# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE # Copyright (C) YEAR Free Software Foundation, Inc. # This file is distributed under the same license as the PACKAGE package. # FIRST AUTHOR , YEAR. # #, fuzzy msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" "POT-Creation-Date: 2024-06-01 06:06+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" "Language: \n" "MIME-Version: 1.0\n" "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" #. type: TH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NFS" msgstr "" #. type: TH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "9 October 2012" msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NAME" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "nfs - fstab format and options for the B file systems" msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "SYNOPSIS" msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "I" msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "DESCRIPTION" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NFS is an Internet Standard protocol created by Sun Microsystems in 1984. " "NFS was developed to allow file sharing between systems residing on a local " "area network. Depending on kernel configuration, the Linux NFS client may " "support NFS versions 3, 4.0, 4.1, or 4.2." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B(8) command attaches a file system to the system's name space " "hierarchy at a given mount point. The I file describes how " "B(8) should assemble a system's file name hierarchy from various " "independent file systems (including file systems exported by NFS servers). " "Each line in the I file describes a single file system, its " "mount point, and a set of default mount options for that mount point." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "For NFS file system mounts, a line in the I file specifies the " "server name, the path name of the exported server directory to mount, the " "local directory that is the mount point, the type of file system that is " "being mounted, and a list of mount options that control the way the " "filesystem is mounted and how the NFS client behaves when accessing files on " "this mount point. The fifth and sixth fields on each line are not used by " "NFS, thus conventionally each contain the digit zero. For example:" msgstr "" #. type: ta #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "8n +14n +14n +9n +20n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "\tserver:path\t/mountpoint\tfstype\toption,option,...\t0 0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The server's hostname and export pathname are separated by a colon, while " "the mount options are separated by commas. The remaining fields are " "separated by blanks or tabs." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The server's hostname can be an unqualified hostname, a fully qualified " "domain name, a dotted quad IPv4 address, or an IPv6 address enclosed in " "square brackets. Link-local and site-local IPv6 addresses must be " "accompanied by an interface identifier. See B(7) for details on " "specifying raw IPv6 addresses." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The I field contains \"nfs\". Use of the \"nfs4\" fstype in I is deprecated." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "MOUNT OPTIONS" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Refer to B(8) for a description of generic mount options available " "for all file systems. If you do not need to specify any mount options, use " "the generic option B in I." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Options supported by all versions" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "These options are valid to use with any NFS version." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The NFS protocol version number used to contact the server's NFS service. " "If the server does not support the requested version, the mount request " "fails. If this option is not specified, the client tries version 4.2 first, " "then negotiates down until it finds a version supported by the server." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This option is an alternative to the B option. It is included for " "compatibility with other operating systems" msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 #, no-wrap msgid "B / B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "Determines the recovery behavior of the NFS client after an NFS request " "times out. If no option is specified (or if the B option is " "specified), NFS requests are retried indefinitely. If either the B or " "B option is specified, then the NFS client fails an NFS request " "after B retransmissions have been sent, causing the NFS client to " "return either the error B (for the B option) or B (for " "the B option) to the calling application." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "I A so-called \"soft\" timeout can cause silent data corruption in " "certain cases. As such, use the B or B option only when " "client responsiveness is more important than data integrity. Using NFS over " "TCP or increasing the value of the B option may mitigate some of " "the risks of using the B or B option." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In cases where the NFS server is down, it may be useful to allow the NFS " "client to continue to serve up paths and attributes from cache after " "B attempts to revalidate that cache have timed out. This may, for " "instance, be helpful when trying to unmount a filesystem tree from a server " "that is permanently down." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "It is possible to combine B with the B mount option, in " "which case operations that cannot be served up from cache will time out and " "return an error after B attempts. The combination with the default " "B mount option implies those uncached operations will continue to " "retry until a response is received from the server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Note: the default mount option is B which disallows fallback to " "cache when revalidation fails, and instead follows the behavior dictated by " "the B or B mount option." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This option is provided for backward compatibility. It is ignored after " "kernel 2.6.25." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The time in deciseconds (tenths of a second) the NFS client waits for a " "response before it retries an NFS request." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "For NFS over TCP the default B value is 600 (60 seconds). The NFS " "client performs linear backoff: After each retransmission the timeout is " "increased by B up to the maximum of 600 seconds." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "However, for NFS over UDP, the client uses an adaptive algorithm to estimate " "an appropriate timeout value for frequently used request types (such as READ " "and WRITE requests), but uses the B setting for infrequently used " "request types (such as FSINFO requests). If the B option is not " "specified, infrequently used request types are retried after 1.1 seconds. " "After each retransmission, the NFS client doubles the timeout for that " "request, up to a maximum timeout length of 60 seconds." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The number of times the NFS client retries a request before it attempts " "further recovery action. If the B option is not specified, the NFS " "client tries each UDP request three times and each TCP request twice." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The NFS client generates a \"server not responding\" message after " "B retries, then attempts further recovery (depending on whether the " "B mount option is in effect)." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The maximum number of bytes in each network READ request that the NFS client " "can receive when reading data from a file on an NFS server. The actual data " "payload size of each NFS READ request is equal to or smaller than the " "B setting. The largest read payload supported by the Linux NFS client " "is 1,048,576 bytes (one megabyte)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B value is a positive integral multiple of 1024. Specified " "B values lower than 1024 are replaced with 4096; values larger than " "1048576 are replaced with 1048576. If a specified value is within the " "supported range but not a multiple of 1024, it is rounded down to the " "nearest multiple of 1024." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If an B value is not specified, or if the specified B value is " "larger than the maximum that either client or server can support, the client " "and server negotiate the largest B value that they can both support." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B mount option as specified on the B(8) command line " "appears in the I file. However, the effective B value " "negotiated by the client and server is reported in the I file." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The maximum number of bytes per network WRITE request that the NFS client " "can send when writing data to a file on an NFS server. The actual data " "payload size of each NFS WRITE request is equal to or smaller than the " "B setting. The largest write payload supported by the Linux NFS " "client is 1,048,576 bytes (one megabyte)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Similar to B , the B value is a positive integral multiple of " "1024. Specified B values lower than 1024 are replaced with 4096; " "values larger than 1048576 are replaced with 1048576. If a specified value " "is within the supported range but not a multiple of 1024, it is rounded down " "to the nearest multiple of 1024." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If a B value is not specified, or if the specified B value is " "larger than the maximum that either client or server can support, the client " "and server negotiate the largest B value that they can both support." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B mount option as specified on the B(8) command line " "appears in the I file. However, the effective B value " "negotiated by the client and server is reported in the I file." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Selects whether the client may cache file attributes. If neither option is " "specified (or if B is specified), the client caches file attributes." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "To improve performance, NFS clients cache file attributes. Every few " "seconds, an NFS client checks the server's version of each file's attributes " "for updates. Changes that occur on the server in those small intervals " "remain undetected until the client checks the server again. The B " "option prevents clients from caching file attributes so that applications " "can more quickly detect file changes on the server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In addition to preventing the client from caching file attributes, the " "B option forces application writes to become synchronous so that local " "changes to a file become visible on the server immediately. That way, other " "clients can quickly detect recent writes when they check the file's " "attributes." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Using the B option provides greater cache coherence among NFS clients " "accessing the same files, but it extracts a significant performance " "penalty. As such, judicious use of file locking is encouraged instead. The " "DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section contains a detailed discussion of these " "trade-offs." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The minimum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a " "regular file before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. " "If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses a 3-second minimum. " "See the DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section for a full discussion of " "attribute caching." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The maximum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a " "regular file before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. " "If this option is not specified, the NFS client uses a 60-second maximum. " "See the DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section for a full discussion of " "attribute caching." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The minimum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a " "directory before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If " "this option is not specified, the NFS client uses a 30-second minimum. See " "the DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section for a full discussion of attribute " "caching." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The maximum time (in seconds) that the NFS client caches attributes of a " "directory before it requests fresh attribute information from a server. If " "this option is not specified, the NFS client uses a 60-second maximum. See " "the DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section for a full discussion of attribute " "caching." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Using B sets all of B, B, B, and " "B to the same value. If this option is not specified, the NFS " "client uses the defaults for each of these options listed above." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Determines how the B(8) command behaves if an attempt to mount an " "export fails. The B option causes B(8) to exit with an error " "status if any part of the mount request times out or fails outright. This " "is called a \"foreground\" mount, and is the default behavior if neither the " "B nor B mount option is specified." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the B option is specified, a timeout or failure causes the " "B(8) command to fork a child which continues to attempt to mount the " "export. The parent immediately returns with a zero exit code. This is " "known as a \"background\" mount." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the local mount point directory is missing, the B(8) command acts " "as if the mount request timed out. This permits nested NFS mounts specified " "in I to proceed in any order during system initialization, even " "if some NFS servers are not yet available. Alternatively these issues can " "be addressed using an automounter (refer to B(8) for details)." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Bn" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "When using a connection oriented protocol such as TCP, it may sometimes be " "advantageous to set up multiple connections between the client and server. " "For instance, if your clients and/or servers are equipped with multiple " "network interface cards (NICs), using multiple connections to spread the " "load may improve overall performance. In such cases, the B option " "allows the user to specify the number of connections that should be " "established between the client and server up to a limit of 16." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Note that the B option may also be used by some pNFS drivers to " "decide how many connections to set up to the data servers." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Selects whether to use NFS v3 or v4 READDIRPLUS requests. If this option is " "not specified, the NFS client uses READDIRPLUS requests on NFS v3 or v4 " "mounts to read small directories. Some applications perform better if the " "client uses only READDIR requests for all directories." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The number of minutes that the B(8) command retries an NFS mount " "operation in the foreground or background before giving up. If this option " "is not specified, the default value for foreground mounts is 2 minutes, and " "the default value for background mounts is 10000 minutes (80 minutes shy of " "one week). If a value of zero is specified, the B(8) command exits " "immediately after the first failure." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Note that this only affects how many retries are made and doesn't affect the " "delay caused by each retry. For UDP each retry takes the time determined by " "the B and B options, which by default will be about 7 " "seconds. For TCP the default is 3 minutes, but system TCP connection " "timeouts will sometimes limit the timeout of each retransmission to around 2 " "minutes." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "A colon-separated list of one or more security flavors to use for accessing " "files on the mounted export. If the server does not support any of these " "flavors, the mount operation fails. If B is not specified, the client " "attempts to find a security flavor that both the client and the server " "supports. Valid I are B, B, B, B, and " "B. Refer to the SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS section for details." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Determines how the client's data cache and attribute cache are shared when " "mounting the same export more than once concurrently. Using the same cache " "reduces memory requirements on the client and presents identical file " "contents to applications when the same remote file is accessed via different " "mount points." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If neither option is specified, or if the B option is specified, " "then a single cache is used for all mount points that access the same " "export. If the B option is specified, then that mount point " "gets a unique cache. Note that when data and attribute caches are shared, " "the mount options from the first mount point take effect for subsequent " "concurrent mounts of the same export." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "As of kernel 2.6.18, the behavior specified by B is legacy " "caching behavior. This is considered a data risk since multiple cached " "copies of the same file on the same client can become out of sync following " "a local update of one of the copies." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Specifies whether the NFS client should use a privileged source port when " "communicating with an NFS server for this mount point. If this option is " "not specified, or the B option is specified, the NFS client uses a " "privileged source port. If the B option is specified, the NFS " "client uses a non-privileged source port. This option is supported in " "kernels 2.6.28 and later." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Using non-privileged source ports helps increase the maximum number of NFS " "mount points allowed on a client, but NFS servers must be configured to " "allow clients to connect via non-privileged source ports." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "Refer to the SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS section for important details." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Specifies how the kernel manages its cache of directory entries for a given " "mount point. I can be one of B, B, B, or " "B. This option is supported in kernels 2.6.28 and later." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The Linux NFS client caches the result of all NFS LOOKUP requests. If the " "requested directory entry exists on the server, the result is referred to as " "I. If the requested directory entry does not exist on the server, " "the result is referred to as I." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If this option is not specified, or if B is specified, the client " "assumes both types of directory cache entries are valid until their parent " "directory's cached attributes expire." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If B or B is specified, the client assumes positive entries " "are valid until their parent directory's cached attributes expire, but " "always revalidates negative entires before an application can use them." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If B is specified, the client revalidates both types of directory " "cache entries before an application can use them. This permits quick " "detection of files that were created or removed by other clients, but can " "impact application and server performance." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section contains a detailed discussion of " "these trade-offs." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Enable/Disables the cache of (read-only) data pages to the local disk using " "the FS-Cache facility. See cachefilesd(8) and Ekernel_sourceE/" "Documentation/filesystems/caching for detail on how to configure the FS-" "Cache facility. Default value is nofsc." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B option is an alternative to specifying B -s " "B" msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron #: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide mageia-cauldron #: opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Specifies the use of transport layer security to protect NFS network traffic " "on behalf of this mount point. I can be one of B, B, or " "B." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "If B is specified, transport layer security is forced off, even if the " "NFS server supports transport layer security." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "If B is specified, the client uses RPC-with-TLS to provide in-transit " "confidentiality." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "If B is specified, the client uses RPC-with-TLS to authenticate itself " "and to provide in-transit confidentiality." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "If either B or B is specified and the server does not support RPC-" "with-TLS or peer authentication fails, the mount attempt fails." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "If the B option is not specified, the default behavior depends on " "the kernel version, but is usually equivalent to B." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Options for NFS versions 2 and 3 only" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Use these options, along with the options in the above subsection, for NFS " "versions 2 and 3 only." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The I determines the transport that is used to communicate with the " "NFS server. Available options are B, B, B, B, " "B, and B. Those which end in B<6> use IPv6 addresses and are " "only available if support for TI-RPC is built in. Others use IPv4 addresses." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Each transport protocol uses different default B and B " "settings. Refer to the description of these two mount options for details." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In addition to controlling how the NFS client transmits requests to the " "server, this mount option also controls how the B(8) command " "communicates with the server's rpcbind and mountd services. Specifying a " "netid that uses TCP forces all traffic from the B(8) command and the " "NFS client to use TCP. Specifying a netid that uses UDP forces all traffic " "types to use UDP." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the B mount option is not specified, the B(8) command " "discovers which protocols the server supports and chooses an appropriate " "transport for each service. Refer to the TRANSPORT METHODS section for more " "details." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B option is an alternative to specifying B It is " "included for compatibility with other operating systems." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B option is an alternative to specifying B It is " "included for compatibility with other operating systems." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "The B option is an alternative to specifying B" msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The numeric value of the server's NFS service port. If the server's NFS " "service is not available on the specified port, the mount request fails." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If this option is not specified, or if the specified port value is 0, then " "the NFS client uses the NFS service port number advertised by the server's " "rpcbind service. The mount request fails if the server's rpcbind service is " "not available, the server's NFS service is not registered with its rpcbind " "service, or the server's NFS service is not available on the advertised port." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The numeric value of the server's mountd port. If the server's mountd " "service is not available on the specified port, the mount request fails." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If this option is not specified, or if the specified port value is 0, then " "the B(8) command uses the mountd service port number advertised by " "the server's rpcbind service. The mount request fails if the server's " "rpcbind service is not available, the server's mountd service is not " "registered with its rpcbind service, or the server's mountd service is not " "available on the advertised port." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This option can be used when mounting an NFS server through a firewall that " "blocks the rpcbind protocol." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The transport the NFS client uses to transmit requests to the NFS server's " "mountd service when performing this mount request, and when later unmounting " "this mount point." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "I may be one of B, and B which use IPv4 address or, if TI-" "RPC is built into the B command, B, and B which use " "IPv6 addresses." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This option can be used when mounting an NFS server through a firewall that " "blocks a particular transport. When used in combination with the B " "option, different transports for mountd requests and NFS requests can be " "specified. If the server's mountd service is not available via the " "specified transport, the mount request fails." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Refer to the TRANSPORT METHODS section for more on how the B " "mount option interacts with the B mount option." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The hostname of the host running mountd. If this option is not specified, " "the B(8) command assumes that the mountd service runs on the same " "host as the NFS service." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The RPC version number used to contact the server's mountd. If this option " "is not specified, the client uses a version number appropriate to the " "requested NFS version. This option is useful when multiple NFS services are " "running on the same remote server host." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The maximum length of a pathname component on this mount. If this option is " "not specified, the maximum length is negotiated with the server. In most " "cases, this maximum length is 255 characters." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Some early versions of NFS did not support this negotiation. Using this " "option ensures that B(3) reports the proper maximum component " "length to applications in such cases." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Selects whether to use the NLM sideband protocol to lock files on the " "server. If neither option is specified (or if B is specified), NLM " "locking is used for this mount point. When using the B option, " "applications can lock files, but such locks provide exclusion only against " "other applications running on the same client. Remote applications are not " "affected by these locks." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NLM locking must be disabled with the B option when using NFS to " "mount I because I contains files used by the NLM implementation " "on Linux. Using the B option is also required when mounting exports " "on NFS servers that do not support the NLM protocol." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Selects whether to use close-to-open cache coherence semantics. If neither " "option is specified (or if B is specified), the client uses close-to-" "open cache coherence semantics. If the B option is specified, the " "client uses a non-standard heuristic to determine when files on the server " "have changed." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Using the B option may improve performance for read-only mounts, but " "should be used only if the data on the server changes only occasionally. " "The DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE section discusses the behavior of this " "option in more detail." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Selects whether to use the NFSACL sideband protocol on this mount point. " "The NFSACL sideband protocol is a proprietary protocol implemented in " "Solaris that manages Access Control Lists. NFSACL was never made a standard " "part of the NFS protocol specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If neither B nor B option is specified, the NFS client " "negotiates with the server to see if the NFSACL protocol is supported, and " "uses it if the server supports it. Disabling the NFSACL sideband protocol " "may be necessary if the negotiation causes problems on the client or " "server. Refer to the SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS section for more details." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Bmechanism" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Specifies whether to use local locking for any or both of the flock and the " "POSIX locking mechanisms. I can be one of B, B, " "B, or B. This option is supported in kernels 2.6.37 and later." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The Linux NFS client provides a way to make locks local. This means, the " "applications can lock files, but such locks provide exclusion only against " "other applications running on the same client. Remote applications are not " "affected by these locks." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If this option is not specified, or if B is specified, the client " "assumes that the locks are not local." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If B is specified, the client assumes that both flock and POSIX locks " "are local." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If B is specified, the client assumes that only flock locks are local " "and uses NLM sideband protocol to lock files when POSIX locks are used." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If B is specified, the client assumes that POSIX locks are local and " "uses NLM sideband protocol to lock files when flock locks are used." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "To support legacy flock behavior similar to that of NFS clients E " "2.6.12, use 'local_lock=flock'. This option is required when exporting NFS " "mounts via Samba as Samba maps Windows share mode locks as flock. Since NFS " "clients E 2.6.12 implement flock by emulating POSIX locks, this will " "result in conflicting locks." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NOTE: When used together, the 'local_lock' mount option will be overridden " "by 'nolock'/'lock' mount option." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Options for NFS version 4 only" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Use these options, along with the options in the first subsection above, for " "NFS version 4.0 and newer." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The I determines the transport that is used to communicate with the " "NFS server. Supported options are B, B, B, and B. " "B use IPv6 addresses and is only available if support for TI-RPC is " "built in. Both others use IPv4 addresses." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "All NFS version 4 servers are required to support TCP, so if this mount " "option is not specified, the NFS version 4 client uses the TCP protocol. " "Refer to the TRANSPORT METHODS section for more details." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Specifies the protocol minor version number. NFSv4 introduces \"minor " "versioning,\" where NFS protocol enhancements can be introduced without " "bumping the NFS protocol version number. Before kernel 2.6.38, the minor " "version is always zero, and this option is not recognized. After this " "kernel, specifying \"minorversion=1\" enables a number of advanced features, " "such as NFSv4 sessions." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Recent kernels allow the minor version to be specified using the B " "option. For example, specifying B is the same as specifying " "B." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If this mount option is not specified, the NFS client uses the standard NFS " "port number of 2049 without first checking the server's rpcbind service. " "This allows an NFS version 4 client to contact an NFS version 4 server " "through a firewall that may block rpcbind requests." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the specified port value is 0, then the NFS client uses the NFS service " "port number advertised by the server's rpcbind service. The mount request " "fails if the server's rpcbind service is not available, the server's NFS " "service is not registered with its rpcbind service, or the server's NFS " "service is not available on the advertised port." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Selects whether to use close-to-open cache coherence semantics for NFS " "directories on this mount point. If neither B nor B is " "specified, the default is to use close-to-open cache coherence semantics for " "directories." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "File data caching behavior is not affected by this option. The DATA AND " "METADATA COHERENCE section discusses the behavior of this option in more " "detail." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BI" msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "BIB<...>I<:n>" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Specifies a single IPv4 address (in dotted-quad form), or a non-link-local " "IPv6 address, that the NFS client advertises to allow servers to perform NFS " "version 4.0 callback requests against files on this mount point. If the " "server is unable to establish callback connections to clients, performance " "may degrade, or accesses to files may temporarily hang. Can specify a value " "of IPv4_ANY (0.0.0.0) or equivalent IPv6 any address which will signal to " "the NFS server that this NFS client does not want delegations." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If this option is not specified, the B(8) command attempts to " "discover an appropriate callback address automatically. The automatic " "discovery process is not perfect, however. In the presence of multiple " "client network interfaces, special routing policies, or atypical network " "topologies, the exact address to use for callbacks may be nontrivial to " "determine." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NFS protocol versions 4.1 and 4.2 use the client-established TCP connection " "for callback requests, so do not require the server to connect to the " "client. This option is therefore only affect NFS version 4.0 mounts." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Selects whether the client uses an identification string that is compatible " "with NFSv4 Transparent State Migration (TSM). If the mounted server " "supports NFSv4 migration with TSM, specify the B option." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 #: opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Some server features misbehave in the face of a migration-compatible " "identification string. The B option retains the use of a " "traditional client indentification string which is compatible with legacy " "NFS servers. This is also the behavior if neither option is specified. A " "client's open and lock state cannot be migrated transparently when it " "identifies itself via a traditional identification string." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This mount option has no effect with NFSv4 minor versions newer than zero, " "which always use TSM-compatible client identification strings." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Bn" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "While B option sets a limit on the number of connections that can " "be established to a given server IP, B option allows the user " "to specify maximum number of connections to different server IPs that belong " "to the same NFSv4.1+ server (session trunkable connections) up to a limit of " "16. When client discovers that it established a client ID to an already " "existing server, instead of dropping the newly created network transport, " "the client will add this new connection to the list of available transports " "for that RPC client." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "When the client discovers a new filesystem on a NFSv4.1+ server, the " "B mount option will cause it to send a GETATTR for the " "fs_locations attribute. If is receives a non-zero length reply, it will " "iterate through the response, and for each server location it will establish " "a connection, send an EXCHANGE_ID, and test for session trunking. If the " "trunking test succeeds, the connection will be added to the existing set of " "transports for the server, subject to the limit specified by the " "B option. The default is B." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "nfs4 FILE SYSTEM TYPE" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B file system type is an old syntax for specifying NFSv4 usage. It " "can still be used with all NFSv4-specific and common options, excepted the " "B mount option." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "MOUNT CONFIGURATION FILE" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the mount command is configured to do so, all of the mount options " "described in the previous section can also be configured in the I file. See B for details." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "EXAMPLES" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide opensuse-leap-15-6 msgid "" "To mount using NFS version 3, use the B file system type and specify " "the B mount option. To mount using NFS version 4, use either the " "B file system type, with the B mount option, or the B " "file system type." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The following example from an I file causes the mount command to " "negotiate reasonable defaults for NFS behavior." msgstr "" #. type: ta #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "8n +16n +6n +6n +30n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "\tserver:/export\t/mnt\tnfs\tdefaults\t0 0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This example shows how to mount using NFS version 4 over TCP with Kerberos 5 " "mutual authentication." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "\tserver:/export\t/mnt\tnfs4\tsec=krb5\t0 0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This example shows how to mount using NFS version 4 over TCP with Kerberos 5 " "privacy or data integrity mode." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "\tserver:/export\t/mnt\tnfs4\tsec=krb5p:krb5i\t0 0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "This example can be used to mount /usr over NFS." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "\tserver:/export\t/usr\tnfs\tro,nolock,nocto,actimeo=3600\t0 0\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This example shows how to mount an NFS server using a raw IPv6 link-local " "address." msgstr "" #. type: ta #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "8n +40n +5n +4n +9n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "\t[fe80::215:c5ff:fb3e:e2b1%eth0]:/export\t/mnt\tnfs\tdefaults\t0 0\n" msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "TRANSPORT METHODS" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NFS clients send requests to NFS servers via Remote Procedure Calls, or " "I. The RPC client discovers remote service endpoints automatically, " "handles per-request authentication, adjusts request parameters for different " "byte endianness on client and server, and retransmits requests that may have " "been lost by the network or server. RPC requests and replies flow over a " "network transport." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In most cases, the B(8) command, NFS client, and NFS server can " "automatically negotiate proper transport and data transfer size settings for " "a mount point. In some cases, however, it pays to specify these settings " "explicitly using mount options." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Traditionally, NFS clients used the UDP transport exclusively for " "transmitting requests to servers. Though its implementation is simple, NFS " "over UDP has many limitations that prevent smooth operation and good " "performance in some common deployment environments. Even an insignificant " "packet loss rate results in the loss of whole NFS requests; as such, " "retransmit timeouts are usually in the subsecond range to allow clients to " "recover quickly from dropped requests, but this can result in extraneous " "network traffic and server load." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "However, UDP can be quite effective in specialized settings where the " "networks MTU is large relative to NFSs data transfer size (such as network " "environments that enable jumbo Ethernet frames). In such environments, " "trimming the B and B settings so that each NFS read or write " "request fits in just a few network frames (or even in a single frame) is " "advised. This reduces the probability that the loss of a single MTU-sized " "network frame results in the loss of an entire large read or write request." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "TCP is the default transport protocol used for all modern NFS " "implementations. It performs well in almost every conceivable network " "environment and provides excellent guarantees against data corruption caused " "by network unreliability. TCP is often a requirement for mounting a server " "through a network firewall." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Under normal circumstances, networks drop packets much more frequently than " "NFS servers drop requests. As such, an aggressive retransmit timeout " "setting for NFS over TCP is unnecessary. Typical timeout settings for NFS " "over TCP are between one and ten minutes. After the client exhausts its " "retransmits (the value of the B mount option), it assumes a network " "partition has occurred, and attempts to reconnect to the server on a fresh " "socket. Since TCP itself makes network data transfer reliable, B and " "B can safely be allowed to default to the largest values supported by " "both client and server, independent of the network's MTU size." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Using the mountproto mount option" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This section applies only to NFS version 3 mounts since NFS version 4 does " "not use a separate protocol for mount requests." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The Linux NFS client can use a different transport for contacting an NFS " "server's rpcbind service, its mountd service, its Network Lock Manager (NLM) " "service, and its NFS service. The exact transports employed by the Linux " "NFS client for each mount point depends on the settings of the transport " "mount options, which include B, B, B, and B." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The client sends Network Status Manager (NSM) notifications via UDP no " "matter what transport options are specified, but listens for server NSM " "notifications on both UDP and TCP. The NFS Access Control List (NFSACL) " "protocol shares the same transport as the main NFS service." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If no transport options are specified, the Linux NFS client uses UDP to " "contact the server's mountd service, and TCP to contact its NLM and NFS " "services by default." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the server does not support these transports for these services, the " "B(8) command attempts to discover what the server supports, and then " "retries the mount request once using the discovered transports. If the " "server does not advertise any transport supported by the client or is " "misconfigured, the mount request fails. If the B option is in effect, " "the mount command backgrounds itself and continues to attempt the specified " "mount request." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "When the B option, the B option, or the B option is " "specified but the B option is not, the specified transport is " "used to contact both the server's mountd service and for the NLM and NFS " "services." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the B option is specified but none of the B, B or " "B options are specified, then the specified transport is used for the " "initial mountd request, but the mount command attempts to discover what the " "server supports for the NFS protocol, preferring TCP if both transports are " "supported." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If both the B and B (or B or B) options are " "specified, then the transport specified by the B option is used " "for the initial mountd request, and the transport specified by the B " "option (or the B or B options) is used for NFS, no matter what " "order these options appear. No automatic service discovery is performed if " "these options are specified." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If any of the B, B, B, or B options are " "specified more than once on the same mount command line, then the value of " "the rightmost instance of each of these options takes effect." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Using NFS over UDP on high-speed links" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Using NFS over UDP on high-speed links such as Gigabit B." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The problem can be triggered at high loads, and is caused by problems in IP " "fragment reassembly. NFS read and writes typically transmit UDP packets of 4 " "Kilobytes or more, which have to be broken up into several fragments in " "order to be sent over the Ethernet link, which limits packets to 1500 bytes " "by default. This process happens at the IP network layer and is called " "fragmentation." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In order to identify fragments that belong together, IP assigns a 16bit I value to each packet; fragments generated from the same UDP packet will " "have the same IP ID. The receiving system will collect these fragments and " "combine them to form the original UDP packet. This process is called " "reassembly. The default timeout for packet reassembly is 30 seconds; if the " "network stack does not receive all fragments of a given packet within this " "interval, it assumes the missing fragment(s) got lost and discards those it " "already received." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The problem this creates over high-speed links is that it is possible to " "send more than 65536 packets within 30 seconds. In fact, with heavy NFS " "traffic one can observe that the IP IDs repeat after about 5 seconds." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This has serious effects on reassembly: if one fragment gets lost, another " "fragment I but with the I will arrive " "within the 30 second timeout, and the network stack will combine these " "fragments to form a new packet. Most of the time, network layers above IP " "will detect this mismatched reassembly - in the case of UDP, the UDP " "checksum, which is a 16 bit checksum over the entire packet payload, will " "usually not match, and UDP will discard the bad packet." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "However, the UDP checksum is 16 bit only, so there is a chance of 1 in 65536 " "that it will match even if the packet payload is completely random (which " "very often isn't the case). If that is the case, silent data corruption will " "occur." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "This potential should be taken seriously, at least on Gigabit Ethernet. " "Network speeds of 100Mbit/s should be considered less problematic, because " "with most traffic patterns IP ID wrap around will take much longer than 30 " "seconds." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "It is therefore strongly recommended to use B, " "since TCP does not perform fragmentation." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If you absolutely have to use NFS over UDP over Gigabit Ethernet, some steps " "can be taken to mitigate the problem and reduce the probability of " "corruption:" msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "I" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Many Gigabit network cards are capable of transmitting frames bigger than " "the 1500 byte limit of traditional Ethernet, typically 9000 bytes. Using " "jumbo frames of 9000 bytes will allow you to run NFS over UDP at a page size " "of 8K without fragmentation. Of course, this is only feasible if all " "involved stations support jumbo frames." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "To enable a machine to send jumbo frames on cards that support it, it is " "sufficient to configure the interface for a MTU value of 9000." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "I" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "By lowering this timeout below the time it takes the IP ID counter to wrap " "around, incorrect reassembly of fragments can be prevented as well. To do " "so, simply write the new timeout value (in seconds) to the file B." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "A value of 2 seconds will greatly reduce the probability of IPID clashes on " "a single Gigabit link, while still allowing for a reasonable timeout when " "receiving fragmented traffic from distant peers." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "DATA AND METADATA COHERENCE" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Some modern cluster file systems provide perfect cache coherence among their " "clients. Perfect cache coherence among disparate NFS clients is expensive " "to achieve, especially on wide area networks. As such, NFS settles for " "weaker cache coherence that satisfies the requirements of most file sharing " "types." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Close-to-open cache consistency" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Typically file sharing is completely sequential. First client A opens a " "file, writes something to it, then closes it. Then client B opens the same " "file, and reads the changes." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "When an application opens a file stored on an NFS version 3 server, the NFS " "client checks that the file exists on the server and is permitted to the " "opener by sending a GETATTR or ACCESS request. The NFS client sends these " "requests regardless of the freshness of the file's cached attributes." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "When the application closes the file, the NFS client writes back any pending " "changes to the file so that the next opener can view the changes. This also " "gives the NFS client an opportunity to report write errors to the " "application via the return code from B(2)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The behavior of checking at open time and flushing at close time is referred " "to as I, or I. It can be disabled for " "an entire mount point using the B mount option." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Weak cache consistency" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "There are still opportunities for a client's data cache to contain stale " "data. The NFS version 3 protocol introduced \"weak cache consistency\" " "(also known as WCC) which provides a way of efficiently checking a file's " "attributes before and after a single request. This allows a client to help " "identify changes that could have been made by other clients." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "When a client is using many concurrent operations that update the same file " "at the same time (for example, during asynchronous write behind), it is " "still difficult to tell whether it was that client's updates or some other " "client's updates that altered the file." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Attribute caching" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Use the B mount option to achieve attribute cache coherence among " "multiple clients. Almost every file system operation checks file attribute " "information. The client keeps this information cached for a period of time " "to reduce network and server load. When B is in effect, a client's " "file attribute cache is disabled, so each operation that needs to check a " "file's attributes is forced to go back to the server. This permits a client " "to see changes to a file very quickly, at the cost of many extra network " "operations." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Be careful not to confuse the B option with \"no data caching.\" The " "B mount option prevents the client from caching file metadata, but " "there are still races that may result in data cache incoherence between " "client and server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The NFS protocol is not designed to support true cluster file system cache " "coherence without some type of application serialization. If absolute cache " "coherence among clients is required, applications should use file locking. " "Alternatively, applications can also open their files with the O_DIRECT flag " "to disable data caching entirely." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "File timestamp maintenance" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NFS servers are responsible for managing file and directory timestamps " "(B, B, and B). When a file is accessed or updated on " "an NFS server, the file's timestamps are updated just like they would be on " "a filesystem local to an application." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NFS clients cache file attributes, including timestamps. A file's " "timestamps are updated on NFS clients when its attributes are retrieved from " "the NFS server. Thus there may be some delay before timestamp updates on an " "NFS server appear to applications on NFS clients." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "To comply with the POSIX filesystem standard, the Linux NFS client relies on " "NFS servers to keep a file's B and B timestamps properly up to " "date. It does this by flushing local data changes to the server before " "reporting B to applications via system calls such as B(2)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The Linux client handles B updates more loosely, however. NFS " "clients maintain good performance by caching data, but that means that " "application reads, which normally update B, are not reflected to the " "server where a file's B is actually maintained." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Because of this caching behavior, the Linux NFS client does not support " "generic atime-related mount options. See B(8) for details on these " "options." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In particular, the B/B, B/B, " "B/B, and B/B mount options " "have no effect on NFS mounts." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "I may report that the B mount option is set on NFS " "mounts, but in fact the B semantics are always as described here, and " "are not like B semantics." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Directory entry caching" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The Linux NFS client caches the result of all NFS LOOKUP requests. If the " "requested directory entry exists on the server, the result is referred to as " "a I lookup result. If the requested directory entry does not " "exist on the server (that is, the server returned ENOENT), the result is " "referred to as I lookup result." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "To detect when directory entries have been added or removed on the server, " "the Linux NFS client watches a directory's mtime. If the client detects a " "change in a directory's mtime, the client drops all cached LOOKUP results " "for that directory. Since the directory's mtime is a cached attribute, it " "may take some time before a client notices it has changed. See the " "descriptions of the B, B, and B mount options for " "more information about how long a directory's mtime is cached." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Caching directory entries improves the performance of applications that do " "not share files with applications on other clients. Using cached " "information about directories can interfere with applications that run " "concurrently on multiple clients and need to detect the creation or removal " "of files quickly, however. The B mount option allows some " "tuning of directory entry caching behavior." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Before kernel release 2.6.28, the Linux NFS client tracked only positive " "lookup results. This permitted applications to detect new directory entries " "created by other clients quickly while still providing some of the " "performance benefits of caching. If an application depends on the previous " "lookup caching behavior of the Linux NFS client, you can use " "B." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the client ignores its cache and validates every application lookup " "request with the server, that client can immediately detect when a new " "directory entry has been either created or removed by another client. You " "can specify this behavior using B. The extra NFS requests " "needed if the client does not cache directory entries can exact a " "performance penalty. Disabling lookup caching should result in less of a " "performance penalty than using B, and has no effect on how the NFS " "client caches the attributes of files." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "The sync mount option" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The NFS client treats the B mount option differently than some other " "file systems (refer to B(8) for a description of the generic B " "and B mount options). If neither B nor B is specified " "(or if the B option is specified), the NFS client delays sending " "application writes to the server until any of these events occur:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "Memory pressure forces reclamation of system memory resources." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "An application flushes file data explicitly with B(2), B(2), or " "B(3)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "An application closes a file with B(2)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "The file is locked/unlocked via B(2)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In other words, under normal circumstances, data written by an application " "may not immediately appear on the server that hosts the file." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the B option is specified on a mount point, any system call that " "writes data to files on that mount point causes that data to be flushed to " "the server before the system call returns control to user space. This " "provides greater data cache coherence among clients, but at a significant " "performance cost." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Applications can use the O_SYNC open flag to force application writes to " "individual files to go to the server immediately without the use of the " "B mount option." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Using file locks with NFS" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The Network Lock Manager protocol is a separate sideband protocol used to " "manage file locks in NFS version 3. To support lock recovery after a client " "or server reboot, a second sideband protocol -- known as the Network Status " "Manager protocol -- is also required. In NFS version 4, file locking is " "supported directly in the main NFS protocol, and the NLM and NSM sideband " "protocols are not used." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In most cases, NLM and NSM services are started automatically, and no extra " "configuration is required. Configure all NFS clients with fully-qualified " "domain names to ensure that NFS servers can find clients to notify them of " "server reboots." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NLM supports advisory file locks only. To lock NFS files, use B(2) " "with the F_GETLK and F_SETLK commands. The NFS client converts file locks " "obtained via B(2) to advisory locks." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "When mounting servers that do not support the NLM protocol, or when mounting " "an NFS server through a firewall that blocks the NLM service port, specify " "the B mount option. NLM locking must be disabled with the B " "option when using NFS to mount I because I contains files used " "by the NLM implementation on Linux." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Specifying the B option may also be advised to improve the " "performance of a proprietary application which runs on a single client and " "uses file locks extensively." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NFS version 4 caching features" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The data and metadata caching behavior of NFS version 4 clients is similar " "to that of earlier versions. However, NFS version 4 adds two features that " "improve cache behavior: I and I." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The I is a new part of NFS file and directory metadata " "which tracks data changes. It replaces the use of a file's modification and " "change time stamps as a way for clients to validate the content of their " "caches. Change attributes are independent of the time stamp resolution on " "either the server or client, however." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "A I is a contract between an NFS version 4 client and " "server that allows the client to treat a file temporarily as if no other " "client is accessing it. The server promises to notify the client (via a " "callback request) if another client attempts to access that file. Once a " "file has been delegated to a client, the client can cache that file's data " "and metadata aggressively without contacting the server." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "File delegations come in two flavors: I and I. A I " "delegation means that the server notifies the client about any other clients " "that want to write to the file. A I delegation means that the client " "gets notified about either read or write accessors." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Servers grant file delegations when a file is opened, and can recall " "delegations at any time when another client wants access to the file that " "conflicts with any delegations already granted. Delegations on directories " "are not supported." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In order to support delegation callback, the server checks the network " "return path to the client during the client's initial contact with the " "server. If contact with the client cannot be established, the server simply " "does not grant any delegations to that client." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NFS servers control access to file data, but they depend on their RPC " "implementation to provide authentication of NFS requests. Traditional NFS " "access control mimics the standard mode bit access control provided in local " "file systems. Traditional RPC authentication uses a number to represent " "each user (usually the user's own uid), a number to represent the user's " "group (the user's gid), and a set of up to 16 auxiliary group numbers to " "represent other groups of which the user may be a member." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Typically, file data and user ID values appear unencrypted (i.e. \"in the " "clear\") on the network. Moreover, NFS versions 2 and 3 use separate " "sideband protocols for mounting, locking and unlocking files, and reporting " "system status of clients and servers. These auxiliary protocols use no " "authentication." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In addition to combining these sideband protocols with the main NFS " "protocol, NFS version 4 introduces more advanced forms of access control, " "authentication, and in-transit data protection. The NFS version 4 " "specification mandates support for strong authentication and security " "flavors that provide per-RPC integrity checking and encryption. Because NFS " "version 4 combines the function of the sideband protocols into the main NFS " "protocol, the new security features apply to all NFS version 4 operations " "including mounting, file locking, and so on. RPCGSS authentication can also " "be used with NFS versions 2 and 3, but it does not protect their sideband " "protocols." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The B mount option specifies the security flavor used for operations on " "behalf of users on that NFS mount point. Specifying B provides " "cryptographic proof of a user's identity in each RPC request. This provides " "strong verification of the identity of users accessing data on the server. " "Note that additional configuration besides adding this mount option is " "required in order to enable Kerberos security. Refer to the B(8) " "man page for details." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Two additional flavors of Kerberos security are supported: B and " "B. The B security flavor provides a cryptographically strong " "guarantee that the data in each RPC request has not been tampered with. The " "B security flavor encrypts every RPC request to prevent data exposure " "during network transit; however, expect some performance impact when using " "integrity checking or encryption. Similar support for other forms of " "cryptographic security is also available." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NFS version 4 filesystem crossing" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The NFS version 4 protocol allows a client to renegotiate the security " "flavor when the client crosses into a new filesystem on the server. The " "newly negotiated flavor effects only accesses of the new filesystem." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Such negotiation typically occurs when a client crosses from a server's " "pseudo-fs into one of the server's exported physical filesystems, which " "often have more restrictive security settings than the pseudo-fs." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NFS version 4 Leases" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "In NFS version 4, a lease is a period during which a server irrevocably " "grants a client file locks. Once the lease expires, the server may revoke " "those locks. Clients periodically renew their leases to prevent lock " "revocation." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "After an NFS version 4 server reboots, each client tells the server about " "existing file open and lock state under its lease before operation can " "continue. If a client reboots, the server frees all open and lock state " "associated with that client's lease." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "When establishing a lease, therefore, a client must identify itself to a " "server. Each client presents an arbitrary string to distinguish itself from " "other clients. The client administrator can supplement the default identity " "string using the I module parameter to avoid collisions " "with other client identity strings." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "A client also uses a unique security flavor and principal when it " "establishes its lease. If two clients present the same identity string, a " "server can use client principals to distinguish between them, thus securely " "preventing one client from interfering with the other's lease." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The Linux NFS client establishes one lease on each NFS version 4 server. " "Lease management operations, such as lease renewal, are not done on behalf " "of a particular file, lock, user, or mount point, but on behalf of the " "client that owns that lease. A client uses a consistent identity string, " "security flavor, and principal across client reboots to ensure that the " "server can promptly reap expired lease state." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "When Kerberos is configured on a Linux NFS client (i.e., there is a I on that client), the client attempts to use a Kerberos security " "flavor for its lease management operations. Kerberos provides secure " "authentication of each client. By default, the client uses the I or " "I service principal in its I for this purpose, as " "described in B(8)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the client has Kerberos configured, but the server does not, or if the " "client does not have a keytab or the requisite service principals, the " "client uses I and UID 0 for lease management." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Using non-privileged source ports" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NFS clients usually communicate with NFS servers via network sockets. Each " "end of a socket is assigned a port value, which is simply a number between 1 " "and 65535 that distinguishes socket endpoints at the same IP address. A " "socket is uniquely defined by a tuple that includes the transport protocol " "(TCP or UDP) and the port values and IP addresses of both endpoints." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The NFS client can choose any source port value for its sockets, but usually " "chooses a I port. A privileged port is a port value less than " "1024. Only a process with root privileges may create a socket with a " "privileged source port." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The exact range of privileged source ports that can be chosen is set by a " "pair of sysctls to avoid choosing a well-known port, such as the port used " "by ssh. This means the number of source ports available for the NFS client, " "and therefore the number of socket connections that can be used at the same " "time, is practically limited to only a few hundred." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "As described above, the traditional default NFS authentication scheme, known " "as AUTH_SYS, relies on sending local UID and GID numbers to identify users " "making NFS requests. An NFS server assumes that if a connection comes from " "a privileged port, the UID and GID numbers in the NFS requests on this " "connection have been verified by the client's kernel or some other local " "authority. This is an easy system to spoof, but on a trusted physical " "network between trusted hosts, it is entirely adequate." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Roughly speaking, one socket is used for each NFS mount point. If a client " "could use non-privileged source ports as well, the number of sockets " "allowed, and thus the maximum number of concurrent mount points, would be " "much larger." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Using non-privileged source ports may compromise server security somewhat, " "since any user on AUTH_SYS mount points can now pretend to be any other when " "making NFS requests. Thus NFS servers do not support this by default. They " "explicitly allow it usually via an export option." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "To retain good security while allowing as many mount points as possible, it " "is best to allow non-privileged client connections only if the server and " "client both require strong authentication, such as Kerberos." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Mounting through a firewall" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "A firewall may reside between an NFS client and server, or the client or " "server may block some of its own ports via IP filter rules. It is still " "possible to mount an NFS server through a firewall, though some of the " "B(8) command's automatic service endpoint discovery mechanisms may " "not work; this requires you to provide specific endpoint details via NFS " "mount options." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "NFS servers normally run a portmapper or rpcbind daemon to advertise their " "service endpoints to clients. Clients use the rpcbind daemon to determine:" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "What network port each RPC-based service is using" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "What transport protocols each RPC-based service supports" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The rpcbind daemon uses a well-known port number (111) to help clients find " "a service endpoint. Although NFS often uses a standard port number (2049), " "auxiliary services such as the NLM service can choose any unused port number " "at random." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 #: opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Common firewall configurations block the well-known rpcbind port. In the " "absense of an rpcbind service, the server administrator fixes the port " "number of NFS-related services so that the firewall can allow access to " "specific NFS service ports. Client administrators then specify the port " "number for the mountd service via the B(8) command's B " "option. It may also be necessary to enforce the use of TCP or UDP if the " "firewall blocks one of those transports." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NFS Access Control Lists" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Solaris allows NFS version 3 clients direct access to POSIX Access Control " "Lists stored in its local file systems. This proprietary sideband protocol, " "known as NFSACL, provides richer access control than mode bits. Linux " "implements this protocol for compatibility with the Solaris NFS " "implementation. The NFSACL protocol never became a standard part of the NFS " "version 3 specification, however." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The NFS version 4 specification mandates a new version of Access Control " "Lists that are semantically richer than POSIX ACLs. NFS version 4 ACLs are " "not fully compatible with POSIX ACLs; as such, some translation between the " "two is required in an environment that mixes POSIX ACLs and NFS version 4." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "THE REMOUNT OPTION" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Generic mount options such as B and B can be modified on NFS mount " "points using the B option. See B(8) for more information " "on generic mount options." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "With few exceptions, NFS-specific options are not able to be modified during " "a remount. The underlying transport or NFS version cannot be changed by a " "remount, for example." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Performing a remount on an NFS file system mounted with the B option " "may have unintended consequences. The B option is a combination of " "the generic option B, and the NFS-specific option B." msgstr "" #. type: SS #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "Unmounting after a remount" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "For mount points that use NFS versions 2 or 3, the NFS umount subcommand " "depends on knowing the original set of mount options used to perform the MNT " "operation. These options are stored on disk by the NFS mount subcommand, " "and can be erased by a remount." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "To ensure that the saved mount options are not erased during a remount, " "specify either the local mount directory, or the server hostname and export " "pathname, but not both, during a remount. For example," msgstr "" #. type: ta #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "8n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "\tmount -o remount,ro /mnt\n" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "merges the mount option B with the mount options already saved on disk " "for the NFS server mounted at /mnt." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "FILES" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "file system table" msgstr "" #. type: TP #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "I" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "Configuration file for NFS mounts" msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "Before 2.4.7, the Linux NFS client did not support NFS over TCP." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Before 2.4.20, the Linux NFS client used a heuristic to determine whether " "cached file data was still valid rather than using the standard close-to-" "open cache coherency method described above." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Starting with 2.4.22, the Linux NFS client employs a Van Jacobsen-based RTT " "estimator to determine retransmit timeout values when using NFS over UDP." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "Before 2.6.0, the Linux NFS client did not support NFS version 4." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Before 2.6.8, the Linux NFS client used only synchronous reads and writes " "when the B and B settings were smaller than the system's page " "size." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "The Linux client's support for protocol versions depend on whether the " "kernel was built with options CONFIG_NFS_V2, CONFIG_NFS_V3, CONFIG_NFS_V4, " "CONFIG_NFS_V4_1, and CONFIG_NFS_V4_2." msgstr "" #. type: SH #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "SEE ALSO" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "B(5), B(8), B(8), B(5), B(5), " "B(5), B(5), B(5), B(7), B(8), " "B(8), B(8), B(8), B(8), B(8), B(1)" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 768 for the UDP specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 793 for the TCP specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 1813 for the NFS version 3 specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 1832 for the XDR specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 1833 for the RPC bind specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 2203 for the RPCSEC GSS API protocol specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 7530 for the NFS version 4.0 specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 5661 for the NFS version 4.1 specification." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: archlinux debian-bookworm debian-unstable fedora-40 fedora-rawhide #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-leap-15-6 opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "RFC 7862 for the NFS version 4.2 specification." msgstr "" #. type: TP #: debian-bookworm mageia-cauldron opensuse-tumbleweed #, no-wrap msgid "B / B" msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: debian-bookworm mageia-cauldron opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "Determines the recovery behavior of the NFS client after an NFS request " "times out. If neither option is specified (or if the B option is " "specified), NFS requests are retried indefinitely. If the B option is " "specified, then the NFS client fails an NFS request after B " "retransmissions have been sent, causing the NFS client to return an error to " "the calling application." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: debian-bookworm mageia-cauldron opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "I A so-called \"soft\" timeout can cause silent data corruption in " "certain cases. As such, use the B option only when client " "responsiveness is more important than data integrity. Using NFS over TCP or " "increasing the value of the B option may mitigate some of the risks " "of using the B option." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: debian-bookworm mageia-cauldron opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "mount option. To mount using NFS version 3, use the B file system type " "and specify the B mount option. To mount using NFS version 4, " "use either the B file system type, with the B mount option, " "or the B file system type." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: fedora-40 fedora-rawhide msgid "" "Any timeo value greater than default value will be set to the default " "value. For TCP and RDMA, default value is 600 (60 seconds). For UDP, " "default value is 60 (6 seconds)." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: fedora-40 fedora-rawhide msgid "" "Some server features misbehave in the face of a migration-compatible " "identification string. The B option retains the use of a " "traditional client identification string which is compatible with legacy NFS " "servers. This is also the behavior if neither option is specified. A " "client's open and lock state cannot be migrated transparently when it " "identifies itself via a traditional identification string." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: fedora-40 fedora-rawhide msgid "" "Common firewall configurations block the well-known rpcbind port. In the " "absence of an rpcbind service, the server administrator fixes the port " "number of NFS-related services so that the firewall can allow access to " "specific NFS service ports. Client administrators then specify the port " "number for the mountd service via the B(8) command's B " "option. It may also be necessary to enforce the use of TCP or UDP if the " "firewall blocks one of those transports." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If B is specified, transport layer security is forced off, even if the " "NFS server supports transport layer security. If B is specified, the " "client uses RPC-with-TLS to provide in-transit confidentiality. If B " "is specified, the client uses RPC-with-TLS to authenticate itself and to " "provide in-transit confidentiality. If the server does not support RPC-with-" "TLS or peer authentication fails, the mount attempt fails." msgstr "" #. type: Plain text #: mageia-cauldron opensuse-tumbleweed msgid "" "If the B option is not specified, the default behavior depends on " "the kernel, but is usually equivalent to B." msgstr ""