimiters haven't been specified, +neither command has effect. +. +Few +.I eqn \" generic +documents are expected to use \[lq]o\[rq] and \[lq]n\[rq] as left and +right delimiters, +respectively. +. +If yours does, +consider swapping them, +or select others. +. +. +.TP +.BI col\~ n\~\c +.BR {\~ .\|.\|.\& \~} +.TQ +.BI ccol\~ n\~\c +.BR {\~ .\|.\|.\& \~} +.TQ +.BI lcol\~ n\~\c +.BR {\~ .\|.\|.\& \~} +.TQ +.BI rcol\~ n\~\c +.BR {\~ .\|.\|.\& \~} +.TQ +.BI pile\~ n\~\c +.BR {\~ .\|.\|.\& \~} +.TQ +.BI cpile\~ n\~\c +.BR {\~ .\|.\|.\& \~} +.TQ +.BI lpile\~ n\~\c +.BR {\~ .\|.\|.\& \~} +.TQ +.BI rpile\~ n\~\c +.BR {\~ .\|.\|.\& \~} +The integer +.RI value\~ n +(in hundredths of an em) +increases the vertical spacing between rows, +using +.IR groff 's +.B \[rs]x +escape sequence +(the value has no effect in MathML mode). +. +Negative values are accepted but have no effect. +. +If more than one +.I n +occurs in a matrix or pile, +the largest is used. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Customization +.\" ==================================================================== +. +When +.I \%eqn +generates +.I \%troff +input, +the appearance of equations is controlled by a large number of +parameters. +. +They have no effect when generating MathML, +which delegates typesetting to a MathML rendering engine. +. +Configure these parameters with the +.B set +primitive. +. +. +.TP +.BI set\~ "p n" +assigns +.RI parameter\~ p +the integer +.RI value\~ n ; +.IR n \~is +interpreted in units of hundredths of an em unless otherwise stated. +. +For example, +. +. +.RS +.IP +.EX +set x_height 45 +.EE +.RE +. +. +.IP +says that +.I \%eqn +should assume that the font's x-height is 0.45\~ems. +. +. +.RS +.P +Available parameters are as follows; +defaults are shown in parentheses. +. +We intend these descriptions to be expository rather than rigorous. +. +. +.TP 17n +.B minimum_size +sets a floor for the type size +(in scaled points) +at which equations are set +.RB ( 5 ). +. +. +.TP +.B fat_offset +The +.B fat +primitive emboldens an equation by overprinting two copies of the +equation horizontally offset by this amount +.RB ( 4 ). +. +In MathML mode, +components to which +.B \%fat_offset +applies instead use the following. +. +.RS +.RS +.EX +<mstyle mathvariant=\[aq]double\-struck\[aq]> +.EE +.RE +.RE +. +. +.TP +.B over_hang +A fraction bar is longer by twice this amount than +the maximum of the widths of the numerator and denominator; +in other words, +it overhangs the numerator and denominator by at least this amount +.RB ( 0 ). +. +. +.TP +.B accent_width +When +.B bar +or +.B \%under +is applied to a single character, +the line is this long +.RB ( 31 ). +. +Normally, +.B bar +or +.B \%under +produces a line whose length is the width of the object to which it +applies; +in the case of a single character, +this tends to produce a line that looks too long. +. +. +.TP +.B delimiter_factor +Extensible delimiters produced with the +.B left +and +.B right +primitives have a combined height and depth of at least this many +thousandths of twice the maximum amount by which the sub-equation that +the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis +.RB ( 900 ). +. +. +.TP +.B delimiter_shortfall +Extensible delimiters produced with the +.B left +and +.B right +primitives have a combined height and depth not less than the +difference of twice the maximum amount by which the sub-equation that +the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis and this amount +.RB ( 50 ). +. +. +.TP +.B null_delimiter_space +This much horizontal space is inserted on each side of a fraction +.RB ( 12 ). +. +. +.TP +.B script_space +The width of subscripts and superscripts is increased by this amount +.RB ( 5 ). +. +. +.TP +.B thin_space +This amount of space is automatically inserted after punctuation +characters. +. +It also configures the width of the space produced by the +.B \[ha] +token +.RB ( 17 ). +. +. +.TP +.B medium_space +This amount of space is automatically inserted on either side of +binary operators +.RB ( 22 ). +. +. +.TP +.B thick_space +This amount of space is automatically inserted on either side of +relations. +. +It also configures the width of the space produced by the +.B \[ti] +token +.RB ( 28 ). +. +. +.TP +.B x_height +The height of lowercase letters without ascenders such as \[lq]x\[rq] +.RB ( 45 ). +. +. +.TP +.B axis_height +The height above the baseline of the center of characters such as +\[lq]\[pl]\[rq] and \[lq]\[mi]\[rq] +.RB ( 26 ). +. +It is important that this value is correct for the font +you are using. +. +. +.TP +.B default_rule_thickness +This should be set to the thickness of the +.B \[rs][ru] +character, +or the thickness of horizontal lines produced with the +.B \[rs]D +escape sequence +.RB ( 4 ). +. +. +.TP +.B num1 +The +.B over +primitive shifts up the numerator by at least this amount +.RB ( 70 ). +. +. +.TP +.B num2 +The +.B smallover +primitive shifts up the numerator by at least this amount +.RB ( 36 ). +. +. +.TP +.B denom1 +The +.B over +primitive shifts down the denominator by at least this amount +.RB ( 70 ). +. +. +.TP +.B denom2 +The +.B smallover +primitive shifts down the denominator by at least this amount +.RB ( 36 ). +. +. +.TP +.B sup1 +Normally superscripts are shifted up by at least this amount +.RB ( 42 ). +. +. +.TP +.B sup2 +Superscripts within superscripts or upper limits +or numerators of +.B smallover +fractions are shifted up by at least this amount +.RB ( 37 ). +. +Conventionally, +this is less than +.BR sup1 . +. +. +.TP +.B sup3 +Superscripts within denominators or square roots +or subscripts or lower limits are shifted up by at least +this amount +.RB ( 28 ). +. +Conventionally, +this is less than +.BR sup2 . +. +. +.TP +.B sub1 +Subscripts are normally shifted down by at least this amount +.RB ( 20 ). +. +. +.TP +.B sub2 +When there is both a subscript and a superscript, +the subscript is shifted down by at least this amount +.RB ( 23 ). +. +. +.TP +.B sup_drop +The baseline of a superscript is no more than this much below the top of +the object on which the superscript is set +.RB ( 38 ). +. +. +.TP +.B sub_drop +The baseline of a subscript is at least this much below the bottom of +the object on which the subscript is set +.RB ( 5 ). +. +. +.TP +.B big_op_spacing1 +The baseline of an upper limit is at least this much above the top of +the object on which the limit is set +.RB ( 11 ). +. +. +.TP +.B big_op_spacing2 +The baseline of a lower limit is at least this much below the bottom +of the object on which the limit is set +.RB ( 17 ). +. +. +.TP +.B big_op_spacing3 +The bottom of an upper limit is at least this much above the top of +the object on which the limit is set +.RB ( 20 ). +. +. +.TP +.B big_op_spacing4 +The top of a lower limit is at least this much below the bottom of the +object on which the limit is set +.RB ( 60 ). +. +. +.TP +.B big_op_spacing5 +This much vertical space is added above and below limits +.RB ( 10 ). +. +. +.TP +.B baseline_sep +The baselines of the rows in a pile or matrix are normally this far +apart +.RB ( 140 ). +. +Usually equal to the sum of +.B num1 +and +.BR denom1 . +. +. +.TP +.B shift_down +The midpoint between the top baseline and the bottom baseline in a +matrix or pile is shifted down by this much from the axis +.RB ( 26 ). +. +Usually equal to +.BR axis_height . +. +. +.TP +.B column_sep +This much space is added between columns in a matrix +.RB ( 100 ). +. +. +.TP +.B matrix_side_sep +This much space is added at each side of a matrix +.RB ( 17 ). +. +. +.br +.ne 4v +.TP +.B draw_lines +If non-zero, +.I \%eqn +draws lines using the +.I troff \" generic +.B \[rs]D +escape sequence, +rather than the +.B \[rs]l +escape sequence and the +.B \[rs][ru] +special character. +. +The +.I eqnrc +file sets the default: +.BR 1 \~on +.BR ps , +.BR html , +and the X11 devices, +.RB otherwise\~ 0 . +. +. +.TP +.B body_height +is the presumed height of an equation above the text baseline; +.I \%eqn +adds any excess as extra pre-vertical line spacing with +.IR troff 's\" generic +.B \[rs]x +escape sequence +.RB ( 85 ). +. +. +.TP +.B body_depth +is the presumed depth of an equation below the text baseline; +.I \%eqn +adds any excess as extra post-vertical line spacing with +.IR troff 's\" generic +.B \[rs]x +escape sequence +.RB ( 35 ). +. +. +.TP +.B nroff +If non-zero, +then +.B \%ndefine +behaves like +.B \%define +and +.B \%tdefine +is ignored, +otherwise +.B \%tdefine +behaves like +.B \%define +and +.B \%ndefine +is ignored. +. +The +.I eqnrc +file sets the default: +.BR 1 \~on +.BR ascii , +.BR latin1 , +.BR utf8 , +and +.B cp1047 +devices, +.RB otherwise\~ 0 . +.RE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Macros +.\" ==================================================================== +. +In GNU +.IR eqn , \" GNU +macros can take arguments. +. +A word defined by any of the +.BR \%define , +.BR \%ndefine , +or +.B \%tdefine +primitives followed immediately by a left parenthesis is treated as a +.I "parameterized macro call:" +subsequent tokens up to a matching right parenthesis are treated as +comma-separated arguments. +. +In this context only, +commas and parentheses also serve as token separators. +. +A macro argument is not terminated by a comma inside parentheses nested +within it. +. +In a macro definition, +.BI $ n\c +, +where +.I n +is between 1 and\~9 inclusive, +is replaced by the +.IR n th +argument; +if there are fewer than +.IR n \~arguments, +it is replaced by nothing. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS "Predefined macros" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +GNU +.I eqn \" GNU +supports the predefined macros offered by AT&T +.IR eqn : \" AT&T +.BR and , +.BR \%approx , +.BR arc , +.BR cos , +.BR cosh , +.BR del , +.BR det , +.BR dot , +.BR \%dotdot , +.BR dyad , +.BR exp , +.BR for , +.BR grad , +.BR half , +.BR hat , +.BR if , +.BR \%inter , +.BR Im , +.BR inf , +.BR int , +.BR lim , +.BR ln , +.BR log , +.BR max , +.BR min , +.BR \%nothing , +.BR \%partial , +.BR prime , +.BR prod , +.BR Re , +.BR sin , +.BR sinh , +.BR sum , +.BR tan , +.BR tanh , +.BR tilde , +.BR times , +.BR union , +.BR vec , +.BR == , +.BR != , +.BR += , +.BR \-> , +.BR <\- , +.BR << , +.BR >> , +and +.RB \[lq] .\|.\|. \[rq]. +. +The lowercase classical Greek letters are available as +.BR \%alpha , +.BR beta , +.BR chi , +.BR delta , +.BR \%epsilon , +.BR eta , +.BR gamma , +.BR iota , +.BR kappa , +.BR lambda , +.BR mu , +.BR nu , +.BR omega , +.BR \%omicron , +.BR phi , +.BR pi , +.BR psi , +.BR rho , +.BR sigma , +.BR tau , +.BR theta , +.BR \%upsilon , +.BR xi , +and +.BR zeta . +. +Spell them with an initial capital letter +.RB \%( Alpha ) +or in full capitals +.RB \%( ALPHA ) +to obtain uppercase forms. +. +. +.P +GNU +.I eqn \" GNU +further defines the macros +.BR cdot , +.BR cdots , +and +.B utilde +(all discussed above), +.BR \%dollar , +which sets a dollar sign, +and +.BR ldots , +which sets an ellipsis on the text baseline. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SS Fonts +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.I \%eqn +uses up to three typefaces to set an equation: +italic (oblique), +roman (upright), +and bold. +. +Assign each a +.I groff +typeface with the primitives +.BR gfont , +.BR \%grfont , +and +.B \%gbfont. +. +The defaults are the styles +.BR I , +.BR R , +and +.B B +(applied to the current font family). +. +The +.B \%chartype +primitive +(see above) +sets a character's type, +which determines the face used to set it. +. +The +.RB \%\[lq] letter \[rq] +type is set in italics; +others are set in roman. +. +Use the +.B bold +primitive to select an (upright) bold style. +. +. +.TP +.BI gbfont\~ f +.RI Select\~ f +as the bold font. +. +This is a GNU extension. +. +. +.TP +.BI gfont\~ f +.RI Select\~ f +as the italic font. +. +. +.TP +.BI grfont\~ f +.RI Select\~ f +as the roman font. +. +This is a GNU extension. +. +. +.br +.ne 4v +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Options +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.B \-\-help +displays a usage message, +while +.B \-v +and +.B \-\-version +show version information; +all exit afterward. +. +. +.TP +.B \-C +Recognize +.B .EQ +and +.B .EN +even when followed by a character other than space or newline. +. +. +.TP +.BI \-d\~ xy +Specify delimiters +.I x +for left +.RI and\~ y +for right ends +of equations not bracketed by +.BR .EQ / .EN . +. +.I x +and +.I y +need not be distinct. +. +Any +.RB \%\[lq] delim +.IR xy \[rq] +statements in the source file override this option. +. +. +.TP +.BI \-f\~ F +is equivalent to +.RB \[lq] gfont +.IR F \[rq]. +. +. +.TP +.BI \-m\~ n +is equivalent to +.RB \[lq] "set \%minimum_size" +.IR n \[rq]. +. +. +.TP +.BI \-M\~ dir +Search +.I dir +for +.I eqnrc +before those listed in section \[lq]Description\[rq] above. +. +. +.TP +.B \-N +Prohibit newlines within delimiters. +. +This option allows +.I \%eqn +to recover better from missing closing delimiters. +. +. +.TP +.BI \-p\~ n +Set sub- and superscripts +.IR n \~points +smaller than the surrounding text. +. +This option is deprecated. +. +.I \%eqn +normally sets sub- and superscripts at 70% of the type size of the +surrounding text. +. +. +.TP +.B \-r +Reduce the type size of subscripts at most once relative to the base +type size for the equation. +. +. +.TP +.B \-R +Don't load +.IR eqnrc . +. +. +.TP +.BI \-s\~ n +is equivalent to +.RB \[lq] gsize +.IR n \[rq]. +. +This option is deprecated. +. +. +.TP +.BI \-T\~ dev +Prepare output for the device +.IR dev . +. +In most cases, +the effect of this is to define a macro +.I dev +with a value +.RB of\~ 1 ; +.I eqnrc +uses this to provide definitions appropriate for the device. +. +However, +if the specified driver is \[lq]MathML\[rq], +the output is MathML markup rather than +.I \%troff +input, +and +.I eqnrc +is not loaded at all. +. +The default output device is +.BR \%ps . +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Files +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.TP +.I /usr/\:\%share/\:\%groff/\:\%1.23.0/\:\%tmac/\:\%eqnrc +Initialization file. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH "MathML mode limitations" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +MathML is designed on the assumption that it cannot know the exact +physical characteristics of the media and devices on which it will +be rendered. +. +It does not support control of motions and sizes to the same +degree +.I \%troff +does. +. +. +.IP \[bu] 2n +.I \%eqn +customization parameters have no effect on generated MathML. +. +. +.IP \[bu] +The +.BR \%special , +.BR up , +.BR down , +.BR fwd , +and +.B back +primitives cannot be implemented, +and yield a MathML \%\[lq]<merror>\[rq] message instead. +. +. +.IP \[bu] +The +.B vcenter +primitive is silently ignored, +as centering on the math axis is the MathML default. +. +. +.IP \[bu] +Characters that +.I \%eqn +sets extra large in +.I troff \" mode +mode\[em]notably the integral sign\[em]may appear too small and need to +have their \[lq]<mstyle>\[rq] wrappers adjusted by hand. +. +. +.P +As in its +.I troff \" mode +mode, +.I \%eqn +in MathML mode leaves the +.B .EQ +and +.B .EN +tokens in place, +but emits nothing corresponding to +.B \%delim +delimiters. +. +They can, +however, +be recognized as character sequences that begin with \[lq]<math>\[rq], +end with \[lq]</math>\[rq], +and do not cross line boundaries. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Caveats +.\" ==================================================================== +. +Tokens must be double-quoted in +.I eqn \" generic +input if they are not to be recognized as names of macros or primitives, +or if they are to be interpreted by +.IR troff . \" generic +. +In particular, +short ones, +like +.RB \[lq] pi \[rq] +and +.RB \[lq] PI \[rq], +can collide with +.I troff \" generic +identifiers. +. +For instance, +the +.I eqn \" generic +command +.RB \%\[lq]\^ "gfont PI" \^\[rq] +does not select +.IR groff 's +Palatino italic font for the global italic face; +you must use +.RB \%\[lq]\^ "gfont \[dq]PI\[dq]" \^\[rq] +instead. +. +. +.P +Delimited equations are set at the type size current at the beginning of +the input line, +not necessarily that immediately preceding the opening delimiter. +. +. +.P +Unlike \*[tx], +.I eqn \" generic +does not inherently distinguish displayed and inline equation styles; +see the +.B smallover +primitive above. +. +However, +macro packages frequently define +.B EQ +and +.B EN +macros such that the equation within is displayed. +. +These macros may accept arguments permitting the equation to be labeled +or captioned; +see the package's documentation. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Bugs +.\" ==================================================================== +. +.I eqn \" generic +abuses terminology\[em]its +\[lq]equations\[rq] +can be inequalities, +bare expressions, +or unintelligible gibberish. +. +But there's no changing it now. +. +. +.P +In +.I nroff \" mode +mode, +lowercase Greek letters are rendered in roman instead of italic style. +. +. +.P +In MathML mode, +the +.B mark +and +.B lineup +features don't work. +. +These could, +in theory, +be implemented with \%\[lq]<maligngroup>\[rq] elements. +. +. +.P +In MathML mode, +each digit of a numeric literal gets a separate \[lq]<mn>\:</mn>\[rq] +pair, +and decimal points are tagged with \[lq]<mo>\:</mo>\[rq]. +. +This is allowed by the specification, +but inefficient. +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH Examples +.\" ==================================================================== +. +We first illustrate +.I \%eqn +usage with a trigonometric identity. +. +. +.RS +.P +.EX +\&.EQ +sin ( alpha + beta ) = sin alpha cos beta + cos alpha sin beta +\&.EN +.EE +.if t \{\ +. +. +.P +.RS +.EQ +sin ( alpha + beta ) = sin alpha cos beta + cos alpha sin beta +.EN +.RE +.\} +.RE +. +. +.P +It can be convenient to set up delimiters if mathematical content will +appear frequently in running text. +. +. +.RS +.P +.EX +\&.EQ +delim $$ +\&.EN +. +Having cached a table of logarithms, +the property $ln ( x y ) = ln x + ln y$ sped calculations. +.EE +.if t \{\ +. +. +.P +.RS +.EQ +delim $$ +.EN +. +Having cached a table of logarithms, +the property $ln ( x y ) = ln x + ln y$ sped calculations. +. +.\" We _must_ shut delimiters back off when serially processing man +.\" pages, or subsequent documents cannot safely use those characters. +.EQ +delim off +.EN +.RE +.\} +.RE +. +. +.P +The quadratic formula illustrates use of fractions and radicals, +and affords an opportunity to use the full space token +.BR \[ti] . +. +. +.RS +.P +.EX +\&.EQ +x = { \- b \[ti] \[rs][+\-] \[ti] sqrt { b sup 2 \- 4 a c } } \ +over { 2 a } +\&.EN +.EE +.if t \{\ +. +. +.P +.RS +.EQ +x = { - b ~ \[+-] ~ sqrt { b sup 2 - 4 a c } } over { 2 a } +.EN +.RE +.\} +.RE +. +. +.P +Alternatively, +we could define the plus-minus sign as a binary operator. +. +Automatic spacing puts 0.06\~em less space on either side of the +plus-minus than \[ti] does, +this being the difference between the widths of the +.B medium_space +parameter used by binary operators and that of the full space. +. +Independently, +we can define a macro \[lq]frac\[rq] for setting fractions. +. +. +.RS +.P +.EX +\&.EQ +chartype "binary" \[rs][+\-] +define frac ! { $1 } over { $2 } ! +x = frac(\- b \[rs][+\-] sqrt { b sup 2 \- 4 a c }, 2 a) +\&.EN +.EE +.if t \{\ +. +. +.P +.RS +.EQ +chartype "binary" \[+-] +define frac ! { $1 } over { $2 } ! +x = frac(- b \[+-] sqrt { b sup 2 - 4 a c }, 2 a) +.EN +.RE +.\} +.RE +. +. +.\" ==================================================================== +.SH "See also" +.\" ==================================================================== +. +\[lq]Typesetting Mathematics\[em]User's Guide\[rq] +(2nd edition), +by Brian W.\& Kernighan +and Lorinda L.\& Cherry, +1978, +AT&T Bell Laboratories Computing Science Technical Report No.\& 17. +. +. +.P +.IR The\~\*[tx]book , +by Donald E.\& Knuth, +1984, +Addison-Wesley Professional. +. +Appendix\~G +discusses many of the parameters from section \[lq]Customization\[rq] +above in greater detail. +. +. +.P +.MR groff_char 7 , +particularly subsections \[lq]Logical symbols\[rq], +\[lq]Mathematical symbols\[rq], +and \[lq]Greek glyphs\[rq], +documents a variety of special character escape sequences useful in +mathematical typesetting. +. +. +.P +.MR groff 1 , +.MR \%troff 1 , +.MR \%pic 1 , +.MR groff_font 5 +. +. +.\" Clean up. +.rm tx +. +.\" Restore compatibility mode (for, e.g., Solaris 10/11). +.cp \n[*groff_eqn_1_man_C] +.do rr *groff_eqn_1_man_C +. +. +.\" Local Variables: +.\" fill-column: 72 +.\" mode: nroff +.\" tab-width: 12 +.\" End: +.\" vim: set filetype=groff tabstop=12 textwidth=72: |