# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-06-01 05:56+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: TH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "intro" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: archlinux debian-unstable opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "2024-05-02" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: archlinux debian-unstable #, no-wrap msgid "Linux man-pages 6.8" msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NAME" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "intro - introduction to user commands" msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "DESCRIPTION" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Section 1 of the manual describes user commands and tools, for example, file " "manipulation tools, shells, compilers, web browsers, file and image viewers " "and editors, and so on." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Linux is a flavor of UNIX, and as a first approximation all user commands " "under UNIX work precisely the same under Linux (and FreeBSD and lots of " "other UNIX-like systems)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Under Linux, there are GUIs (graphical user interfaces), where you can point " "and click and drag, and hopefully get work done without first reading lots " "of documentation. The traditional UNIX environment is a CLI (command line " "interface), where you type commands to tell the computer what to do. That " "is faster and more powerful, but requires finding out what the commands " "are. Below a bare minimum, to get started." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Login" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In order to start working, you probably first have to open a session by " "giving your username and password. The program B(1) now starts a " "I (command interpreter) for you. In case of a graphical login, you " "get a screen with menus or icons and a mouse click will start a shell in a " "window. See also B(1)." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "The shell" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "One types commands to the I, the command interpreter. It is not " "built-in, but is just a program and you can change your shell. Everybody " "has their own favorite one. The standard one is called I. See also " "B(1), B(1), B(1), B(1), B(1), B(1), " "B(1)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "A session might go like:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron #: opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "" "knuth login: B\n" "Password: B<********>\n" "$ B\n" "Tue Aug 6 23:50:44 CEST 2002\n" "$ B\n" " August 2002\n" "Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa\n" " 1 2 3\n" " 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\n" "11 12 13 14 15 16 17\n" "18 19 20 21 22 23 24\n" "25 26 27 28 29 30 31\n" "\\&\n" "$ B\n" "bin tel\n" "$ B\n" "total 2\n" "drwxrwxr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin\n" "-rw-rw-r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel\n" "$ B\n" "maja 0501-1136285\n" "peter 0136-7399214\n" "$ B\n" "$ B\n" "total 3\n" "drwxr-xr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2\n" "$ B\n" "$ B\n" "total 3\n" "drwxr-xr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel1\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2\n" "$ B\n" "$ B\n" "$ B\n" "maja 0501-1136285\n" "$\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "Here typing Control-D ended the session." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B<$> here was the command prompt\\[em]it is the shell's way of " "indicating that it is ready for the next command. The prompt can be " "customized in lots of ways, and one might include stuff like username, " "machine name, current directory, time, and so on. An assignment PS1=\"What " "next, master? \" would change the prompt as indicated." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "We see that there are commands I (that gives date and time), and " "I (that gives a calendar)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The command I lists the contents of the current directory\\[em]it tells " "you what files you have. With a I<-l> option it gives a long listing, that " "includes the owner and size and date of the file, and the permissions people " "have for reading and/or changing the file. For example, the file \"tel\" " "here is 37 bytes long, owned by aeb and the owner can read and write it, " "others can only read it. Owner and permissions can be changed by the " "commands I and I." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The command I will show the contents of a file. (The name is from " "\"concatenate and print\": all files given as parameters are concatenated " "and sent to \"standard output\" (see B(3)), here the terminal " "screen.)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "The command I (from \"copy\") will copy a file." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "The command I (from \"move\"), on the other hand, only renames it." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The command I lists the differences between two files. Here there was " "no output because there were no differences." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The command I (from \"remove\") deletes the file, and be careful! it is " "gone. No wastepaper basket or anything. Deleted means lost." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The command I (from \"g/re/p\") finds occurrences of a string in one " "or more files. Here it finds Maja's telephone number." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Pathnames and the current directory" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Files live in a large tree, the file hierarchy. Each has a I " "describing the path from the root of the tree (which is called I) to the " "file. For example, such a full pathname might be I. Always " "using full pathnames would be inconvenient, and the name of a file in the " "current directory may be abbreviated by giving only the last component. " "That is why I can be abbreviated to I when the current " "directory is I." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "The command I prints the current directory." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "The command I changes the current directory." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Try alternatively I and I commands and explore I usage: \"cd\", " "\"cd .\", \"cd ..\", \"cd /\", and \"cd \\[ti]\"." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Directories" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "The command I makes a new directory." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The command I removes a directory if it is empty, and complains " "otherwise." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The command I (with a rather baroque syntax) will find files with " "given name or other properties. For example, \"find . -name tel\" would " "find the file I starting in the present directory (which is called I<." ">). And \"find / -name tel\" would do the same, but starting at the root of " "the tree. Large searches on a multi-GB disk will be time-consuming, and it " "may be better to use B(1)." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Disks and filesystems" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The command I will attach the filesystem found on some disk (or " "floppy, or CDROM or so) to the big filesystem hierarchy. And I " "detaches it again. The command I will tell you how much of your disk is " "still free." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Processes" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "On a UNIX system many user and system processes run simultaneously. The one " "you are talking to runs in the I, the others in the " "I. The command I will show you which processes are active " "and what numbers these processes have. The command I allows you to " "get rid of them. Without option this is a friendly request: please go " "away. And \"kill -9\" followed by the number of the process is an immediate " "kill. Foreground processes can often be killed by typing Control-C." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Getting information" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "There are thousands of commands, each with many options. Traditionally " "commands are documented on I, (like this one), so that the " "command \"man kill\" will document the use of the command \"kill\" (and " "\"man man\" document the command \"man\"). The program I sends the " "text through some I, usually I. Hit the space bar to get the " "next page, hit q to quit." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In documentation it is customary to refer to man pages by giving the name " "and section number, as in B(1). Man pages are terse, and allow you to " "find quickly some forgotten detail. For newcomers an introductory text with " "more examples and explanations is useful." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "A lot of GNU/FSF software is provided with info files. Type \"info info\" " "for an introduction on the use of the program I." msgstr "" # #. Actual examples? Separate section for each of cat, cp, ...? #. gzip, bzip2, tar, rpm #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Special topics are often treated in HOWTOs. Look in I and use a browser if you find HTML files there." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "SEE ALSO" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "B(1), B(1), B(1), B(1), B(1), B(1), " "B(1), B(1), B(1), B(1), B(1), B(2), " "B(3), B(7), B(7)" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6 #, no-wrap msgid "2023-02-05" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: debian-bookworm #, no-wrap msgid "Linux man-pages 6.03" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6 #, no-wrap msgid "" "knuth login: B\n" "Password: B<********>\n" "$ B\n" "Tue Aug 6 23:50:44 CEST 2002\n" "$ B\n" " August 2002\n" "Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa\n" " 1 2 3\n" " 4 5 6 7 8 9 10\n" "11 12 13 14 15 16 17\n" "18 19 20 21 22 23 24\n" "25 26 27 28 29 30 31\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: debian-bookworm opensuse-leap-15-6 #, no-wrap msgid "" "$ B\n" "bin tel\n" "$ B\n" "total 2\n" "drwxrwxr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin\n" "-rw-rw-r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel\n" "$ B\n" "maja 0501-1136285\n" "peter 0136-7399214\n" "$ B\n" "$ B\n" "total 3\n" "drwxr-xr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2\n" "$ B\n" "$ B\n" "total 3\n" "drwxr-xr-x 2 aeb 1024 Aug 6 23:51 bin\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:52 tel1\n" "-rw-r--r-- 1 aeb 37 Aug 6 23:53 tel2\n" "$ B\n" "$ B\n" "$ B\n" "maja 0501-1136285\n" "$\n" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron #, no-wrap msgid "2023-10-31" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: fedora-40 mageia-cauldron #, no-wrap msgid "Linux man-pages 6.06" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: fedora-rawhide #, no-wrap msgid "Linux man-pages 6.7" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: opensuse-leap-15-6 #, no-wrap msgid "Linux man-pages 6.04" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Linux man-pages (unreleased)" msgstr ""